PERMANENT RULES
Date Adopted: November 21, 2003.
Purpose: To amend the Washington State Energy Code (chapter 51-11 WAC) to update standards and codes referenced within the document.
Citation of Existing Rules Affected by this Order: Amending chapter 51-11 WAC, Sections 101, 105, 108, 201, 402, 502, 503, 504, 505, 601, 625, 701, 900, 1001, 1004, 1005, 1007, 1009, 1143, 1150, 1313, 1332, 1412, 1415, 1532, and 99902.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045.
Adopted under notice filed as WSR 03-18-073 on August 29, 2003.
Changes Other than Editing from Proposed to Adopted Version: The adopted version contains only those changes to update code references and standards. The bulk of proposed rules were not adopted.
Number of Sections Adopted in Order to Comply with Federal Statute: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; Federal Rules or Standards: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; or Recently Enacted State Statutes: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted at Request of a Nongovernmental Entity: New 0, Amended 2, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted on the Agency's Own Initiative: New 0, Amended 24, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted in Order to Clarify, Streamline, or Reform Agency Procedures: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.
Number of Sections Adopted Using Negotiated Rule Making:
New 0,
Amended 0,
Repealed 0;
Pilot Rule Making:
New 0,
Amended 0,
Repealed 0;
or Other Alternative Rule Making:
New 0,
Amended 26,
Repealed 0.
Effective Date of Rule: July 1, 2004.
November 21, 2003
Tim Nogler
for Stan Price
Council Chair
OTS-6612.4
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 01-03-010, filed 1/5/01,
effective 7/1/01)
WAC 51-11-0101
Section 101. Scope and general
requirements.
101.1 Title: Chapters 1 through 10 of this Code shall be
known as the "Washington State Residential Energy Code" and
may be cited as such; and will be referred to herein as "this
Code."
101.2 Purpose and Intent: The purpose of this Code is to
provide minimum standards for new or altered buildings and
structures or portions thereof to achieve efficient use and
conservation of energy.
The purpose of this Code is not to create or otherwise
establish or designate any particular class or group of
persons who will or should be especially protected or
benefitted by the terms of this Code.
It is intended that these provisions provide flexibility
to permit the use of innovative approaches and techniques to
achieve efficient use and conservation of energy. These
provisions are structured to permit compliance with the intent
of this Code by any one of the following three paths of
design:
1. A systems analysis approach for the entire building
and its energy-using sub-systems which may utilize renewable
energy sources, Chapter 4.
2. A component performance approach for various building
elements and mechanical systems and components, Chapter 5.
3. A prescriptive requirements approach, Chapter 6.
Compliance with any one of these approaches meets the
intent of this Code. This Code is not intended to abridge any
safety or health requirements required under any other
applicable codes or ordinances.
The provisions of this Code do not consider the
efficiency of various energy forms as they are delivered to
the building envelope. A determination of delivered energy
efficiencies in conjunction with this Code will provide the
most efficient use of available energy in new building
construction.
101.3 Scope: This Code sets forth minimum requirements
for the design of new buildings and structures that provide
facilities or shelter for residential occupancies by
regulating their exterior envelopes and the selection of their
HVAC, service water heating systems and equipment for
efficient use and conservation of energy.
Buildings shall be designed to comply with the
requirements of either Chapter 4, 5, or 6 of this Code.
101.3.1 Exempt Buildings: Buildings and structures or
portions thereof meeting any of the following criteria shall
be exempt from the building envelope requirements of sections
502 and 602, but shall comply with all other requirements for
building mechanical systems, and service water heating.
101.3.1.1: Buildings and structures or portions thereof
whose peak design rate of energy usage is less than three and
four tenths (3.4) Btu/h per square foot or one point zero
(1.0) watt per square foot of floor area for space
conditioning requirements.
101.3.1.2: Buildings and structures or portions thereof
which are neither heated according to the definition of heated
space in Chapter 2, nor cooled by a nonrenewable energy
source, provided that the nonrenewable energy use for space
conditioning complies with requirements of section 101.3.1.1.
101.3.1.3: Greenhouses isolated from any conditioned
space and not intended for occupancy.
101.3.1.4: The provisions of this code do not apply to
the construction, alteration, or repair of temporary worker
housing except as provided by rule adopted under chapter 70.114A RCW or chapter 37, Laws of 1998 (SB 6168). "Temporary
worker housing" means a place, area, or piece of land where
sleeping places or housing sites are provided by an employer
for his or her employees or by another person, including a
temporary worker housing operator, who is providing such
accommodations for employees, for temporary, seasonal
occupancy, and includes "labor camps" under RCW 70.54.110.
101.3.2 Application to Existing Buildings: Additions,
historic buildings, changes of occupancy or use, and
alterations or repairs shall comply with the requirements in
the subsections below.
| EXCEPTION: | The building official may approve designs of alterations or repairs which do not fully conform with all of the requirements of this Code where in the opinion of the building official full compliance is physically impossible and/or economically impractical and: |
| 1. | The alteration or repair improves the energy efficiency of the building; or |
| 2. | The alteration or repair is energy efficient and is necessary for the health, safety, and welfare of
the general public. |
| In no case, shall building envelope requirements or mechanical system requirements be less than those requirements in effect at the time of the initial construction of the building. |
EXCEPTION:
New additions which do not fully comply with the requirements of this Code and which have a floor
area which is less than seven hundred fifty square feet shall be approved provided that improvements
are made to the existing occupancy to compensate for any deficiencies in the new addition.
Compliance shall be demonstrated by either systems analysis or component performance calculations.
The nonconforming addition and upgraded, existing occupancy shall have an energy budget or Target
UA which is less than or equal to the unimproved existing building (minus any elements which are no
longer part of the building envelope once the addition is added), with the addition designed to comply
with this Code.
101.3.2.2 Historic Buildings: The building official may
modify the specific requirements of this Code for historic
buildings and require in lieu thereof alternate requirements
which will result in a reasonable degree of energy efficiency.
This modification may be allowed for those buildings which
have been specifically designated as historically significant
by the state or local governing body, or listed in The
National Register of Historic Places or which have been
determined to be eligible for listing.
101.3.2.3 Change of Occupancy or Use:
Any Other than Group R Occupancy which is converted to
Group R Occupancy shall be brought into full compliance with
this Code.
101.3.2.4 Alterations and Repairs: All alterations and
repairs to buildings or portions thereof originally
constructed subject to the requirements of this Code shall
conform to the provisions of this Code without exception. For
all other existing buildings, initial tenant alterations shall
comply with the new construction requirements of this Code. Other alterations and repairs may be made to existing
buildings and moved buildings without making the entire
building comply with all of the requirements of this Code for
new buildings, provided the following requirements are met:
101.3.2.5 Building Envelope: The result of the
alterations or repairs both:
1. Improves the energy efficiency of the building, and
2. Complies with the overall average thermal
transmittance values of the elements of the exterior building
envelope in Table 5-1 of Chapter 5 or the nominal R-values and
glazing requirements of the reference case in Tables 6-1 ((to
6-6)) and 6-2.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Untested storm windows may be installed over existing glazing for an assumed U-factor of 0.90,
however, where glass and sash are being replaced in Group R Occupancy, glazing shall comply with the
appropriate reference case in Table 6-1 ((
through Table 6-6)) and 6-2.
2. Where the structural elements of the altered portions of roof/ceiling, wall or floor are not being
replaced, these elements shall be deemed to comply with this Code if all existing framing cavities which
are exposed during construction are filled to the full depth with batt insulation or insulation having an
equivalent nominal R-value while, for roof/ceilings, maintaining the required space for ventilation.
Existing walls and floors without framing cavities need not be insulated. Existing roofs shall be
insulated to the requirements of this Code if
a. The roof is uninsulated or insulation is removed to the level of the sheathing, or
b. All insulation in the roof/ceiling was previously installed exterior to the sheathing or nonexistent.
101.3.2.6 Building Mechanical Systems: Those parts of
systems which are altered or replaced shall comply with
section 503 of this Code.
101.3.2.7 Service Water Heating: Those parts of systems
which are altered or replaced shall comply with section 504.
101.3.2.8 Lighting: Alterations shall comply with
section 1132.3.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy. |
101.4 Amendments by Local Government: Except as provided
in RCW 19.27A.020(7), this Code shall be the maximum and
minimum energy code for Group R Occupancy in each town, city
and county, no later than July 1, 1991.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0101, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27.031 and 19.27.074. 98-24-078, § 51-11-0101, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0101, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0101, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0101, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
105.1 General: All construction or work for which a permit is
required shall be subject to inspection by the building
official and all such construction or work shall remain
accessible and exposed for inspection purposes until approved
by the building official.
105.2 Approvals Required: No work shall be done on any
part of the building or structure beyond the point indicated
in each successive inspection without first obtaining the
approval of the building official.
105.2.1 Required Inspections: The building official,
upon notification, shall make the following inspection in
addition to those inspections required in section ((108.5))
109.3 of the ((Washington State Uniform)) International
Building Code:
1. Wall insulation inspection: To be made after all
wall insulation and air vapor retarder sheet or film materials
are in place, but before any wall covering is placed.
105.3 Reinspection: The building official may require a
structure to be reinspected.
[Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0105, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0105, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Where, in any specific case, different sections of this Code specify different materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable. Wherever in this Code reference is made to the appendix, the provisions in the appendix shall not apply unless specifically adopted.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0108, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0108, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0108, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
201.1 Application of Terms: For the purposes of this
Code, certain abbreviations, terms, phrases, words and their
derivatives, shall be as set forth in this chapter. Where
terms are not defined, they shall have their ordinary accepted
meanings within the context with which they are used. In the
event there is a question about the definition of a term, the
definitions for terms in the codes enumerated in RCW 19.27.031
and the edition of Webster's dictionary referenced therein
shall be considered as the sources for providing ordinarily
accepted meanings.
Addition: See the Washington State Building Code.
Advanced framed ceiling: Advanced framing assumes full and even depth of insulation extending to the outside edge of exterior walls. (See Standard Framing and Section 1007.2 of this Code.)
Advanced framed walls: Studs framed on twenty-four inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate. Corners use two studs or other means of fully insulating corners, and one stud is used to support each header. Headers consist of double 2X material with R-10 insulation between the header and exterior sheathing. Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections are fully insulated in the exterior wall. (See Standard Framing and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)
AFUE. Annual fuel utilization efficiency: Unlike steady state conditions, this rating is based on average usage including on and off cycling as set out in the standardized Department of Energy Test Procedures.
Air conditioning, comfort: The process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet requirements of the conditioned space.
ARI: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute.
ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
Automatic: Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence, as for example, a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechanical configuration. (See Manual.)
Below grade walls: Walls or the portion of walls which are entirely below the finish grade or which extend two feet or less above the finish grade.
Boiler capacity: The rate of heat output in Btu/h measured at the boiler outlet, at the design inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel/energy input.
Building envelope: For Group R Occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 101.3.1. For other than Group R Occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or to or from unconditioned spaces, or to or from semi-heated spaces, or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 1301.
Building, existing: See the Washington State Building Code.
Building official: The official authorized to act in behalf of a jurisdiction code enforcement agency or its authorized representative.
Building project: A building or group of buildings, including on-site energy conversion or electric-generating facilities, which utilize a single submittal for a construction permit or are within the boundary of a contiguous area under one ownership.
Conditioned floor area: (See Gross conditioned floor area.)
Conditioned space: A cooled space, heated space (fully heated), heated space (semi-heated) or indirectly conditioned space.
Cooled space: An enclosed space within a building that is cooled by a cooling system whose sensible capacity
a. exceeds 5 Btu/(h • ft2), or
b. is capable of maintaining space dry bulb temperature of 90°F or less at design cooling conditions.
COP - Coefficient of performance: The ratio of the rate of net heat output (heating mode) or heat removal (cooling mode) to the rate of total on-site energy input to the heat pump, expressed in consistent units and under designated rating conditions. (See Net Heat Output, Net Heat Removal, Total On-Site Energy Input.)
Daylighted zone:
a. Under overhead glazing: the area under overhead glazing whose horizontal dimension, in each direction, is equal to the overhead glazing dimension in that direction plus either the floor to ceiling height or the dimension to a ceiling height opaque partition, or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
b. At vertical glazing: the area adjacent to vertical glazing which receives daylighting from the glazing. For purposes of this definition and unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided, the daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance of 15 feet or to the nearest ceiling height opaque partition, whichever is less. The daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus either two feet on each side (the distance to an opaque partition) or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
Daylight sensing control (DS): A device that automatically regulates the power input to electric lighting near the glazing to maintain the desired workplace illumination, thus taking advantage of direct or indirect sunlight.
Deadband: The temperature range in which no heating or cooling is used.
Design cooling conditions: The cooling outdoor design temperature from the 0.5% column for summer from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."
Design heating conditions: The heating outdoor design temperature from the 0.6% column for winter from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."
Door: All operable opening areas, which are not glazing, in the building envelope including swinging and roll-up doors, fire doors, smoke vents and access hatches.
Door area: Total area of door measured using the rough opening and including the door and frame.
Dwelling unit: See the Washington State Building Code.
EER. Energy efficiency ratio: The ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions.
Economizer, air: A ducting arrangement and automatic control system that allows a cooling supply fan system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration during mild or cold weather.
Economizer, water: A system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled directly, indirectly or both, by evaporation of water or by other appropriate fluid in order to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration.
Efficiency, HVAC system: The ratio of useful energy (at the point of use) to the energy input for a designated time period, expressed in percent.
Emissivity: The ability to absorb infrared radiation. A low emissivity implies a higher reflectance of infrared radiation.
Energy: The capacity for doing work; taking a number of forms which may be transformed from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical and chemical; in customary units, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or British thermal units (Btu). (See New energy.)
Energy, recovered: (See Recovered energy.)
Exterior envelope: (See Building envelope.)
Facade area: Vertical projected area including nonhorizontal roof area, overhangs, cornices, etc. measured in elevation in a vertical plane parallel to the plane of the building face.
Floor over unconditioned space: A floor which separates a conditioned space from an unconditioned space which is buffered from exterior ambient conditions including vented crawl spaces and unconditioned basements or other similar spaces, or exposed to exterior ambient conditions including open parking garages and enclosed garages which are mechanically ventilated.
F-Factor: The perimeter heat loss factor expressed in Btu/hr • ft •°F.
F-Value: (See F-Factor.)
Garden window: A multisided glazing product that projects beyond the plane of the wall.
Glazed wall system: A category of site assembled fenestration products used in the NFRC 100 and NFRC 200 rating procedures that include curtainwalls.
Glazing: All areas, including the frames, in the shell of a conditioned space that let in natural light including windows, clerestories, skylights, sliding or swinging glass doors and glass block walls.
Glazing area: Total area of the glazing measured using the rough opening, and including the glazing, sash, and frame. For doors where the daylight opening area is less than 50% of the door area, the glazing area is the daylight opening area. For all other doors, the glazing area is the door area.
Gross conditioned floor area: The horizontal projection of that portion of interior space which is contained within exterior walls and which is conditioned directly or indirectly by an energy-using system, and which has an average height of five feet or greater, measured from the exterior faces.
Gross exterior wall area: The normal projection of the building envelope wall area bounding interior space which is conditioned by an energy-using system and which separates conditioned space from: Unconditioned space, or semi-heated space, or exterior ambient conditions or earth; includes opaque wall, vertical glazing and door areas. The gross area of walls consists of all opaque wall areas, including foundation walls, between floor spandrels, peripheral edges of floors, vertical glazing areas and door areas, where such surfaces are exposed to exterior ambient conditions and enclose a conditioned space including interstitial areas between two such spaces. (See Below grade wall.)
Gross floor area: The sum of the areas of the several floors of the building, including basements, cellars, mezzanine and intermediate floored tiers and penthouses of headroom height, measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the center line of walls separating buildings, but excluding: Covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces. Pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs and similar features.
Gross roof/ceiling area: A roof/ceiling assembly shall be considered as all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through which heat flows, thus creating a building transmission heat loss or gain, where such assembly is exposed to exterior ambient conditions and encloses a conditioned space. The assembly does not include those components that are separated from a heated and/or cooled space by a vented airspace. The gross area of a roof/ceiling assembly consists of the total interior surface of such assembly, including overhead glazing.
Guest room: See the Washington State Building Code.
Heat: The form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature difference.
Heat storage capacity: The physical property of materials (mass) located inside the building envelope to absorb, store, and release heat.
Heated space (Fully heated): An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system whose output capacity is
a. Capable of maintaining a space dry-bulb temperature of 45°F or greater at design heating conditions; or
b. 8 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 12 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 2.
Heated space (Semi-heated): An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system
a. whose output capacity is 3 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 5 Btu/(h • ft2) or greater in Climate Zone 2; and
b. is not a Heated Space (Fully Heated).
HSPF. Heating season performance factor: The total heating output (in Btu) of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for heating divided by the total (watt hour) electric power input during the same period, as determined by test procedures consistent with the U.S. Department of Energy "Test Procedure for Central Air Conditioners, Including Heat Pumps" published in Standard RS-30. When specified in Btu per watt hour an HSPF of 6.826 is equivalent to a COP of 2.0.
Humidistat: A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for automatic control of relative humidity.
HVAC: Heating, ventilating and air conditioning.
HVAC system components: HVAC system components provide, in one or more factory-assembled packages, means for chilling and/or heating water with controlled temperature for delivery to terminal units serving the conditioned spaces of the buildings. Types of HVAC system components include, but are not limited to, water chiller packages, reciprocating condensing units and water source (hydronic) heat pumps. (See HVAC system equipment.)
HVAC system efficiency: (See Efficiency, HVAC system.)
HVAC system equipment: HVAC system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split system) factory-assembled packages, means for air circulation, air cleaning, air cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification; and optionally, either alone or in combination with a heating plant, the functions of heating and humidifying. The cooling function may be either electrically or heat operated and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporatively cooled. Where the equipment is provided in more than one package, the separate packages shall be designed by the manufacturer to be used together. The equipment may provide the heating function as a heat pump or by the use of electric elements. (The word "equipment" used without modifying adjective may, in accordance with common industry usage, apply either to HVAC system equipment or HVAC system components.)
Indirectly conditioned space: An enclosed space within a building that is not a heated or cooled space, whose area weighted heat transfer coefficient to heated or cooled spaces exceeds that to the outdoors or to unconditioned spaces; or through which air from heated or cooled spaces is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour. Enclosed corridors between conditioned spaces shall be considered as indirectly conditioned space. (See Heated Space, Cooled Space and Unconditioned Space.)
Infiltration: The uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and interstices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building caused by the pressure effects of wind and/or the effect of differences in the indoor and outdoor air density.
Insulation baffle: A rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture, the purpose of which is to allow air to flow freely into the attic or crawl space and to prevent insulation from blocking the ventilation of these spaces, or the loss of insulation. Example materials for this purpose are sheet metal, or wax impregnated cardboard.
Insulation position:
a. Exterior Insulation Position: a wall having all or nearly all of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior of the mass.
b. Integral Insulation Position: a wall having mass exposed to both room and outside air, with substantially equal amounts of mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer.
c. Interior Insulation Position: a wall not meeting either of the above definitions; particularly a wall having most of its mass external to the insulation layer.
International Building Code (IBC): (See Washington State Building Code.)
International Mechanical Code (IMC): (See Washington State Building Code.)
IPLV -- Integrated part-load value: A single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP expressing part-load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment as specified in the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and Cooling Tower Institute (CTI) procedures.
Luminaire: A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the electric power supply.
Manual: Capable of being operated by personal intervention. (See Automatic.)
Microcell: A wireless communication facility consisting of an antenna that is either: (a) Four (4) feet in height and with an area of not more than 580 square inches; or (b) if a tubular antenna, no more than four (4) inches in diameter and no more than six (6) feet in length; and the associated equipment cabinet that is six (6) feet or less in height and no more than 48 square feet in floor area.
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.
NFRC: National Fenestration Rating Council.
Net heat output: The change in the total heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (not including supplementary heat and heat from boilers).
Net heat removal: The total difference in heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (without heat) or the difference in total heat content of the water or refrigerant entering and leaving the component.
New energy: Energy, other than recovered energy, utilized for the purpose of heating or cooling. (See energy.)
Nominal R-value: The thermal resistance of insulation as specified by the manufacturer according to recognized trade and engineering standards.
Nonrenewable energy sources: All energy sources that are not renewable energy sources including natural gas, oil, coal, wood, liquified petroleum gas, steam, and any utility-supplied electricity.
Nonresidential: All buildings and spaces in the
((Uniform)) International Building Code (((UBC))) (IBC)
occupancies other than Group R.
Occupancy: See the Washington State Building Code.
Occupancy sensor: A device that detects occupants within an area, causing any combination of lighting, equipment or appliances to be turned on or shut off.
Opaque envelope areas: All exposed areas of a building envelope which enclose conditioned space, except openings for doors, glazing and building service systems.
Open blown: Loose fill insulation pneumatically installed in an unconfined attic space.
Outdoor air (outside air): Air taken from the outdoors and, therefore, not previously circulated through a building.
Overhead glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of less than 60° from the horizontal plane.
Packaged terminal air conditioner: A factory-selected
combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or
sections intended to serve a room or zone. (For the complete
technical definition, see Standard ((RS-10)) RS-5.)
Permeance (perm): The ability of a material of specified
thickness to transmit moisture in terms of amount of moisture
transmitted per unit time for a specified area and
differential pressure (grains per hour • ft2 • inches of HG).
Permeance may be measured using ASTM ((E-96-72)) E-96-00 or
other approved dry cup method as specified in ((RS-27)) RS-1.
Personal wireless service facility: A Wireless Communication Facility (WCF), including a microcell, which is a facility for the transmission and/or reception of radio frequency signals and which may include antennas, equipment shelter or cabinet, transmission cables, a support structure to achieve the necessary elevation, and reception and/or transmission devices or antennas.
Pool cover: A vapor-retardant cover which lies on or at the surface of the pool.
Power: In connection with machines, the time rate of doing work. In connection with the transmission of energy of all types, the rate at which energy is transmitted; in customary units, it is measured in watts (W) or British Thermal Units per hour (Btu/h).
Process energy: Energy consumed in support of a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process other than the maintenance of building comfort or amenities for building occupants.
Radiant slab floor: A slab floor assembly on grade or below, containing heated pipes, ducts, or electric heating cables that constitute a floor or portion thereof for complete or partial heating of the structure.
Readily accessible: See the Washington State Mechanical Code.
Recooling: The removal of heat by sensible cooling of the supply air (directly or indirectly) that has been previously heated above the temperature to which the air is to be supplied to the conditioned space for proper control of the temperature of that space.
Recovered energy: Energy utilized which would otherwise be wasted (i.e. not contribute to a desired end use) from an energy utilization system.
Reheat: The application of sensible heat to supply air that has been previously cooled below the temperature of the conditioned space by either mechanical refrigeration or the introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.
Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources of energy (excluding minerals) are derived from: (1) incoming solar radiation, including but not limited to, natural daylighting and photosynthetic processes; (2) energy sources resulting from wind, waves and tides, lake or pond thermal differences; and (3) energy derived from the internal heat of the earth, including nocturnal thermal exchanges.
Reset: Adjustment of the set point of a control instrument to a higher or lower value automatically or manually to conserve energy.
Roof/ceiling assembly: (See Gross roof/ceiling area.)
SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio: The total cooling output of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period, in Btu's, divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours, during the same period, as determined by 10 CFR, Part 430.
Semi-heated space: Sub-category of Heated Space. (See Heated Space.)
Sequence: A consecutive series of operations.
Service systems: All energy-using systems in a building that are operated to provide services for the occupants or processes housed therein, including HVAC, service water heating, illumination, transportation, cooking or food preparation, laundering or similar functions.
Service water heating: Supply of hot water for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating.
Shaded: Glazed area which is externally protected from direct solar radiation by use of devices permanently affixed to the structure or by an adjacent building, topographical feature, or vegetation.
Shading coefficient: The ratio of solar heat gain occurring through nonopaque portions of the glazing, with or without integral shading devices, to the solar heat gain occurring through an equivalent area of unshaded, 1/8 inch thick, clear, double-strength glass.
| Note: | Heat gains to be compared under the same conditions. See Chapter (( |
Single family: One and two family residential dwelling units with no more than two units in a single building.
Skylight: (See Overhead glazing.)
Slab-below-grade: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is more than 24 inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.
Slab-on-grade, exterior: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is less than or equal to twenty-four inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.
Small business: Any business entity (including a sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership, or other legal entity) which is owned and operated independently from all other businesses, which has the purpose of making a profit, and which has fifty or fewer employees, or which has a million dollars or less per year in gross sales, of window products.
Solar energy source: Source of natural daylighting and of thermal, chemical or electrical energy derived directly from conversion of incident solar radiation.
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the glazing product to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is then reradiated, conducted or convected into the space.
Split system: Any heat pump or air conditioning unit which is provided in more than one assembly requiring refrigeration piping installed in the field.
Standard framing: All framing practices not defined as "intermediate" or "advanced" shall be considered standard. (See Advanced framed ceiling, Advanced framed walls, Intermediate framed wall and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)
Substantial contact: A condition where adjacent building materials are placed in a manner that proximal surfaces are contiguous, being installed and supported as to eliminate voids between materials, without compressing or degrading the thermal performance of either product.
System: A combination of central or terminal equipment or components and/or controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and terminal devices by which energy is transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as HVAC, service water heating or illumination.
Tapering: Installation of a reduced level of ceiling insulation at the eaves, due to reduced clearance.
Thermal by-pass: An area where the envelope surrounding the conditioned space is breached, or where an ineffective application compromises the performance of a thermal or infiltration barrier, increasing the structure's energy consumption by exposing finished surfaces to ambient conditions and additional heat transfer.
Thermal conductance (C): Time rate of heat flow through a body (frequently per unit area) from one of its bounding surfaces to the other for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady conditions (Btu/hr•ft2•°F).
Thermal resistance (R): The reciprocal of thermal conductance (hr • ft2 •°F/Btu).
Thermal transmittance (U): The coefficient of heat transmission (air to air). It is the time rate of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature difference between the warm side and cold side air films (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F).
Thermal transmittance, overall (Uo): The overall (average) heat transmission of a gross area of the exterior building envelope (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F). The Uo-factor applies to the combined effect of the time rate of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as glazing, doors and opaque construction areas, comprising the gross area of one or more exterior building components, such as walls, floors or roof/ceiling.
Thermostat: An automatic control device actuated by temperature and designed to be responsive to temperature.
Total on-site energy input: The combination of all the energy inputs to all elements and accessories as included in the equipment components, including but not limited to, compressor(s), compressor sump heater(s), circulating pump(s), purge devices, fan(s), and the HVAC system component control circuit.
Transmission coefficient: The ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system to that of an unshaded single pane of double strength window glass under the same set of conditions.
Transverse joint: The primary connection between air distribution system fittings.
U-factor: (See thermal transmittance.)
U-Value: (See U-factor.)
((Uniform Building Code (UBC): (See Washington State
Building Code.)
Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC): (See Washington State Mechanical Code.)))
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC): (See Washington State Plumbing Code.)
Unitary cooling and heating equipment: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor and condenser combination, and may include a heating function as well. Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Unitary heat pump: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an indoor conditioning coil, compressor(s) and outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, including means to provide both heating and cooling functions. When such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Vapor retarder: A layer of low moisture transmissivity material (not more than 1.0 perm dry cup) placed over the warm side (in winter) of insulation, over the exterior of below grade walls, and under floors as ground cover to limit the transport of water and water vapor through exterior walls, ceilings, and floors. Vapor retarding paint, listed for this application, also meets this definition.
Vaulted ceilings: All ceilings where enclosed joist or rafter space is formed by ceilings applied directly to the underside of roof joists or rafters.
Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
Ventilation air: That portion of supply air which comes from outside (outdoors) plus any recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated space.
Vertical glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of 60° or greater from the horizontal plane.
Walls (exterior): Any member or group of members which defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and which have a slope of sixty degrees or greater with the horizontal plane, and separates conditioned from unconditioned space. Band joists between floors are to be considered a part of exterior walls.
Washington State Building Code: The ((building code as
modified by the)) Washington State Building Code is comprised
of the International Building Code; the International
Residential Code; the International Mechanical Code; the
International Fire Code; the Uniform Plumbing Code; the state
regulations for barrier-free facilities, as designated in RCW 19.27.031; the State Energy Code; and any other codes so
designated by the Washington state legislature as adopted and
amended by the State Building Code Council.
((Washington State Mechanical Code: The mechanical code
as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.
Washington State Plumbing Code: The plumbing code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.))
Zone: A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device. Each dwelling unit in residential buildings shall be considered a single zone.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0201, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0201, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0201, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0201, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0201, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0201, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
402.1 Special Requirements for All Group R Occupancy:
402.1.1 Energy Budgets: Proposed buildings designed in
accordance with this section shall be designed to use no more
energy from nonrenewable sources for space heating, and
domestic hot water heating than a standard building whose
enclosure elements and energy consuming systems are designed
in accordance with section 502.2 of this Code for the
appropriate climate zone, and heating system type. Energy
derived from renewable sources may be excluded from the total
annual energy consumption attributed to the alternative
building.
402.1.2 Calculation of Energy Consumption: The
application for a building permit shall include documentation
which demonstrates, using a calculation procedure as listed in
Chapter 8, or an approved alternate, that the proposed
building's annual space heating energy use does not exceed the
annual space heating and water heating energy use of a
standard building conforming to Chapter 5 of this Code for the
appropriate climate zone. The total calculated annual energy
consumption shall be shown in units of ((kWh/ft2/year or
Btu/ft2/year)) kWh/ft2-yr or Btu/ft2-yr of conditioned area.
402.1.3 Input Values: The following standardized input
values shall be used in calculating annual space heating
budgets:
| PARAMETER | VALUE | |
| Thermostat set point, heating Thermostat set point, cooling Thermostat night set back Thermostat night set back period |
65° F 78° F 65° F 0 hours |
|
| Internal gain | ||
| R-3 and R-4 units R-1 and R-2 units |
3000 Btu/hr 1500 Btu/hr |
|
| Domestic Hot Water Heater Setpoint |
120° F |
|
| Domestic Hot Water Consumption |
20 gallons/person/day. | |
| Minimum heat storage | Calculated using standard engineering practice for the actual building or as approved. | |
Site weather data |
Typical meteorological year (TMY) or ersatz TMY data for the closest appropriate TMY site or other sites as approved. |
|
| Heating equipment efficiency | ||
| Electric resistance heat Heat Pumps Other Fuels |
1.00 6.80 HSPF. 0.78 AFUE. |
|
1. Overall thermal transmittance, Uo, of building
envelope or individual building components;
2. Heat storage capacity of building;
3. Glazing orientation; area; and solar heat
coefficients;
4. Heating system efficiency.
402.1.4 Solar Shading and Access: Building designs using
passive solar features with eight percent or more south facing
equivalent glazing to qualify shall provide to the building
official a sun chart or other approved documentation depicting
actual site shading for use in calculating compliance under
this section. The building shall contain at least forty-five
Btu/°F for each square foot of south facing glass.
402.1.5 Infiltration: Infiltration levels used shall be
set at 0.35 air changes per hour for thermal calculation
purposes only.
402.1.6 Heat Pumps: The heating season performance
factor (HSPF) for heat pumps shall be calculated using
procedures consistent with section 5.2 of the U.S. Department
of Energy Test Procedure for Central Air Conditioners,
including heat pumps published in the December 27, 1979
Federal Register Vol. 44, No. 24.10 CFR 430. Climate data as
specified above, the proposed buildings overall thermal
performance value (Btu/°F) and the standardized input
assumptions specified above shall be used to model the heat
pumps HSPF.
402.2 Energy Analysis: Compliance with this chapter will
require an analysis of the annual energy usage, hereinafter
called an annual energy analysis.
EXCEPTIONS:
Chapters 5, and 6 of this Code establish criteria for different energy-consuming and enclosure elements
of the building which, will eliminate the requirement for an annual systems energy analysis while
meeting the intent of this Code.
A building designed in accordance with this chapter will be deemed as complying with this Code if
the calculated annual energy consumption is not greater than a similar building (defined as a "standard
design") whose enclosure elements and energy-consuming systems are designed in accordance with
Chapter 5.
For an alternate building design to be considered similar to a "standard design," it shall utilize the
same energy source(s) for the same functions and have equal floor area and the same ratio of envelope
area to floor area, environmental requirements, occupancy, climate data and usage operational
schedule.
402.3 Design: The standard design, conforming to the
criteria of Chapter 5 and the proposed alternative design
shall be designed on a common basis as specified herein:
The comparison shall be expressed as kBtu or kWh input
per square foot of conditioned floor area per year at the
building site.
402.4 Analysis Procedure: The analysis of the annual
energy usage of the standard and the proposed alternative
building and system design shall meet the following criteria:
a. The building heating/cooling load calculation
procedure used for annual energy consumption analysis shall be
detailed to permit the evaluation of effect of factors
specified in section 402.5.
b. The calculation procedure used to simulate the
operation of the building and its service systems through a
full-year operating period shall be detailed to permit the
evaluation of the effect of system design, climatic factors,
operational characteristics, and mechanical equipment on
annual energy usage. Manufacturer's data or comparable field
test data shall be used when available in the simulation of
systems and equipment. The calculation procedure shall be
based upon eight thousand seven hundred sixty hours of
operation of the building and its service systems.
402.5 Calculation Procedure: The calculation procedure
shall cover the following items:
a. Design requirements -- Environmental requirements as
required in Chapter 3.
b. Climatic data -- Coincident hourly data for
temperatures, solar radiation, wind and humidity of typical
days in the year representing seasonal variation.
c. Building data -- Orientation, size, shape, mass, air,
moisture and heat transfer characteristics.
d. Operational characteristics -- Temperature, humidity,
ventilation, illumination, control mode for occupied and
unoccupied hours.
e. Mechanical equipment -- Design capacity, part load
profile.
f. Building loads -- Internal heat generation, lighting,
equipment, number of people during occupied and unoccupied
periods.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R Occupancy shall comply with calculation procedures in Chapter 8, or an approved alternate. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0402, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0402, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0402, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
502.1 General:
502.1.1: The stated U- or F-factor of any component
assembly, listed in Table 5-1 or 5-2, such as roof/ceiling,
opaque wall or opaque floor may be increased and the U-factor
for other components decreased, provided that the total heat
gain or loss for the entire building envelope does not exceed
the total resulting from compliance to the U-factors specified
in this Section.
The U-factors for typical construction assemblies are
included in Chapter 10. These values shall be used for all
calculations. Where proposed construction assemblies are not
represented in Chapter 10, values shall be calculated in
accordance with Chapters ((21-29)) 23-30 in Standard RS-1
listed in Chapter 7, using the framing factors listed in
Chapter 10 where applicable.
For envelope assemblies containing metal framing, the
U-factor shall be determined by one of the following methods:
1. Results of laboratory or field measurements.
2. Standard ((RS-25)) RS-1, listed in Chapter 7, where
the metal framing is bonded on one or both sides to a metal
skin or covering.
3. The zone method as provided in Chapter ((24)) 25 of
Standard RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.
4. Results of parallel path correction factors effective
framing/cavity R-values as provided in Table 10-5A - EFFECTIVE
R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY for metal stud walls and
roof/ceilings.
502.1.2: For consideration of thermal mass effects, see
section 402.4.
502.1.3: When return air ceiling plenums are employed,
the roof/ceiling assembly shall:
a. For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the
ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly;
and
b. For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior
face of the upper plenum surface.
502.1.4 Insulation:
502.1.4.1 General: All insulating materials shall comply
with sections ((2602 and/or 707)) 2603 and/or 719 of the
((Uniform)) International Building Code. Substantial contact
of the insulation with the surface being insulated is
required. All insulation materials shall be installed
according to the manufacturer's instructions to achieve proper
densities and maintain uniform R-values and shall be installed
in a manner which will permit inspection of the manufacturer's
R-value identification mark. To the maximum extent possible,
insulation shall extend over the full component area to the
intended R-value.
Alternatively, the thickness of roof/ceiling and wall
insulation that is either blown in or spray-applied shall be
identified by inches of thickness, density and R-value markers
installed at least one for every 300 square feet (28 m2)
through the attic, ceiling and/or wall space. In attics, the
markers shall be affixed to the trusses or joists and marked
with the minimum initial installed thickness and minimum
settled thickness with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in
height. Each marker shall face the attic access. The
thickness of installed attic insulation shall meet or exceed
the minimum initial installed thickness shown by the marker. In cathedral ceilings and walls, the markers shall be affixed
to the rafter and wall frame at alternating high and low
intervals and marked with the minimum installed density and
R-value with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the conditioned room area.
502.1.4.2 Insulation Materials: All insulation materials
including facings such as vapor barriers or breather papers
installed within floor/ceiling assemblies, roof/ceiling
assemblies, walls, crawl spaces, or attics shall have a flame
spread rating of less than 25 and a smoke density not to
exceed 450 when tested in accordance with ((UBC Standard 8-1))
ASTM E84-01.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with section ((
2602 of the Uniform)) 2603 of the
International Building Code.
2. When such materials are installed in concealed spaces of Types III, IV and V construction, the flame
spread and smoke developed limitations do not apply to facing, provided that the facing is installed in
substantial contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling, floor or wall finish.
3. Cellulose insulation shall comply with section ((
707 of the Uniform)) 719 of the International
Building Code.
502.1.4.3 Clearances: Where required, insulation shall
be installed with clearances according to manufacturer's
specifications. Insulation shall be installed so that
required ventilation is unobstructed. For blown or poured
loose fill insulation, clearances shall be maintained through
installation of a permanent retainer.
502.1.4.4 Access Hatches and Doors: Access doors from
conditioned spaces to unconditioned spaces (e.g., attics and
crawl spaces) shall be weatherstripped and insulated to a
level equivalent to the insulation on the surrounding
surfaces. Access shall be provided to all equipment which
prevents damaging or compressing the insulation. A wood
framed or equivalent baffle or retainer must be provided when
loose fill insulation is installed, the purpose of which is to
prevent the loose fill insulation from spilling into the
living space when the attic access is opened, and to provide a
permanent means of maintaining the installed R-value of the
loose fill insulation.
502.1.4.5 Roof/Ceiling Insulation: Open-blown or poured
loose fill insulation may be used in attic spaces where the
slope of the ceiling is not more than 3 feet in 12 and there
is at least 30 inches of clear distance from the top of the
bottom chord of the truss or ceiling joist to the underside of
the sheathing at the roof ridge. When eave vents are
installed, baffling of the vent openings shall be provided so
as to deflect the incoming air above the surface of the
insulation. Baffles shall be, rigid material, resistant to
wind driven moisture. Requirements for baffles for ceiling
insulation shall meet the ((Uniform)) International Building
Code section ((1505.3)) 1203.2 for minimum ventilation
requirements. When feasible, the baffles shall be installed
from the top of the outside of the exterior wall, extending
inward, to a point 6 inches vertically above the height of
noncompressed insulation, and 12 inches vertically above loose
fill insulation.
502.1.4.6 Wall Insulation: Insulation installed in
exterior walls shall comply with the provisions of this
section. All wall insulation shall fill the entire framed
cavity. Exterior wall cavities isolated during framing shall
be fully insulated to the levels of the surrounding walls. All faced insulation shall be face stapled to avoid
compression.
502.1.4.7 Floor Insulation: Floor insulation shall be
installed in a permanent manner in substantial contact with
the surface being insulated. Insulation supports shall be
installed so spacing is no more than 24 inches on center. Foundation vents shall be placed so that the top of the vent
is below the lower surface of the floor insulation.
EXCEPTION:
Insulation may be omitted from floor areas over heated basements, heated garages or underfloor areas
used as HVAC supply plenums. ((
See Uniform Mechanical Code section 607 for underfloor supply
plenum requirements.)) When foundation walls are insulated, the insulation shall be attached in a
permanent manner. The insulation shall not block the airflow through foundation vents when installed.
When foundation vents are not placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the
floor insulation, a permanently attached baffle shall be installed at an angle of 30° from horizontal, to
divert air flow below the lower surface of the floor insulation.
502.1.4.8 Slab-On-Grade: Slab-on-grade insulation,
installed inside the foundation wall, shall extend downward
from the top of the slab for a minimum distance of 24 inches
or downward and then horizontally beneath the slab for a
minimum combined distance of 24 inches. Insulation installed
outside the foundation shall extend downward to a minimum of
24 inches or to the frostline. Above grade insulation shall
be protected.
EXCEPTION:
For monolithic slabs, the insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab to the bottom of
the footing.
502.1.4.9 Radiant Slabs: The entire area of a radiant
slab shall be thermally isolated from the soil, with a minimum
of R-10 insulation. The insulation shall be an approved
product for its intended use. If a soil gas control system is
present below the radiant slab, which results in increased
convective flow below the radiant slab, the radiant slab shall
be thermally isolated from the sub-slab gravel layer.
502.1.4.10 Below Grade Walls: Below grade exterior wall
insulation used on the exterior (cold) side of the wall shall
extend from the top of the below grade wall to the top of the
footing and shall be approved for below grade use. Above
grade insulation shall be protected.
Insulation used on the interior (warm) side of the wall
shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the below
grade floor level.
502.1.5 Glazing and Door U-factors: Glazing and door
U-factors shall be determined in accordance with sections
502.1.5.1 and 502.1.5.2. All products shall be labeled with
the NFRC certified or default U-factor. The labeled U-factor
shall be used in all calculations to determine compliance with
this Code. Sealed insulating glass shall conform to, or be in
test for, ASTM E-774-81 class A.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. For glazed wall systems, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the
vertical glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 or 6-2 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and
greater: |
| a. Double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e = 0.10
maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, and a non-aluminum spacer (as defined in footnote 1 to
Table 10-6B), and |
|
| b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum
clad wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product
and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 or 6-2 vertical glazing U-factor
requirement using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
|
| 2. For overhead glazing, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the overhead
glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 or 6-2 options except the unlimited glazing area options
((( |
|
| a. Either, double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e
=0.20 maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, or, triple glazed plastic domes, and |
|
| b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum
clad wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product
and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 or 6-2 overhead glazing U-factor
requirement using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
|
| 3. For solariums with a floor area which does not exceed 300 square feet, assemblies which comply with
the features listed in exception 2 are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing and overhead glazing
U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 or 6-2 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product
and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 or 6-2 vertical glazing and
overhead glazing U-factor requirements using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington
State Energy Code." |
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Glazing products without NFRC ratings may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for
vertical glazing and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
2. Units without NFRC ratings produced by a small business may be assigned default U-factors from
Table 10-6A for garden windows, from Table 10-6B for other vertical glazing, and from Table 10-6E
for overhead glazing.
502.1.5.2 Standard Procedure for Determination of Door
U-factors: All doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned
default U-factors from Table 10-6C.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. U-factors determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating
Council (NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification
and inspection agency licensed by the NFRC.
2. The default values for the opaque portions of doors shall be those listed in Table 10-6C, provided
that the U-factor listed for a door with a thermal break shall only be allowed if both the door and the
frame have a thermal break.
3. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be
installed for ornamental, security or architectural purposes. Products using this exception shall not be
included in the U-factor calculation requirements, however glazing area shall be included in glazing area
calculations.
502.1.6 Moisture Control:
502.1.6.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be
installed on the warm side (in winter) of insulation as
specified in the following cases.
| EXCEPTION: | Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned space. |
502.1.6.3 Roof/Ceilings: Roof/ceiling assemblies where
the ventilation space above the insulation is less than an
average of 12 inches shall be provided with a vapor retarder. Faced batt insulation where used as a vapor retarder shall be
face stapled. Single rafter joist vaulted ceiling cavities
shall be of sufficient depth to allow a minimum one inch
vented air space above the insulation.
502.1.6.4: Vapor retarders shall not be required in
roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the
insulation averages 12 inches or greater.
502.1.6.5: Vapor retarders shall not be required where
all of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane
and the structural roof deck.
502.1.6.6 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed. Faced batt insulation shall be face stapled.
502.1.6.7 Ground Cover: A ground cover of six mil (0.006
inch thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid
over the ground within crawl spaces. The ground cover shall
be overlapped 12 inches minimum at the joints and shall extend
to the foundation wall.
| EXCEPTION: | The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a minimum thickness of 3-1/2 inches. |
502.2.1 UA Calculations: The proposed UA as calculated
using Equations 2 and 3 shall not exceed the target UA as
calculated using Equation 1. For the purpose of determining
equivalent thermal performance, the glazing area for the
target UA shall be calculated using values in Table 5-1. The
opaque door area shall be the same in the target UA and the
proposed UA.
| EXCEPTION: | Log and solid timber walls that have a minimum average thickness of 3.5" and with space heat type other than electric resistance, are exempt from wall target UA and proposed UA calculations. |
1. Electric Resistance: Space heating systems which
include baseboard units, radiant units and forced air units as
either the primary or secondary heating system.
| EXCEPTION: | Electric resistance systems for which the total electric heat capacity in each individual dwelling unit does not exceed the greater of: 1) One thousand watts (1000 w) per dwelling unit, or; 2) One watt per square foot (1 w/ft2) of the gross floor area. |
502.3 Reserved.
502.4 Air Leakage:
502.4.1 General: The requirements of this section shall
apply to all buildings and structures, or portions thereof,
and only to those locations separating outdoor ambient
conditions from interior spaces that are heated or
mechanically cooled.
502.4.2 Doors and Windows, General: Exterior doors and
windows shall be designed to limit air leakage into or from
the building envelope. Site-constructed doors and windows
shall be sealed in accordance with Section 502.4.3.
502.4.3 Seals and Weatherstripping:
a. Exterior joints around windows and door frames,
openings between walls and foundation, between walls and roof
and wall panels; openings at penetrations of utility services
through walls, floors and roofs; and all other openings in the
building envelope for all occupancies and all other openings
in between units in R-1 and R-2 Occupancy shall be sealed,
caulked, gasketed or weatherstripped to limit air leakage. Other exterior joints and seams shall be similarly treated, or
taped, or covered with moisture vapor permeable housewrap.
b. All exterior doors or doors serving as access to an
enclosed unheated area shall be weatherstripped to limit
leakage around their perimeter when in a closed position.
c. Site built windows are exempt from testing but shall
be made tight fitting. Fixed lights shall have glass retained
by stops with sealant or caulking all around. Operating sash
shall have weatherstripping working against overlapping trim
and a closer/latch which will hold the sash closed. The
window frame to framing crack shall be made tight with
caulking, overlapping membrane or other approved technique.
d. Openings that are required to be fire resistive are
exempt from this section.
502.4.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures: When installed in
the building envelope, recessed lighting fixtures shall meet
one of the following requirements:
1. Type IC rated, manufactured with no penetrations
between the inside of the recessed fixture and ceiling cavity
and sealed or gasketed to prevent air leakage into the
unconditioned space.
2. Type IC rated, installed inside a sealed box
constructed from a minimum 1/2 inch thick gypsum wall board,
or constructed from a preformed polymeric vapor barrier, or
other air tight assembly manufactured for this purpose.
3. Type IC rated, certified under ASTM E283 to have no
more than 2.0 cfm air movement from the conditioned space to
the ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at 75
Pascals or 1.57 lbs/ft2 pressure difference and have a label
attached, showing compliance.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0502, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 02-24-076, filed 12/4/02,
effective 5/1/03)
WAC 51-11-0503
Building mechanical systems.
503.1 General: This section covers the determination of design requirements, system and component performance, control requirements, insulating systems and duct sealing. For all other duct construction requirements, refer to the State Mechanical Code (chapter 51-42 WAC).
503.2 Calculations of Heating and Cooling Loads, and
System Sizing Limits: The design parameters specified in
Chapter 3 shall apply for all computations.
503.2.1 Calculation Procedures: Heating and cooling
design loads for the purpose of sizing HVAC systems are
required and shall be calculated in accordance with accepted
engineering practice, including infiltration and ventilation.
503.2.2 Space Heating and Space Cooling System Sizing
Limits: Building mechanical systems for all buildings which
provide space heating and/or space cooling shall be sized no
greater than two hundred percent (200%) of the heating and
cooling design loads as calculated above.
EXCEPTIONS:
The following limited exemptions from the sizing limit shall be allowed; however, in all cases heating
and/or cooling design load calculations shall be submitted.
1. For equipment which provides both heating and cooling in one package unit, including heat pumps
with electric heating and cooling and gas-pack units with gas heating and electric cooling, compliance
need only be demonstrated for either the space heating or space cooling system size.
2. Natural gas- or oil-fired space heating equipment whose total rated space heating output in any one
dwelling unit is
a. 40,000 Btu/h or less is exempt from the sizing limit,
b. larger than 40,000 Btu/h may exceed the two hundred (200%) percent sizing limit provided that the
installed equipment has an annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) of not less than ninety (90%)
percent.
3. Stand-by equipment may be installed if controls and other devices are provided which allow
redundant equipment to operate only when the primary equipment is not operating.
503.3 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling: Systems and
equipment that provide simultaneous heating and cooling shall
comply with the requirements in, as appropriate, Section 1422
or Section 1435.
503.4 HVAC Equipment Performance Requirements: All
heating equipment shall meet the requirements of the 1987
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and be so
labeled. Equipment shall also comply with Section 1411.
503.5 Reserved.
503.6 Balancing: The HVAC system design shall provide a
means for balancing air and water systems. Balancing the
system shall include, but not be limited to, dampers,
temperature and pressure test connections and balancing
valves.
503.7 Cooling with Outdoor Air (Economizer Cycle):
Systems and equipment that provide mechanical cooling shall
comply with Section 1413 and, as appropriate, Section 1423 or
1433.
503.8 Controls:
503.8.1 Temperature Control: Each system shall be
provided with at least one adjustable thermostat for the
regulation of temperature. Each thermostat shall be capable
of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors as follows:
503.8.1.1: When used to control heating only:
Fifty-five degrees to seventy-five degrees F.
503.8.1.2: When used to control cooling only: Seventy
degrees to eighty-five degrees F.
503.8.1.3: When used to control both heating and
cooling, it shall be capable of being set from fifty-five
degrees to eighty-five degrees F and shall be capable of
operating the system heating and cooling in sequence. The
thermostat and/or control system shall have an adjustable
deadband of not less than ten degrees F.
503.8.2 Humidity Control: If a system is equipped with a
means for adding moisture to maintain specific selected
relative humidities in space or zones, a humidistat shall be
provided. Humidistats shall be capable of being set to
prevent new energy from being used to produce space-relative
humidity above thirty percent.
EXCEPTION:
Special uses requiring different relative humidities may be permitted when approved by the building
official.
503.8.3 Zoning for Temperature Control:
503.8.3.1 One- and Two-Family Dwellings: At least one
thermostat for regulation of space temperature shall be
provided for each separate system. In addition, a readily
accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided to
partially restrict or shut off the heating and/or cooling
input to each zone or floor.
503.8.3.2 Multifamily Dwellings: For multifamily
dwellings, each individual dwelling unit shall have at least
one thermostat for regulation of space temperature. A readily
accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided to
partially restrict or shut off the heating and/or cooling
input to each room. Spaces other than living units shall meet
the requirements of 503.8.3.3.
503.8.3.3 Reserved.
503.8.3.4 Control Setback and Shutoff:
Residential Occupancy Groups. One- and Two-Family and
Multifamily dwellings -- The thermostat required in section
503.8.3.1 or section 503.8.3.2, or an alternate means such as
a switch or clock, shall provide a readily accessible, manual
or automatic means for reducing the energy required for
heating and cooling during the periods of nonuse or reduced
need, such as, but not limited to unoccupied periods and
sleeping hours. Lowering thermostat set points to reduce
energy consumption of heating systems shall not cause energy
to be expended to reach the reduced setting.
503.8.3.5 Heat Pump Controls: Programmable thermostats
are required for all heat pump systems. The cut-on
temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than
the cut-on temperature for the supplementary heat, and the
cut-off temperature for the compression heating shall be
higher than the cut-off temperature for the supplementary
heat. Heat pump thermostats will be capable of providing at
least two programmable setback periods per day. The automatic
setback thermostat shall have the capability of limiting the
use of supplemental heat during the warm-up period.
503.9 Air Handling Duct System Insulation: Ducts,
plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings shall be
thermally insulated per Table 5-11.
EXCEPTIONS:
Duct insulation (except where required to prevent condensation) is not required in any of the following
cases:
1. When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the energy requirements
of the building.
2. Within the HVAC equipment.
3. Exhaust air ducts.
4. Supply or return air ducts installed in unvented crawl spaces with insulated walls, basements, or cellars
in one-and two-family dwellings.
503.10 Ducts.
503.10.1 Leakage Testing: High-pressure and
medium-pressure ducts shall be leak tested in accordance with
the 1985 Edition of the SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test
Manual with the rate of air leakage not to exceed the maximum
rate specified in that standard.
503.10.2 Seams and Joints: All low-pressure supply and
return duct transverse joints, and enclosed stud bays or joist
cavities/space used to transport air, shall be securely
fastened and sealed with welds, gaskets, mastics (adhesives),
or mastic-plus-embedded-fabric systems installed in accordance
with the manufacturer's installation instructions.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Ducts or building cavities used for air distribution that are located entirely within the conditioned space of the building are exempt from this section. |
| 2. UL 181A listed tapes used with listed rigid fibrous glass ducts may be used as the primary sealant, when installed in accordance with the listing. | |
| 3. UL 181B listed tapes used with listed flexible air ducts may be used as the primary sealant, when installed in accordance with the listing. | |
| 4. Where enclosed stud bays or joist cavities/spaces are used to transport air sealing may be accomplished using drywall, drywall tape plus joint compound. | |
| 5. Tapes installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions, providing detailed information specific to application on ducts, including approved duct materials and required duct surface cleaning. |
503.11 Pipe Insulation: All piping shall be thermally
insulated in accordance with Table 5-12.
EXCEPTION:
Piping installed within unitary HVAC equipment.
Cold water pipes outside the conditioned space shall be
insulated in accordance with the Washington State Plumbing
Code (chapter ((51-46)) 51-56 WAC).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0503, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045, and 19.27.020. 98-24-075, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0503, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0503, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
504.1 Scope: The purpose of this section is to provide
criteria for design and equipment selection that will produce
energy savings when applied to service water heating.
504.2 Water Heaters, Storage Tanks and Boilers:
504.2.1 Performance Efficiency: All Storage water
heaters shall meet the requirements of the 1987 National
Appliance Energy Conservation Act and be so labeled. All
electric water heaters in unheated spaces or on concrete
floors shall be placed on an incompressible, insulated surface
with a minimum thermal resistance of R-10.
For combination space and service water heaters with a
principal function of providing space heat, the Combined
Annual Efficiency (CAE) may be calculated by using ASHRAE
Standard 124-1991. Storage water heaters used in combination
space heat and water heat applications shall have either an
Energy Factor (EF) or a Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) of
not less than the following:
| Energy Factor (EF) | Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) | |
| <50 gallon storage | 0.58 | 0.71 |
| 50 to 70 gallon storage | 0.57 | 0.71 |
| >70 gallon storage | 0.55 | 0.70 |
504.2.3 Combination Service Water Heating/Space Heating
Boilers: Service water heating equipment shall not be
dependent on year round operation of space heating boilers.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Systems with service/space heating boilers having a standby loss Btu/h less than: | ||
| (13.3 pmd + 400)/n | |||
| determined by the fixture count method where: | |||
| pmd | = | probably maximum demand in
gallons/hour as determined in accordance
with Chapter (( |
|
| n | = | fraction of year when outdoor daily mean temperature exceeds 64.9° F. | |
| The standby loss is to be determined for a test period of twenty-four-hour duration while maintaining a boiler water temperature of ninety degrees F above an ambient of sixty degrees F and a five foot stack on appliance. | |||
| 2. For systems where the use of a single heating unit will lead to energy savings, such unit shall be utilized. | |||
504.4 Shutdown: A separate switch shall be provided to
permit turning off the energy supplied to electric service
water heating systems. A separate valve shall be provided to
permit turning off the energy supplied to the main burner(s)
of all other types of service water heater systems.
504.5 Swimming Pools:
504.5.1: All pool heaters shall be equipped with readily
accessible ON/OFF switch to allow shutting off the operation
of the heater without adjusting the thermostat setting. Controls shall be provided to allow the water temperature to
be regulated from the maximum design temperature down to
sixty-five degrees F.
504.5.2 Pool Covers: Heated swimming pools shall be
equipped with a pool cover, approved by the building official.
504.6 Pump Operation: Circulating hot water systems
shall be controlled so that the circulation pump(s) can be
conveniently turned off, automatically or manually, when the
hot water system is not in operation.
504.7 Pipe Insulation: Piping shall be thermally
insulated in accordance with section 503.11.
504.8 Conservation of Hot Water:
504.8.1 Showers and Lavatories: Showers and lavatories
used for other than safety reasons shall be equipped with flow
control devices or specially manufactured showerheads or
aerators to limit the total water flow rate as set forth in
chapter ((51-26)) 51-56 WAC, as measured with both hot and
cold faucets turned on to their maximum flow.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0504, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0504, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
505.1 Lighting Controls: Hotel and motel guest rooms and
guest suites shall have a master control device at the main
room entry that controls all permanently installed luminaires
and switched receptacles.
505.2 Lighting Power: Lighting shall comply with the
Prescriptive Lighting Option in Section 1520 or the Lighting
Power Allowance Option in Section 1530.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy. |
| 2. Lighting exempted by Section 1512. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0505, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0505, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
601.1 General: This chapter establishes design criteria
in terms of prescribed requirements for building construction.
The provisions of this chapter are applicable to all
Group R Occupancies. Occupancies shall comply with all the
requirements of Chapter 5 except for the modifications herein
specified.
For wood frame assemblies, the building envelope
requirements of this chapter may be met by installing one of
the prescriptive packages in Table 6-1 or 6-2. Installed
components shall meet the requirements of section 602.
Compliance with nominal R-Values shall be demonstrated for the
thermal resistance of the added insulation in framing cavities
and/or insulated sheathing only and shall not include the
thermal transmittance of other building materials or air
films, but shall permit interruption by occasional framing
members. Other than wood frame assemblies with continuous
insulation uninterrupted by framing shall also be allowed to
comply with nominal R-values.
For metal frame assemblies, compliance shall be
demonstrated in accordance with Chapter 4 or Chapter 5 based
on the assemblies in Chapter 10. Compliance with nominal
R-values is not allowed, unless the full nominal R-value of
the insulation is installed either inside or outside of the
framing and is uninterrupted by framing.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy buildings may use a maximum area weighted average U-factor for components not exceeding those prescribed in Paths III and V in Table 6-1 or Paths IV and VI in Table 6-2. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0601, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0601, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
TABLE 6-1
PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS0,1 FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY
CLIMATE ZONE 1
| Option | Glazing Area10: % of Floor |
Glazing U-Factor | Door9 U- Factor |
Ceiling2 | Vaulted Ceiling3 | Wall12 Above Grade | Wall• int4 Below Grade | Wall• ext4 Below Grade | Floor5 | Slab6 on Grade |
|
| Vertical | Overhead11 | ||||||||||
| I. | 12% | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-15 | R-15 | R-10 | R-30 | R-10 |
| II.* | 15% | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 | R-21 | R-10 | R-30 | R-10 |
| III. | 25% Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only |
0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21/ U = 0.060 |
R-15 | R-10 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10 |
| IV. | Unlimited Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy only | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 | R-21 | R-10 | R-30 | R-10 |
| V. | Unlimited Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21/ U = 0.060 |
R-15 | R-10 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10 |
| * | Reference Case |
TABLE 6-2
PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS0,1 FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY
CLIMATE ZONE 2
| Option | Glazing Area10: % of Floor |
Glazing U-Factor | Door9 U- Factor |
Ceiling2 | Vaulted Ceiling3 | Wall12 Above Grade | Wall• int4 Below Grade | Wall• ext4 Below Grade | Floor5 | Slab6 on Grade |
|
| Vertical | Overhead11 | ||||||||||
| I. | 10% | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 Int7 | R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| II.* | 15% | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-19 +R-58 |
R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| III. | 17% | 0.37 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-19 +R-58 |
R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| IV. | 25% Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only |
0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21 int7/ U = 0.054 |
R-15 | R-12 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10/ F = 0.54 |
| V. | Unlimited Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy only |
0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 Int7 | R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| VI. | Unlimited Group R-1 Occupancy only |
0.32 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21 int7/ U = 0.054 |
R-15 | R-12 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10/ F = 0.54 |
| * | Reference Case |
| 0. | Nominal R-values are for wood frame assemblies only or assemblies built in accordance with Section 601.1. |
| 1. | Minimum requirements for each option listed. For example, if a proposed design has a glazing ratio to the conditioned floor area of 13%, it shall comply with all of the requirements of the 15% glazing option (or higher). Proposed designs which cannot meet the specific requirements of a listed option above may calculate compliance by Chapters 4 or 5 of this Code. |
| 2. | Requirement applies to all ceilings except single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. 'Adv' denotes Advanced Framed Ceiling. |
| 3. | Requirement applicable only to single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. |
| 4. | Below grade walls shall be insulated either on the exterior to a minimum level of R-10, or on the interior to the same level as walls above grade. Exterior insulation installed on below grade walls shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.2. |
| 5. | Floors over crawl spaces or exposed to ambient air conditions. |
| 6. | Required slab perimeter insulation shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.4. |
| 7. | Int. denotes standard framing 16 inches on center with headers insulated with a minimum of (( |
| 8. | This wall insulation requirement denotes R-19 wall cavity insulation plus R-5 foam sheathing. |
| 9. | Doors, including all fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C. |
| 10. | Where a maximum glazing area is listed, the total glazing area (combined vertical plus overhead) as a percent of gross conditioned floor area shall be less than or equal to that value. Overhead glazing with U-factor of U = 0.40 or less is not included in glazing area limitations. |
| 11. | Overhead glazing shall have U-factors determined in accordance with NFRC 100 or as specified in Section 502.1.5. |
| 12. | Log and solid timber walls with a minimum average thickness of 3.5" are exempt from this insulation requirement. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0625, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0625, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0625, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]
| REFERENCE STANDARD NO. |
TITLE AND SOURCE |
| RS-1 | (( |
| RS-2 | (( |
| RS-3 | (Reserved.) |
| RS-4 | ASHRAE Standard 55-92 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. |
| RS-5 | (( |
| RS-6 | SMACNA, Installation Standards for Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, 6th Edition, 1988. |
| RS-7 | SMACNA, HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal and Flexible, 2nd Edition, 1995. |
| RS-8 | SMACNA, Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, 6th Edition, 1992. |
| RS-9 | (( |
| RS-10 | (( |
| RS-11 | 1999 ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Applications Handbook. |
| RS-12 | through (( |
| (( |
|
| RS-29 | Nonresidential Building Design by Systems Analysis. |
| RS-30 | Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 430 (March 14, 1988). |
| RS-31 | National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC) Standard 100-(( |
Phone ((())212(()))-642-4900 fax ((())212(()))-398-0023,
Internet www.ansi.org
ARI refers to the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute, 4301 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203
Phone ((())703(()))-524-8800 fax ((())703(()))-528-3816,
Internet www.ari.org
ASHRAE refers to the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791
Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329
Phone ((())404(()))-636-8400 fax ((())404(()))-321-5478,
Internet www.ashrae.org
ASTM refers to the American Society for Testing and
Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959
Phone ((())610(()))-832-9585 fax ((())610(()))-832-9555,
Internet www.astm.org
CTI refers to the Cooling Tower Institute, 530 Wells
Fargo Drive, Suite 218, Houston, TX 77090
Phone ((())281(()))-583-4087 fax ((())281(()))-537-1721,
Internet www.cti.org
((IES)) IESNA refers to the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, Floor 17, New York,
NY 10005-4001
Phone ((())212(()))-248-5000 fax ((())212(()))-248-5017,
Internet www.iesna.org
NFRC refers to the National Fenestration Rating Council,
Incorporated, ((1300 Spring Street)) 8484 Georgia Avenue,
Suite ((500)) 320, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Phone (((301) 589-NFRC)) 301-589-1776 fax
((())301(()))-588-0854, Internet www.nfrc.org
SMACNA refers to the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors National Association, Inc., 4201 Lafayette Center
Drive, P.O. Box 221230, Chantilly, VA 20153-1230
Phone ((())703(()))-803-2980 fax ((())703(()))-803-3732,
Internet www.smacna.org
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0701, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0701, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0701, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
| Climate Zone 1 | 20 Btu/h•ft2 |
Climate Zone 2 |
25 Btu/h•ft2 |
Example: A 2000 ft2 house in Zone 2, heated with gas, would not have to submit a design heat load if the proposed furnace is 50,000 Btu or less.
Disclaimer: All heating systems shall be designed and
installed in accordance with ((Uniform)) International
Building Code Section ((310.11)) 1204.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0900, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0900, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0900, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1001.1 Scope: The following defaults shall apply to
Chapters 1 through 20. This chapter includes tables of
seasonal average heat-loss coefficients for specified nominal
insulation. The heat-loss coefficients may also be used for
heating system sizing.
1001.2 Description: These coefficients were developed
primarily from data and procedures from Standard ((RS-27))
RS-1, and taken specifically from Standard ((RS-26)) RS-2,
listed in Chapter 7.
Coefficients not contained in this chapter may be
computed using the procedures listed in these references if
the assumptions in the following sections and Standard
((RS-26)) RS-2, listed in Chapter 7, are used, along with data
from the sources referenced above.
1001.3 Air Films: Default R-values used for air films
shall be as follows:
| R-Value | Condition |
| 0.17 | All exterior surfaces |
| 0.61 | Interior horizontal surfaces, heat flow up |
| 0.92 | Interior horizontal surfaces, heat flow down |
| 0.68 | Interior vertical surfaces |
TABLE 10-A
R-Value of Fiberglass Batts Compressed within Various Depth Cavities
| Insulation R-Value at Standard Thickness | ||||||||||||
| R-Value | 38 | 30 | 22 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 3 | |
| Standard Thickness | 12" | 9-1/2" | 6-3/4" | 5-1/2" | 6-1/4" | 3-1/2" | 3-5/8" | 3-1/2" | 2-1/2" | 1-1/2" | 3/4" | |
| Nominal Lumber Sizes, Inches | Actual Depth of Cavity, Inches | Insulation R-Values when Installed in a Confined Cavity | ||||||||||
| 2 x 12 | 11-1/4 | 37 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 10 | 9-1/4 | 32 | 30 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 8 | 7-1/4 | 27 | 26 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 6 | 5-1/2 | -- | 21 | 20 | 21 | 18 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 4 | 3-1/2 | -- | -- | 14 | -- | 13 | 15 | 13 | 11 | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 3 | 2-1/2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 9.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 2 | 1-1/2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.0 | -- |
| 2 x 1 | 3/4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.2 | 3.0 |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1001, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1001, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1004.1 General: Tables 10-3, 10-4 and 10-4a list
heat-loss coefficients for floors over unconditioned spaces in
units of Btu/h•ft2•°F.
They are derived from procedures listed in ((RS-27))
RS-1, listed in Chapter 7, assuming an average outdoor
temperature of 45°F, an average indoor temperature of 65°F,
and a crawlspace area of 1350 ft2 and 100 ft of perimeter. The
crawlspace is assumed to be 2.5 feet high, with 24 inches
below grade and 6 inches above grade.
1004.2 Crawlspace Description: Four configurations are
considered: Vented crawlspace, unvented crawlspace, heated
plenum crawlspace and exposed floor.
Vented crawlspaces: Assumed to have 3.0 air-changes per
hour, with at least 1.0 ft2 of net-free ventilation in the
foundation for every three hundred ft2 of crawlspace floor
area. The crawlspace is not actively heated.
Floors over unheated areas, such as garages, may only use
those values which have R-0 perimeter insulation.
Unvented crawlspaces: Assumed to have 1.5 air changes
per hour, with less than 1.0 ft2 of net-free ventilation in the
foundation for every three hundred ft2 of crawlspace floor
area. The crawlspace is not actively heated. Floors over
unheated basements may only use those values which have R-0
perimeter insulation.
Heated-plenum crawlspaces: Assumed to have 0.25
air-changes per hour, with no foundation vents. Heated supply
air from central furnace is blown into a crawlspace and
allowed to enter the living space unducted via holes cut into
the floor.
Enclosed floors: Assumes no buffer space, and a covering
of one-half inch of T1-11 on the exterior of the cavity
exposed to the outside air or rigid insulation below a
concrete floor, such as over parking garages.
1004.3 Construction Description: Floors are assumed to
be either joisted floors framed on sixteen inch centers, or
post and beam on four by eight foot squares. Insulation is
assumed to be installed under the subflooring between the
joists or beams with no space between the insulation and the
subfloor. Insulation is assumed to be uncompressed. Exposed
floors also include concrete with continuous rigid insulation
assumed.
Perimeter insulation is assumed to extend from the top of
the rim joist to the crawlspace floor and then inward along
the ground (on top of the ground cover) for at least
twenty-four inches.
Floor coverings are assumed to be light carpet with
rubber pad.
| Nominal R-value | U-factor | |||
| Floor | Perimeter | Post & Beam | Joists | |
| 0 | 0 11 19 30 |
0.112 0.100 0.098 0.093 |
0.134 0.116 0.114 0.107 |
|
| 11 | 0 11 |
0.052 0.048 |
0.056 0.052 |
|
| 19 | 0 11 |
0.038 0.036 |
0.041 0.038 |
|
| 22 | 0 11 |
0.034 0.033 |
0.037 0.035 |
|
| 25 | 0 11 |
0.032 0.031 |
0.034 0.033 |
|
| 30 | 0 11 |
0.028 0.027 |
0.029 0.028 |
|
| 38 | 0 11 |
0.024 0.024 |
0.025 0.024 |
|
| Nominal R-value Perimeter |
U-factor |
| 11 | 0.085 |
| 19 | 0.075 |
| 30 | 0.069 |
TABLE 10-4A
EXPOSED FLOOR
| Nominal R-value |
U-factor | ||
| Concrete | Wood Joist | Metal Joist | |
| R-11 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.14 |
| R-15 | 0.059 | 0.076 | 0.12 |
| R-19 | 0.048 | 0.062 | 0.11 |
| R-21 | 0.043 | 0.057 | 0.11 |
| R-25 | 0.037 | 0.051 | 0.10 |
| R-30 | 0.031 | 0.040 | 0.09 |
| R-38 | 0.025 | 0.034 | 0.08 |
| Note: | Crawlspaces used as heated plenums have approximately 30% higher heat-loss rate than unvented crawlspaces with the same assumed ACH. Default U-values in Table 10-4 reflect this higher rate of heat loss. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1004, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1004, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1004, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Section 1005.1 General: Table 10-5, 10-5A and 10-5B list
heat-loss coefficients for the opaque portion of above-grade
wood stud frame walls, metal stud frame walls and concrete
masonry walls (Btu/h•ft2•°F) respectively. They are derived
from procedures listed in ((RS-27)) RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.
For intermediate floor slabs which penetrate the insulated
wall, use the concrete wall U-factors in Table 10-5B.
Insulation is assumed to uniformly fill the entire cavity
and to be installed as per manufacturer's directions. All
walls are assumed to be finished on the inside with one-half
inch gypsum wallboard, and on the outside with either beveled
wood siding over one-half inch plywood sheathing or with
five-eighths inch T1-11 siding. Insulated sheathing (either
interior or exterior) is assumed to cover the entire opaque
wall surface.
1005.2 Framing Description: For wood stud frame walls,
three framing types are considered, and defined as follows:
Standard: Studs framed on sixteen inch centers with
double top plate and single bottom plate. Corners use three
studs and each opening is framed using two studs. Headers
consist of double 2X or single 4X material with an air space
left between the header and the exterior sheathing. Interior
partition wall/exterior wall intersections use two studs in
the exterior wall.
| Framing weighting factors: | Studs and plates | .19 |
| Insulated cavity | .77 | |
| Headers | .04 |
| Framing weighting factors: | Studs and plates | .18 |
| Insulated cavity | .78 | |
| Headers | .04 |
| Framing weighting factors: | Studs and plates | .13 |
| Insulated cavity | .83 | |
| Headers | .04 |
Single-Stud Wall: Assumes either 2x4 or 2x6 studs framed
on sixteen or twenty-four inch centers. Headers are solid for
2x4 walls and double 2x for 2x6 walls, with either dead-air or
rigid-board insulation in the remaining space.
Metal Stud Wall: Assumes metal studs spaced on 16 or 24
inch centers with insulation installed to fill wall cavities.
Continuous rigid board insulation is applied without creating
uninsulated voids in the wall assembly.
Strap Wall: Assumes 2x6 studs framed on sixteen or twenty-four inch centers. 2x3 or 2x4 strapping is run horizontally along the interior surface of the wall to provide additional space for insulation.
Double-Stud Wall: Assumes an exterior structural wall
and a separate interior, nonstructural wall. Insulation is
placed in both wall cavities and in the space between the 2
walls. Stud spacing is assumed to be on 24 inch centers for
both walls.
TABLE 10-5
DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR ABOVE-GRADE WALLS
| 2 x 4 Single Wood Stud: R-11 Batt | ||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-11 at 3.5 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-11 in 3.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.088 | 0.084 | 0.094 | 0.090 | |
| 1 | 0.080 | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.082 | ||
| 2 | 0.074 | 0.071 | 0.078 | 0.075 | ||
| 3 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.070 | ||
| 4 | 0.064 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.065 | ||
| 5 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.061 | ||
| 6 | 0.056 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.057 | ||
| 7 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.054 | ||
| 8 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.051 | ||
| 9 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.049 | ||
| 10 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.046 | ||
| 11 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.044 | ||
| 12 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.042 | ||
| 2 x 4 Single Wood Stud: R-13 Batt | ||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-13 at 3.63 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-12.7 in 3.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.088 | 0.083 | |
| 1 | 0.075 | 0.072 | 0.080 | 0.076 | ||
| 2 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.073 | 0.070 | ||
| 3 | 0.065 | 0.062 | 0.068 | 0.065 | ||
| 4 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.061 | ||
| 5 | 0.057 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.057 | ||
| 6 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.056 | 0.054 | ||
| 7 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.051 | ||
| 8 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.048 | ||
| 9 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.046 | ||
| 10 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.044 | ||
| 11 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.042 | ||
| 12 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.040 | ||
| 2 x 4 Single Wood Stud: R-15 Batt | ||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-15 at 3.5 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-15 in 3.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.076 | 0.071 | 0.081 | 0.075 | |
| 1 | 0.069 | 0.065 | 0.073 | 0.069 | ||
| 2 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.069 | ||
| 3 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.063 | 0.059 | ||
| 4 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.059 | 0.056 | ||
| 5 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.055 | 0.052 | ||
| 6 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.052 | 0.050 | ||
| 7 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.049 | 0.047 | ||
| 8 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.045 | ||
| 9 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.044 | 0.043 | ||
| 10 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.042 | 0.041 | ||
| 11 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.039 | ||
| 12 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.039 | 0.038 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: R-19 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-19 at 6 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-18 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.065 | 0.061 | 0.058 | |
| 1 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.055 | ||
| 2 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.051 | ||
| 3 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.049 | ||
| 4 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | ||
| 5 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.044 | ||
| 6 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.042 | ||
| 7 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| 8 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.039 | ||
| 9 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | ||
| 10 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | ||
| 11 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.035 | ||
| 12 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: R-21 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-21 at 5.5 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-21 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.060 | 0.056 | 0.053 | |
| 1 | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.048 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.050 | ||
| 2 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.047 | ||
| 3 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.045 | ||
| 4 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.043 | ||
| 5 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.041 | ||
| 6 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.039 | ||
| 7 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.037 | ||
| 8 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.036 | ||
| 9 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | ||
| 10 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.033 | ||
| 11 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| 12 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: R-22 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-22 at 6.75 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-20 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.059 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.054 | |
| 1 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.051 | ||
| 2 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.048 | ||
| 3 | 0.049 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | ||
| 4 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.044 | ||
| 5 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.042 | ||
| 6 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| 7 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.038 | ||
| 8 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | ||
| 9 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.035 | ||
| 10 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | ||
| 11 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 12 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: Two R-11 Batts | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-22 at 7 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-18.9 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.063 | 0.059 | 0.056 | |
| 1 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.053 | ||
| 2 | 0.053 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.050 | ||
| 3 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.047 | ||
| 4 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.045 | ||
| 5 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.043 | ||
| 6 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.041 | ||
| 7 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.039 | ||
| 8 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.038 | ||
| 9 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.036 | ||
| 10 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | ||
| 11 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | ||
| 12 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 2 x 8 Single Stud: R-25 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-25 at 8 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-23.6 in 7.25 inch cavity |
0 | 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.053 | 0.049 | 0.046 | |
| 1 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.046 | 0.044 | ||
| 2 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.044 | 0.042 | ||
| 3 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| 4 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.038 | ||
| 5 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0.037 | ||
| 6 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | ||
| 7 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.034 | ||
| 8 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 9 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| 10 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | ||
| 11 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.030 | ||
| 12 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.029 | ||
| 2 x 6: Strap Wall | ||||||
| Siding Material/Frame Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| STD | ADV | STD | ADV | |||
| R-19 + R-11 Batts | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.036 | ||
| R-19 + R-8 Batts | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| Siding Material/Frame Type | ||||||
| Batt Configuration | Lapped Wood | T1-11 | ||||
| Exterior | Middle | Interior | STD | ADV | STD | ADV |
| R-19 | ------- | R-11 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.038 |
| R-19 | ------- | R-19 | 0.034 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.032 |
| R-19 | R-8 | R-11 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.031 | 0.029 |
| R-19 | R-11 | R-11 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.027 |
| R-19 | R-11 | R-19 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.023 |
| R-19 | R-19 | R-19 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.021 | 0.020 |
| 2 x 4 + 2 x 4: Double Wood Stud | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Frame Type | ||||||||
| Batt Configuration | Lapped Wood | T1-11 | ||||||
| Exterior | Middle | Interior | STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| R-11 | -------- | R-11 | 0.050 | 0.046 | 0.052 | 0.048 | ||
| R-19 | -------- | R-11 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.043 | 0.039 | ||
| R-11 | R-8 | R-11 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.036 | ||
| R-11 | R-11 | R-11 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| R-13 | R-13 | R-13 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.028 | ||
| R-11 | R-19 | R-11 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.026 | ||
Log Walls |
|||
| Average Log Diameter, Inches |
U-factor | ||
| NOTE: | |||
R-value of wood: R-1.25 per inch thickness Average wall thickness 90% average log diameter |
6 | 0.148 | |
| 8 | 0.111 | ||
| 10 | 0.089 | ||
| 12 | 0.074 | ||
| 14 | 0.063 | ||
| 16 | 0.056 | ||
Stress Skin Panel |
|||
| Panel Thickness, Inches |
U-factor | ||
| NOTE: | |||
| R-value of expanded
polystyrene: R-3.85 per
inch Framing: 6% Spline: 8% |
3 1/2 | 0.071 | |
| 5 1/2 | 0.048 | ||
| 7 1/4 | 0.037 | ||
| 9 1/4 | 0.030 | ||
| 11 1/4 | 0.025 | ||
| No thermal bridging between interior and exterior splines | |||
Metal Stud Walls: The nominal R-values in Table 10-5A
may be used for purposes of calculating metal stud wall
section U-factors in lieu of the ASHRAE zone calculation
method as provided in Chapter ((24)) 25 of Standard ((RS-27))
RS-1.
TABLE 10-5A
Default U-factors for Overall Assembly Metal Stud Walls, Effective R-values for Metal Framing and Cavity Only,
and Default Metal Building U-factors
OVERALL ASSEMBLY U-FACTORS FOR METAL STUD WALLS
| R-Value of | |||||||
| Continuous | Cavity Insulation | ||||||
| Metal | Foam Board | ||||||
| Framing | Insulation | R-11 | R-13 | R-15 | R-19 | R-21 | R-25 |
16" o.c. |
R-0 (none) |
U-0.14 |
U-0.13 |
U-0.12 |
U-0.10 |
U-0.097 |
U-0.091 |
| R-1 | U-0.12 | U-0.12 | U-0.11 | U-0.094 | U-0.089 | U-0.083 | |
| R-2 | U-0.11 | U-0.010 | U-0.099 | U-0.086 | U-0.081 | U-0.077 | |
| R-3 | U-0.10 | U-0.095 | U-0.090 | U-0.079 | U-0.075 | U-0.071 | |
| R-4 | U-0.091 | U-0.087 | U-0.082 | U-0.073 | U-0.070 | U-0.067 | |
| R-5 | U-0.083 | U-0.080 | U-0.076 | U-0.068 | U-0.065 | U-0.062 | |
| R-6 | U-0.077 | U-0.074 | U-0.071 | U-0.064 | U-0.061 | U-0.059 | |
| R-7 | U-0.071 | U-0.069 | U-0.066 | U-0.060 | U-0.058 | U-0.055 | |
| R-8 | U-0.067 | U-0.064 | U-0.062 | U-0.057 | U-0.055 | U-0.053 | |
| R-9 | U-0.062 | U-0.060 | U-0.058 | U-0.054 | U-0.052 | U-0.050 | |
| R-10 | U-0.059 | U-0.057 | U-0.055 | U-0.051 | U-0.049 | U-0.048 | |
24" o.c |
R-0 (none) |
U-0.13 |
U-0.12 |
U-0.11 |
U-0.091 |
U-0.085 |
U-0.079 |
| R-1 | U-0.11 | U-0.10 | U-0.098 | U-0.084 | U-0.078 | U-0.073 | |
| R-2 | U-0.10 | U-0.091 | U-0.089 | U-0.077 | U-0.073 | U-0.068 | |
| R-3 | U-0.092 | U-0.083 | U-0.082 | U-0.072 | U-0.068 | U-0.064 | |
| R-4 | U-0.084 | U-0.077 | U-0.076 | U-0.067 | U-0.063 | U-0.060 | |
| R-5 | U-0.078 | U-0.071 | U-0.070 | U-0.063 | U-0.060 | U-0.057 | |
| R-6 | U-0.072 | U-0.067 | U-0.066 | U-0.059 | U-0.056 | U-0.054 | |
| R-7 | U-0.067 | U-0.063 | U-0.062 | U-0.056 | U-0.053 | U-0.051 | |
| R-8 | U-0.063 | U-0.059 | U-0.058 | U-0.053 | U-0.051 | U-0.048 | |
| R-9 | U-0.059 | U-0.056 | U-0.055 | U-0.050 | U-0.048 | U-0.046 | |
| R-10 | U-0.056 | U-0.053 | U-0.052 | U-0.048 | U-0.046 | U-0.044 |
EFFECTIVE R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY
| Cavity | Insulation | ||||
| Nominal Depth, Inches |
Actual Depth, Inches |
Nominal R-Value |
Effective R-Value | ||
| 16" O.C. | 24" O.C. | ||||
| Air Cavity | any | any | R-0.91 (air) | 0.79 | 0.91 |
| 4 | 3-1/2 | R-11 | 5.5 | 6.6 | |
| 4 | 3-1/2 | R-13 | 6.0 | 7.2 | |
| Wall | 4 | 3-1/2 | R-15 | 6.4 | 7.8 |
| 6 | 5-1/2 | R-19 | 7.1 | 8.6 | |
| 6 | 5-1/2 | R-21 | 7.4 | 9.0 | |
| 8 | 7-1/4 | R-25 | 7.8 | 9.6 | |
| Roof | Insulation is uncompressed | R-11 | 5.5 | 6.1 | |
| R-19 | 7.0 | 9.1 | |||
| R-30 | 9.3 | 11.4 | |||
DEFAULT METAL BUILDING U-FACTORS
| R-10 | R-11 | R-13 | R-19 | R-24 | R-30 | |
| Faced fiber glass blanket insulation rolled over and perpendicular to structural frame. Metal covering sheets fastened to the frame, holding insulation in place. | 0.133 | 0.127 | 0.114 | 0.091 | na | na |
| Faced fiber glass batt insulation suspended between structural frame. Metal covering sheets fastened directly to frame. | 0.131 | 0.123 | 0.107 | 0.079 | 0.065 | 0.057 |
| Faced fiber glass blanket insulation rolled over and perpendicular to structural frame. Rigid insulation blocks placed over insulation to align with structural frame. | 0.102 | 0.096 | 0.084 | 0.065 | na | na |
| Faced fiber glass batt insulation suspended between structural frame. Rigid insulation blocks placed over insulation to align with structural frame. | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.080 | 0.059 | 0.048 | 0.041 |
TABLE 10-5B
Default U-Factors for Concrete and Masonry Walls
| 8" CONCRETE MASONRY | ||||
| WALL DESCRIPTION | CORE TREATMENT | |||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Block, Both Sides | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
| R-9.5 Rigid Polystyrene Integral Insulation, Two Webbed Block | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| 12" CONCRETE MASONRY | ||||
| CORE TREATMENT | ||||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Block, Both Sides | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.33 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| R-9.5 Rigid Polystyrene Integral Insulation, Two Webbed Block | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| 8" CLAY BRICK | ||||
| WALL DESCRIPTION | CORE TREATMENT | |||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Block, Both Sides | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.56 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.16 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| 6" CONCRETE POURED OR PRECAST | ||||
| WALL DESCRIPTION | CORE TREATMENT | |||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Concrete, Both Sides | NA | NA | NA | 0.61 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | NA | NA | NA | 0.16 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | NA | NA | NA | 0.15 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | NA | NA | NA | 0.12 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | NA | NA | NA | 0.12 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | NA | NA | NA | 0.13 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | NA | NA | NA | 0.09 |
| Notes for Default Table 10-5B |
| 1. | Grouted cores at 40" x 48" on center vertically and horizontally in partial grouted walls. |
| 2. | Interior insulation values include 1/2" gypsum board on the inner surface. |
| 3. | Furring and stud spacing is 16" on center. Insulation is assumed to fill furring space and is not compressed. |
| 4. | Intermediate values may be interpolated using this table. Values not contained in this table may be computed
using the procedures listed in Standard (( |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1005, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1005, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1005, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1007.1 General: Table 10-7 lists heat-loss coefficients for the opaque portion of exterior ceilings below vented attics, vaulted ceilings, and roof decks in units of Btu/h•ft2•°F of ceiling.
They are derived from procedures listed in Standard
((RS-27)) RS-1, listed in Chapter 7. Ceiling U-factors are
modified for the buffering effect of the attic, assuming an
indoor temperature of 65° F and an outdoor temperature of
45°F.
Metal Framed Ceilings: The nominal R-values in Table
10-5A - EFFECTIVE R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY
may be used for purposes of calculating metal framed ceiling
section U-factors in lieu of the ASHRAE zone calculation
method as provided in Chapter ((24)) 25 of Standard ((RS-27))
RS-1.
1007.2 Component Description: The four types of ceilings are characterized as follows:
Ceilings Below a Vented Attic: Attic insulation is assumed to be blown-in, loose-fill fiberglass with a K-value of 2.6 hr•ft2•°F/Btu per inch. Full bag count for specified R-value is assumed in all cases. Ceiling dimensions for flat ceiling calculations are forty-five by thirty feet, with a gabled roof having a 4/12 pitch. The attic is assumed to vent naturally at the rate of three air changes per hour through soffit and ridge vents. A void fraction of 0.002 is assumed for all attics with insulation baffles. Standard-framed, unbaffled attics assume a void fraction of 0.008.
Attic framing is either standard or advanced. Standard framing assumes tapering of insulation depth around the perimeter with resultant decrease in thermal resistance. An increased R-value is assumed in the center of the ceiling due to the effect of piling leftover insulation. Advanced framing assumes full and even depth of insulation extending to the outside edge of exterior walls. Advanced framing does not change from the default value.
U-factors for flat ceilings below vented attics with standard framing may be modified with the following table:
| U-Factor for Standard Framing |
|||
| Roof Pitch | R-30 | R-38 | |
| 4/12 | .036 | .031 | |
| 5/12 | .035 | .030 | |
| 6/12 | .034 | .029 | |
| 7/12 | .034 | .029 | |
| 8/12 | .034 | .028 | |
| 9/12 | .034 | .028 | |
| 10/12 | .033 | .028 | |
| 11/12 | .033 | .027 | |
| 12/12 | .033 | .027 | |
Vaulted Ceilings: Insulation is assumed to be fiberglass batts installed in roof joist cavities. In the vented case, at least 1.5-inches between the top of the batts and the underside of the roof sheathing is left open for ventilation in each cavity. A ventilation rate of 3.0 air changes per hour is assumed. In the unvented or dense pack case, the ceiling cavity is assumed to be fully packed with insulation, leaving no space for ventilation.
Roof Decks: Rigid insulation is applied to the top of roof decking with no space left for ventilation. Roofing materials are attached directly on top of the insulation. Framing members are often left exposed on the interior side.
Metal Truss Framing: Overall system tested values for the roof/ceiling Uo for metal framed truss assemblies from approved laboratories shall be used, when such data is acceptable to the building official.
Alternatively, the Uo for roof/ceiling assemblies using metal truss framing may be obtained from Tables 10-7A, 10-7B, 10-7C, 10-7D and 10-7E.
TABLE 10-7
DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR CEILINGS
| Standard Frame | Advanced Frame | ||||
| Flat Ceiling | Baffled | ||||
| R-19 | 0.049 | 0.047 | |||
| R-30 | 0.036 | 0.032 | |||
| R-38 | 0.031 | 0.026 | |||
| R-49 | 0.027 | 0.020 | |||
| R-60 | 0.025 | 0.017 | |||
| Scissors Truss | |||||
| R-30 (4/12 roof pitch) | 0.043 | 0.031 | |||
| R-38 (4/12 roof pitch) | 0.040 | 0.025 | |||
| R-49 (4/12 roof pitch) | 0.038 | 0.020 | |||
| R-30 (5/12 roof pitch) | 0.039 | 0.032 | |||
| R-38 (5/12 roof pitch) | 0.035 | 0.026 | |||
| R-49 (5/12 roof pitch) | 0.032 | 0.020 | |||
| Vaulted Ceilings | |||||
| 16" O.C. | 24" O.C. | ||||
| Vented | |||||
| R-19 2x10 joist | 0.049 | 0.048 | |||
| R-30 2x12 joist | 0.034 | 0.033 | |||
| R-38 2x14 joist | 0.027 | 0.027 | |||
| Unvented | |||||
| R-30 2x10 joist | 0.034 | 0.033 | |||
| R-38 2x12 joist | 0.029 | 0.027 | |||
| R-21 + R-21 2x12 joist | 0.026 | 0.025 | |||
| Roof Deck | |||||
| 4x Beams, 48" O.C. | |||||
| R-12.5 | 2" | Rigid insulation | 0.064 | ||
| R-21.9 | 3.5" | Rigid insulation | 0.040 | ||
| R-37.5 | 6" | Rigid insulation | 0.025 | ||
| R-50 | 8" | Rigid insulation | 0.019 | ||
| Table 10-7A Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.1075 | 0.0991 | 0.0928 | 0.0878 | 0.0839 | 0.0807 | 0.0780 | 0.0757 | 0.0737 | 0.0720 | 0.0706 | 0.0693 | 0.0681 |
| 30 | 0.0907 | 0.0823 | 0.0760 | 0.0710 | 0.0671 | 0.0638 | 0.0612 | 0.0589 | 0.0569 | 0.0552 | 0.0538 | 0.0525 | 0.0513 |
| 38 | 0.0844 | 0.0759 | 0.0696 | 0.0647 | 0.0607 | 0.0575 | 0.0548 | 0.0525 | 0.0506 | 0.0489 | 0.0474 | 0.0461 | 0.0449 |
| 49 | 0.0789 | 0.0704 | 0.0641 | 0.0592 | 0.0552 | 0.0520 | 0.0493 | 0.0470 | 0.0451 | 0.0434 | 0.0419 | 0.0406 | 0.0395 |
| Table 10-7B Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-3 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0809 | 0.0763 | 0.0728 | 0.0701 | 0.0679 | 0.0661 | 0.0647 | 0.0634 | 0.0623 | 0.0614 | 0.0606 | 0.0599 | 0.0592 |
| 30 | 0.0641 | 0.0595 | 0.0560 | 0.0533 | 0.0511 | 0.0493 | 0.0478 | 0.0466 | 0.0455 | 0.0446 | 0.0438 | 0.0431 | 0.0424 |
| 38 | 0.0577 | 0.0531 | 0.0496 | 0.0469 | 0.0447 | 0.0430 | 0.0415 | 0.0402 | 0.0392 | 0.0382 | 0.0374 | 0.0367 | 0.0361 |
| 49 | 0.0523 | 0.0476 | 0.0441 | 0.0414 | 0.0393 | 0.0375 | 0.0360 | 0.0348 | 0.0337 | 0.0328 | 0.0319 | 0.0312 | 0.0306 |
| Table 10-7C Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-5 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0732 | 0.0697 | 0.0670 | 0.0649 | 0.0633 | 0.0619 | 0.0608 | 0.0598 | 0.0590 | 0.0583 | 0.0577 | 0.0571 | 0.0567 |
| 30 | 0.0564 | 0.0529 | 0.0502 | 0.0481 | 0.0465 | 0.0451 | 0.0440 | 0.0430 | 0.0422 | 0.0415 | 0.0409 | 0.0403 | 0.0399 |
| 38 | 0.0501 | 0.0465 | 0.0438 | 0.0418 | 0.0401 | 0.0388 | 0.0376 | 0.0367 | 0.0359 | 0.0351 | 0.0345 | 0.0340 | 0.0335 |
| 49 | 0.0446 | 0.0410 | 0.0384 | 0.0363 | 0.0346 | 0.0333 | 0.0322 | 0.0312 | 0.0304 | 0.0297 | 0.0291 | 0.0285 | 0.0280 |
| Table 10-7D Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-10 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0626 | 0.0606 | 0.0590 | 0.0578 | 0.0569 | 0.0561 | 0.0555 | 0.0549 | 0.0545 | 0.0541 | 0.0537 | 0.0534 | 0.0531 |
| 30 | 0.0458 | 0.0437 | 0.0422 | 0.0410 | 0.0401 | 0.0393 | 0.0387 | 0.0381 | 0.0377 | 0.0373 | 0.0369 | 0.0366 | 0.0363 |
| 38 | 0.0394 | 0.0374 | 0.0359 | 0.0347 | 0.0337 | 0.0330 | 0.0323 | 0.0318 | 0.0313 | 0.0309 | 0.0305 | 0.0302 | 0.0299 |
| 49 | 0.0339 | 0.0319 | 0.0304 | 0.0292 | 0.0283 | 0.0275 | 0.0268 | 0.0263 | 0.0258 | 0.0254 | 0.0251 | 0.0247 | 0.0245 |
| Table 10-7E Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-15 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0561 | 0.0550 | 0.0541 | 0.0535 | 0.0530 | 0.0526 | 0.0522 | 0.0519 | 0.0517 | 0.0515 | 0.0513 | 0.0511 | 0.0509 |
| 30 | 0.0393 | 0.0382 | 0.0373 | 0.0367 | 0.0362 | 0.0358 | 0.0354 | 0.0351 | 0.0349 | 0.0347 | 0.0345 | 0.0343 | 0.0341 |
| 38 | 0.0329 | 0.0318 | 0.0310 | 0.0303 | 0.0298 | 0.0294 | 0.0291 | 0.0288 | 0.0285 | 0.0283 | 0.0281 | 0.0279 | 0.0278 |
| 49 | 0.0274 | 0.0263 | 0.0255 | 0.0249 | 0.0244 | 0.0239 | 0.0236 | 0.0233 | 0.0230 | 0.0228 | 0.0226 | 0.0225 | 0.0223 |
| 1 - Assembly values based on 24 inch on center truss spacing; 11 Truss member connections penetrating insulation (4 at the eaves, 7 in the interior space); 1/2 inch drywall ceiling; all truss members are 2x4 "C" channels with a solid web. | |
| 2 - Ceiling sheathing installed between bottom chord and drywall. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1007, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1007, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1007, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1009.1 General: Tables 10-9 and 10-10 list default mass
values for concrete masonry construction. Calculations are
based on standard ASHRAE values for heat-storage capacity as
listed in Standard ((RS-27)) RS-1, Chapter ((24)) 25.
Thermal capacity of furniture is ignored, as is heat
storage beyond the first four inches of mass thickness. All
mass is assumed to be in direct contact with the conditioned
space. Concrete separated from the heated volume by other
materials must multiply the listed concrete mass value by the
result of the following formula:
Ln(R-value) x (-.221) + 0.5
Where:
Ln = Natural log
R-value = R-value of material covering concrete
| Note: | All default values for covered concrete slabs have been adjusted according to this procedure. |
Structural Mass: Includes heat-storage capacity of all standard building components of a typical residential structure, including floors, ceilings, and interior and exterior walls in Btu/ft2•°F of floor area. It also assumes exterior wall, interior wall and ceiling surface area approximately equals three times the floor area.
Additional Mass: Includes any additional building
material not part of the normal structure, which is added
specifically to increase the building's thermal-storage
capability. This category includes masonry fireplaces, water
or trombe walls, and extra layers of sheetrock. Coefficients
are in Btu/ft2•°F of surface area of material exposed to
conditioned space. The coefficient for water is
Btu/°F•gallon.
1009.3 Component Description: Light frame assumes one
inch thick wood flooring with five-eighths inch sheetrock on
ceilings and interior walls, and walls consisting of either
five-eighths inch sheetrock or solid logs. Slab assumes a
four-inch concrete slab on or below grade, with five-eighths
inch sheetrock on exterior and interior walls and ceiling, and
with separate values for interior or exterior wall insulation.
Adjustments for slab covering is based on R-value of
material. Additional mass values are based on the density
multiplied by the specific heat of the material adjusted for
listed thickness.
TABLE 10-9
HEAT CAPACITY
| Partial Grout | Solid Grout | |
| 8" CMU | 9.65 | 15.0 |
| 12" CMU | 14.5 | 23.6 |
| 8" Brick | 10.9 | 16.4 |
| 6" Concrete | NA | 14.4 |
TABLE 10-10
DEFAULT MASS VALUES
| Structural Mass M-value | Btu/ft2•°F floor area | |||
| Light Frame: | ||||
| Joisted/post & beam floor, sheetrock | ||||
| walls and ceilings | 3.0 | |||
| Joisted/post & beam floor, log walls, | ||||
| sheetrock ceilings | 4.0 | |||
| Slab With Interior Wall Insulation: | ||||
| Slab, no covering or tile, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 10.0 | |||
| Slab, hardwood floor covering, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 7.0 | |||
| Slab, carpet and pad, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 5.0 | |||
| Slab With Exterior Wall Insulation: | ||||
| Slab, no covering or tile, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 12.0 | |||
| Slab, hardwood floor covering, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 9.0 | |||
| Slab, carpet and pad, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 7.0 | |||
| Additional Mass M-Value: | Btu/ft2•°F surface area | |||
| Gypsum wallboard, 1/2 inch thickness | 0.54 | |||
| Gypsum wallboard, 5/8 inch thickness | 0.68 | |||
| Hardwood floor | 1.40 | |||
| Concrete/Brick, 4 inch-thickness | 10.30 | |||
| Concrete/Brick, 6 inch-thickness | 15.40 | |||
| Btu/°F•gallon | ||||
| Water, 1 gallon | 8.0 | |||
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1009, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1009, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1009, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1143.1 General: All construction or work for which a permit
is required shall be subject to inspection by the building
official and all such construction or work shall remain
accessible and exposed for inspection purposes until approved
by the building official. No work shall be done on any part
of the building or structure beyond the point indicated in
each inspection without first obtaining the approval of the
building official.
1143.2 Required Inspections: The building official, upon
notification, shall make the inspection required in this
Section, in addition to or as part of those inspections
required in Section ((108.5 of the Uniform)) 109.3 of the
International Building Code. Inspections may be conducted by
special inspection pursuant to Section ((1701 of the Uniform))
1704 of the International Building Code. Where applicable,
inspections shall include at least:
1143.2.1 Envelope
a. Wall Insulation Inspection: To be made after all wall insulation and air vapor retarder sheet or film materials are in place, but before any wall covering is placed.
b. Glazing Inspection: To be made after glazing materials are installed in the building.
c. Exterior Roofing Insulation: To be made after the installation of the roof insulation, but before concealment.
d. Slab/Floor Insulation: To be made after the installation of the slab/floor insulation, but before concealment.
1143.2.2 Mechanical
a. Mechanical Equipment Efficiency and Economizer: To be made after all equipment and controls required by this Code are installed and prior to the concealment of such equipment or controls.
b. Mechanical Pipe and Duct Insulation: To be made after all pipe and duct insulation is in place, but before concealment.
1143.2.3 Lighting and Motors
a. Lighting Equipment and Controls: To be made after the installation of all lighting equipment and controls required by this Code, but before concealment of the lighting equipment.
b. Motor Inspections: To be made after installation of all equipment covered by this Code, but before concealment.
1143.3 Reinspection: The building official may require a
structure to be reinspected. A reinspection fee may be
assessed for each inspection or reinspection when such portion
of work for which inspection is called is not complete or when
corrections called for are not made.
[Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-1143, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1143, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Where, in any specific case, different sections of this Code specify different materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1150, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1313.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be installed on
the warm side (in winter) of insulation as required by this
section.
EXCEPTION:
Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned
space.
1313.2 Roof/Ceiling Assemblies: Roof/ceiling assemblies where
the ventilation space above the insulation is less than an
average of twelve inches shall be provided with a vapor
retarder. (For enclosed attics and enclosed rafter spaces see
Section ((1505.3)) 1203.2 of the ((Washington State))
International Building Code.) Roof/ceiling assemblies without
a vented airspace, allowed only where neither the roof deck
nor the roof structure are made of wood, shall provide a
continuous vapor retarder with taped seams.
EXCEPTION:
Vapor retarders need not be provided where all of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane
and the structural roof deck.
1313.3 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall be provided with a vapor retarder.
1313.4 Floors: Floors separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall be provided with a vapor retarder.
1313.5 Crawl Spaces: A ground cover of six mil (0.006 inch
thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid over
the ground within crawl spaces. The ground cover shall be
overlapped twelve inches minimum at the joints and shall
extend to the foundation wall.
EXCEPTION:
The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a
minimum thickness of three and one-half inches.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1313, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1313, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
| 1. | Results of laboratory measurements according to acceptable methods of test. |
| 2. | Standard (( |
| 3. | The zone method as provided in Chapter (( |
| 4. | Effective framing/cavity R-values as provided in
Table (( |
| a. | For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly; and |
| b. | For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper plenum surface. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1332, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1412.1 Temperature Controls: Each system shall be provided
with at least one temperature control device. Each zone shall
be controlled by individual thermostatic controls responding
to temperature within the zone. At a minimum, each floor of a
building shall be considered as a separate zone.
1412.2 Deadband Controls: When used to control both comfort
heating and cooling, zone thermostatic controls shall be
capable of a deadband of at least 5 degrees F within which the
supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off
or reduced to a minimum.
1412.3 Humidity Controls: If a system is equipped with a
means for adding moisture, a humidistat shall be provided.EXCEPTIONS:
1. Special occupancy, special usage, or code requirements where deadband controls are not appropriate.
2. Buildings complying with Section 1141.4, if in the proposed building energy analysis, heating and
cooling thermostat setpoints are set to the same temperature between 70 degrees F and 75 degrees F
inclusive, and assumed to be constant throughout the year.
3. Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and cooling modes.
1412.4 Setback and Shutoff: HVAC systems shall be equipped
with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction
of energy use through control setback or equipment shutdown
during periods of nonuse or alternate use of the spaces served
by the system. The automatic controls shall have a minimum
seven-day clock and be capable of being set for seven
different day types per week.
1412.4.1 Dampers: Outside air intakes, exhaust outlets and
relief outlets serving conditioned spaces shall be equipped
with motorized dampers which close automatically when the
system is off or upon power failure.EXCEPTIONS:
1. Systems serving areas which require continuous operation at the same temperature setpoint.
2. Equipment with full load demands of 2 Kw (6,826 Btu/h) or less may be controlled by readily
accessible manual off-hour controls.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Systems serving areas which require continuous operation.
2. Combustion air intakes.
3. Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers are acceptable in buildings less than 3 stories in height.
4. Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers are acceptable in exhaust and relief outlets in the first story and
levels below the first story of buildings three or more stories in height.
5. Type 1 grease hoods exhaust.
Dampers installed to comply with this section, including
dampers integral to HVAC equipment, shall have a maximum
leakage rate when tested in accordance with AMCA Standard 500
of:
(a) Motorized dampers: 10 cfm/ft2 of damper area at 1.0 in w.g.
(b) Nonmotorized dampers: 20 cfm/ft2 of damper area at 1.0 in w.g., except that for nonmotorized dampers smaller than 24 inches in either dimension: 40 cfm/ft2 of damper area at 1.0 in w.g.
Drawings shall indicate compliance with this section.
1412.4.2 Optimum Start Controls: Heating and cooling systems
with design supply air capacities exceeding 10,000 cfm shall
have optimum start controls. Optimum start controls shall be
designed to automatically adjust the start time of an HVAC
system each day to bring the space to desired occupied
temperature levels immediately before scheduled occupancy. The control algorithm shall, as a minimum, be a function of
the difference between space temperature and occupied setpoint
and the amount of time prior to scheduled occupancy.
1412.5 Heat Pump Controls: Unitary air cooled heat pumps
shall include microprocessor controls that minimize
supplemental heat usage during start up, set-up, and defrost
conditions. These controls shall anticipate need for heat and
use compression heating as the first stage of heat. Controls
shall indicate when supplemental heating is being used through
visual means (e.g., LED indicators).
1412.6 Combustion Heating Equipment Controls: Combustion
heating equipment with a capacity over 225,000 Btu/h shall
have modulating or staged combustion control.
1412.7 Balancing: Each air supply outlet or air or water
terminal device shall have a means for balancing, including
but not limited to, dampers, temperature and pressure test
connections and balancing valves.EXCEPTIONS:
Boilers.
Radiant heaters.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1412, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1412, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1412, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1412, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1415.1 Insulation: Piping shall be thermally insulated in
accordance with Table 14-6.
| EXCEPTION: | Piping installed within unitary HVAC equipment. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1415, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1415, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Group U Occupancy accessory to Group R-3 or R-4 Occupancy.
2. For covered parking, 0.30 w/sf may be used for the lighting provided that the ceilings and walls are
painted or stained with a reflectance value of 0.70 or higher.
TABLE 15-1
Unit Lighting Power Allowance (LPA)
| Use1 | LPA2 (watts/sq. ft.) |
| Painting, welding, carpentry, machine shops | 2.3 |
| Barber shops, beauty shops | 2.0 |
| Hotel banquet/conference/exhibition hall3,4 | 2.0 |
| Laboratories | 2.0 |
| Aircraft repair hangars | 1.5 |
| Cafeterias, fast food establishments5 | 1.5 |
| Factories, workshops, handling areas | 1.5 |
| Gas stations, auto repair shops6 | 1.5 |
| Institutions | 1.5 |
| Libraries5 | 1.5 |
| Nursing homes and hotel/motel guest rooms | 1.5 |
| Retail10, retail banking | 1.5 |
| Wholesale stores (pallet rack shelving) | 1.5 |
| Mall concourses | 1.4 |
| Schools buildings (Group E Occupancy only), school classrooms, day care centers | 1.35 |
| Laundries | 1.3 |
| Office buildings, office/administrative areas in facilities of other use types (including but not limited to schools, hospitals, institutions, museums, banks, churches)5,7,11 | 1.2 |
| Police and fire stations8 | 1.2 |
| Atria (atriums) | 1.0 |
| Assembly spaces9, auditoriums, gymnasia9, theaters | 1.0 |
| Group R-1 and R-2 common areas | 1.0 |
| Process plants | 1.0 |
| Restaurants/bars5 | 1.0 |
| Locker and/or shower facilities | 0.8 |
| Warehouses11, storage areas | 0.5 |
| Aircraft storage hangars | 0.4 |
| Parking garages | See Section 1532 |
| Plans Submitted for Common Areas Only7 | |
| Main floor building lobbies3 (except mall concourses) | 1.2 |
| Common areas, corridors, toilet facilities and washrooms, elevator lobbies | 0.8 |
2. The watts per square foot may be increased, by two percent per foot of ceiling height above twenty feet, unless specifically directed otherwise by subsequent footnotes.
3. Watts per square foot of room may be increased by two percent per foot of ceiling height above twelve feet.
4. For all other spaces, such as seating and common areas, use the Unit Light Power Allowance for assembly.
5. Watts per square foot of room may be increased by two percent per foot of ceiling height above nine feet.
6. Includes pump area under canopy.
7. In cases in which a lighting plan is submitted for only a portion of a floor, a Unit Lighting Power Allowance of 1.35 may be used for usable office floor area and 0.80 watts per square foot shall be used for the common areas, which may include elevator space, lobby area and rest rooms. Common areas, as herein defined do not include mall concourses.
8. For the fire engine room, the Unit Lighting Power Allowance is 1.0 watts per square foot.
9. For indoor sport tournament courts with adjacent spectator seating, the Unit Lighting Power Allowance for the court area is 2.6 watts per square foot.
10. Display window illumination installed within 2 feet of the window, lighting for free-standing display where the lighting moves with the display, and building showcase illumination where the lighting is enclosed within the showcase are exempt.
An additional 1.5 w/ft2 of merchandise display luminaires are exempt provided that they comply with all three of the following:
(a) located on ceiling-mounted track or directly on or
recessed into the ceiling itself (not on the wall).
(b) adjustable in both the horizontal and vertical axes
(vertical axis only is acceptable for fluorescent and
other fixtures with two points of track attachment).
(c) fitted with tungsten halogen, fluorescent, or high
intensity discharge lamps.
This additional lighting power is allowed only if the
lighting is actually installed.
11. Provided that a floor plan, indicating rack location and height, is submitted, the square footage for a warehouse may be defined, for computing the interior Unit Lighting Power Allowance, as the floor area not covered by racks plus the vertical face area (access side only) of the racks. The height allowance defined in footnote 2 applies only to the floor area not covered by racks.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1532, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1532, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
2.1 Energy Analysis: Compliance with this Standard will
require an analysis of the annual energy usage, hereinafter
called an annual energy analysis.
A building designed in accordance with this Standard will
be deemed as complying with this Code, if
a. The calculated annual energy consumption is not
greater than that of a corresponding "standard design," as
defined below and in Section 3,
and;
b. Whose enclosure elements and energy-consuming systems
comply with Sections 1310 through 1314, 1410 through 1416,
1440 through 1443, 1450 through 1454 and 1510 through 1513. Buildings shall only vary from those requirements in Sections
1330 through 1334, 1432 through 1439 and 1530 through 1532
where those variations have been accurately and completely
modeled. Where variations are not specifically analyzed, the
building shall comply with these requirements.
For a proposed building design to be considered similar to a "standard design," it shall utilize the same energy source(s) for the same functions and have equal floor area and the same ratio of envelope area to floor area, environmental requirements, occupancy, climate data and usage operational schedule. Inputs to the energy analysis relating to occupancy and usage shall correspond to the expected occupancy and usage of the building.
Except as noted below, the systems identified, and, to
the extent possible, the assumptions made in assigning energy
inputs to each system, shall be the same for the standard
design and the proposed design. When electrically driven heat
pumps, other than multiple units connected to a common water
loop, are employed to provide all or part of the heat for the
proposed design, the standard design shall also, for the
purposes of the analysis, assume that electrically driven heat
pump, in conformance with Chapter 14 of the Code and having
capacity at least as great as those used in the proposed
design are employed.
2.2 Design: The standard design and the proposed design shall
be designed on a common basis as specified herein:
a. The comparison shall be expressed as kBtu input per square foot of conditioned floor area per year at the building site. Buildings which use electricity as the only fuel source, comparisons may be expressed in kWh. When converting electricity in kWh to kBtu a multiplier of 3.413 kWh/kBtu shall be used.
b. If the proposed design results in an increase in consumption of one energy source and a decrease in another energy source, even though similar sources are used for similar purposes, the difference in each energy source shall be converted to equivalent energy units for purposes of comparing the total energy used.
2.3 Analysis Procedure: The analysis of the annual energy
usage of the standard and the proposed building and system
design shall meet the following criteria:
a. The building heating/cooling load calculation procedure used for annual energy consumption analysis shall be detailed to permit the evaluation of effect of factors specified in Section 2.4.
b. The calculation procedure used to simulate the
operation of the building and its service systems through a
full-year operating period shall be detailed to permit the
evaluation of the effect of system design, climatic factors,
operational characteristics and mechanical equipment on annual
energy usage. Manufacturer's data or comparable field test
data shall be used when available in the simulation of systems
and equipment. The calculation procedure shall be based upon
8,760 hours of operation of the building and its service
systems and shall utilize the design methods, specified in
Standard((s RS-27, -11, -12 and -13)) RS-1 listed in Chapter 7
of the Code or in other programs approved by the building
official.
2.4 Calculation Procedure: The calculation procedure shall
cover the following items:
a. Design requirements--Design heating conditions and design cooling conditions as defined in Chapter 2 of the Code.
b. Climatic data--Coincident hourly data for temperatures, solar radiation, wind and humidity of typical days in the year representing seasonal variation.
c. Building data--Orientation, size, shape, mass, air and heat transfer characteristics.
d. Operational characteristics--Temperature, humidity, ventilation, illumination and control mode for occupied and unoccupied hours.
e. Mechanical equipment--Design capacity and part load profile.
f. Building loads--Internal heat generation, lighting, equipment and number of people during occupied and unoccupied periods.
2.5 Documentation: All analyses submitted shall be
accompanied by an energy analysis comparison report. The
report shall provide technical detail on the two building and
system designs and on the data used in and resulting from the
comparative analysis to verify that both the analysis and the
designs meet the criteria of Section 1.
The calculation procedure for the standard design and the
proposed design shall separately identify the calculated
annual energy consumption for each different occupancy type,
if possible, for each of the following end uses:
a. Interior lighting;
b. Parking lighting;
c. Exterior lighting;
d. Space heating;
e. Space cooling;
f. Interior ventilation/fans;
g. Parking ventilation/fans;
h. Exhaust fans;
i. Service water heating;
j. Elevators;
k. Appliances.
Energy consumption of the following items shall be
included but is not required to be separated out by each
individual item.
a. Office equipment;
b. Refrigeration other than comfort cooling;
c. Cooking; and
d. Any other energy-consuming equipment.
The specifications of the proposed building project used
in the analysis shall be as similar as is reasonably practical
to those in the plans submitted for a building permit.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-99902, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-99902, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]