Capital Gains.
Most property owned by an individual for personal purposes is considered a capital asset, including houses, furniture, cars, stocks, and bonds. The sale of these items may result in a capital loss or a capital gain. Short-term capital gains or losses are gains or losses from assets held for one year or less. Long-term capital gains or losses are gains or losses from assets held for more than one year.
At the federal level, the gains on some of these capital assets may be subject to taxation, and the losses may be deducted, when computing an individual's net capital gain for tax liability purposes.
Some property is exempted from federal capital gains tax. This includes: stock in trade and other inventory; accounts or notes receivable; depreciable property; real estate used in a trade or business; and certain hedging transactions. In addition, an individual may not need to report the sale or exchange of a main home.
An individual filing a 1040 federal tax return calculates any capital gains or losses on Form 8949 and reports the gain or loss on Schedule D. Capital gains are generally taxed at a lower rate than other income. The rates are determined by the source of the net capital gain and the taxpayer's regular income tax rate. For tax year 2019, the five maximum capital gains rates are 0 percent, 15 percent, 20 percent, 25 percent, and 28 percent. For example, if the net capital gain resulted from the sale of collectibles, the 28 percent rate applies; however, if the gain is not from the sale of collectibles, small business stock, or an unrecaptured section 1250 gain, and the regular tax rate that would apply is 10 or 15 percent, then the capital gains tax rate is 0 percent.
2019 Federal Capital Gains Tax Rates (Internal Revenue Service Publication 550):
| Source of net capital gain | Maximum capital gain rate |
| Collectibles | 28% |
| Eligible gain on qualified small business stock minus the section 1202 exclusion | 28% |
| Unrecaptured section 1250 gain | 25% |
| Other gain and the regular tax that would apply is 37% | 20% |
| Other gain and the regular tax rate that would apply is 22%, 24%, 32%, or 35% | 15% |
| Other gain and regular tax rate that would apply is 10% or 12% | 0% |
"Other gain" means any gain that is not a collectibles gain, gain on small business stock, or unrecaptured section 1250 gain.
Tax Preference Performance Statement.
State law provides for a range of tax preferences that confer reduced tax liability upon a designated class of taxpayer. Tax preferences include tax exclusions, deductions, exemptions, preferential tax rates, deferrals, and credits. Currently, Washington has over 650 tax preferences, including a variety of sales and use tax exemptions. Legislation that establishes or expands a tax preference must include a Tax Preference Performance Statement (TPPS) that identifies the public policy objective of the preference, as well as specific metrics that the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee (JLARC) can use to evaluate the effectiveness of the preference. All new tax preferences automatically expire after 10 years unless an alternative expiration date is provided.
Beginning January 1, 2022, a tax is imposed on the adjusted capital gains of an individual for the privilege of selling or exchanging long-term capital assets or receiving Washington capital gains. The tax is equal to 7 percent of an individual's capital gain on long-term capital assets.
This tax is in addition to any other taxes imposed by state and local governments.
This tax also applies to natural persons and to individuals who are beneficial owners of long-term capital assets held by a pass-through or other disregarded entity, to the extent the individual's ownership interest in the entity is reported for federal tax purposes. This includes a grantor of a nongrantor trust when the grantor's transfer of assets to the trust is treated as an incomplete gift for federal gift tax purposes.
"Washington capital gains" are defined as an individual's adjusted capital gains allocated to Washington state less a standard deduction of $250,000 for all filers, whether filing as an individual or jointly. The standard deduction will be annually adjusted for inflation.
"Adjusted capital gain" is defined as the federal net long-term capital gain plus any loss from a sale or exchange that is exempt from the tax imposed in this chapter, and less any gain from a sale or exchange that is exempt from the tax imposed in this chapter, to the extent that such gain or loss was included in calculating federal net long-term capital gain.
Long-term assets include intangible or tangible personal property:
A "resident" is an individual domiciled in Washington during the entire taxable year. A resident also includes a person who is not domiciled in Washington during the taxable year but maintained a place of abode and was physically present in Washington for more than 183 days during the taxable year. Such a person will be a resident for that portion of the year in which they were domiciled or maintained a place of abode. If an individual maintained no permanent place of abode in this state during the entire taxable year, maintained a permanent place of abode outside of Washington for an entire taxable year, and spent an aggregate of no more than 30 days in Washington, the person is considered a nonresident.
Exemptions, Deductions and Credits.
The following assets are exempt from the capital gains tax:
A credit for Washington capital gains tax paid is available for the business and occupation tax. Credits are also allowed equal to the amount of any legally imposed income or excise tax paid by the taxpayer to another jurisdiction. Deductions are allowed for taxes prohibited by the United States or Washington constitutions or laws.
A deduction from the amount of adjusted capital gain is authorized for the sale of a qualified family-owned small business. The deduction is the amount of adjusted capital gain derived from the sale of at least 90 percent of all of the fair market value of the assets of, or transfer of at least 90 percent of the taxpayer's interest in, a qualified family-owned small business.
A "qualified family owned small business" is defined as a business:
"Material participation" means an individual was involved in the operation of the business on a regular, continuous, and substantial basis.
"Qualifying interest" means an interest as a proprietor in a business carried on as a sole-proprietor. It can also mean an interest in a business if at least:
Tax Proceeds.
The proceeds from the tax must be distributed as follows, adjusted annually for inflation:
Adjustments.
Each year beginning with calendar year 2024, the Department of Revenue (DOR) must adjust the standard deduction, the worldwide gross revenues of a qualifying family owned business and the distribution amounts for the tax proceeds. The amounts will be adjusted by the current Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers for the Seattle metropolitan area as calculated by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics for the proceeding 12 months plus one.
Other Provisions.
The administrative provisions for the DOR apply to this new tax, and additional provisions for the filing, payment, and applicable penalties are included.
It is a class C felony to knowingly attempt to evade payment of the capital gains tax. It is a gross misdemeanor to knowingly fail to pay tax, make returns, keep records, or supply information required.
This act is exempt from the requirements of a TPPS, a JLARC review, and the exemptions do not expire.
The amended bill:
(In support) Systemic inequities existed in our tax system prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. While it is important to acknowledge the need for personal responsibility for one's own success and to acknowledge the needs of businesses, one must realize that income and wealth inequality is the biggest challenge we are facing as a society. We need to foster healthy communities by providing shelter, food, and education, creating stability in citizens' lives. This legislation begins to address the centuries of systemic racism by investing in Washingtonians.
In Washington, the higher your income, the lower your tax burden is. This tax applies to transactions conducted exclusively by those who can afford the tax. Most family assets, including retirement funds, are exempt.
The bulk of money funding startup businesses come from out-of-state investors. This tax would only apply to those jackpot investors who have made successful investments. It is a modest tax on extraordinary profits. It is a privilege to make such profits.
This bill is crucial to recovery of Washington's small businesses. There is a constant lack of access to child care that has been exacerbated by the pandemic. This will assist in helping the child care industry to meet the needs of Washingtonians and enable workers to return to work. It is an important step to combat financial insecurity that resulted from the pandemic.
Charitable organizations are outmatched to deal with today's unprecedented challenges. It is time for state government to play an important role in meeting the needs of our citizens. Therefore, it is time for those of us who can afford it to contribute more towards the services needed by our neighbors.
(Opposed) Shares and stock options are the method for funding the startup ecosystem. Due to limited funds for operating, many startups include employee stock option plans as a significant part of their employees' compensation. Startups are the engine of our economic growth. The COVID-19 pandemic is shifting how and where businesses operate. Many businesses are eliminating headquarters and looking at relocating and condensing business as the result of the increase in remote work options. As a result of this proposed tax, many startups and employees will leave Washington and move their work to other states.
This would be the only standalone capital gains tax in the United States. No state considers it an "excise tax." The states that impose a capital gains tax consider it an income tax and it is filed with a 1040 tax form. With an increase in state revenues from actual collections and forecasted growth as well as federal pandemic stimulus money, Washington does not need to impose this tax. There is plenty of money to fund state government. Washington's best competitive advantage to attract and retain business is the lack of an income tax. Indeed, this proposal would fundamentally and unfairly burden small businesses.
The Internal Revenue Service has declared that a capital gains tax is an income tax. Over 80 years ago, the Washington Supreme Court ruled that a graduated income tax like this one was unconstitutional. It shows great disdain for the voters to push this agenda when the courts and voters have previously rejected attempts to impose an income tax. Indeed, this is only going to lead to a costly lawsuit and referendum.
This is not the time to impose a new tax. Businesses are struggling to overcome the pandemic and a historic increase to Unemployment Insurance taxes. Many business owners are selling substantial assets in order to stave off bankruptcy. This penalizes the retirement of small business owners by levying a tax on the sale of their business.