The Criminal Justice Training Commission.
The Criminal Justice Training Commission (CJTC) provides training and educational programs to law enforcement, corrections officers, and other public safety professionals in Washington. This includes hosting the Basic Law Enforcement Academy and the Corrections Officer Academy, as well as advanced training. The CJTC also certifies and, when necessary, decertifies peace officers and corrections officers.
The CJTC consists of 16 members serving six-year terms. Membership includes: two incumbent sheriffs and two incumbent chiefs of police; two officers at or below the level of first line supervisor with at least 10 years' experience, one from a county agency and one from a municipal agency; two correctional employees, one at the state level and one at the county level; one incumbent prosecuting attorney; an elected official of a local government; two private citizens, at least one from a historically underrepresented community; a tribal chair, board member, councilmember, or designee; the Attorney General; the special agent in charge of the Seattle office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and the Chief of the Washington State Patrol. Seven members constitute a quorum.
Background Investigations of Officer Applicants.
A background investigation is required of all applicants who receive a conditional offer of employment as a peace officer, reserve officer, or corrections officer, or who are seeking reinstatement to such position following a lapse in service. The law enforcement or corrections agency that makes a conditional offer of employment to an applicant must administer the background investigation. The background investigation must include a criminal history check, verification of citizenship or lawful permanent resident status, a psychological examination, and a polygraph or similar assessment, for use in determining the applicant's suitability for employment as a peace officer, reserve officer, or corrections officer.
Certification of Peace Officers and Corrections Officers.
Officer Certification Requirements.
As a condition of continuing employment, unless granted an exemption by the CJTC, all peace officers and corrections officers must obtain and maintain peace officer or corrections officer certification. Peace officers include any law enforcement personnel whose primary function is the enforcement of criminal laws in general. Corrections officers include corrections agency employees whose primary job function is to provide for the custody, safety, and security of adult prisoners in jails and detention facilities. For purposes of the certification requirement, corrections officers do not include individuals employed by state agencies.
As a prerequisite to certification, in addition to submitting to the background investigation administered by the hiring agency, a peace officer or corrections officer must authorize the release to the CJTC of his or her personnel files, termination papers, criminal investigation files, and any other documents or information directly related to certification.
A peace officer or corrections officer may retain his or her certification as long as the officer timely meets basic training requirements and any other applicable requirements, is not denied certification, and has not had certification revoked.
Grounds for Denial or Revocation of Certification.
The CJTC may deny or revoke a peace or corrections officer's certification after written notice and a hearing, if requested, based on a finding that the officer:
An officer's certification lapses automatically when there is a break of more than 24 consecutive months in the officer's full-time service. A break in service due to the pendency of direct review or appeal from a disciplinary discharge, or due to work-related injury, does not cause certification to lapse.
Process for Revocation of Certification.
A peace officer or corrections officer, or a law enforcement or corrections agency, may submit a written complaint to the CJTC charging that a peace or corrections officer's certificate should be denied or revoked, and specifying the grounds for the charge. Additionally, upon termination of an officer for any reason, including resignation, the employing agency must notify the CJTC within 15 days of the termination. The CJTC may request additional documentation from the agency, if necessary, to determine whether the termination provides grounds for revocation.
If, upon investigation, the CJTC determines that there is probable cause to believe that an officer's certification should be denied or revoked, it must serve the officer and the officer's agency with a statement of charges. The officer may request a hearing to contest the denial or revocation within 60 days. If a hearing is requested, the hearing must be scheduled 90 to 180 days after the communication of charges (if a peace officer) or after the request (if a corrections officer), unless extended by agreement of the parties.
The case must be presented to and decided by a five-member hearings panel appointed by the CJTC. The panel for a case concerning peace officer certification must include: one police chief; one sheriff; two certified Washington peace officers who are at or below the level of first line supervisor, who have at least 10 years' experience as peace officers; and one person who is not currently a peace officer and who represents a community college or four-year college or university. When the hearing concerns a peace officer of the Washington State Patrol (WSP), the panel includes an administrator of the WSP in place of either the police chief or sheriff. A hearing panel for a case involving a corrections officer must include two heads of a local correctional agency or Department of Corrections facility and two corrections officers, rather than a police chief, sheriff, and two peace officers. Hearings are governed according the Administrative Procedures Act, and the standard of proof is clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. The final administrative decision is subject to judicial review.
Reinstatement of Certification.
If an officer's certification is denied based upon dismissal or withdrawal from a basic law enforcement or corrections academy for any reason not also involving discharge for disqualifying misconduct, or if certification is denied or revoked based upon prior administrative error of issuance, failure to cooperate, or interference with an investigation, the officer is eligible for readmission and certification upon meeting standards established by the CJTC. The CJTC rules may provide for a probationary period of certification.
An officer whose certification is denied or revoked based upon a felony criminal conviction is generally not eligible for certification at any time. However, if certification is revoked based solely on a criminal conviction, the officer may petition for reinstatement immediately upon a final judicial reversal of the conviction. Additionally, an officer whose certification is denied or revoked based upon discharge for disqualifying misconduct, but not also based upon a felony criminal conviction, may, five years after the revocation or denial, petition for reinstatement of the certificate or for eligibility for reinstatement. In either circumstance, the CJTC must hold a hearing and may allow reinstatement or probationary certification.
If an officer's certification has automatically lapsed due to a break in service, the officer may petition the CJTC for reinstatement. The CJTC must determine whether there are any requirements that must be met prior to reinstatement and may reinstate the certification.
A peace officer whose certification is denied or revoked may not be certified as a corrections officer, and a corrections officer whose certification is denied or revoked may not be certified as a peace officer, without first satisfying the requirements of eligibility for certification or reinstatement of certification.
Training and Certification of Tribal Officers.
The CJTC is authorized to provide training to tribal police officers for federally recognized tribes when the tribe pays the full cost of training. In addition, tribal governments may request certification of their tribal police officers. When certification is requested, the tribal government must enter into a written agreement with the CJTC that requires compliance with all requirements related to granting, denying, and revoking certification as apply to peace officers.
Retention and Disclosure of Records.
The Public Records Act (PRA) requires state and local agencies to make their written records available to the public for inspection and copying upon request, unless the information is exempt from disclosure in the PRA or as otherwise provided in law. Certain CJTC records are confidential and are exempt from public disclosure, including the contents of personnel action (termination) reports, all files, papers, and other information obtained by the CJTC for purposes of officer background investigations, and all investigative files. Additionally, the CJTC must purge such records if it determines that a complaint is without merit, or that a matter under investigation does not merit action.
The Criminal Justice Training Commission.
Numerous changes are made to the provisions outlining the purpose and authority of the CJTC, including reorganizing provisions, harmonizing provisions with the rest of the bill, and removing outdated references. Additionally, the CJTC is authorized to issue public recommendations to law enforcement agencies regarding command decisions, inadequacy of policy or training, investigations or disciplinary decisions regarding misconduct, potential systemic violations of law or policy, unconstitutional policing, and other matters. The CJTC must also strive to promote public trust and confidence in every aspect of the criminal justice system, and its programs and training must enhance the integrity, effectiveness, and professionalism of officers, while helping ensure that services are delivered in a manner that complies with the state and federal constitutions and laws.
The membership of the CJTC is increased from 16 to 21, and changes are made to its composition, including: reducing the number of law enforcement and corrections positions from eight to six and including a tribal police officer; adding a public defender, a licensed attorney with background in investigating, advocating, teaching, training, or presiding over matters related to enhancing law enforcement practices and accountability, and a person with civilian oversight or auditing experience over law enforcement agencies; increasing the number of community member positions from two to seven; and eliminating the member from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The tribal member may be any enrolled member, as opposed to only a tribal chair, board member, or councilmember. Neither the elected local government official nor the tribal member may be a sheriff or have been a peace officer or prosecutor within the last 10 years. Initial appointment terms for new members must range between two and six years in order to stagger future appointments. Quorum is increased from seven to nine, and the CJTC must meet at least quarterly.
Background Investigations of Officer Applicants.
Employing agencies may only make a conditional offer of employment to a peace officer, reserve officer, or corrections officer pending completion of the background investigation, and must provide written verification to the CJTC that they have complied with all background check requirements prior to making any nonconditional offer of employment. An exception is made to the requirement that an applicant submit to a background investigation following a 24-month lapse in service if the lapse is due to being recalled to military service.
In addition to existing requirements, the background investigation for new hires and rehires of lapsed officers must include a check of: any national decertification index; CJTC records; all disciplinary records by previous law enforcement or corrections employers, including complaints or investigations of misconduct and the reason for separation from employment; and relevant potential impeachment disclosure lists. The background investigation must also include an inquiry into whether the officer has any past or present affiliations with extremist organizations and a review of the applicant's social media accounts. The CJTC may establish standards for the statutorily required background check requirements and any other pre-employment background check requirement that may be imposed by an employing agency or the CJTC.
A general or limited law enforcement agency may not consider an application from an applicant unless the applicant has executed a signed document authorizing each prior employer to release all employment information, and holding the agency and all prior employers harmless from any associated liability.
Reserve officers, to whom the background investigation requirements apply (along with peace officers and corrections officers) are defined to include those who do not serve as full-time peace officers, but who may be called into active service and fully commissioned on the same basis as full-time officers. Reserve officers include specially commissioned and limited authority Washington peace officers, persons employed as security by public higher education institutions, and persons employed as security in public K-12 schools who are authorized to use force in fulfilling their responsibilities.
Certification of Peace Officers and Corrections Officers.
Officer Certification Requirements.
As a condition of certification, a peace officer or corrections officer seeking employment must authorize the release of personnel files and other information to the employing agency in addition to the CJTC. The releases to the employing agency and the CJTC must include disciplinary files and civil investigation files in addition to other required files and information. The officer must also consent to and facilitate a review of the officer's social media accounts. Previous employing agencies must disclose employment information within 30 days of receiving a written request, and misconduct complaints and investigations must be disclosed regardless of the result or whether the complaint was founded. Release of this information may not be delayed, limited, or precluded by agreement or contract between the officer or the officer's union and the entity responsible for the records or information.
Prior to certification, the employing agency must certify to the CJTC that the agency completed the background investigation and found no disqualifying information, and that the applicant is suitable for employment as an officer. The CJTC is immune from suit in any civil action regarding an officer's certification, denial, suspension, or decertification.
Grounds for Denial, Revocation, or Suspension of Certification.
The grounds upon which the CJTC may revoke or deny certification are revised, denial or revocation of certification is made mandatory on certain grounds, and the CJTC's options for responsive action are expanded.
The CJTC must deny or revoke certification when the applicant or officer:
The CJTC may, but is not required to, deny, revoke, or suspend certification, require remedial training, or issue other sanctions, such as mandatory retraining or placement on probation, when an applicant or officer:
The grounds for denial, revocation, and suspension of certification apply to a reserve officer to the same extent as they apply to a peace officer when the reserve officer holds peace officer certification.
Process for Revocation of Certification.
An employing law enforcement or corrections agency must notify the CJTC of an officer's separation from the agency for any reason, rather than only upon the officer's termination. If the officer resigns or retires in lieu of termination, or is laid off pending disciplinary action that could lead to suspension or discharge, the agency must complete an investigation and report relevant information to the CJTC. Additionally, regardless of whether disciplinary proceedings have concluded, an employing agency must notify the CJTC within 15 days of learning of any death or serious injury caused by an officer's use of force, or any time an officer has been charged with a crime. Agencies must have a policy requiring officers to report any pending criminal charges to the agency immediately. Agencies must also report to the CJTC within 15 days of any initial disciplinary decision by the agency for an officer's alleged behavior or conduct that is noncriminal but may result in revocation of certification.
In response to notification from an employing agency, the CJTC may: initiate decertification upon conclusion of any investigation or disciplinary process initiated by the agency; separately pursue action against the officer's certification; or wait to proceed until agency investigation, disciplinary proceedings, or appeals are complete before taking action. The CJTC may act to suspend or revoke certification regardless of the employing agency's action or inaction or any decision resulting from an appeal of agency action.
Law enforcement and corrections agencies are prohibited from entering into an agreement or contract with an officer or union not to disclose relevant information in exchange for resignation, retirement, or any other reason, or that allows the agency to destroy or remove any personnel record while the officer is employed or for 10 years thereafter. The CJTC may impose a civil penalty of up to $10,000 for failure by an officer or agency to timely and accurately report required information.
Any individual may submit a written complaint to the CJTC charging that an officer's certificate should be denied, suspended, or revoked. In addition to its existing authority, the CJTC may initiate an investigation when there is a pattern of complaints or other actions that individually do not merit formal adjudication of wrongdoing, but when taken together demonstrate conduct that would constitute grounds for denial, suspension, or revocation. All complaints must be resolved with a written determination, regardless of the decision to investigate.
Notice of charges and communications regarding charges and hearings may be provided through electronic means. The CJTC must respond to an officer's request for a hearing within two weeks and must set a hearing within 90 days, rather than on a date between 90 and 180 days in the future. Public notice of the hearing must be posted on the CJTC website.
Decertification hearings must be presided over by an administrative law judge (ALJ) with subject matter expertise, and heard by a hearings panel. The ALJ must make rulings and issue a proposed recommendation, but does not vote. The final decision is made by the panel. The number of law enforcement or corrections personnel on the panel is reduced from four to two, and the representative of a college or university is removed. The open positions are filled with one civilian member of the CJTC, one member of the public who is not a prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, or law enforcement officer, and one person with expertise on police accountability who is not a current or former officer. The burden of proof is lowered from clear and convincing evidence to a preponderance of the evidence. Summary records of dispositions must be made available on a public website.
Any suspension or period of probation imposed by the CJTC must run concurrently to any leave or discipline imposed by the employing agency for the same incident. The employing agency may not terminate an officer based solely on the officer's suspension or placement on probation by the CJTC, though the agency may terminate the officer if the underlying acts or omissions independently justify termination.
Reinstatement of Certification.
The CJTC must align its rules and decisions regarding reinstatement of certification with its responsibilities to enhance public trust and confidence in the law enforcement profession and correctional system.
An officer whose certification was mandatorily denied or revoked is not eligible for reinstatement of certification at any time. When denial or revocation is based on discretionary grounds other than withdrawal from basic training, administrative error of issuance, failure to cooperate, or interference with an investigation, the CJTC may, but is not required to, proceed with a reinstatement hearing upon petition filed after the five-year waiting period. In the event of reinstatement, the CJTC must, rather than may, impose a probationary period of certification.
Training and Certification of Tribal Officers.
The CJTC is required, rather than authorized, to provide training to tribal police officers from federally recognized tribes when the tribe has paid the full cost of the training. Prior to requesting certification of its police officers, a tribal government may request consultation with the CJTC in order to ensure clarity regarding the certification requirements.
Retention and Disclosure of Records.
Agencies must retain personnel records for peace officers and corrections officers for the duration of the officer's employment and a minimum of 10 years thereafter. Current law provisions are removed that: (1) require the CJTC to purge background information and other records upon determination that a complaint is without merit or that a matter investigated by the CJTC does not merit action; and (2) designate personnel action reports provided to the CJTC and the CJTC's investigation files as confidential and exempt from public disclosure.
The CJTC must maintain a public database containing: the names of officers and employing agencies; all conduct investigated; certifications denied; notices and accompanying information provided by law enforcement or correctional agencies, including the reasons for officers' separation from the agency; decertification or suspension actions pursued; and final dispositions for at least 30 years following disposition of each incident. All decertifications must be reported to the National Decertification Index.
Implementation and Reporting.
The CJTC must develop policies, procedures, and rules to ensure that the goals of the bill are fully implemented as intended and in a timely manner, and to provide appropriate clarity to affected persons and entities as to how the CJTC will process complaints, investigations, and hearings, and impose sanctions, related to officer decertification. The CJTC must work in collaboration with interested parties and entities in developing the policies, procedures, and rules, and must take into account issues regarding when and how it may appropriately exercise authority in relation to simultaneous investigations and disciplinary processes, and how it may exercise available remedies in a manner that is appropriate to case circumstances and consistent with the goals outlined in the bill. The policies, procedures, and rules must be completed by June 30, 2022.
No later than December 1, 2022, the CJTC must submit a written report to the Governor and the Legislature detailing its progress in implementing the requirements of the bill.
By December 1, 2021, the CJTC must report to the Governor and the Legislature with the following:
(In support) This bill will provide an enforcement mechanism for other legislative efforts relating to police reform and accountability. There has been frustration at the local level with arbitration and investigations. This state certification for officers, much like the state certification that exists for other professions, will be a mechanism for the state to take action in the hopefully rare situations in which law enforcement officers are not upholding the high standards ethically and legally expected of them. This will ensure that these officers are not passed around to other agencies where they can do more harm to the community and to the reputation of law enforcement.
This bill creates a process to decertify problem officers, and creates a more robust process of accountability. It is imperative for the state to have a system where officers' certification is revoked in cases of repeated misconduct. Families have had loved ones killed by officers with misconduct histories, only to have those officers not face consequences or move from agency to agency to avoid discipline. Officers should not be able to stay in the profession if they have history that will erode public trust; an officer that abuses trust undermines the entire system. Racial inequities in policing must be dismantled. Black people and people of color experience disproportionate use of excessive force, and prior reform efforts have failed. Officers are critical to the community and most do an excellent, honest job. There should be an expectation of excellence in policing, but there is currently more control over licensing of plumbers than police. There should be a floor for the job, and communities are entitled to constitutional policing. There is an urgent need to bring accountability to officers who use excessive force. Non-law enforcement seats on the CJTC, enhanced background checks, and reviews of misconduct for possible decertification are good changes. The public deserves to have a record of misconduct. Use of force violations and other patterns of behavior are addressed through this bill, and it includes safeguards and reporting to address officer misconduct. Officers are less safe when an officer violates the law. This bill will help rebuild trust with communities. Communities are already asking city councils for the changes in this bill. Some police accountability measures are important enough they should be made at a systemic, statewide level.
A majority of officers are rehired because of a broken appeals process. The legislation could be strengthened by adjusting the arbitration process in regard to police discipline. Arbitration reform can lead to enhanced public confidence in policing. We need to create uniform legal standards for arbitration, limit the ability to offer new evidence, and allow more transparency. Discipline hearings should be recorded and available to the public through the PRA. The additional proposed changes would not undermine labor rights or affect other state employees. There can be strong unions and constitutional policing through enacting this measure.
The bill provides uniformity in a high-risk profession, which will make society safer and is good for police in the long run. The bill will help unions explain to their members what is expected of them. Many professions that unionized also have separate licensing and accountability measures. The bill does not undermine collective bargaining, though there are concerns with some disciplinary issues being handled by the CJTC instead of the employer.
(Opposed) Though this bill is problematic, the Legislature should change the certification and decertification laws. With respect to the composition of the CJTC, the bill flips the composition so that the majority of commissioners will be nonexperts. Only five of 17 commissioners would be members of the profession. There should be non-law enforcement representatives; however, there needs to be balanced representation on the CJTC due to the important and complex issues it handles. The CJTC should be expanded to 20 members and include three law enforcement officers. Subject matter experts are critically valuable.
The language related to suspension needs to be clarified and narrowed, and there should be no suspension before a finding of misconduct. Officers have important rights that must be considered when building this framework. There also need to be some reasonable limits on when the CJTC can move to decertify an officer, and the CJTC should not displace the collective bargaining and grievance process. The grievance process should be completed before the decertification starts. Additionally, there need to be reasonable limits to the grounds for decertification. Many of the grounds for decertification involve criminal activity, which makes sense, but there are insufficient boundaries and no clear delineation of who does what and when.
(Other) The current bill does not recognize the importance of the employer-employee relationship. Agencies and officers should be held accountable when they do not meet standards, but the CJTC should not be able to issue suspensions or probation. This is the role of the employer. Structuring the bill in this way could negatively impact an officer's ability to keep his or her position. It is concerning that components of other legislation are being considered in addition to this bill that would make changes to the arbitration process. There are also concerns about the bill leading to erosion of the collective bargaining process that may put employees in a vulnerable position.
The bill would expand the CJTC's authority far beyond the training and policy group that was intended, will undermine the ability of officers to defend themselves, and erode due process rights. An officer's reputation tarnished by accusation is impossible to restore. The CJTC should not receive direct complaints from the public; complaints should only be received on referral from the agency, otherwise it will make it easy for an officer to be harassed by anonymous complaints. The bill lowers the standard of proof to a preponderance of the evidence, which is the same as a traffic ticket. The bill could be amended to improve accountability without motivating good officers to leave the profession.
Some tribal officers are cross-deputized with local law enforcement, and the bill could negatively affect these arrangements. These officers must be certified through the CJTC in order to enter into agreements with local law enforcement agencies. Tribes conduct oversight of their own officers, including decertification, and would like the respect of the state government in recognizing tribal sovereignty. Tribal records should remain confidential.
(In support) Unchecked law enforcement misconduct destroys community trust and erodes the character of the profession itself. In one case, a man was killed by law enforcement while holding his child. Even though a judge described the involved officers' conduct as reckless, reprehensible, and involving malice, all three officers were promoted. This bill is good because of its strong provisions addressing misconduct and changes to the composition of the CJTC that provide meaningful community representation. This bill is a good investment for the state.
(Opposed) There are several challenges with the bill. The bill prohibits a law enforcement agency from terminating an officer based on an action taken by the CJTC. For example, if an officer is decertified, the agency would be required to continue to employ that officer even though they were prohibited from performing their job. The definition of "reserve officer" will dramatically increase enrollment in the Basic Law Enforcement Academy. The bill additionally contains decertification grounds for making false or misleading statements. The only exception to this is if the officer is undercover, though courts recognize the use of ruses and other legitimate law enforcement functions. This does not serve the public interest.
(Other) Additional revisions should be considered. This bill would significantly change provisions related to the oversight and accountability of officers. It would greatly expand the CJTC's decision-making authority related to officer certification and revocation and setting statewide policy for law enforcement training. The bill preempts local decision-making and goes beyond the CJTC's original training purpose and should be curtailed.