WASHINGTON STATE REGISTER

WSR 11-03-068

PERMANENT RULES

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

[ Filed January 18, 2011, 9:24 a.m. , effective February 18, 2011 ]

Effective Date of Rule: Thirty-one days after filing.

Purpose: Chapter 246-221 WAC, Radiation protection standards; chapter 246-231 WAC, Packaging and transportation of radioactive material; and chapter 246-240 WAC, Radiation protection -- Medical use of radioactive material.

The International Atomic Energy Agency has coordinated international agreements that resulted in new transportation requirements for radioactive material. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) amended federal regulations as a result of these agreements and made minor amendments to medical use of radioactive material regulations. Under the formal agreement between the governor of the state of Washington and the chairman of the NRC, the Washington state radiation control program is required to remain compatible with NRC regulations. These rules eliminate conflicts, duplications, and gaps between the NRC and Washington state's radiation control programs.

Citation of Existing Rules Affected by this Order: Amending WAC 246-221-290 Appendix A -- Annual limits on intake (ALI) and derived air concentrations (DAC) of radionuclides for occupational exposure; effluent concentrations; concentrations for release to sanitary sewerage, 246-231-035 Deliberate misconduct, 246-231-200 Appendix A -- Determination of A1 and A2, 246-240-001 Purpose and scope, 246-240-010 Definitions, 246-240-069 Training for radiation safety officer, 246-240-072 Training for an authorized medical physicist, 246-240-075 Training for an authorized nuclear pharmacist, 246-240-078 Training for experienced radiation safety officer, teletherapy or medical physicist, authorized user, and nuclear pharmacist, 246-240-154 Training for uptake, dilution, and excretion studies, 246-240-163 Training for imaging and localization studies, 246-240-210 Training for use of unsealed radioactive material for which a written directive is required, 246-240-213 Training for the oral administration of sodium iodide I-131 requiring a written directive in quantities less than or equal to 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries), 246-240-216 Training for the oral administration of sodium iodide I-131 requiring a written directive in quantities greater than 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries), 246-240-219 Training for the parenteral administration of unsealed radioactive material requiring a written directive, 246-240-278 Training for use of manual brachytherapy sources, 246-240-281 Training for ophthalmic use of strontium-90, and 246-240-399 Training for use of remote afterloader units, teletherapy units, and gamma stereotactic radiosurgery units.

Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 70.98.050.

Adopted under notice filed as WSR 10-14-098 on July 6, 2010.

Number of Sections Adopted in Order to Comply with Federal Statute: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; Federal Rules or Standards: New 0, Amended 18, Repealed 0; or Recently Enacted State Statutes: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.

Number of Sections Adopted at Request of a Nongovernmental Entity: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.

Number of Sections Adopted on the Agency's Own Initiative: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.

Number of Sections Adopted in Order to Clarify, Streamline, or Reform Agency Procedures: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0.

Number of Sections Adopted Using Negotiated Rule Making: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; Pilot Rule Making: New 0, Amended 0, Repealed 0; or Other Alternative Rule Making: New 0, Amended 18, Repealed 0.

Date Adopted: January 18, 2011.

Mary C. Selecky

Secretary

OTS-2735.1

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 09-06-003, filed 2/18/09, effective 3/21/09)

WAC 246-221-290 Appendix A -- Annual limits on intake (ALI) and derived air concentrations (DAC) of radionuclides for occupational exposure; effluent concentrations; concentrations for release to sanitary sewerage. For each radionuclide, Table I indicates the chemical form which is to be used for selecting the appropriate ALI or DAC value. The ALIs and DACs for inhalation are given for an aerosol with an activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of 1 µm (micron) and for three classes (D,W,Y) of radioactive material, which refer to their retention (approximately days, weeks or years) in the pulmonary region of the lung. This classification applies to a range of clearance half-times for D if less than ten days, for W from ten to one hundred days, and for Y greater than one hundred days. Table II provides concentration limits for airborne and liquid effluents released to the general environment. Table III provides concentration limits for discharges to sanitary sewerage.

Note: The values in Tables I, II, and III are presented in the computer "E" notation. In this notation a value of 6E-02 represents a value of 6 x 10^-2 or 0.06, 6E+2 represents 6 x 10² or 600, and 6E+0 represents 6 x 10⁰ or 6.

Table I "Occupational Values"

Note that the columns in Table I of this appendix captioned "Oral Ingestion ALI," "Inhalation ALI," and "DAC," are applicable to occupational exposure to radioactive material.

The ALIs in this appendix are the annual intakes of given radionuclide by "Reference Man" which would result in either: A committed effective dose equivalent of 0.05 Sv (5 rem), stochastic ALI; or a committed dose equivalent of 0.5 Sv (50 rem) to an organ or tissue, nonstochastic ALI. The stochastic ALIs were derived to result in a risk, due to irradiation of organs and tissues, comparable to the risk associated with deep dose equivalent to the whole body of 0.05 Sv (5 rem). The derivation includes multiplying the committed dose equivalent to an organ or tissue by a weighting factor, w_T. This weighting factor is the proportion of the risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation of the organ or tissue, T, to the total risk of stochastic effects when the whole body is irradiated uniformly. The values of w_T are listed under the definition of weighting factor in WAC 246-221-005. The nonstochastic ALIs were derived to avoid nonstochastic effects, such as prompt damage to tissue or reduction in organ function.

A value of w_T = 0.06 is applicable to each of the five organs or tissues in the "remainder" category receiving the highest dose equivalents, and the dose equivalents of all other remaining tissues may be disregarded. The following portions of the GI tract -- stomach, small intestine, upper large intestine, and lower large intestine -- are to be treated as four separate organs.

Note that the dose equivalents for an extremity, elbows, arms below the elbows, feet and lower legs, knees, and legs below the knees, skin, and lens of the eye are not considered in computing the committed effective dose equivalent, but are subject to limits that must be met separately.

When an ALI is defined by the stochastic dose limit, this value alone is given. When an ALI is determined by the non-stochastic dose limit to an organ, the organ or tissue to which the limit applies is shown, and the ALI for the stochastic limit is shown in parentheses. Abbreviated organ or tissue designations are used:

LLI wall = lower large intestine wall;

St. wall = stomach wall;

Blad wall = bladder wall; and

Bone surf = bone surface.

The use of the ALIs listed first, the more limiting of the stochastic and nonstochastic ALIs, will ensure that nonstochastic effects are avoided and that the risk of stochastic effects is limited to an acceptably low value. If, in a particular situation involving a radionuclide for which the nonstochastic ALI is limiting, use of that nonstochastic ALI is considered unduly conservative, the licensee may use the stochastic ALI to determine the committed effective dose equivalent. However, the licensee shall also ensure that the 0.5 Sv (50 rem) dose equivalent limit for any organ or tissue is not exceeded by the sum of the external deep dose equivalent plus the internal committed dose equivalent to that organ, not the effective dose. For the case where there is no external dose contribution, this would be demonstrated if the sum of the fractions of the nonstochastic ALIs (ALI_ns) that contribute to the committed dose equivalent to the organ receiving the highest dose does not exceed unity, that is, ∑ (intake (in µCi) of each radionuclide/ALI_ns) ≤ 1.0. If there is an external deep dose equivalent contribution of H_d, then this sum must be less than 1 - (H_d/50), instead of ≤ 1.0.

The derived air concentration (DAC) values are derived limits intended to control chronic occupational exposures. The relationship between the DAC and the ALI is given by:

DAC = ALI (in µCi)/(2000 hours per working year x 60 minutes/hour x 2 x 10⁴ ml per minute) = [ALI/2.4 x 10⁹] µCi/ml,

where 2 x 10⁴ ml per minute is the volume of air breathed per minute at work by Reference Man under working conditions of light work.

The DAC values relate to one of two modes of exposure: Either external submersion or the internal committed dose equivalents resulting from inhalation of radioactive materials. DACs based upon submersion are for immersion in a semi-infinite cloud of uniform concentration and apply to each radionuclide separately.

The ALI and DAC values include contributions to exposure by the single radionuclide named and any in-growth of daughter radionuclides produced in the body by decay of the parent. However, intakes that include both the parent and daughter radionuclides should be treated by the general method appropriate for mixtures.

The values of ALI and DAC do not apply directly when the individual both ingests and inhales a radionuclide, when the individual is exposed to a mixture of radionuclides by either inhalation or ingestion or both, or when the individual is exposed to both internal and external irradiation. See WAC 246-221-015. When an individual is exposed to radioactive materials which fall under several of the translocation classifications of the same radionuclide, such as, Class D, Class W, or Class Y, the exposure may be evaluated as if it were a mixture of different radionuclides.

It should be noted that the classification of a compound as Class D, W, or Y is based on the chemical form of the compound and does not take into account the radiological half-life of different radionuclides. For this reason, values are given for Class D, W, and Y compounds, even for very short-lived radionuclides.

Table II "Effluent Concentrations"

The columns in Table II of this appendix captioned "Effluents," "Air" and "Water" are applicable to the assessment and control of dose to the public, particularly in the implementation of the provisions of WAC 246-221-070. The concentration values given in Columns 1 and 2 of Table II are equivalent to the radionuclide concentrations which, if inhaled or ingested continuously over the course of a year, would produce a total effective dose equivalent of 0.50 mSv (0.05 rem).

Consideration of nonstochastic limits has not been included in deriving the air and water effluent concentration limits because nonstochastic effects are presumed not to occur at or below the dose levels established for individual members of the public. For radionuclides, where the nonstochastic limit was governing in deriving the occupational DAC, the stochastic ALI was used in deriving the corresponding airborne effluent limit in Table II. For this reason, the DAC and airborne effluent limits are not always proportional as was the case in the previous Appendix A of this chapter.

The air concentration values listed in Table II, Column 1 were derived by one of two methods. For those radionuclides for which the stochastic limit is governing, the occupational stochastic inhalation ALI was divided by 2.4 x 10⁹, relating the inhalation ALI to the DAC, as explained above, and then divided by a factor of three hundred. The factor of three hundred includes the following components: A factor of fifty to relate the 0.05 Sv (5 rem) annual occupational dose limit to the 1 mSv (0.1 rem) limit for members of the public, a factor of three to adjust for the difference in exposure time and the inhalation rate for a worker and that for members of the public; and a factor of two to adjust the occupational values, derived for adults, so that they are applicable to other age groups.

For those radionuclides for which submersion, that is external dose, is limiting, the occupational DAC in Table I, Column 3 was divided by two hundred nineteen. The factor of two hundred nineteen is composed of a factor of fifty, as described above, and a factor of 4.38 relating occupational exposure for two thousand hours per year to full-time exposure (eight thousand seven hundred sixty hours per year). Note that an additional factor of two for age considerations is not warranted in the submersion case.

The water concentrations were derived by taking the most restrictive occupational stochastic oral ingestion ALI and dividing by 7.3 x 10⁷. The factor of 7.3 x 10⁷ (ml) includes the following components: The factors of fifty and two described above and a factor of 7.3 x 10⁵ (ml) which is the annual water intake of Reference Man.

Note 2 of this appendix provides groupings of radionuclides which are applicable to unknown mixtures of radionuclides. These groupings, including occupational inhalation ALIs and DACs, air and water effluent concentrations and releases to sewer, require demonstrating that the most limiting radionuclides in successive classes are absent. The limit for the unknown mixture is defined when the presence of one of the listed radionuclides cannot be definitely excluded as being present either from knowledge of the radionuclide composition of the source or from actual measurements.

Table III "Releases to Sewers"

The monthly average concentrations for release to sanitary sewerage are applicable to the provisions in WAC 246-221-190. The concentration values were derived by taking the most restrictive occupational stochastic oral ingestion ALI and dividing by 7.3 x 10⁶ (ml). The factor of 7.3 x 10⁶ (ml) is composed of a factor of 7.3 x 10⁵ (ml), the annual water intake by Reference Man, and a factor of ten, such that the concentrations, if the sewage released by the licensee were the only source of water ingested by a Reference Man during a year, would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 mSv (0.5 rem).

LIST OF ELEMENTS

Name Symbol Atomic
Number
Name Symbol Atomic
Number

Actinium Ac 89 Molybdenum Mo 42

Aluminum Al 13 Neodymium Nd 60

Americium Am 95 Neptunium Np 93

Antimony Sb 51 Nickel Ni 28

Argon Ar 18 Nitrogen N 7

Arsenic As 33 Niobium Nb 41

Astatine At 85 Osmium Os 76

Barium Ba 56 Oxygen O 8

Berkelium Bk 97 Palladium Pd 46

Beryllium Be 4 Phosphorus P 15

Bismuth Bi 83 Platinum Pt 78

Bromine Br 35 Plutonium Pu 94

Cadmium Cd 48 Polonium Po 84

Calcium Ca 20 Potassium K 19

Californium Cf 98 Praseodymium Pr 59

Carbon C 6 Promethium Pm 61

Cerium Ce 58 Protactinium Pa 91

Cesium Cs 55 Radium Ra 88

Chlorine Cl 17 Radon Rn 86

Chromium Cr 24 Rhenium Re 75

Cobalt Co 27 Rhodium Rh 45

Copper Cu 29 Rubidium Rb 37

Curium Cm 96 Ruthenium Ru 44

Dysprosium Dy 66 Samarium Sm 62

Einsteinium Es 99 Scandium Sc 21

Erbium Er 68 Selenium Se 34

Europium Eu 63 Silicon Si 14

Fermium Fm 100 Silver Ag 47

Fluorine F 9 Sodium Na 11

Francium Fr 87 Strontium Sr 38

Gadolinium Gd 64 Sulfur S 16

Gallium Ga 31 Tantalum Ta 73

Germanium Ge 32 Technetium Tc 43

Gold Au 79 Tellurium Te 52

Hafnium Hf 72 Terbium Tb 65

Holmium Ho 67 Thallium Tl 81

Hydrogen H 1 Thorium Th 90

Indium In 49 Thulium Tm 69

Iodine I 53 Tin Sn 50

Iridium Ir 77 Titanium Ti 22

Iron Fe 26 Tungsten W 74

Krypton Kr 36 Uranium U 92

Lanthanum La 57 Vanadium V 23

Lead Pb 82 Xenon Xe 54

Lutetium Lu 71 Ytterbium Yb 70

Magnesium Mg 12 Yttrium Y 39

Manganese Mn 25 Zinc Zn 30

Mendelevium Md 101 Zirconium Zr 40

Mercury Hg 80

Table 1
Occupational Values

Table II
Effluent
Concentration
Table III
Releases to
Sewers

Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 1 Col. 2 Monthly
Average
Concen-
tration

Oral
Ingestion
Inhalation

Atomic No. Radionuclide Class ALI
µCi
ALI
µCi
DAC
µCi/ml
Air
µCi/ml
Water
µCi/ml

µCi/ml

1 Hydrogen-3 Water, DAC includes
skin absorption

8E+4

8E+4

2E-5

1E-7

1E-3

1E-2

Gas (HT or T₂) Submersion¹: Use above values as HT and T₂ oxidize in air and in the body to HTO.

4 Beryllium-7 W, all compounds except those given for Y 4E+4 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 6E-4 6E-3

Y, oxides, halides, and nitrates - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

4 Beryllium-10 W, see ⁷Be 1E+3 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ⁷Be - 1E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -

6 Carbon-11² Monoxide - 1E+6 5E-4 2E-6 - -

Dioxide - 6E+5 3E-4 9E-7 - -

Compounds 4E+5 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 6E-3 6E-2

6 Carbon-14 Monoxide - 2E+6 7E-4 2E-6 - -

Dioxide - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

Compounds 2E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 3E-5 3E-4

7 Nitrogen-13² Submersion¹ - - 4E-6 2E-8 - -

8 Oxygen-15² Submersion¹ - - 4E-6 2E-8 - -

9 Fluorine-18² D, fluorides of H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr 5E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(5E+4)
- - - 7E-4 7E-3

W, fluorides of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Al, Ga, In, Tl, As, Sb, Bi, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Tc, and Re
Y, lanthanum fluoride
-
-
9E+4
8E+4
4E-5
3E-5
1E-7
1E-7
-
-

-
-

11 Sodium-22 D, all compounds 4E+2 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 6E-6 6E-5

11 Sodium-24 D, all compounds 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 5E-5 5E-4

12 Magnesium-28 D, all compounds except those given for W 7E+2 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides, and nitrates - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

13 Aluminum-26 D, all compounds except those given for W 4E+2 6E+1 3E-8 9E-11 6E-6 6E-5

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides, and nitrates - 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 - -

14 Silicon-31 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and nitrates
Y, aluminosilicate glass
-
-
3E+4
3E+4
1E-5
1E-5
5E-8
4E-8
-
-
-
-

14 Silicon-32 D, see ³¹Si 2E+3 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ³¹Si - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

Y, see ³¹Si - 5E+0 2E-9 7E-12 - -

15 Phosphorus-32 D, all compounds except phosphates given for W 6E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, phosphates of Zn²⁺, S³⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, Bi³⁺, and lanthanides - 4E+2 2E-7 5E-10 - -

15 Phosphorus-33 D, see ³²P 6E+3 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 8E-5 8E-4

W, see ³²P - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

16 Sulfur-35 Vapor - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

D, sulfides and sulfates except those given for W 1E+4 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

LLI wall (8E+3) - - - 1E-4 1E-3

W, elemental sulfur, sulfides of Sr, Ba, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, W, and Mo. Sulfates of Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, As, Sb, and Bi 6E+3
-

2E+3

9E-7

3E-9

-

-

17 Chlorine-36 D, chlorides of H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr 2E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, chlorides of lantha- nides, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, and Re - 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -

17 Chlorine-38² D, see ³⁶Cl 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ³⁶Cl - 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

17 Chlorine-39² D, see ³⁶Cl 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ³⁶Cl - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

18 Argon-37 Submersion¹ - - 1E+0 6E-3 - -

18 Argon-39 Submersion¹ - - 2E-4 8E-7 - -

18 Argon-41 Submersion¹ - - 3E-6 1E-8 - -

19 Potassium-40 D, all compounds 3E+2 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 4E-6 4E-5

19 Potassium-42 D, all compounds 5E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 6E-5 6E-4

19 Potassium-43 D, all compounds 6E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 9E-5 9E-4

19 Potassium-44² D, all compounds 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 5E-4 5E-3

19 Potassium-45² D, all compounds 3E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(5E+4)
- - - 7E-4 7E-3

20 Calcium-41 W, all compounds 3E+3 4E+3 2E-6 - - -

Bone surf (4E+3) Bone surf (4E+3) - 5E-9 6E-5 6E-4

20 Calcium-45 W, all compounds 2E+3 8E+2 4E-7 1E-9 2E-5 2E-4

20 Calcium-47 W, all compounds 8E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 1E-5 1E-4

21 Scandium-43 Y, all compounds 7E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

21 Scandium-44m Y, all compounds 5E+2 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

21 Scandium-44 Y, all compounds 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 5E-5 5E-4

21 Scandium-46 Y, all compounds 9E+2 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 1E-5 1E-4

21 Scandium-47 Y, all compounds 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

21 Scandium-48 Y, all compounds 8E+2 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

21 Scandium-49² Y, all compounds 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 3E-4 3E-3

22 Titanium-44 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 3E+2 1E+1 5E-9 2E-11 4E-6 4E-5

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides, and nitrates - 3E+1 1E-8 4E-11 - -

Y, SrTi0 - 6E+0 2E-9 8E-12 - -

22 Titanium-45 D, see ⁴⁴Ti 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁴⁴Ti - 4E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

Y, see ⁴⁴Ti - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

23 Vanadium-472 D, all compounds except those given for W 3E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and halides - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

23 Vanadium-48 D, see ⁴⁷V 6E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ⁴⁷V - 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

23 Vanadium-49 D, see ⁴⁷V 7E+4 3E+4 1E-5 - - -

LLI wall (9E+4) Bone surf (3E+4) - 5E-8 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ⁴⁷V - 2E+4 8E-6 2E-8 - -

24 Chromium-48 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 6E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

W, halides and nitrates - 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

24 Chromium-49² D, see ⁴⁸Cr 3E+4 8E+4 4E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ⁴⁸Cr - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

Y, see ⁴⁸Cr - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

24 Chromium-51 D, see ⁴⁸Cr 4E+4 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ⁴⁸Cr - 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 - -

Y, see ⁴⁸Cr - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

25 Manganese-51² D, all compounds except those given for W 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, halides, and nitrates - 6E+4 3E-5 8E-8 - -

25 Manganese-52m² D, see ⁵¹Mn 3E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ⁵¹Mn - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

25 Manganese-52 D, see ⁵¹Mn 7E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ⁵¹Mn - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

25 Manganese-53 D, see ⁵¹Mn 5E+4 1E+4 5E-6 - 7E-4 7E-3

- Bone surf (2E+4) - 3E-8 - -

W, see ⁵¹Mn - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

25 Manganese-54 D, see ⁵¹Mn 2E+3 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ⁵¹Mn - 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

25 Manganese-56 D, see ⁵¹Mn 5E+3 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ⁵¹Mn - 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

26 Iron-52 D, all compounds except those given for W 9E+2 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, oxides, hydroxides, and halides - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

26 Iron-55 D, see ⁵²Fe 9E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁵²Fe - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

26 Iron-59 D, see ⁵²Fe 8E+2 3E+2 1E-7 5E-10 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ⁵²Fe - 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 - -

26 Iron-60 D, see ⁵²Fe 3E+1 6E+0 3E-9 9E-12 4E-7 4E-6

W, see ⁵²Fe - 2E+1 8E-9 3E-11 - -

27 Cobalt-55 W, all compounds except those given for Y 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, oxides, hydroxides, halides, and nitrates - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

27 Cobalt-56 W, see ⁵⁵Co 5E+2 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 6E-6 6E-5

Y, see ⁵⁵Co 4E+2 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 - -

27 Cobalt-57 W, see ⁵⁵Co 8E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 6E-5 6E-4

Y, see ⁵⁵Co 4E+3 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

27 Cobalt-58m W, see ⁵⁵Co 6E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 8E-4 8E-3

Y, see ⁵⁵Co - 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

27 Cobalt-58 W, see ⁵⁵Co 2E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ⁵⁵Co 1E+3 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

27 Cobalt-60m² W, see ⁵⁵Co 1E+6 4E+6 2E-3 6E-6 - -

St wall
(1E+6)
- - - 2E-2 2E-1

Y, see ⁵⁵Co - 3E+6 1E-3 4E-6 - -

27 Cobalt-60 W, see ⁵⁵Co 5E+2 2E+2 7E-8 2E-10 3E-6 3E-5

Y, see ⁵⁵Co 2E+2 3E+1 1E-8 5E-11 - -

27 Cobalt-61² W, see ⁵⁵Co 2E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

Y, see ⁵⁵Co 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

27 Cobalt-62m² W, see ⁵⁵Co 4E+4 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(5E+4)
- - - 7E-4 7E-3

Y, see ⁵⁵Co - 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

28 Nickel-56 D, all compounds except those given for W 1E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, oxides, hydroxides, and carbides - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

Vapor - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

28 Nickel-57 D, see ⁵⁶Ni 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ⁵⁶Ni - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

Vapor - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

28 Nickel-59 D, see ⁵⁶Ni 2E+4 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ⁵⁶Ni - 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

Vapor - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

28 Nickel-63 D, see ⁵⁶Ni 9E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁵⁶Ni - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

Vapor - 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

28 Nickel-65 D, see ⁵⁶Ni 8E+3 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁵⁶Ni - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

Vapor - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

28 Nickel-66 D, see ⁵⁶Ni 4E+2 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (5E+2) - - - 6E-6 6E-5

W, see ⁵⁶Ni - 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

Vapor - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

29 Copper-60² D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 3E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

W, sulfides, halides, and nitrates
-

1E+5

5E-5

2E-7

-

-

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

29 Copper-61 D, see ⁶⁰Cu 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ⁶⁰Cu - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

Y, see ⁶⁰Cu - 4E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

29 Copper-64 D, see ⁶⁰Cu 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ⁶⁰Cu - 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 - -

Y, see ⁶⁰Cu - 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

29 Copper-67 D, see ⁶⁰Cu 5E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ⁶⁰Cu - 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

Y, see ⁶⁰Cu - 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

30 Zinc-62 Y, all compounds 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 2E-5 2E-4

30 Zinc-63² Y, all compounds 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 3E-4 3E-3

30 Zinc-65 Y, all compounds 4E+2 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 5E-6 5E-5

30 Zinc-69m Y, all compounds 4E+3 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 6E-5 6E-4

30 Zinc-69² Y, all compounds 6E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 8E-4 8E-3

30 Zinc-71m Y, all compounds 6E+3 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

30 Zinc-72 Y, all compounds 1E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

31 Gallium-65² D, all compounds excep those given for W 5E+4 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides, and nitrates - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

31 Gallium-66 D, see ⁶⁵Ga 1E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ⁶⁵Ga - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

31 Gallium-67 D, see ⁶⁵Ga 7E+3 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁶⁵Ga - 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 - -

31 Gallium-68² D, see ⁶⁵Ga 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ⁶⁵Ga - 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

31 Gallium-70² D, see ⁶⁵Ga 5E+4 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ⁶⁵Ga - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

31 Gallium-72 D, see ⁶⁵Ga 1E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ⁶⁵Ga - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

31 Gallium-73 D, see ⁶⁵Ga 5E+3 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ⁶⁵Ga - 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

32 Germanium-66 D, all compounds except those given for W 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, oxides, sulfides, and halides - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

32 Germanium-67² D, see ⁶⁶Ge 3E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 6E-4 6E-3

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

32 Germanium-68 D, see ⁶⁶Ge 5E+3 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 1E+2 4E-8 1E-10 - -

32 Germanium-69 D, see ⁶⁶Ge 1E+4 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

32 Germanium-71 D, see ⁶⁶Ge 5E+5 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 7E-3 7E-2

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

32 Germanium-75² D, see ⁶⁶Ge 4E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 8E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

32 Germanium-77 D, see ⁶⁶Ge 9E+3 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

32 Germanium-78² D, see ⁶⁶Ge 2E+4 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

St wall
(2E+4)
- - - 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ⁶⁶Ge - 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

33 Arsenic-69² W, all compounds 3E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 6E-4 6E-3

33 Arsenic-70² W, all compounds 1E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 2E-4 2E-3

33 Arsenic-71 W, all compounds 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 5E-5 5E-4

33 Arsenic-72 W, all compounds 9E+2 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

33 Arsenic-73 W, all compounds 8E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 1E-4 1E-3

33 Arsenic-74 W, all compounds 1E+3 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 2E-5 2E-4

33 Arsenic-76 W, all compounds 1E+3 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

33 Arsenic-77 W, all compounds 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

LLI wall (5E+3) - - - 6E-5 6E-4

33 Arsenic-78² W, all compounds 8E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

34 Selenium-70² D, all compounds except those given for W 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and elemental Se 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

34 Selenium-73m² D, see ⁷⁰Se 6E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ⁷⁰Se 3E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

34 Selenium-73 D, see ⁷⁰Se 3E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ⁷⁰Se - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

34 Selenium-75 D, see ⁷⁰Se 5E+2 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

W, see ⁷⁰Se - 6E+2 3E-7 8E-10 - -

34 Selenium-79 D, see ⁷⁰Se 6E+2 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 8E-6 8E-5

W, see ⁷⁰Se - 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

34 Selenium-81m² D, see ⁷⁰Se 4E+4 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ⁷⁰Se 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

34 Selenium-81² D, see ⁷⁰Se 6E+4 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(8E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ⁷⁰Se - 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

34 Selenium-83² D, see ⁷⁰Se 4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ⁷⁰Se 3E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

35 Bromine-74m² D, bromides of H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 - -

St wall
(2E+4)
- - - 3E-4 3E-3

W, bromides of lantha- nides, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Tc, and Re - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

35 Bromine-74² D, see ^74mBr 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 5E-45E-3 -

W, see ^74mBr - 8E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

35 Bromine-75² D, see ^74mBr 3E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ^74mBr - 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

35 Bromine-76 D, see ^74mBr 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 5E-5 5E-4

W, see ^74mBr - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

35 Bromine-77 D, see ^74mBr 2E+4 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ^74mBr - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

35 Bromine-80m D, see ^74mBr 2E+4 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ^74mBr - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

35 Bromine-80² D, see ^74mBr 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(9E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ^74mBr - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

35 Bromine-82 D, see ^74mBr 3E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ^74mBr - 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 - -

35 Bromine-83 D, see ^74mBr 5E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

W, see ^74mBr - 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

35 Bromine-84² D, see ^74mBr 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ^74mBr - 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

36 Krypton-74² Submersion¹ - - 3E-6 1E-8 - -

36 Krypton-76 Submersion¹ - - 9E-6 4E-8 - -

36 Krypton-77² Submersion¹ - - 4E-6 2E-8 - -

36 Krypton-79 Submersion¹ - - 2E-5 7E-8 - -

36 Krypton-81 Submersion¹ - - 7E-4 3E-6 - -

36 Krypton-83m² Submersion¹ - - 1E-2 5E-5 - -

36 Krypton-85m Submersion¹ - - 2E-5 1E-7 - -

36 Krypton-85 Submersion¹ - - 1E-4 7E-7 - -

36 Krypton-87² Submersion¹ - - 5E-6 2E-8 - -

36 Krypton-88 Submersion¹ - - 2E-6 9E-9 - -

37 Rubidium-79² D, all compounds 4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 8E-4 8E-3

37 Rubidium-81m² D, all compounds 2E+5 3E+5 1E-4 5E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+5)
- - - 4E-3 4E-2

37 Rubidium-81 D, all compounds 4E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 5E-4 5E-3

37 Rubidium-82m D, all compounds 1E+4 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 2E-4 2E-3

37 Rubidium-83 D, all compounds 6E+2 1E+3 4E-7 1E-9 9E-6 9E-5

37 Rubidium-84 D, all compounds 5E+2 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

37 Rubidium-86 D, all compounds 5E+2 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

37 Rubidium-87 D, all compounds 1E+3 2E+3 6E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

37 Rubidium-88² D, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

37 Rubidium-89² D, all compounds 4E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

38 Strontium-80² D, all soluble compound except SrTiO 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

Y, all insoluble compounds and SrTi0 - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

38 Strontium-81² D, see ⁸⁰Sr 3E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr 2E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

38 Strontium-82 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 3E+2 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

LLI wall (2E+2) - - - 3E-6 3E-5

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr 2E+2 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 - -

38 Strontium-83 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 3E+3 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr 2E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

38 Strontium-85m² D, see ⁸⁰Sr 2E+5 6E+5 3E-4 9E-7 3E-3 3E-2

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr - 8E+5 4E-4 1E-6 - -

38 Strontium-85 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 3E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr - 2E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

38 Strontium-87m D, see ⁸⁰Sr 5E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 6E-4 6E-3

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr 4E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

38 Strontium-89 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 6E+2 8E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (6E+2) - - - 8E-6 8E-5

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr 5E+2 1E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

38 Strontium-90 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 3E+1 2E+1 8E-9 - - -

Bone surf (4E+1) Bone surf (2E+1) - 3E-11 5E-7 5E-6

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr - 4E+0 2E-9 6E-12 - -

38 Strontium-91 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 2E+3 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr - 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

38 Strontium-92 D, see ⁸⁰Sr 3E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ⁸⁰Sr - 7E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

39 Yttrium-86m² W, all compounds except those given for Y 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 3E-4 3E-3

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

39 Yttrium-86 W, see ^86mY 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ^86mY - 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

39 Yttrium-87 W, see ^86mY 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ^86mY - 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

39 Yttrium-88 W, see ^86mY 1E+3 3E+2 1E-7 3E-10 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ^86mY - 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -

39 Yttrium-90m W, see ^86mY 8E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 1E-4 1E-3

Y, see ^86mY - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

39 Yttrium-90 W, see ^86mY 4E+2 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

LLI wall (5E+2) - - - 7E-6 7E-5

Y, see ^86mY - 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

39 Yttrium-91m² W, see ^86mY 1E+5 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 2E-3 2E-2

Y, see ^86mY - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

39 Yttrium-91 W, see ^86mY 5E+2 2E+2 7E-8 2E-10 - -

LLI wall (6E+2) - - - 8E-6 8E-5

Y, see ^86mY - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

39 Yttrium-92 W, see ^86mY 3E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ^86mY - 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

39 Yttrium-93 W, see ^86mY 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ^86mY - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

39 Yttrium-94² W, see ^86mY 2E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

Y, see ^86mY - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

39 Yttrium-95² W, see ^86mY 4E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(5E+4)
- - - 7E-4 7E-3

Y, see ^86mY - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

40 Zirconium-86 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 1E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, oxides, hydroxides, halides, and nitrates - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

Y, carbide - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

40 Zirconium-88 D, see ⁸⁶Zr 4E+3 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 5E-5 5E-4

W, see ⁸⁶Zr - 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 - -

Y, see ⁸⁶Zr - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

40 Zirconium-89 D, see ⁸⁶Zr 2E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ⁸⁶Zr - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

Y, see ⁸⁶Zr - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

40 Zirconium-93 D, see ⁸⁶Zr 1E+3 6E+0 3E-9 - - -

Bone surf (3E+3) Bone surf (2E+1) - 2E-11 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ⁸⁶Zr - 2E+1 1E-8 - - -

- Bone surf (6E+1) - 9E-11 - -

Y, see ⁸⁶Zr - 6E+1 2E-8 - - -

- Bone surf (7E+1) - 9E-11 - -

40 Zirconium-95 D, see ⁸⁶Zr 1E+3 1E+2 5E-8 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf (3E+2) - 4E-10 - -

W, see ⁸⁶Zr - 4E+2 2E-7 5E-10 - -

Y, see ⁸⁶Zr - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

40 Zirconium-97 D, see ⁸⁶Zr 6E+2 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ⁸⁶Zr - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ⁸⁶Zr - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

41 Niobium-88² W, all compounds except those given for Y 5E+4 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

41 Niobium-89^{2 (66 min)} W, see ⁸⁸Nb 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 1E-4 1E-3

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 - -

41 Niobium-89
(122 min)
W, see ⁸⁸Nb 5E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 7E-5 7E-4

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

41 Niobium-90 W, see ⁸⁸Nb 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

41 Niobium-93m W, see ⁸⁸Nb 9E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+4) - - - 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 2E+2 7E-8 2E-10 - -

41 Niobium-94 W, see ⁸⁸Nb 9E+2 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 2E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -

41 Niobium-95m W, see ⁸⁸Nb 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

41 Niobium-95 W, see ⁸⁸Nb 2E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

41 Niobium-96 W, see ⁸⁸Nb 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

41 Niobium-97² W, see ⁸⁸Nb 2E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

41 Niobium-98² W, see ⁸⁸Nb 1E+4 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ⁸⁸Nb - 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

42 Molybdenum-90 D, all compounds except those given for Y 4E+3 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 3E-5 3E-4

Y, oxides, hydroxides, and MoS
2E+3

5E+3

2E-6

6E-9

-

-

42 Molybdenum-93m D, see ⁹⁰Mo 9E+3 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

Y, see ⁹⁰Mo 4E+3 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

42 Molybdenum-93 D, see ⁹⁰Mo 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 8E-9 5E-5 5E-4

Y, see ⁹⁰Mo 2E+4 2E+2 8E-8 2E-10 - -

42 Molybdenum-99 D, see ⁹⁰Mo 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ⁹⁰Mo 1E+3 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

42 Molybdenum-101² D, see ⁹⁰Mo 4E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(5E+4)
- - - 7E-4 7E-3

Y, see ⁹⁰Mo - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

43 Technetium-93m² D, all compounds except those given for W 7E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 1E-3 1E-2

W, oxides, hydroxides, halides, and nitrates - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

43 Technetium-93 D, see ^93mTc 3E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ^93mTc - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

43 Technetium-94m² D, see ^93mTc 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ^93mTc - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

43 Technetium-94 D, see ^93mTc 9E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ^93mTc - 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 - -

43 Technetium-95m D, see ^93mTc 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 8E-9 5E-5 5E-4

W, see ^93mTc - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

43 Technetium-95 D, see ^93mTc 1E+4 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ^93mTc - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

43 Technetium-96m² D, see ^93mTc 2E+5 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 2E-3 2E-2

W, see ^93mTc - 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

43 Technetium-96 D, see ^93mTc 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ^93mTc - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

43 Technetium-97m D, see ^93mTc 5E+3 7E+3 3E-6 - 6E-5 6E-4

- St wall
(7E+3)
- 1E-8 - -

W, see ^93mTc - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

43 Technetium-97 D, see ^93mTc 4E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ^93mTc - 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

43 Technetium-98 D, see ^93mTc 1E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ^93mTc - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

43 Technetium-99m D, see ^93mTc 8E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ^93mTc - 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

43 Technetium-99 D, see ^93mTc 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 - 6E-5 6E-4

- St wall
(6E+3)
- 8E-9 - -

W, see ^93mTc - 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

43 Technetium-101² D, see ^93mTc 9E+4 3E+5 1E-4 5E-7 - -

St wall
(1E+5)
- - - 2E-3 2E-2

W, see ^93mTc - 4E+5 2E-4 5E-7 - -

43 Technetium-104² D, see ^93mTc 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ^93mTc - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

44 Ruthenium-94² D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, halides - 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

44 Ruthenium-97 D, see ⁹⁴Ru 8E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ⁹⁴Ru - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

Y, see ⁹⁴Ru - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

44 Ruthenium-103 D, see ⁹⁴Ru 2E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ⁹⁴Ru - 1E+3 4E-7 1E-9 - -

Y, see ⁹⁴Ru - 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

44 Ruthenium-105 D, see ⁹⁴Ru 5E+3 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ⁹⁴Ru - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

Y, see ⁹⁴Ru - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

44 Ruthenium-106 D, see ⁹⁴Ru 2E+2 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 - -

LLI wall (2E+2) - - - 3E-6 3E-5

W, see ⁹⁴Ru - 5E+1 2E-8 8E-11 - -

Y, see ⁹⁴Ru - 1E+1 5E-9 2E-11 - -

45 Rhodium-99m D, all compounds except those given for W and Y
2E+4

6E+4

2E-5

8E-8

2E-4

2E-3

W, halides - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

45 Rhodium-99 D, see ^99mRh 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ^99mRh - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

45 Rhodium-100 D, see ^99mRh 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ^99mRh - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 - -

45 Rhodium-101m D, see ^99mRh 6E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

W, see ^99mRh - 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

45 Rhodium-101 D, see ^99mRh 2E+3 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ^99mRh - 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

45 Rhodium-102m D, see ^99mRh 1E+3 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ^99mRh - 4E+2 2E-7 5E-10 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

45 Rhodium-102 D, see ^99mRh 6E+2 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 8E-6 8E-5

W, see ^99mRh - 2E+2 7E-8 2E-10 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 6E+1 2E-8 8E-11 - -

45 Rhodium-103m² D, see ^99mRh 4E+5 1E+6 5E-4 2E-6 6E-3 6E-2

W, see ^99mRh - 1E+6 5E-4 2E-6 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 1E+6 5E-4 2E-6 - -

45 Rhodium-105 D, see ^99mRh 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

LLI wall (4E+3) - - - 5E-5 5E-4

W, see ^99mRh - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

45 Rhodium-106m D, see ^99mRh 8E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ^99mRh - 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 4E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

45 Rhodium-107² D, see ^99mRh 7E+4 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

St wall
(9E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ^99mRh - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

Y, see ^99mRh - 3E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

46 Palladium-100 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 1E+3 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, nitrates - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

46 Palladium-101 D, see ¹⁰⁰Pd 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

46 Palladium-103 D, see ¹⁰⁰Pd 6E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

LLI wall (7E+3) - - - 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

46 Palladium-107 D, see ¹⁰⁰Pd 3E+4 2E+4 9E-6 - - -

LLI wall (4E+4) Kidneys (2E+4) - 3E-8 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

46 Palladium-109 D, see ¹⁰⁰Pd 2E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 5E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁰Pd - 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

47 Silver-102² D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

W, nitrates and sulfides - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

47 Silver-103² D, see ¹⁰²Ag 4E+4 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

47 Silver-104m² D, see ¹⁰²Ag 3E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

47 Silver-104² D, see ¹⁰²Ag 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

47 Silver-105 D, see ¹⁰²Ag 3E+3 1E+3 4E-7 1E-9 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

47 Silver-106m D, see ¹⁰²Ag 8E+2 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

47 Silver-106² D, see ¹⁰²Ag 6E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St. wall
(6E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

47 Silver-108m D, see ¹⁰²Ag 6E+2 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 2E+1 1E-8 3E-11 - -

47 Silver-110m D, see ¹⁰²Ag 5E+2 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 6E-6 6E-5

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 - -

47 Silver-111 D, see ¹⁰²Ag 9E+2 2E+3 6E-7 - - -

LLI wall (1E+3) Liver
(2E+3)
- 2E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

47 Silver-112 D, see ¹⁰²Ag 3E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

47 Silver-115² D, see ¹⁰²Ag 3E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ¹⁰²Ag - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁰²Ag - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

48 Cadmium-104² D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, sulfides, halides, and nitrates
-

1E+5

5E-5

2E-7

-

-

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

48 Cadmium-107 D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

48 Cadmium-109 D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 3E+2 4E+1 1E-8 - - -

Kidneys (4E+2) Kidneys (5E+1) - 7E-11 6E-6 6E-5

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+2 5E-8 - - -

- Kidneys (1E+2) - 2E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

48 Cadmium-113m D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 2E+1 2E+0 1E-9 - - -

Kidneys (4E+1) Kidneys (4E+0) - 5E-12 5E-7 5E-6

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 8E+0 4E-9 - - -

- Kidneys (1E+1) - 2E-11 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+1 5E-9 2E-11 - -

48 Cadmium-113 D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 2E+1 2E+0 9E-10 - - -

Kidneys (3E+1) Kidneys (3E+0) - 5E-12 4E-7 4E-6

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 8E+0 3E-9 - - -

- Kidneys (1E+1) - 2E-11 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -

48 Cadmium-115m D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 3E+2 5E+1 2E-8 - 4E-6 4E-5

-
Kidneys (8E+1)
-

1E-10

-

-

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

48 Cadmium-115 D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 9E+2 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

48 Cadmium-117m D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 5E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

48 Cadmium-117 D, see ¹⁰⁴Cd 5E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁰⁴Cd - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

49 Indium-109 D, all compounds except those given for W 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, halides, and nitrates - 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

49 Indium-110² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

(69.1 min) W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

49 Indium-110 D, see ¹⁰⁹In 5E+3 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

(4.9 h) W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

49 Indium-111 D, see ¹⁰⁹In 4E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

49 Indium-112² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 2E+5 6E+5 3E-4 9E-7 2E-3 2E-2

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 7E+5 3E-4 1E-6 - -

49 Indium-113m² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 5E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 7E-4 7E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

49 Indium-114m D, see ¹⁰⁹In 3E+2 6E+1 3E-8 9E-11 - -

LLI wall (4E+2) - - - 5E-6 5E-5

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 1E+2 4E-8 1E-10 - -

49 Indium-115m D, see ¹⁰⁹In 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

49 Indium-115 D, see ¹⁰⁹In 4E+1 1E+0 6E-10 2E-12 5E-7 5E-6

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 5E+0 2E-9 8E-12 - -

49 Indium-116m² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 2E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

49 Indium-117m² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

49 Indium-117² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 6E+4 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 8E-4 8E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

49 Indium-119m² D, see ¹⁰⁹In 4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(5E+4)
- - - 7E-4 7E-3

W, see ¹⁰⁹In - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

50 Tin-110 D, all compounds except those given for W 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 5E-5 5E-4

W, sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, halides, nitrates, and stannic phosphate - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

50 Tin-111² D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 7E+4 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

50 Tin-113 D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 2E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 5E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

50 Tin-117m D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 2E+3 1E+3 5E-7 - - -

LLI wall (2E+3) Bone surf (2E+3) - 3E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

50 Tin-119m D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 3E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (4E+3) - - - 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 1E+3 4E-7 1E-9 - -

50 Tin-121m D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 3E+3 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (4E+3) - - - 5E-5 5E-4

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 5E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

50 Tin-121 D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 6E+3 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

LLI wall (6E+3) - - - 8E-5 8E-4

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

50 Tin-123m² D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 5E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 7E-4 7E-3

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

50 Tin-123 D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 5E+2 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

LLI wall (6E+2) - - - 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 2E+2 7E-8 2E-10 - -

50 Tin-125 D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 4E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (5E+2) - - - 6E-6 6E-5

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 4E+2 1E-7 5E-10 - -

50 Tin-126 D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 3E+2 6E+1 2E-8 8E-11 4E-6 4E-5

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 7E+1 3E-8 9E-11 - -

50 Tin-127 D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 7E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 9E-5 9E-4

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

50 Tin-128² D, see ¹¹⁰Sn 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹¹⁰Sn - 4E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

51 Antimony-115² D, all compounds except those given for W
8E+4

2E+5

1E-4

3E-7

1E-3

1E-2

W, oxides, hydroxides, halides, sulfides, sulfates, and nitrates
-

3E+5

1E-4

4E-7

-

-

51 Antimony-116m² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

51 Antimony-116² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 7E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

St wall
(9E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 3E+5 1E-4 5E-7 - -

51 Antimony-117 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 7E+4 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 9E-4 9E-3

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

51 Antimony-118m D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 6E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 5E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

51 Antimony-119 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

51 Antimony-120² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 1E+5 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 - -

(16 min) St wall (2E+5) - - - 2E-3 2E-2

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 5E+5 2E-4 7E-7 - -

51 Antimony-120
(5.76 d)
D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 1E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 9E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

51 Antimony-122 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 8E+2 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (8E+2) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 7E+2 1E+3 4E-7 2E-9 - -

51 Antimony-124m² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 3E+5 8E+5 4E-4 1E-6 3E-3 3E-2

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 2E+5 6E+5 2E-4 8E-7 - -

51 Antimony-124 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 6E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 5E+2 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -

51 Antimony-125 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 2E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 - -

51 Antimony-126m² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 9E-4 9E-3

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

51 Antimony-126 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 6E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 7E-6 7E-5

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 5E+2 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 - -

51 Antimony-127 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 8E+2 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (8E+2) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb 7E+2 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

51 Antimony-128² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 8E+4 4E+5 2E-4 5E-7 - -

(10.4 min) St wall
(1E+5)

-

-

-

1E-3

1E-2

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 - -

51 Antimony-128 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 1E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 2E-5 2E-4

(9.01 h) W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

51 Antimony-129 D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 3E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

51 Antimony-130² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 2E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

51 Antimony-131² D, see ¹¹⁵Sb 1E+4 2E+4 1E-5 - - -

Thyroid (2E+4) Thyroid (4E+4) - 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹¹⁵Sb - 2E+4 1E-5 - -

- Thyroid (4E+4) - 6E-8 - -

52 Tellurium-116 D, all compounds except those given for W 8E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, and nitrates - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

52 Tellurium-121m D, see ¹¹⁶Te 5E+2 2E+2 8E-8 - - -

Bone surf (7E+2) Bone surf (4E+2) - 5E-10 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

52 Tellurium-121 D, see ¹¹⁶Te 3E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

52 Tellurium-123m D, see ¹¹⁶Te 6E+2 2E+2 9E-8 - - -

Bone surf (1E+3) Bone surf (5E+2) - 8E-10 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 5E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

52 Tellurium-123 D, see ¹¹⁶Te 5E+2 2E+2 8E-8 - - -

Bone surf (1E+3) Bone surf (5E+2) - 7E-10 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 4E+2 2E-7 - - -

- Bone surf (1E+3) - 2E-9 - -

52 Tellurium-125m D, see ¹¹⁶Te 1E+3 4E+2 2E-7 - - -

Bone surf (1E+3) Bone surf (1E+3) - 1E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

52 Tellurium-127m D, see ¹¹⁶Te 6E+2 3E+2 1E-7 - 9E-6 9E-5

- Bone surf (4E+2) - 6E-10 - -

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

52 Tellurium-127 D, see ¹¹⁶Te 7E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

52 Tellurium-129m D, see ¹¹⁶Te 5E+2 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 7E-6 7E-5

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 - -

52 Tellurium-129² D, see ¹¹⁶Te 3E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

52 Tellurium-131m D, see ¹¹⁶Te 3E+2 4E+2 2E-7 - - -

Thyroid (6E+2) Thyroid (1E+3) - 2E-9 8E-6 8E-5

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 4E+2 2E-7 - - -

- Thyroid (9E+2) - 1E-9 - -

52 Tellurium-131² D, see ¹¹⁶Te 3E+3 5E+3 2E-6 - - -

Thyroid (6E+3) Thyroid (1E+4) - 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 5E+3 2E-6 - - -

- Thyroid (1E+4) - 2E-8 - -

52 Tellurium-132 D, see ¹¹⁶Te 2E+2 2E+2 9E-8 - - -

Thyroid (7E+2) Thyroid (8E+2) - 1E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 2E+2 9E-8 - - -

- Thyroid (6E+2) - 9E-10 - -

52 Tellurium-133m² D, see ¹¹⁶Te 3E+3 5E+3 2E-6 - - -

Thyroid (6E+3) Thyroid (1E+4) - 2E-8 9E-5 9E-4

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 5E+3 2E-6 - - -

- Thyroid (1E+4) - 2E-8 - -

52 Tellurium-133² D, see ¹¹⁶Te 1E+4 2E+4 9E-6 - - -

Thyroid (3E+4) Thyroid (6E+4) - 8E-8 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 2E+4 9E-6 - - -

- Thyroid (6E+4) - 8E-8 - -

52 Tellurium-134² D, see ¹¹⁶Te 2E+4 2E+4 1E-5 - - -

Thyroid (2E+4) Thyroid (5E+4) - 7E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹¹⁶Te - 2E+4 1E-5 - - -

Thyroid

- (5E+4) - 7E-8 - -

53 Iodine-120m² D, all compounds 1E+4 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

Thyroid (1E+4) - - - 2E-4 2E-3

53 Iodine-120² D, all compounds 4E+3 9E+3 4E-6 - - -

Thyroid (8E+3) Thyroid (1E+4) - 2E-8 1E-4 1E-3

53 Iodine-121 D, all compounds 1E+4 2E+4 8E-6 - - -

Thyroid (3E+4) Thyroid (5E+4) - 7E-8 4E-4 4E-3

53 Iodine-123 D, all compounds 3E+3 6E+3 3E-6 - - -

Thyroid (1E+4) Thyroid (2E+4) - 2E-8 1E-4 1E-3

53 Iodine-124 D, all compounds 5E+1 8E+1 3E-8 - - -

Thyroid (2E+2) Thyroid (3E+2) - 4E-10 2E-6 2E-5

53 Iodine-125 D, all compounds 4E+1 6E+1 3E-8 - - -

Thyroid (1E+2) Thyroid
(2E+2)
- 3E-10 2E-6 2E-5

53 Iodine-126 D, all compounds 2E+1 4E+1 1E-8 - - -

Thyroid (7E+1) Thyroid (1E+2) - 2E-10 1E-6 1E-5

53 Iodine-128² D, all compounds 4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 8E-4 8E-3

53 Iodine-129 D, all compounds 5E+0 9E+0 4E-9 - - -

Thyroid (2E+1) Thyroid (3E+1) - 4E-11 2E-7 2E-6

53 Iodine-130 D, all compounds 4E+2 7E+2 3E-7 - - -

Thyroid (1E+3) Thyroid (2E+3) - 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

53 Iodine-131 D, all compounds 3E+1 5E+1 2E-8 - - -

Thyroid (9E+1) Thyroid (2E+2) - 2E-10 1E-6 1E-5

53 Iodine-132m² D, all compounds 4E+3 8E+3 4E-6 - - -

Thyroid (1E+4) Thyroid (2E+4) - 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

53 Iodine-132 D, all compounds 4E+3 8E+3 3E-6 - - -

Thyroid (9E+3) Thyroid (1E+4) - 2E-8 1E-4 1E-3

53 Iodine-133 D, all compounds 1E+2 3E+2 1E-7 - - -

Thyroid (5E+2) Thyroid (9E+2) - 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

53 Iodine-134² D, all compounds 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

Thyroid (3E+4) - - - 4E-4 4E-3

53 Iodine-135 D, all compounds 8E+2 2E+3 7E-7 - - -

Thyroid (3E+3) Thyroid (4E+3) - 6E-9 3E-5 3E-4

54 Xenon-120² Submersion¹ - - 1E-5 4E-8 - -

54 Xenon-121² Submersion¹ - - 2E-6 1E-8 - -

54 Xenon-122 Submersion¹ - - 7E-5 3E-7 - -

54 Xenon-123 Submersion¹ - - 6E-6 3E-8 - -

54 Xenon-125 Submersion¹ - - 2E-5 7E-8 - -

54 Xenon-127 Submersion¹ - - 1E-5 6E-8 - -

54 Xenon-129m Submersion¹ - - 2E-4 9E-7 - -

54 Xenon-131m Submersion¹ - - 4E-4 2E-6 - -

54 Xenon-133m Submersion¹ - - 1E-4 6E-7 - -

54 Xenon-133 Submersion¹ - - 1E-4 5E-7 - -

54 Xenon-135m² Submersion¹ - - 9E-6 4E-8 - -

54 Xenon-135 Submersion¹ - - 1E-5 7E-8 - -

54 Xenon-138² Submersion¹ - - 4E-6 2E-8 - -

55 Cesium-125² D, all compounds 5E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(9E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

55 Cesium-127 D, all compounds 6E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 9E-4 9E-3

55 Cesium-129 D, all compounds 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 3E-4 3E-3

55 Cesium-130² D, all compounds 6E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(1E+5)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

55 Cesium-131 D, all compounds 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 3E-4 3E-3

55 Cesium-132 D, all compounds 3E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 4E-5 4E-4

55 Cesium-134m D, all compounds 1E+5 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(1E+5)
- - - 2E-3 2E-2

55 Cesium-134 D, all compounds 7E+1 1E+2 4E-8 2E-10 9E-7 9E-6

55 Cesium-135m² D, all compounds 1E+5 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 1E-3 1E-2

55 Cesium-135 D, all compounds 7E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

55 Cesium-136 D, all compounds 4E+2 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 6E-6 6E-5

55 Cesium-137 D, all compounds 1E+2 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 1E-6 1E-5

55 Cesium-138² D, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

56 Barium-126² D, all compounds 6E+3 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

56 Barium-128 D, all compounds 5E+2 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 7E-6 7E-5

56 Barium-131m² D, all compounds 4E+5 1E+6 6E-4 2E-6 - -

St wall
(5E+5)
- - - 7E-3 7E-2

56 Barium-131 D, all compounds 3E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

56 Barium-133m D, all compounds 2E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

56 Barium-133 D, all compounds 2E+3 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 2E-5 2E-4

56 Barium-135m D, all compounds 3E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 4E-5 4E-4

56 Barium-139² D, all compounds 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 2E-4 2E-3

56 Barium-140 D, all compounds 5E+2 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (6E+2) - - - 8E-6 8E-5

56 Barium-141² D, all compounds 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

56 Barium-142² D, all compounds 5E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 7E-4 7E-3

57 Lanthanum-131² D, all compounds except those given for W 5E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 6E-4 6E-3

W, oxides and hydroxides - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

57 Lanthanum-132 D, see ¹³¹La 3E+3 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹³¹La - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

57 Lanthanum-135 D, see ¹³¹La 4E+4 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ¹³¹La - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

57 Lanthanum-137 D, see ¹³¹La 1E+4 6E+1 3E-8 - 2E-4 2E-3

- Liver
(7E+1)
- 1E-10 - -

W, see ¹³¹La - 3E+2 1E-7 - - -

- Liver
(3E+2)
- 4E-10 - -

57 Lanthanum-138 D, see ¹³¹La 9E+2 4E+0 1E-9 5E-12 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹³¹La - 1E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -

57 Lanthanum-140 D, see ¹³¹La 6E+2 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ¹³¹La - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

57 Lanthanum-141 D, see ¹³¹La 4E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 5E-5 5E-4

W, see ¹³¹La - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

57 Lanthanum-142² D, see ¹³¹La 8E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹³¹La - 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

57 Lanthanum-143² D, see ¹³¹La 4E+4 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ¹³¹La - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

58 Cerium-134 W, all compounds except those given for Y 5E+2 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (6E+2) - - - 8E-6 8E-5

Y, oxides, hydroxides, and fluorides - 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

58 Cerium-135 W, see ¹³⁴Ce 2E+3 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

58 Cerium-137m W, see ¹³⁴Ce 2E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 - -

58 Cerium-137 W, see ¹³⁴Ce 5E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 7E-4 7E-3

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

58 Cerium-139 W, see ¹³⁴Ce 5E+3 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-5 7E-4

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

58 Cerium-141 W, see ¹³⁴Ce 2E+3 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

58 Cerium-143 W, see ¹³⁴Ce 1E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

58 Cerium-144 W, see ¹³⁴Ce 2E+2 3E+1 1E-8 4E-11 - -

LLI wall (3E+2) - - - 3E-6 3E-5

Y, see ¹³⁴Ce - 1E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -

59 Praseodymium-136² W, all compounds except those given for Y 5E+4 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

St wall

(7E+4) - - - 1E-3 1E-2

Y, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and fluorides - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

59 Praseodymium-137² W, see ¹³⁶Pr 4E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 5E-4 5E-3

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

59 Praseodymium-138m W, see ¹³⁶Pr 1E+4 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 1E-4 1E-3

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

59 Praseodymium-139 W, see ¹³⁶Pr 4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 6E-4 6E-3

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

59 Praseodymium-142m² W, see ¹³⁶Pr 8E+4 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 1E-3 1E-2

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

59 Praseodymium-142 W, see ¹³⁶Pr 1E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

59 Praseodymium-143 W, see ¹³⁶Pr 9E+2 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 7E+2 3E-7 9E-10 - -

59 Praseodymium-144² W, see ¹³⁶Pr 3E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 6E-4 6E-3

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

59 Praseodymium-145 W, see ¹³⁶Pr 3E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

59 Praseodymium-147² W, see ¹³⁶Pr 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(8E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

Y, see ¹³⁶Pr - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

60 Neodymium-136² W, all compounds except those given for Y 1E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 2E-4 2E-3

Y, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and fluorides - 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

60 Neodymium-138 W, see ¹³⁶Nd 2E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

60 Neodymium-139m W, see ¹³⁶Nd 5E+3 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

60 Neodymium-139² W, see ¹³⁶Nd 9E+4 3E+5 1E-4 5E-7 1E-3 1E-2

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

60 Neodymium-141 W, see ¹³⁶Nd 2E+5 7E+5 3E-4 1E-6 2E-3 2E-2

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 6E+5 3E-4 9E-7 - -

60 Neodymium-147 W, see ¹³⁶Nd 1E+3 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 8E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

60 Neodymium-149² W, see ¹³⁶Nd 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 - -

60 Neodymium-151² W, see ¹³⁶Nd 7E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 9E-4 9E-3

Y, see ¹³⁶Nd - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

61 Promethium-141² W, all compounds except those given for Y 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 8E-4 8E-3

Y, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and fluorides - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

61 Promethium-143 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 5E+3 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 7E-5 7E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

61 Promethium-144 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 1E+3 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

61 Promethium-145 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 1E+4 2E+2 7E-8 - 1E-4 1E-3

- Bone surf (2E+2) - 3E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 - -

61 Promethium-146 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 2E+3 5E+1 2E-8 7E-11 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 4E+1 2E-8 6E-11 - -

61 Promethium-147 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 4E+3 1E+2 5E-8 - - -

LLI wall (5E+3) Bone surf (2E+2) - 3E-10 7E-5 7E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 1E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

61 Promethium-148m W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 7E+2 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 3E+2 1E-7 5E-10 - -

61 Promethium-148 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 4E+2 5E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

LLI wall (5E+2) - - - 7E-6 7E-5

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 - -

61 Promethium-149 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 1E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 2E+3 8E-7 2E-9 - -

61 Promethium-150 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 5E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 7E-5 7E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

61 Promethium-151 W, see ¹⁴¹Pm 2E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁴¹Pm - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

62 Samarium-141m² W, all compounds 3E+4 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

62 Samarium-141² W, all compounds 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 8E-4 8E-3

62 Samarium-142² W, all compounds 8E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

62 Samarium-145 W, all compounds 6E+3 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 8E-5 8E-4

62 Samarium-146 W, all compounds 1E+1 4E-2 1E-11 - - -

Bone surf (3E+1) Bone surf (6E-2) - 9E-14 3E-7 3E-6

62 Samarium-147 W, all compounds 2E+1 4E-2 2E-11 - - -

Bone surf (3E+1) Bone surf (7E-2) - 1E-13 4E-7 4E-6

62 Samarium-151 W, all compounds 1E+4 1E+2 4E-8 - - -

LLI wall (1E+4) Bone surf (2E+2) - 2E-10 2E-4 2E-3

62 Samarium-153 W, all compounds 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

62 Samarium-155² W, all compounds 6E+4 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(8E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

62 Samarium-156 W, all compounds 5E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 7E-5 7E-4

63 Europium-145 W, all compounds 2E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

63 Europium-146 W, all compounds 1E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

63 Europium-147 W, all compounds 3E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 4E-5 4E-4

63 Europium-148 W, all compounds 1E+3 4E+2 1E-7 5E-10 1E-5 1E-4

63 Europium-149 W, all compounds 1E+4 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 2E-4 2E-3

63 Europium-150
(12.62h)
W, all compounds 3E+3 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

63 Europium-150
(34.2 y)
W, all compounds 8E+2 2E+1 8E-9 3E-11 1E-5 1E-4

63 Europium-152m W, all compounds 3E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 4E-5 4E-4

63 Europium-152 W, all compounds 8E+2 2E+1 1E-8 3E-11 1E-5 1E-4

63 Europium-154 W, all compounds 5E+2 2E+1 8E-9 3E-11 7E-6 7E-5

63 Europium-155 W, all compounds 4E+3 9E+1 4E-8 - 5E-5 5E-4

- Bone surf (1E+2) - 2E-10 - -

63 Europium-156 W, all compounds 6E+2 5E+2 2E-7 6E-10 8E-6 8E-5

63 Europium-157 W, all compounds 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 3E-5 3E-4

63 Europium-158² W, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 3E-4 3E-3

64 Gadolinium-145² D, all compounds except those given for W 5E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall

(5E+4) - - - 6E-4 6E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, and fluorides - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

64 Gadolinium-146 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 1E+3 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

64 Gadolinium-147 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 2E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

64 Gadolinium-148 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 1E+1 8E+3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf (2E+1) Bone surf (2E+2) - 2E-14 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 3E-2 1E-11 - - -

- Bone surf (6E-2) - 8E-14 - -

64 Gadolinium-149 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 3E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

64 Gadolinium-151 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 6E+3 4E+2 2E-7 - 9E-5 9E-4

- Bone surf (6E+2) - 9E-10 - -

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

64 Gadolinium-152 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 2E+1 1E-2 4E-12 - - -

Bone surf (3E+1) Bone surf (2E-2) - 3E-14 4E-7 4E-6

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 4E-2 2E-11 - - -

- Bone surf (8E-2) - 1E-13 - -

64 Gadolinium-153 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 5E+3 1E+2 6E-8 - 6E-5 6E-4

- Bone surf (2E+2) - 3E-10 - -

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

64 Gadolinium-159 D, see ¹⁴⁵Gd 3E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁴⁵Gd - 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

65 Terbium-147² W, all compounds 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 1E-4 1E-3

65 Terbium-149 W, all compounds 5E+3 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-5 7E-4

65 Terbium-150 W, all compounds 5E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 7E-5 7E-4

65 Terbium-151 W, all compounds 4E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 5E-5 5E-4

65 Terbium-153 W, all compounds 5E+3 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 7E-5 7E-4

65 Terbium-154 W, all compounds 2E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 2E-5 2E-4

65 Terbium-155 W, all compounds 6E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 8E-5 8E-4

65 Terbium-156m
(5.0 h)
W, all compounds 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 2E-4 2E-3

65 Terbium-156m
(24.4 h)
W, all compounds 7E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 1E-4 1E-3

65 Terbium-156 W, all compounds 1E+3 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

65 Terbium-157 W, all compounds 5E+4 3E+2 1E-7 - - -

LLI wall (5E+4) Bone surf (6E+2) - 8E-10 7E-4 7E-3

65 Terbium-158 W, all compounds 1E+3 2E+1 8E-9 3E-11 2E-5 2E-4

65 Terbium-160 W, all compounds 8E+2 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 1E-5 1E-4

65 Terbium-161 W, all compounds 2E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

66 Dysprosium-155 W, all compounds 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

66 Dysprosium-157 W, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

66 Dysprosium-159 W, all compounds 1E+4 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 2E-4 2E-3

66 Dysprosium-165 W, all compounds 1E+4 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

66 Dysprosium-166 W, all compounds 6E+2 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (8E+2) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

67 Holmium-155² W, all compounds 4E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 6E-4 6E-3

67 Holmium-157² W, all compounds 3E+5 1E+6 6E-4 2E-6 4E-3 4E-2

67 Holmium-159² W, all compounds 2E+5 1E+6 4E-4 1E-6 3E-3 3E-2

67 Holmium-161 W, all compounds 1E+5 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 1E-3 1E-2

67 Holmium-162m² W, all compounds 5E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 7E-4 7E-3

67 Holmium-162² W, all compounds 5E+5 2E+6 1E-3 3E-6 - -

St wall
(8E+5)
- - - 1E-2 1E-1

67 Holmium-164m² W, all compounds 1E+5 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 1E-3 1E-2

67 Holmium-164² W, all compounds 2E+5 6E+5 3E-4 9E-7 - -

St wall
(2E+5)
- - - 3E-3 3E-2

67 Holmium-166m W, all compounds 6E+2 7E+0 3E-9 9E-12 9E-6 9E-5

67 Holmium-166 W, all compounds 9E+2 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (9E+2) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

67 Holmium-167 W, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 2E-4 2E-3

68 Erbium-161 W, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 2E-4 2E-3

68 Erbium-165 W, all compounds 6E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 9E-4 9E-3

68 Erbium-169 W, all compounds 3E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

LLI wall (4E+3) - - - 5E-5 5E-4

68 Erbium-171 W, all compounds 4E+3 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 5E-5 5E-4

68 Erbium-172 W, all compounds 1E+3 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

69 Thulium-162² W, all compounds 7E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

69 Thulium-166 W, all compounds 4E+3 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

69 Thulium-167 W, all compounds 2E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

69 Thulium-170 W, all compounds 8E+2 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

69 Thulium-171 W, all compounds 1E+4 3E+2 1E-7 - - -

LLI wall (1E+4) Bone surf (6E+2)
-

8E-10

2E-4

2E-3

69 Thulium-172 W, all compounds 7E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (8E+2) - - - 1E-5 1E-4

69 Thulium-173 W, all compounds 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

69 Thulium-175² W, all compounds 7E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

St wall
(9E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

70 Ytterbium-162² W, all compounds except those given for Y 7E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 1E-3 1E-2

Y, oxides, hydroxides, and fluorides - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

70 Ytterbium-166 W, see ¹⁶²Yb 1E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁶²Yb - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

70 Ytterbium-167² W, see ¹⁶²Yb 3E+5 8E+5 3E-4 1E-6 4E-3 4E-2

Y, see ¹⁶²Yb - 7E+5 3E-4 1E-6 - -

70 Ytterbium-169 W, see ¹⁶²Yb 2E+3 8E+2 4E-7 1E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁶²Yb - 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

70 Ytterbium-175 W, see ¹⁶²Yb 3E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ¹⁶²Yb - 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

70 Ytterbium-177² W, see ¹⁶²Yb 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ¹⁶²Yb - 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

70 Ytterbium-178² W, see ¹⁶²Yb 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ¹⁶²Yb - 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 - -

71 Lutetium-169 W, all compounds except those given for Y 3E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, oxides, hydroxides, and fluorides - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

71 Lutetium-170 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 1E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

71 Lutetium-171 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 2E+3 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

71 Lutetium-172 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 1E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

71 Lutetium-173 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 5E+3 3E+2 1E-7 - 7E-5 7E-4

- Bone surf (5E+2) - 6E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

71 Lutetium-174m W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 2E+3 2E+2 1E-7 - - -

LLI wall (3E+3) Bone surf (3E+2) - 5E-10 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 - -

71 Lutetium-174 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 5E+3 1E+2 5E-8 - 7E-5 7E-4

- Bone surf (2E+2) - 3E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

71 Lutetium-176m W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 8E+3 3E+4 1E-5 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

71 Lutetium-176 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 7E+2 5E+0 2E-9 - 1E-5 1E-4

- Bone surf (1E+1) - 2E-11 - -

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 8E+0 3E-9 1E-11 - -

71 Lutetium-177m W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 7E+2 1E+2 5E-8 - 1E-5 1E-4

- Bone surf (1E+2) - 2E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 8E+1 3E-8 1E-10 - -

71 Lutetium-177 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 2E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

71 Lutetium-178m² W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St. wall
(6E+4)
- - - 8E-4 8E-3

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

71 Lutetium-178² W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 6E-4 6E-3

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

71 Lutetium-179 W, see ¹⁶⁹Lu 6E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 9E-5 9E-4

Y, see ¹⁶⁹Lu - 2E+4 6E-6 3E-8 - -

72 Hafnium-170 D, all compounds except those given for W 3E+3 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 4E-5 4E-4

W, oxides, hydroxides, carbides, and nitrates - 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

72 Hafnium-172 D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 1E+3 9E+0 4E-9 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf (2E+1) - 3E-11 - -

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 4E+1 2E-8 - - -

- Bone surf (6E+1) - 8E-11 - -

72 Hafnium-173 D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 5E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

72 Hafnium-175 D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 3E+3 9E+2 4E-7 - 4E-5 4E-4

- Bone surf (1E+3) - 1E-9 - -

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

72 Hafnium-177m² D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

72 Hafnium-178m D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 3E+2 1E+0 5E-10 - 3E-6 3E-5

- Bone surf (2E+0) - 3E-12 - -

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 5E+0 2E-9 - - -

- Bone surf (9E+0) - 1E-11 - -

72 Hafnium-179m D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 1E+3 3E+2 1E-7 - 1E-5 1E-4

- Bone surf (6E+2) - 8E-10 - -

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 6E+2 3E-7 8E-10 - -

72 Hafnium-180m D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 7E+3 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

72 Hafnium-181 D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 1E+3 2E+2 7E-8 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf (4E+2) - 6E-10 - -

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

72 Hafnium-182m² D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 4E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 5E-4 5E-3

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

72 Hafnium-182 D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 2E+2 8E-1 3E-10 - - -

Bone surf (4E+2) Bone surf (2E+0) - 2E-12 5E-6 5E-5

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 3E+0 1E-9 - - -

- Bone surf (7E+0) - 1E-11 - -

72 Hafnium-183² D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

72 Hafnium-184 D, see ¹⁷⁰Hf 2E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁰Hf - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

73 Tantalum-172² W, all compounds except
those given for Y
4E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 5E-4 5E-3

Y, elemental Ta, oxides,
hydroxides, halides,
carbides, nitrates,
and nitrides
- 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

73 Tantalum-173 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 7E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 9E-5 9E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

73 Tantalum-174² W, see ¹⁷²Ta 3E+4 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

73 Tantalum-175 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 6E+3 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

73 Tantalum-176 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 5E-5 5E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

73 Tantalum-177 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 1E+4 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

73 Tantalum-178 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 2E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

73 Tantalum-179 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 2E+4 5E+3 2E-6 8E-9 3E-4 3E-3

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

73 Tantalum-180m W, see ¹⁷²Ta 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 - -

73 Tantalum-180 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 1E+3 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 2E+1 1E-8 3E-11 - -

73 Tantalum-182m² W, see ¹⁷²Ta 2E+5 5E+5 2E-4 8E-7 - -

St wall
(2E+5)
- - - 3E-3 3E-2

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 4E+5 2E-4 6E-7 - -

73 Tantalum-182 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 8E+2 3E+2 1E-7 5E-10 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 1E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

73 Tantalum-183 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 9E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (1E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 1E+3 4E-7 1E-9 - -

73 Tantalum-184 W, see ¹⁷²Ta 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 8E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

73 Tantalum-185² W, see ¹⁷²Ta 3E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 - -

73 Tantalum-186² W, see ¹⁷²Ta 5E+4 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

St wall (7E+4) - - - 1E-3 1E-2

Y, see ¹⁷²Ta - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

74 Tungsten-176 D, all compounds 1E+4 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 1E-4 1E-3

74 Tungsten-177 D, all compounds 2E+4 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

74 Tungsten-178 D, all compounds 5E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 7E-5 7E-4

74 Tungsten-179² D, all compounds 5E+5 2E+6 7E-4 2E-6 7E-3 7E-2

74 Tungsten-181 D, all compounds 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 2E-4 2E-3

74 Tungsten-185 D, all compounds 2E+3 7E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

74 Tungsten-187 D, all compounds 2E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 3E-5 3E-4

74 Tungsten-188 D, all compounds 4E+2 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

LLI wall (5E+2) - - - 7E-6 7E-5

75 Rhenium-177² D, all compounds except those given for W 9E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

St wall
(1E+5)
- - - 2E-3 2E-2

W, oxides, hydroxides, and nitrates - 4E+5 1E-4 5E-7 - -

75 Rhenium-178² D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 7E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

St wall
(1E+5)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 - -

75 Rhenium-181 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 5E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

75 Rhenium-182 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 7E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 9E-5 9E-4

(12.7 h) W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 2E+4 6E-6 2E-8 - -

75 Rhenium-182 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 1E+3 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

(64.0 h) W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

75 Rhenium-184m D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

75 Rhenium-184 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 2E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

75 Rhenium-186m D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 1E+3 2E+3 7E-7 - - -

St wall
(2E+3)
St wall
(2E+3)
- 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

75 Rhenium-186 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

75 Rhenium-187 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 6E+5 8E+5 4E-4 - 8E-3 8E-2

- St wall
(9E+5)
- 1E-6 - -

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

75 Rhenium-188m² D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 8E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

75 Rhenium-188 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

75 Rhenium-189 D, see ¹⁷⁷Re 3E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁷⁷Re - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

76 Osmium-180² D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 1E+5 4E+5 2E-4 5E-7 1E-3 1E-2

W, halides and nitrates - 5E+5 2E-4 7E-7 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 5E+5 2E-4 6E-7 - -

76 Osmium-181² D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

76 Osmium-182 D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 2E+3 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

76 Osmium-185 D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 2E+3 5E+2 2E-7 7E-10 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

76 Osmium-189m D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 8E+4 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

76 Osmium-191m D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

76 Osmium-191 D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 2E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

76 Osmium-193 D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

76 Osmium-194 D, see ¹⁸⁰Os 4E+2 4E+1 2E-8 6E-11 - -

LLI wall (6E+2) - - - 8E-6 8E-5

W, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 6E+1 2E-8 8E-11 - -

Y, see ¹⁸⁰Os - 8E+0 3E-9 1E-11 - -

77 Iridium-182² D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 4E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(4E+4)
- - - 6E-4 6E-3

W, halides, nitrates, and metallic iridium - 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 - -

77 Iridium-184 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 8E+3 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

77 Iridium-185 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 5E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 - -

77 Iridium-186 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 2E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

77 Iridium-187 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

77 Iridium-188 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

77 Iridium-189 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 5E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

LLI wall (5E+3) - - - 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 - -

77 Iridium-190m² D, see ¹⁸²Ir 2E+5 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 2E-3 2E-2

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

77 Iridium-190 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 1E+3 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 1E+3 4E-7 1E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

77 Iridium-192m D, see ¹⁸²Ir 3E+3 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+1 6E-9 2E-11 - -

77 Iridium-192 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 9E+2 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 - -

77 Iridium-194m D, see ¹⁸²Ir 6E+2 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+2 7E-8 2E-10 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 1E+2 4E-8 1E-10 - -

77 Iridium-194 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

77 Iridium-195m D, see ¹⁸²Ir 8E+3 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

77 Iridium-195 D, see ¹⁸²Ir 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ¹⁸²Ir - 5E+4 2E-5 7E-8 - -

Y, see ¹⁸²Ir - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

78 Platinum-186 D, all compounds 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 2E-4 2E-3

78 Platinum-188 D, all compounds 2E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 2E-5 2E-4

78 Platinum-189 D, all compounds 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

78 Platinum-191 D, all compounds 4E+3 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 5E-5 5E-4

78 Platinum-193m D, all compounds 3E+3 6E+3 3E-6 8E-9 - -

LLI wall (3E+4) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

78 Platinum-193 D, all compounds 4E+4 2E+4 1E-5 3E-8 - -

LLI wall (5E+4) - - - 6E-4 6E-3

78 Platinum-195m D, all compounds 2E+3 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

78 Platinum-197m² D, all compounds 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

78 Platinum-197 D, all compounds 3E+3 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

78 Platinum-199² D, all compounds 5E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 7E-4 7E-3

78 Platinum-200 D, all compounds 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

79 Gold-193 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, halides and nitrates - 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 - -

79 Gold-194 D, see ¹⁹³Au 3E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 5E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

79 Gold-195 D, see ¹⁹³Au 5E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 4E+2 2E-7 6E-10 - -

79 Gold-198m D, see ¹⁹³Au 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

79 Gold-198 D, see ¹⁹³Au 1E+3 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 2E+3 8E-7 3E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

79 Gold-199 D, see ¹⁹³Au 3E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

LLI wall (3E+3) - - - 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 - -

79 Gold-200m D, see ¹⁹³Au 1E+3 4E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 2E+4 1E-6 3E-9 - -

79 Gold-200² D, see ¹⁹³Au 3E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 4E-4 4E-3

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

79 Gold-201² D, see ¹⁹³Au 7E+4 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(9E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

W, see ¹⁹³Au - 2E+5 1E-4 3E-7 - -

Y, see ¹⁹³Au - 2E+5 9E-5 3E-7 - -

80 Mercury-193m Vapor - 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

Organic D 4E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 6E-5 6E-4

D, sulfates 3E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, oxides, hydroxides, halides, nitrates, and sulfides - 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

80 Mercury-193 Vapor - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

Organic D 2E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

D, see ^193mHg 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ^193mHg - 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 - -

80 Mercury-194 Vapor - 3E+1 1E-8 4E-11 - -

Organic D 2E+1 3E+1 1E-8 4E-11 2E-7 2E-6

D, see ^193mHg 8E+2 4E+1 2E-8 6E-11 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ^193mHg - 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 - -

80 Mercury-195m Vapor - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

Organic D 3E+3 6E+3 3E-6 8E-9 4E-5 4E-4

D, see ^193mHg 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ^193mHg - 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 - -

80 Mercury-195 Vapor - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

Organic D 2E+4 5E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

D, see ^193mHg 1E+4 4E+4 1E-5 5E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ^193mHg - 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 - -

80 Mercury-197m Vapor - 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

Organic D 4E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 5E-5 5E-4

D, see ^193mHg 3E+3 7E+3 3E-6 1E-8 4E-5 4E-4

W, see ^193mHg - 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 - -

80 Mercury-197 Vapor - 8E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

Organic D 7E+3 1E+4 6E-6 2E-8 9E-5 9E-4

D, see ^193mHg 6E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 8E-5 8E-4

W, see ^193mHg - 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 - -

80 Mercury-199m² Vapor - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

Organic D 6E+4 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(1E+5)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

D, see ^193mHg 6E+4 1E+5 6E-5 2E-7 8E-4 8E-3

W, see ^193mHg - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

80 Mercury-203 Vapor - 8E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

Organic D 5E+2 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 7E-6 7E-5

D, see ^193mHg 2E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ^193mHg - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

81 Thallium-194m² D, all compounds 5E+4 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

St wall
(7E+4)
- - - 1E-3 1E-2

81 Thallium-194² D, all compounds 3E+5 6E+5 2E-4 8E-7 - -

St wall
(3E+5)
- - - 4E-3 4E-2

81 Thallium-195² D, all compounds 6E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 9E-4 9E-3

81 Thallium-197 D, all compounds 7E+4 1E+5 5E-5 2E-7 1E-3 1E-2

81 Thallium-198m² D, all compounds 3E+4 5E+4 2E-5 8E-8 4E-4 4E-3

81 Thallium-198 D, all compounds 2E+4 3E+4 1E-5 5E-8 3E-4 3E-3

81 Thallium-199 D, all compounds 6E+4 8E+4 4E-5 1E-7 9E-4 9E-3

81 Thallium-200 D, all compounds 8E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 1E-4 1E-3

81 Thallium-201 D, all compounds 2E+4 2E+4 9E-6 3E-8 2E-4 2E-3

81 Thallium-202 D, all compounds 4E+3 5E+3 2E-6 7E-9 5E-5 5E-4

81 Thallium-204 D, all compounds 2E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

82 Lead-195m² D, all compounds 6E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 8E-4 8E-3

82 Lead-198 D, all compounds 3E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 4E-4 4E-3

82 Lead-199² D, all compounds 2E+4 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

82 Lead-200 D, all compounds 3E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 4E-5 4E-4

82 Lead-201 D, all compounds 7E+3 2E+4 8E-6 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

82 Lead-202m D, all compounds 9E+3 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 1E-4 1E-3

82 Lead-202 D, all compounds 1E+2 5E+1 2E-8 7E-11 2E-6 2E-5

82 Lead-203 D, all compounds 5E+3 9E+3 4E-6 1E-8 7E-5 7E-4

82 Lead-205 D, all compounds 4E+3 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 5E-5 5E-4

82 Lead-209 D, all compounds 2E+4 6E+4 2E-5 8E-8 3E-4 3E-3

82 Lead-210 D, all compounds 6E-1 2E-1 1E-10 - - -

Bone surf (1E+0) Bone surf (4E-1) - 6E-13 1E-8 1E-7

82 Lead-211² D, all compounds 1E+4 6E+2 3E-7 9E-10 2E-4 2E-3

82 Lead-212 D, all compounds 8E+1 3E+1 1E-8 5E-11 - -

Bone surf (1E+2) - - - 2E-6 2E-5

82 Lead-214² D, all compounds 9E+3 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 1E-4 1E-3

83 Bismuth-200² D, nitrates 3E+4 8E+4 4E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

W, all other compounds - 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 - -

83 Bismuth-201² D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 1E+4 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 - -

83 Bismuth-202² D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 1E+4 4E+4 2E-5 6E-8 2E-4 2E-3

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

83 Bismuth-203 D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 2E+3 7E+3 3E-6 9E-9 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

83 Bismuth-205 D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 1E+3 3E+3 1E-6 3E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 - -

83 Bismuth-206 D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 6E+2 1E+3 6E-7 2E-9 9E-6 9E-5

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 9E+2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

83 Bismuth-207 D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 1E+3 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 1E-5 1E-4

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 4E+2 1E-7 5E-10 - -

83 Bismuth-210m D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 4E+1 5E+0 2E-9 - - -

Kidneys (6E+1) Kidneys (6E+0) - 9E-12 8E-7 8E-6

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 7E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

83 Bismuth-210 D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 8E+2 2E+2 1E-7 - 1E-5 1E-4

-
-
Kidneys (4E+2) - 5E-10 - -

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 3E+1 1E-8 4E-11 - -

83 Bismuth-212² D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 5E+3 2E+2 1E-7 3E-10 7E-5 7E-4

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

83 Bismuth-213² D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 7E+3 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 4E+2 1E-7 5E-10 - -

83 Bismuth-214² D, see ²⁰⁰Bi 2E+4 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

St wall
(2E+4)
- - - 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ²⁰⁰Bi - 9E-2 4E-7 1E-9 - -

84 Polonium-203² D, all compounds except those given for W 3E+4 6E+4 3E-5 9E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, oxides, hydroxides, and nitrates - 9E+4 4E-5 1E-7 - -

84 Polonium-205² D, see ²⁰³Po 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 3E-4 3E-3

W, see ²⁰³Po - 7E+4 3E-5 1E-7 - -

84 Polonium-207 D, see ²⁰³Po 8E+3 3E+4 1E-5 3E-8 1E-4 1E-3

W, see ²⁰³Po - 3E+4 1E-5 4E-8 - -

84 Polonium-210 D, see ²⁰³Po 3E+0 6E-1 3E-10 9E-13 4E-8 4E-7

W, see ²⁰³Po - 6E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

85 Astatine-207² D, halides 6E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 8E-5 8E-4

W - 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

85 Astatine-211 D, halides 1E+2 8E+1 3E-8 1E-10 2E-6 2E-5

W - 5E+1 2E-8 8E-11 - -

86 Radon-220 With daughters removed - 2E+4 7E-6 2E-8 - -

With daughters present - 2E+1 9E-9 3E-11 - -

(or 12 working level months) (or 1.0 working level)

86 Radon-222 With daughters removed - 1E+4 4E-6 1E-8 - -

With daughters present - 1E+2 3E-8 1E-10 - -

(or 4 working level months) (or 0.33 working level)

87 Francium-222² D, all compounds 2E+3 5E+2 2E-7 6E-10 3E-5 3E-4

87 Francium-223² D, all compounds 6E+2 8E+2 3E-7 1E-9 8E-6 8E-5

88 Radium-223 W, all compounds 5E+0 7E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

Bone surf (9E+0) - - - 1E-7 1E-6

88 Radium-224 W, all compounds 8E+0 2E+0 7E-10 2E-12 - -

Bone surf (2E+1) - - - 2E-7 2E-6

88 Radium-225 W, all compounds 8E+0 7E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

Bone surf (2E+1) - - - 2E-7 2E-6

88 Radium-226 W, all compounds 2E+0 6E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

Bone surf (5E+0) - - - 6E-8 6E-7

88 Radium-227² W, all compounds 2E+4 1E+4 6E-6 - - -

Bone surf (2E+4) Bone surf (2E+4) - 3E-8 3E-4 3E-3

88 Radium-228 W, all compounds 2E+0 1E+0 5E-10 2E-12 - -

Bone surf (4E+0) - - - 6E-8 6E-7

89 Actinium-224 D, all compounds except those given for W and Y 2E+3 3E+1 1E-8 - - -

LLI wall (2E+3) Bone surf (4E+1) - 5E-11 3E-5 3E-4

W, halides and nitrates - 5E+1 2E-8 7E-11 - -

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 5E+1 2E-8 6E-11 - -

89 Actinium-225 D, see ²²⁴Ac 5E+1 3E-1 1E-10 - - -

LLI wall (5E+1) Bone surf (5E-1) - 7E-13 7E-7 7E-6

W, see ²²⁴Ac - 6E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

Y, see ²²⁴Ac - 6E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

89 Actinium-226 D, see ²²⁴Ac 1E+2 3E+0 1E-9 - - -

LLI wall (1E+2) Bone surf (4E+0) - 5E-12 2E-6 2E-5

W, see ²²⁴Ac - 5E+0 2E-9 7E-12 - -

Y, see ²²⁴Ac - 5E+0 2E-9 6E-12 - -

89 Actinium-227 D, see ²²⁴Ac 2E-1 4E-4 2E-13 - - -

Bone surf (4E-1) Bone surf (8E-4) - 1E-15 5E-9 5E-8

W, see ²²⁴Ac - 2E-3 7E-13 - - -

- Bone surf (3E-3) - 4E-15 - -

Y, see ²²⁴Ac - 4E-3 2E-12 6E-15 - -

89 Actinium-228 D, see ²²⁴Ac 2E+3 9E+0 4E-9 - 3E-5 3E-4

- Bone surf (2E+1) - 2E-11 - -

W, see ²²⁴Ac - 4E+1 2E-8 - - -

Bone surf

- (6E+1) - 8E-11 - -

Y, see ²²⁴Ac - 4E+1 2E-8 6E-11 - -

90 Thorium-226² W, all compounds except those given for Y 5E+3 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

St wall

(5E+3) - - - 7E-5 7E-4

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 1E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

90 Thorium-227 W, see ²²⁶Th 1E+2 3E-1 1E-10 5E-13 2E-6 2E-5

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 3E-1 1E-10 5E-13 - -

90 Thorium-228 W, see ²²⁶Th 6E+0 1E-2 4E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+1)
Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 3E-14 2E-7 2E-6

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 2E-2 7E-12 2E-14 - -

90 Thorium-229 W, see ²²⁶Th 6E-1 9E-4 4E-13 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(2E-3)
- 3E-15 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 2E-3 1E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(3E-3)
- 4E-15 - -

90 Thorium-230 W, see ²²⁶Th 4E+0 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(9E+0)
Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 2E-14 1E-7 1E-6

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 2E-2 6E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 3E-14 - -

90 Thorium-231 W, see ²²⁶Th 4E+3 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 5E-5 5E-4

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 6E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

90 Thorium-232 W, see ²²⁶Th 7E-1 1E-3 5E-13 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+0)
Bone surf
(3E-3)
- 4E-15 3E-8 3E-7

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 3E-3 1E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(4E-3)
- 6E-15 - -

90 Thorium-234 W, see ²²⁶Th 3E+2 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 - -

LLI wall (4E+2) - - - 5E-6 5E-5

Y, see ²²⁶Th - 2E+2 6E-8 2E-10 - -

91 Protactinium-227² W, all compounds except
those given for Y
4E+3 1E+2 5E-8 2E-10 5E-5 5E-4

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 1E+2 4E-8 1E-10 - -

91 Protactinium-228 W, see ²²⁷Pa 1E+3 1E+1 5E-9 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf
(2E+1)
- 3E-11 - -

Y, see ²²⁷Pa - 1E+1 5E-9 2E-11 - -

91 Protactinium-230 W, see ²²⁷Pa 6E+2 5E+0 2E-9 7E-12 - -

Bone surf
(9E+2)
- - - 1E-5 1E-4

Y, see ²²⁷Pa - 4E+0 1E-9 5E-12 - -

91 Protactinium-231 W, see ²²⁷Pa 2E-1 2E-3 6E-13 - - -

Bone surf
(5E-1)
Bone surf
(4E-3)
- 6E-15 6E-9 6E-8

Y, see ²²⁷Pa - 4E-3 2E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(6E-3)
- 8E-15 - -

91 Protactinium-232 W, see ²²⁷Pa 1E+3 2E+1 9E-9 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf
(6E+1)
- 8E-11 - -

Y, see ²²⁷Pa - 6E+1 2E-8 - - -

- Bone surf
(7E+1)
- 1E-10 - -

91 Protactinium-233 W, see ²²⁷Pa 1E+3 7E+2 3E-7 1E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

Y, see ²²⁷Pa - 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

91 Protactinium-234 W, see ²²⁷Pa 2E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ²²⁷Pa - 7E+3 3E-6 9E-9 - -

92 Uranium-230 D, UF₆, UO₂F₂, UO₂(NO₃)₂ 4E+0 4E-1 2E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(6E+0)
Bone surf
(6E-1)
- 8E-13 8E-8 8E-7

W, UO₃, UF₄, UCl₄ - 4E-1 1E-10 5E-13 - -

Y, UO₂, U₃O₈ - 3E-1 1E-10 4E-13 - -

92 Uranium-231 D, see ²³⁰U 5E+3 8E+3 3E-6 1E-8 - -

LLI wall (4E+3) - - - 6E-5 6E-4

W, see ²³⁰U - 6E+3 2E-6 8E-9 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

92 Uranium-232 D, see ²³⁰U 2E+0 2E-1 9E-11 - - -

Bone surf
(4E+0)
Bone surf
(4E-1)
- 6E-13 6E-8 6E-7

W, see ²³⁰U - 4E-1 2E-10 5E-13 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 8E-3 3E-12 1E-14 - -

92 Uranium-233 D, see ²³⁰U 1E+1 1E+0 5E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+1)
Bone surf
(2E+0)
- 3E-12 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ²³⁰U - 7E-1 3E-10 1E-12 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 4E-2 2E-11 5E-14 - -

92 Uranium-234³ D, see ²³⁰U 1E+1 1E+0 5E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+1)
Bone surf
(2E+0)
- 3E-12 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ²³⁰U - 7E-1 3E-10 1E-12 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 4E-2 2E-11 5E-14 - -

92 Uranium-235³ D, see ²³⁰U 1E+1 1E+0 6E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+1)
Bone surf (2E+0) - 3E-12 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ²³⁰U - 8E-1 3E-10 1E-12 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 4E-2 2E-11 6E-14 - -

92 Uranium-236 D, see ²³⁰U 1E+1 1E+0 5E-10 - - -

Bone surf (2E+1) Bone surf (2E+0) - 3E-12 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ²³⁰U - 8E-1 3E-10 1E-12 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 4E-2 2E-11 6E-14 - -

92 Uranium-237 D, see ²³⁰U 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 3E-5 3E-4

W, see ²³⁰U - 2E+3 7E-7 2E-9 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 2E+3 6E-7 2E-9 - -

92 Uranium-238³ D, see ²³⁰U 1E+1 1E+0 6E-10 - - -

Bone surf (2E+1) Bone surf
(2E+0)
- 3E-12 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ²³⁰U - 8E-1 3E-10 1E-12 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 4E-2 2E-11 6E-14 - -

92 Uranium-239² D, see ²³⁰U 7E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 9E-4 9E-3

W, see ²³⁰U - 2E+5 7E-5 2E-7 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 2E+5 6E-5 2E-7 - -

92 Uranium-240 D, see ²³⁰U 1E+3 4E+3 2E-6 5E-9 2E-5 2E-4

W, see ²³⁰U - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 2E+3 1E-6 3E-9 - -

92 Uranium-natural³ D, see ²³⁰U 1E+1 1E+0 5E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+1)
Bone surf
(2E+0)
- 3E-12 3E-7 3E-6

W, see ²³⁰U - 8E-1 3E-10 9E-13 - -

Y, see ²³⁰U - 5E-2 2E-11 9E-14 - -

93 Neptunium-232² W, all compounds 1E+5 2E+3 7E-7 - 2E-3 2E-2

- Bone surf
(5E+2)
- 6E-9 - -

93 Neptunium-233² W, all compounds 8E+5 3E+6 1E-3 4E-6 1E-2 1E-1

93 Neptunium-234 W, all compounds 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 3E-5 3E-4

93 Neptunium-235 W, all compounds 2E+4 8E+2 3E-7 - - -

LLI wall (2E+4) Bone surf
(1E+3)
- 2E-9 3E-4 3E-3

93 Neptunium-236 W, all compounds 3E+0 2E-2 9E-12 - - -

(1.15E+5 y) Bone surf
(6E+0)
Bone surf
(5E-2)
- 8E-14 9E-8 9E-7

93 Neptunium-236 W, all compounds 3E+3 3E+1 1E-8 - - -

(22.5 h) Bone surf
(4E+3)
Bone surf
(7E+1)
- 1E-10 5E-5 5E-4

93 Neptunium-237 W, all compounds 5E-1 4E-3 2E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 1E-14 2E-8 2E-7

93 Neptunium-238 W, all compounds 1E+3 6E+1 3E-8 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf
(2E+2)
- 2E-10 - -

93 Neptunium-239 W, all compounds 2E+3 2E+3 9E-7 3E-9 - -

LLI wall (2E+3) - - - 2E-5 2E-4

93 Neptunium-240² W, all compounds 2E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 3E-4 3E-3

94 Plutonium-234 W, all compounds except PuO₂ 8E+3 2E+2 9E-8 3E-10 1E-4 1E-3

Y, PuO₂ - 2E+2 8E-8 3E-10 - -

94 Plutonium-235² W, see ²³⁴Pu 9E+5 3E+6 1E-3 4E-6 1E-2 1E-1

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 3E+6 1E-3 3E-6 - -

94 Plutonium-236 W, see ²³⁴Pu 2E+0 2E-2 8E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(4E+0)
Bone surf
(4E-2)
- 5E-14 6E-8 6E-7

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 4E-2 2E-11 6E-14 - -

94 Plutonium-237 W, see ²³⁴Pu 1E+4 3E+3 1E-6 5E-9 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 - -

94 Plutonium-238 W, see ²³⁴Pu 9E-1 7E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 2E-2 8E-12 2E-14 - -

94 Plutonium-239 W, see ²³⁴Pu 8E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 2E-2 7E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 2E-14 - -

94 Plutonium-240 W, see ²³⁴Pu 8E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 2E-2 7E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 2E-14 - -

94 Plutonium-241 W, see ²³⁴Pu 4E+1 3E-1 1E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(7E+1)
Bone surf
(6E-1)

-

8E-13

1E-6

1E-5

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 8E-1 3E-10 - - -

- Bone surf
(1E+0)
- 1E-12 - -

94 Plutonium-242 W, see ²³⁴Pu 8E-1 7E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 2E-2 7E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 2E-14 - -

94 Plutonium-243 W, see ²³⁴Pu 2E+4 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 2E-4 2E-3

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 4E+4 2E-5 5E-8 - -

94 Plutonium-244 W, see ²³⁴Pu 8E-1 7E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 2E-2 7E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 2E-14 - -

94 Plutonium-245 W, see ²³⁴Pu 2E+3 5E+3 2E-6 6E-9 3E-5 3E-4

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 4E+3 2E-6 6E-9 - -

94 Plutonium-246 W, see ²³⁴Pu 4E+2 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

LLI wall (4E+2) - - - 6E-6 6E-5

Y, see ²³⁴Pu - 3E+2 1E-7 4E-10 - -

95 Americium-237² W, all compounds 8E+4 3E+5 1E-4 4E-7 1E-3 1E-2

95 Americium-238² W, all compounds 4E+4 3E+3 1E-6 - 5E-4 5E-3

- Bone surf
(6E+3)
- 9E-9 - -

95 Americium-239 W, all compounds 5E+3 1E+4 5E-6 2E-8 7E-5 7E-4

95 Americium-240 W, all compounds 2E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 3E-5 3E-4

95 Americium-241 W, all compounds 8E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

95 Americium-242m W, all compounds 8E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

95 Americium-242 W, all compounds 4E+3 8E+1 4E-8 - 5E-5 5E-4

- Bone surf
(9E+1)
- 1E-10 - -

95 Americium-243 W, all compounds 8E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

95 Americium-244m² W, all compounds 6E+4 4E+3 2E-6 - - -

St wall
(8E+4)
Bone surf
(7E+3)
- 1E-8 1E-3 1E-2

95 Americium-244 W, all compounds 3E+3 2E+2 8E-8 - 4E-5 4E-4

- Bone surf
(3E+2)
- 4E-10 - -

95 Americium-245 W, all compounds 3E+4 8E+4 3E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

95 Americium-246m² W, all compounds 5E+4 2E+5 8E-5 3E-7 - -

St wall
(6E+4)
- - - 8E-4 8E-3

95 Americium-246² W, all compounds 3E+4 1E+5 4E-5 1E-7 4E-4 4E-3

96 Curium-238 W, all compounds 2E+4 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 2E-4 2E-3

96 Curium-240 W, all compounds 6E+1 6E-1 2E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(8E+1)
Bone surf
(6E-1)
- 9E-13 1E-6 1E-5

96 Curium-241 W, all compounds 1E+3 3E+1 1E-8 - 2E-5 2E-4

- Bone surf
(4E+1)
- 5E-11 - -

96 Curium-242 W, all compounds 3E+1 3E-1 1E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(5E+1)
Bone surf
(3E-1)
- 4E-13 7E-7 7E-6

96 Curium-243 W, all compounds 1E+0 9E-3 4E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+0)
Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 2E-14 3E-8 3E-7

96 Curium-244 W, all compounds 1E+0 1E-2 5E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(3E+0)
Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 3E-14 3E-8 3E-7

96 Curium-245 W, all compounds 7E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

96 Curium-246 W, all compounds 7E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

96 Curium-247 W, all compounds 8E-1 6E-3 3E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 2E-8 2E-7

96 Curium-248 W, all compounds 2E-1 2E-3 7E-13 - - -

Bone surf
(4E-1)
Bone surf
(3E-3)
- 4E-15 5E-9 5E-8

96 Curium-249² W, all compounds 5E+4 2E+4 7E-6 - 7E-4 7E-3

- Bone surf
(3E+4)
- 4E-8 - -

96 Curium-250 W, all compounds 4E-2 3E-4 1E-13 - - -

Bone surf
(6E-2)
Bone surf
(5E-4)
- 8E-16 9E-10 9E-9

97 Berkelium-245 W, all compounds 2E+3 1E+3 5E-7 2E-9 3E-5 3E-4

97 Berkelium-246 W, all compounds 3E+3 3E+3 1E-6 4E-9 4E-5 4E-4

97 Berkelium-247 W, all compounds 5E-1 4E-3 2E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(9E-3)
- 1E-14 2E-8 2E-7

97 Berkelium-249 W, all compounds 2E+2 2E+0 7E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(5E+2)
Bone surf
(4E+0)
- 5E-12 6E-6 6E-5

97 Berkelium-250 W, all compounds 9E+3 3E+2 1E-7 - 1E-4 1E-3

- Bone surf
(7E+2)
- 1E-9 - -

98 Californium-244² W, all compounds except those given for Y 3E+4 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

St wall
(3E+4)
- - - 4E-4 4E-3

Y, oxides and hydroxides - 6E+2 2E-7 8E-10 - -

98 Californium-246 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 4E+2 9E+0 4E-9 1E-11 5E-6 5E-5

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 9E+0 4E-9 1E-11 - -

98 Californium-248 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 8E+0 6E-2 3E-11 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+1)
Bone surf
(1E-1)
- 2E-13 2E-7 2E-6

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 1E-1 4E-11 1E-13 - -

98 Californium-249 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 5E-1 4E-3 2E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(9E-3)
- 1E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 1E-2 4E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 - -

98 Californium-250 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 1E+0 9E-3 4E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+0)
Bone surf
(2E-2)
- 3E-14 3E-8 3E-7

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 3E-2 1E-11 4E-14 - -

98 Californium-251 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 5E-1 4E-3 2E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(1E+0)
Bone surf
(9E-3)
- 1E-14 2E-8 2E-7

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 1E-2 4E-12 - - -

- Bone surf
(1E-2)
- 2E-14 - -

98 Californium-252 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 2E+0 2E-2 8E-12 - - -

Bone surf
(5E+0)
Bone surf
(4E-2)
- 5E-14 7E-8 7E-7

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 3E-2 1E-11 5E-14 - -

98 Californium-253 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 2E+2 2E+0 8E-10 3E-12 - -

Bone surf
(4E+2)
- - - 5E-6 5E-5

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 2E+0 7E-10 2E-12 - -

98 Californium-254 W, see ²⁴⁴Cf 2E+0 2E-2 9E-12 3E-14 3E-8 3E-7

Y, see ²⁴⁴Cf - 2E-2 7E-12 2E-14 - -

99 Einsteinium-250 W, all compounds 4E+4 5E+2 2E-7 - 6E-4 6E-3

- Bone surf
(1E+3)
- 2E-9 - -

99 Einsteinium-251 W, all compounds 7E+3 9E+2 4E-7 - 1E-4 1E-3

- Bone surf
(1E+3)
- 2E-9 - -

99 Einsteinium-253 W, all compounds 2E+2 1E+0 6E-10 2E-12 2E-6 2E-5

99 Einsteinium-254m W, all compounds 3E+2 1E+1 4E-9 1E-11 - -

LLI wall (3E+2) - - - 4E-6 4E-5

99 Einsteinium-254 W, all compounds 8E+0 7E-2 3E-11 - - -

Bone surf
(2E+1)
Bone surf
(1E-1)
- 2E-13 2E-7 2E-6

100 Fermium-252 W, all compounds 5E+2 1E+1 5E-9 2E-11 6E-6 6E-5

100 Fermium-253 W, all compounds 1E+3 1E+1 4E-9 1E-11 1E-5 1E-4

100 Fermium-254 W, all compounds 3E+3 9E+1 4E-8 1E-10 4E-5 4E-4

100 Fermium-255 W, all compounds 5E+2 2E+1 9E-9 3E-11 7E-6 7E-5

100 Fermium-257 W, all compounds 2E+1 2E-1 7E-11 - - -

Bone surf
(4E+1)
Bone surf
(2E-1)
- 3E-13 5E-7 5E-6

101 Mendelevium-257 W, all compounds 7E+3 8E+1 4E-8 - 1E-4 1E-3

- Bone surf
(9E+1)
- 1E-10 - -

101 Mendelevium-258 W, all compounds 3E+1 2E-1 1E-10 - - -

Bone surf
(5E+1)
Bone surf
(3E-1)
- 5E-13 6E-7 6E-6

- Any single radionuclide not listed above with decay mode other than alpha emission or spontaneous fission and with radioactive half-life less than 2 hours Submersion¹ - 2E+2 1E-7 1E-9 - -

- Any single radionuclide not listed above with decay mode other than alpha emission or spontaneous fission and with radioactive half-life ((~~less~~)) greater than 2 hours . . . . - 2E-1 1E-10 1E-12 1E-8 1E-7

- Any single radionuclide not listed above that decays by alpha emission or spontaneous fission, or any mixture for which either the identity or the concentration of any radionuclide in the mixture is not known
. . . .
-
4E-4
2E-13
1E-15
2E-9
2E-8

FOOTNOTES:
¹"Submersion" means that values given are for submersion in a hemispherical semi-infinite cloud of airborne material.

²These radionuclides have radiological half-lives of less than 2 hours. The total effective dose equivalent received during operations with these radionuclides might include a significant contribution from external exposure. The DAC values for all radionuclides, other than those designated Class "Submersion," are based upon the committed effective dose equivalent due to the intake of the radionuclide into the body and do NOT include potentially significant contributions to dose equivalent from external exposures. The licensee may substitute 1E-7 µCi/ml for the listed DAC to account for the submersion dose prospectively, but should use individual monitoring devices or other radiation measuring instruments that measure external exposure to demonstrate compliance with the limits. (See WAC 246-221-015(5).)

³For soluble mixtures of U-238, U-234, and U-235 in air, chemical toxicity may be the limiting factor (see WAC 246-221-010(5)). If the percent by weight (enrichment) of U-235 is not greater than 5, the concentration value for a 40-hour workweek is 0.2 milligrams uranium per cubic meter of air average. For any enrichment, the product of the average concentration and time of exposure during a 40-hour workweek shall not exceed 8E-3 (SA) µCi-hr/ml, where SA is the specific activity of the uranium inhaled. The specific activity for natural uranium is 6.77E-7 curies per gram U. The specific activity for other mixtures of U-238, U-235, and U-234, if not known, shall be:

     SA = 3.6E-7 curies/gram U, U-depleted

     SA = [0.4 + 0.38 (enrichment) + 0.0034 (enrichment)²] E-6, enrichment ≥ 0.72

where enrichment is the percentage by weight of U-235, expressed as percent.

NOTE:
1.     If the identity of each radionuclide in a mixture is known but the concentration of one or more of the radionuclides in the mixture is not
     known, the DAC for the mixture shall be the most restrictive DAC of any radionuclide in the mixture.

2.     If the identity of each radionuclide in the mixture is not known, but it is known that certain radionuclides specified in this appendix are
     not present in the mixture, the inhalation ALI, DAC, and effluent and sewage concentrations for the mixture are the lowest values
     specified in this appendix for any radionuclide that is not known to be absent from the mixture; or

If it is known that Ac-227-D and Cm-250-W are not present     - 7E-4 3E-13 - - -

If, in addition, it is known that Ac-227-W,Y, Th-229-W,Y, Th-230-W, Th-232-W,Y, Pa-231-W,Y, Np-237-W, Pu-239-W, Pu-240-W, Pu-242-W, Am-241-W, Am-242m-W, Am-243-W, Cm-245-W, Cm-246-W, Cm-247-W, Cm-248-W, Bk-247-W, Cf-249-W, and Cf-251-W are not present - 7E-3 3E-12 - - -

If, in addition, it is known that Sm-146-W, Sm-147-W, Gd-148-D,W, Gd-152-D,W, Th-228-W,Y, Th-230-Y, U-232-Y, U-233-Y, U-234-Y, U-235-Y, U-236-Y, U-238-Y, Np-236-W, Pu-236-W,Y, Pu-238-W,Y, Pu-239-Y, Pu-240-Y, Pu-242-Y, Pu-244-W,Y, Cm-243-W, Cm-244-W, Cf-248-W, Cf-249-Y, Cf-250-W,Y, Cf-251-Y, Cf-252-W,Y, and Cf-254-W,Y are not present - 7E-2 3E-11 - - -

If, in addition, it is known that Pb-210-D, Bi-210m-W, Po-210-D,W, Ra-223-W, Ra-225-W, Ra-226-W, Ac-225-D,W,Y, Th-227-W,Y, U-230-D,W,Y, U-232-D,W, Pu-241-W, Cm-240-W, Cm-242-W, Cf-248-Y, Es-254-W, Fm-257-W, and Md-258-W are not present - 7E-1 3E-10 - - -

If, in addition, it is known that Si-32-Y, Ti-44-Y, Fe-60-D, Sr-90-Y, Zr-93-D, Cd-113m-D, Cd-113-D, In-115-D,W, La-138-D, Lu-176-W, Hf-178m-D,W, Hf-182-D,W, Bi-210m-D, Ra-224-W, Ra-228-W, Ac-226-D,W,Y, Pa-230-W,Y, U-233-D,W, U-234-D,W, U-235-D,W, U-236-D,W, U-238-D,W, Pu-241-Y, Bk-249-W, Cf-253-W,Y, and Es-253-W are not present - 7E+0 3E-9 - - -

If it is known that Ac-227-D,W,Y, Th-229-W,Y, Th-232-W,Y, Pa-231-W,Y, Cm-248-W, and Cm-250-W are not present - - - 1E-14 - -

If, in addition, it is known that Sm-146-W, Gd-148-D,W, Gd-152-D, Th-228-W,Y, Th-230-W,Y, U-232-Y, U-233-Y, U-234-Y, U-235-Y, U-236-Y, U-238-Y, U-Nat-Y, Np-236-W, Np-237-W, Pu-236-W,Y, Pu-238-W,Y, Pu-239-W,Y, Pu-240-W,Y, Pu-242-W,Y, Pu-244-W,Y, Am-241-W, Am-242m-W, Am-243-W, Cm-243-W, Cm-244-W, Cm-245-W, Cm-246-W, Cm-247-W, Bk-247-W, Cf-249-W,Y, Cf-250-W,Y, Cf-251-W,Y, Cf-252-W,Y, and Cf-254-W,Y are not present - - - 1E-13 - -

If, in addition, it is known that Sm-147-W, Gd-152-W, Pb-210-D, Bi-210m-W, Po-210-D,W, Ra-223-W, Ra-225-W, Ra-226-W, Ac-225-D,W,Y, Th-227-W,Y, U-230-D,W,Y, U-232-D,W, U-Nat-W, Pu-241-W, Cm-240-W, Cm-242-W, Cf-248-W,Y, Es-254-W, Fm-257-W, and Md-258-W are not present - - - - 1E-12 -

If, in addition, it is known that Fe-60, Sr-90, Cd-113m, Cd-113, In-115, I-129, Cs-134, Sm-145, Sm-147, Gd-148, Gd-152, Hg-194 (organic), Bi-210m, Ra-223, Ra-224, Ra-225, Ac-225, Th-228, Th-230, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-236, U-238, U-Nat, Cm-242, Cf-248, Es-254, Fm-257, and Md-258 are not present - - - - 1E-6 1E-5

3.     If a mixture of radionuclides consists of uranium and its daughters in ore dust (10 µm AMAD particle distribution assumed) prior to chemical separation of the uranium from the ore, the following values may be used for the DAC of the mixture: 6E-11 µCi of gross alpha activity from uranium-238, uranium-234, thorium-230, and radium-226 per milliliter of air; 3E-11 µCi of natural uranium per
     milliliter of air; or 45 micrograms of natural uranium per cubic meter of air.

4.     If the identity and concentration of each radionuclide in a mixture are known, the limiting values should be derived as follows:
     Determine, for each radionuclide in the mixture, the ratio between the concentration present in the mixture and the concentration
     otherwise established in this section for the specific radionuclide when not in a mixture. The sum of such ratios for all of the
     radionuclides in the mixture may not exceed "1" (i.e., "unity").

     Example: If radionuclides "A," "B," and "C" are present in concentrations CA, CB, and CC, and if the applicable DACs are DAC_A,
     DAC_B, and DAC_C, respectively, then the concentrations shall be limited so that the following relationship exists:

C_A
+
C_B
+
C_C
≤1

DAC_A DAC_B DAC_C

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050 and 70.98.080. 09-06-003, § 246-221-290, filed 2/18/09, effective 3/21/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 94-01-073, § 246-221-290, filed 12/9/93, effective 1/9/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.70 040. 91-02-049 (Order 121), recodified as § 246-221-290, filed 12/27/90, effective 1/31/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 81-01-011 (Order 1570), § 402-24-220, filed 12/8/80; Order 1095, § 402-24-220, filed 2/6/76; Order 1, § 402-24-220, filed 1/8/69; Rules (part), filed 10/26/66.]

Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.

OTS-2736.1

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 08-09-093, filed 4/18/08, effective 5/19/08)

WAC 246-231-035 Deliberate misconduct. (1) For the purpose of this chapter, deliberate misconduct by a person means an intentional act or omission that the person knows:

(a) Would constitute a violation of a requirement, procedure, instruction, contract, purchase order, or policy; or

(b) Causes or would cause, if not detected, ((~~cause~~)) a violation of any rule, regulation, or order; or any term, condition, or limitation of any license or certificate issued by the department.

(2) This section applies to any:

(a) Licensee;

(b) Certificate holder;

(d) Applicant for a license, certificate, or quality assurance program approval;

(e) Contractor (including a supplier or consultant) or subcontractor, to any person identified in (d) of this subsection; or

(f) Employee of any person identified in (a) through (e) of this subsection.

(3) A person subject to this section who knowingly provides any components, materials, or other goods or services that relate to any activities subject to these regulations may not:

(a) Engage in deliberate misconduct; or

(b) Deliberately submit to the department or to a person subject to this section information that the person knows to be incomplete or inaccurate in some respect that matters to the department.

(4) A person who violates subsection (3)(a) or (b) of this section may be subject to enforcement action in accordance with the procedures in 10 CFR 2 Subpart B.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 08-09-093, § 246-231-035, filed 4/18/08, effective 5/19/08.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 08-09-093, filed 4/18/08, effective 5/19/08)

WAC 246-231-200 Appendix A -- Determination of A1 and A2. (1) Values of A1 and A2 for individual radionuclides, which are the basis for many activity limits elsewhere in these regulations, are given in this section, Table A-1. The curie (Ci) values specified are obtained by converting from the Terabecquerel (TBq) value. The Terabecquerel values are the regulatory standard. The curie values are for information only and are not intended to be the regulatory standard. Where values of A1 or A2 are unlimited, it is for radiation control purposes only. For nuclear criticality safety, some materials are subject to controls placed on fissile material.

(2)(a) For individual radionuclides whose identities are known, but which are not listed in this section, Table A-1, the A1 and A2 values contained in this section, Table A-3 may be used. Otherwise, the licensee shall obtain prior USNRC approval of the A1 and A2 values for radionuclides not listed in this section, Table A-1, before shipping the material.

(b) For individual radionuclides whose identities are known, but which are not listed in this section, Table A-2, the exempt material activity concentration and exempt consignment activity values contained in this section, Table A-3 may be used. Otherwise, the licensee shall obtain prior USNRC approval of the exempt material activity concentration and exempt consignment activity values for radionuclides not listed in this section, Table A-2, before shipping the material.

(c) The licensee shall submit requests for prior approval, described under (a) and (b) of this subsection, to the USNRC in accordance with 10 CFR 71.1.

(3) In the calculations of A1 and A2 for a radionuclide not in this section, Table A-1, a single radioactive decay chain, in which radionuclides are present in their naturally occurring proportions, and in which no daughter radionuclide has a half-life either longer than ten days, or longer than that of the parent radionuclide, shall be considered as a single radionuclide, and the activity to be taken into account, and the A1 or A2 value to be applied shall be those corresponding to the parent radionuclide of that chain. In the case of radioactive decay chains in which any daughter radionuclide has a half-life either longer than ten days, or greater than that of the parent radionuclide, the parent and those daughter radionuclides shall be considered as mixtures of different radionuclides.

(4) For mixtures of radionuclides whose identities and respective activities are known, the following conditions apply:

(a) For special form radioactive material, the maximum quantity transported in a Type A package:

Where B(i) is the activity of radionuclide I, and A1(i) is the A1 value for radionuclide I.

(b) For normal form radioactive material, the maximum quantity transported in a Type A package:

Where B(i) is the activity of radionuclide I and A2(i) is the A2 value for radionuclide I.

Where f(i) is the fraction of activity for radionuclide I in the mixture and A1(i) is the appropriate A1 value for radionuclide I.

(d) Alternatively, the A2 value for mixtures of normal form material may be determined as follows:

Where f(i) is the fraction of activity for radionuclide I in the mixture and A2(i) is the appropriate A2 value for radionuclide I.

(e) The exempt activity concentration for mixtures of nuclides may be determined as follows:

Where f(i) is the fraction of activity concentration of radionuclide I in the mixture, and A is the activity concentration f material containing radionuclide I.

(f) The activity limit for an exempt consignment for mixtures of radionuclides may be determined as follows:

Where f(i) is the fraction of activity of radionuclide I in the mixture, and A is the activity limit for exempt consignments for radionuclide I.

(5) When the identity of each radionuclide is known, but the individual activities of some of the radionuclides are not known, the radionuclides may be grouped and the lowest A1 or A2 value, as appropriate, for the radionuclides in each group may be used in applying the formulas in subsection (4) of this section. Groups may be based on the total alpha activity and the total beta/gamma activity when these are known, using the lowest A1 or A2 values for the alpha emitters and beta/gamma emitters.

Table A-1.--A1 and A2 Values for Radionuclides

Symbol of radionuclide	Element and atomic number	A1 (TBq)	A1 (Ci)^b	A2 (TBq)	A2 (Ci)^b	Specific activity
Symbol of radionuclide	Element and atomic number	A1 (TBq)	A1 (Ci)^b	A2 (TBq)	A2 (Ci)^b	(TBq/g)	(Ci/g)
Ac-225 (a)	Actinium (89)	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	6.0X10^-3	1.6X10^-1	2.1X10³	5.8X10⁴
Ac-227 (a)		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	9.0X10^-5	2.4X10^-3	2.7	7.2X10¹
Ac-228		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	8.4X10⁴	2.2X10⁶
Ag-105	Silver (47)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10⁴
Ag-108m (a)		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	9.7X10^-1	2.6X10¹
Ag-110m (a)		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.8X10²	4.7X10³
Ag-111		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	5.8X10³	1.6X10⁵
Al-26	Aluminum (13)	1.0X10^-1	2.7	1.0X10^-1	2.7	7.0X10^-4	1.9X10^-2
Am-241	Americium (95)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	1.3X10^-1	3.4
Am-242m (a)		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	3.6X10^-1	1.0X10¹
Am-243 (a)		5.0	1.4X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	7.4X10^-3	2.0X10^-1
Ar-37	Argon (18)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.7X10³	9.9X10⁴
Ar-39		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	1.3	3.4X10¹
Ar-41		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.5X10⁶	4.2X10⁷
As-72	Arsenic (33)	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	6.2X10⁴	1.7X10⁶
As-73		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	8.2X10²	2.2X10⁴
As-74		1.0	2.7X10¹	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	3.7X10³	9.9X10⁴
As-76		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	5.8X10⁴	1.6X10⁶
As-77		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	3.9X10⁴	1.0X10⁶
At-211 (a)	Astatine (85)	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	7.6X10⁴	2.1X10⁶
Au-193	Gold (79)	7.0	1.9X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	3.4X10⁴	9.2X10⁵
Au-194		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.5X10⁴	4.1X10⁵
Au-195		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	6.0	1.6X10²	1.4X10²	3.7X10³
Au-198		1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	9.0X10³	2.4X10⁵
Au-199		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	7.7X10³	2.1X10⁵
Ba-131 (a)	Barium (56)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	3.1X10³	8.4X10⁴
Ba-133		3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	9.4	2.6X10²
Ba-133m		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.2X10⁴	6.1X10⁵
Ba-140 (a)		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	3.0X10^-1	8.1	2.7X10³	7.3X10⁴
Be-7	Beryllium (4)	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	1.3X10⁴	3.5X10⁵
Be-10		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	8.3X10^-4	2.2X10^-2
Bi-205	Bismuth (83)	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	1.5X10³	4.2X10⁴
Bi-206		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.8X10³	1.0X10⁵
Bi-207		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	1.9	5.2X10¹
Bi-210		1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	4.6X10³	1.2X10⁵
Bi-210m (a)		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	2.1X10^-5	5.7X10^-4
Bi-212 (a)		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	5.4X10⁵	1.5X10⁷
Bk-247	Berkelium (97)	8.0	2.2X10²	8.0X10^-4	2.2X10^-2	3.8X10^-2	1.0
Bk-249 (a)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10^-1	8.1	6.1X10¹	1.6X10³
Br-76	Bromine (35)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	9.4X10⁴	2.5X10⁶
Br-77		3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	2.6X10⁴	7.1X10⁵
Br-82		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10⁴	1.1X10⁶
C-11	Carbon (6)	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.1X10⁷	8.4X10⁸
C-14		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0	8.1X10¹	1.6X10^-1	4.5
Ca-41	Calcium (20)	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	3.1X10^-3	8.5X10^-2
Ca-45		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.6X10²	1.8X10⁴
Ca-47 (a)		3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0X10^-1	8.1	2.3X10⁴	6.1X10⁵
Cd-109	Cadmium (48)	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	9.6X10¹	2.6X10³
Cd-113m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	8.3	2.2X10²
Cd-115 (a)		3.0	8.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.9X10⁴	5.1X10⁵
Cd-115m		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	9.4X10²	2.5X10⁴
Ce-139	Cerium (58)	7.0	1.9X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.5X10²	6.8X10³
Ce-141		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.1X10³	2.8X10⁴
Ce-143		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.5X10⁴	6.6X10⁵
Ce-144 (a)		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	1.2X10²	3.2X10³
Cf-248	Californium (98)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-3	1.6X10^-1	5.8X10¹	1.6X10³
Cf-249		3.0	8.1X10¹	8.0X10^-4	2.2X10^-2	1.5X10^-1	4.1
Cf-250		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10^-3	5.4X10^-2	4.0	1.1X10²
Cf-251		7.0	1.9X10²	7.0X10^-4	1.9X10^-2	5.9X10^-2	1.6
Cf-252 (h)		5.0X10^-2	1.4	3.0X10^-3	8.1X10^-2	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²
Cf-253 (a)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10^-2	1.1	1.1X10³	2.9X10⁴
Cf-254		1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	3.1X10²	8.5X10³
Cl-36	Chlorine (17)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.2X10^-3	3.3X10^-2
Cl-38		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	4.9X10⁶	1.3X10⁸
Cm-240	Curium (96)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	7.5X10²	2.0X10⁴
Cm-241		2.0	5.4X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.1X10²	1.7X10⁴
Cm-242		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0X10^-2	2.7X10^-1	1.2X10²	3.3X10³
Cm-243		9.0	2.4X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	1.9X10^-3	5.2X10¹
Cm-244		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10^-3	5.4X10^-2	3.0	8.1X10¹
Cm-245		9.0	2.4X10²	9.0X10^-4	2.4X10^-2	6.4X10^-3	1.7X10^-1
Cm-246		9.0	2.4X10²	9.0X10^-4	2.4X10^-2	1.1X10^-2	3.1X10^-1
Cm-247 (a)		3.0	8.1X10¹	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	3.4X10^-6	9.3X10^-5
Cm-248		2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	3.0X10^-4	8.1X10^-3	1.6X10^-4	4.2X10^-3
Co-55	Cobalt (27)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	1.1X10⁵	3.1X10⁶
Co-56		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.1X10³	3.0X10⁴
Co-57		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	3.1X10²	8.4X10³
Co-58		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.2X10³	3.2X10⁴
Co-58m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.2X10⁵	5.9X10⁶
Co-60		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.2X10¹	1.1X10³
Cr-51	Chromium (24)	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.4X10³	9.2X10⁴
Cs-129	Cesium (55)	4.0	1.1X10²	4.0	1.1X10²	2.8X10⁴	7.6X10⁵
Cs-131		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.8X10³	1.0X10⁵
Cs-132		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	5.7X10³	1.5X10⁵
Cs-134		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	4.8X10¹	1.3X10³
Cs-134m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.0X10⁵	8.0X10⁶
Cs-135		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0	2.7X10¹	4.3X10^-5	1.2X10^-3
Cs-136		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	2.7X10³	7.3X10⁴
Cs-137 (a)		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.2	8.7X10¹
Cu-64	Copper (29)	6.0	1.6X10²	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.4X10⁵	3.9X10⁶
Cu-67		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	2.8X10⁴	7.6X10⁵
Dy-159	Dysprosium (66)	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.1X10²	5.7X10³
Dy-165		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.0X10⁵	8.2X10⁶
Dy-166 (a)		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	3.0X10^-1	8.1	8.6X10³	2.3X10⁵
Er-169	Erbium (68)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0	2.7X10¹	3.1X10³	8.3X10⁴
Er-171		8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	9.0X10⁴	2.4X10⁶
Eu-147	Europium (63)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	1.4X10³	3.7X10⁴
Eu-148		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	6.0X10²	1.6X10⁴
Eu-149		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	3.5X10²	9.4X10³
Eu-150 (short lived)		2.0	5.4X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.1X10⁴	1.6X10⁶
Eu-150 (long lived)		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.1X10⁴	1.6X10⁶
Eu-152		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.5	1.8X10²
Eu-152m		8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	8.2X10⁴	2.2X10⁶
Eu-154		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	9.8	2.6X10²
Eu-155		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	1.8X10¹	4.9X10²
Eu-156		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	2.0X10³	5.5X10⁴
F-18	Fluorine (9)	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.5X10⁶	9.5X10⁷
Fe-52 (a)	Iron (26)	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	2.7X10⁵	7.3X10⁶
Fe-55		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	8.8X10¹	2.4X10³
Fe-59		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	1.8X10³	5.0X10⁴
Fe-60 (a)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-1	5.4	7.4X10^-4	2.0X10^-2
Ga-67	Gallium (31)	7.0	1.9X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	2.2X10⁴	6.0X10⁵
Ga-68		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	1.5X10⁶	4.1X10⁷
Ga-72		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.1X10⁵	3.1X10⁶
Gd-146 (a)	Gadolinium (64)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	6.9X10²	1.9X10⁴
Gd-148		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10^-3	5.4X10^-2	1.2	3.2X10¹
Gd-153		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	9.0	2.4X10²	1.3X10²	3.5X10³
Gd-159		3.0	8.1X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.9X10⁴	1.1X10⁶
Ge-68 (a)	Germanium (32)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	2.6X10²	7.1X10³
Ge-71		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	5.8X10³	1.6X10⁵
Ge-77		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.3X10⁵	3.6X10⁶
Hf-172 (a)	Hafnium (72)	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	4.1X10¹	1.1X10³
Hf-175		3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	3.9X10²	1.1X10⁴
Hf-181		2.0	5.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	6.3X10²	1.7X10⁴
Hf-182		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	8.1X10^-6	2.2X10^-4
Hg-194 (a)	Mercury (80)	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.3X10^-1	3.5
Hg-195m (a)		3.0	8.1X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	1.5X10⁴	4.0X10⁵
Hg-197		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	9.2X10³	2.5X10⁵
Hg-197m		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	2.5X10⁴	6.7X10⁵
Hg-203		5.0	1.4X10²	1.0	2.7X10¹	5.1X10²	1.4X10⁴
Ho-166	Holmium (67)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	2.6X10⁴	7.0X10⁵
Ho-166m		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	6.6X10^-2	1.8
I-123	Iodine (53)	6.0	1.6X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	7.1X10⁴	1.9X10⁶
I-124		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	9.3X10³	2.5X10⁵
I-125		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	6.4X10²	1.7X10⁴
I-126		2.0	5.4X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	2.9X10³	8.0X10⁴
I-129		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	6.5X10^-6	1.8X10^-4
I-131		3.0	8.1X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	4.6X10³	1.2X10⁵
I-132		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	3.8X10⁵	1.0X10⁷
I-133		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	4.2X10⁴	1.1X10⁶
I-134		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	9.9X10⁵	2.7X10⁷
I-135 (a)		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.3X10⁵	3.5X10⁶
In-111	Indium (49)	3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	1.5X10⁴	4.2X10⁵
In-113m		4.0	1.1X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	6.2X10⁵	1.7X10⁷
In-114m (a)		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	8.6X10²	2.3X10⁴
In-115m		7.0	1.9X10²	1.0	2.7X10¹	2.2X10⁵	6.1X10⁶
Ir-189 (a)	Iridium (77)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.9X10³	5.2X10⁴
Ir-190		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	2.3X10³	6.2X10⁴
Ir-192 (c)		1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.4X10²	9.2X10³
Ir-194		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.1X10⁴	8.4X10⁵
K-40	Potassium (19)	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	2.4X10^-7	6.4X10^-6
K-42		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.2X10⁵	6.0X10⁶
K-43		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.2X10⁵	3.3X10⁶
Kr-81	Krypton (36)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	7.8X10^-4	2.1X10^-2
Kr-85		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.5X10¹	3.9X10²
Kr-85m		8.0	2.2X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0X10⁵	8.2X10⁶
Kr-87		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	1.0X10⁶	2.8X10⁷
La-137	Lanthanum (57)	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	6.0	1.6X10²	1.6X10^-3	4.4X10^-2
La-140		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	2.1X10⁴	5.6X10⁵
Lu-172	Lutetium (71)	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	4.2X10³	1.1X10⁵
Lu-173		8.0	2.2X10²	8.0	2.2X10²	5.6X10¹	1.5X10³
Lu-174		9.0	2.4X10²	9.0	2.4X10²	2.3X10¹	6.2X10²
Lu-174m		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	2.0X10²	5.3X10³
Lu-177		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	4.1X10³	1.1X10⁵
Mg-28 (a)	Magnesium (12)	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	2.0X10⁵	5.4X10⁶
Mn-52	Manganese (25)	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.6X10⁴	4.4X10⁵
Mn-53		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	6.8X10^-5	1.8X10^-3
Mn-54		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	2.9X10²	7.7X10³
Mn-56		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	8.0X10⁵	2.2X10⁷
Mo-93	Molybdenum (42)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	4.1X10^-2	1.1
Mo-99 (a) (i)		1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.8X10⁴	4.8X10⁵
N-13	Nitrogen (7)	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	5.4X10⁷	1.5X10⁹
Na-22	Sodium (11)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	2.3X10²	6.3X10³
Na-24		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	3.2X10⁵	8.7X10⁶
Nb-93m	Niobium (41)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	8.8	2.4X10²
Nb-94		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.9X10^-3	1.9X10^-1
Nb-95		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.5X10³	3.9X10⁴
Nb-97		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	9.9X10⁵	2.7X10⁷
Nd-147	Neodymium (60)	6.0	1.6X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.0X10³	8.1X10⁴
Nd-149		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	4.5X10⁵	1.2X10⁷
Ni-59	Nickel (28)	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	3.0X10^-3	8.0X10^-2
Ni-63		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	2.1	5.7X10¹
Ni-65		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	7.1X10⁵	1.9X10⁷
Np-235	Neptunium (93)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	5.2X10¹	1.4X10³
Np-236 (short-lived)		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	4.7X10^-4	1.3X10^-2
Np-236 (long-lived)		9.0X10⁰	2.4X10²	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	4.7X10^-4	1.3X10^-2
Np-237		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10^-3	5.4X10^-2	2.6X10^-5	7.1X10^-4
Np-239		7.0	1.9X10²	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	8.6X10³	2.3X10⁵
Os-185	Osmium (76)	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	2.8X10²	7.5X10³
Os-191		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	1.6X10³	4.4X10⁴
Os-191m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	4.6X10⁴	1.3X10⁶
Os-193		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	b2.0X10⁴	5.3X10⁵
Os-194 (a)		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.1X10¹	3.1X10²
P-32	Phosphorus (15)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	1.1X10⁴	2.9X10⁵
P-33		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0	2.7X10¹	5.8X10³	1.6X10⁵
Pa-230 (a)	Protactinium (91)	2.0	5.4X10¹	7.0X10^-2	1.9	1.2X10³	3.3X10⁴
Pa-231		4.0	1.1X10²	4.0X10^-4	1.1X10^-2	1.7X10^-3	4.7X10^-2
Pa-233		5.0	1.4X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.7X10²	2.1X10⁴
Pb-201	Lead (82)	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.2X10⁴	1.7X10⁶
Pb-202		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	1.2X10^-4	3.4X10^-3
Pb-203		4.0	1.1X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	1.1X10⁴	3.0X10⁵
Pb-205		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	4.5X10^-6	1.2X10^-4
Pb-210 (a)		1.0	2.7X10¹	5.0X10^-2	1.4	2.8	7.6X10¹
Pb-212 (a)		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	2.0X10^-1	5.4	5.1X10⁴	1.4X10⁶
Pd-103 (a)	Palladium (46)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.8X10³	7.5X10⁴
Pd-107		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1.9X10^-5	5.1X10^-4
Pd-109		2.0	5.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	7.9X10⁴	2.1X10⁶
Pm-143	Promethium (61)	3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	1.3X10²	3.4X10³
Pm-144		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	9.2X10¹	2.5X10³
Pm-145		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	5.2	1.4X10²
Pm-147		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0	5.4X10¹	3.4X10¹	9.3X10²
Pm-148m (a)		8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	7.9X10²	2.1X10⁴
Pm-149		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.5X10⁴	4.0X10⁵
Pm-151		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.7X10⁴	7.3X10⁵
Po-210	Polonium (84)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	1.7X10²	4.5X10³
Pr-142	Praseodymium (59)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.3X10⁴	1.2X10⁶
Pr-143		3.0	8.1X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.5X10³	6.7X10⁴
Pt-188 (a)	Platinum (78)	1.0	2.7X10¹	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	2.5X10³	6.8X10⁴
Pt-191		4.0	1.1X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	8.7X10³	2.4X10⁵
Pt-193		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.4	3.7X10¹
Pt-193m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.8X10³	1.6X10⁵
Pt-195m		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	6.2X10³	1.7X10⁵
Pt-197		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.2X10⁴	8.7X10⁵
Pt-197m		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.7X10⁵	1.0X10⁷
Pu-236	Plutonium (94)	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.0X10^-3	8.1X10^-2	2.0X10¹	5.3X10²
Pu-237		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	4.5X10²	1.2X10⁴
Pu-238		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	6.3X10^-1	1.7X10¹
Pu-239		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	2.3X10^-3	6.2X10^-2
Pu-240		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	8.4X10^-3	2.3X10^-1
Pu-241 (a)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-2	1.6	3.8	1.0X10²
Pu-242		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	1.5X10^-4	3.9X10^-3
Pu-244 (a)		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	6.7X10^-7	1.8X10^-5
Ra-223 (a)	Radium (88)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	7.0X10^-3	1.9X10^-1	1.9X10³	5.1X10⁴
Ra-224 (a)		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	5.9X10³	1.6X10⁵
Ra-225 (a)		2.0X10^-1	5.4	4.0X10^-3	1.1X10^-1	1.5X10³	3.9X10⁴
Ra-226 (a)		2.0X10^-1	5.4	3.0X10^-3	8.1X10^-2	3.7X10^-2	1.0
Ra-228 (a)		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²
Rb-81	Rubidium (37)	2.0	5.4X10¹	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	3.1X10⁵	8.4X10⁶
Rb-83 (a)		2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	6.8X10²	1.8X10⁴
Rb-84		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.8X10³	4.7X10⁴
Rb-86		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	3.0X10³	8.1X10⁴
Rb-87		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	3.2X10^-9	8.6X10^-8
Rb (nat)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	6.7X10⁶	1.8X10⁸
Re-184	Rhenium (75)	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	6.9X10²	1.9X10⁴
Re-184m		3.0	8.1X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.6X10²	4.3X10³
Re-186		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.9X10³	1.9X10⁵
Re-187		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1.4X10^-9	3.8X10^-8
Re-188		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	3.6X10⁴	9.8X10⁵
Re-189 (a)		3.0	8.1X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.5X10⁴	6.8X10⁵
Re (nat)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	0.0	2.4X10^-8
Rh-99	Rhodium (45)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	3.0X10³	8.2X10⁴
Rh-101		4.0	1.1X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	4.1X10¹	1.1X10³
Rh-102		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	4.5X10¹	1.2X10³
Rh-102m		2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.3X10²	6.2X10³
Rh-103m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.2X10⁶	3.3X10⁷
Rh-105		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	3.1X10⁴	8.4X10⁵
Rn-222 (a)	Radon (86)	3.0X10^-1	8.1	4.0X10^-3	1.1X10^-1	5.7X10³	1.5X10⁵
Ru-97	Ruthenium (44)	5.0	1.4X10²	5.0	1.4X10²	1.7X10⁴	4.6X10⁵
Ru-103 (a)		2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	1.2X10³	3.2X10⁴
Ru-105		1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.5X10⁵	6.7X10⁶
Ru-106 (a)		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	1.2X10²	3.3X10³
S-35	Sulphur (16)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0	8.1X10¹	1.6X10³	4.3X10⁴
Sb-122	Antimony (51)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.5X10⁴	4.0X10⁵
Sb-124		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.5X10²	1.7X10⁴
Sb-125		2.0	5.4X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	3.9X10¹	1.0X10³
Sb-126		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	3.1X10³	8.4X10⁴
Sc-44	Scandium (21)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	6.7X10⁵	1.8X10⁷
Sc-46		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	1.3X10³	3.4X10⁴
Sc-47		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	3.1X10⁴	8.3X10⁵
Sc-48		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	5.5X10⁴	1.5X10⁶
Se-75	Selenium (34)	3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	5.4X10²	1.5X10⁴
Se-79		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.6X10^-3	7.0X10^-2
Si-31	Silicon (14)	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.4X10⁶	3.9X10⁷
Si-32		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	3.9	1.1X10²
Sm-145	Samarium (62)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	9.8X10¹	2.6X10³
Sm-147		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	8.5X10^-1	2.3X10^-8
Sm-151		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	9.7X10^-1	2.6X10¹
Sm-153		9.0	2.4X10²	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.6X10⁴	4.4X10⁵
Sn-113 (a)	Tin (50)	4.0	1.1X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	3.7X10²	1.0X10⁴
Sn-117m		7.0	1.9X10²	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	3.0X10³	8.2X10⁴
Sn-119m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	1.4X10²	3.7X10³
Sn-121m (a)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹
Sn-123		8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	3.0X10²	8.2X10³
Sn-125		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10³	1.1X10⁵
Sn-126 (a)		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.0X10^-3	2.8X10^-2
Sr-82 (a)	Strontium (38)	2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.3X10³	6.2X10⁴
Sr-85		2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	8.8X10²	2.4X10⁴
Sr-85m		5.0	1.4X10²	5.0	1.4X10²	1.2X10⁶	3.3X10⁷
Sr-87m		3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	4.8X10⁵	1.3X10⁷
Sr-89		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.1X10³	2.9X10⁴
Sr-90 (a)		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	5.1	1.4X10²
Sr-91 (a)		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.3X10⁵	3.6X10⁶
Sr-92 (a)		1.0	2.7X10¹	3.0X10^-1	8.1	4.7X10⁵	1.3X10⁷
T(H-3)	Tritium (1)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.6X10²	9.7X10³
Ta-178 (long-lived)	Tantalum (73)	1.0	2.7X10¹	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	4.2X10⁶	1.1X10⁸
Ta-179		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	4.1X10¹	1.1X10³
Ta-182		9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	2.3X10²	6.2X10³
Tb-157	Terbium (65)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	5.6X10^-1	1.5X10¹
Tb-158		1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	5.6X10^-1	1.5X10¹
Tb-160		1.0	2.7X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	4.2X10²	1.1X10⁴
Tc-95m (a)	Technetium (43)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	8.3X10²	2.2X10⁴
Tc-96		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.2X10⁴	3.2X10⁵
Tc-96m (a)		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.4X10⁶	3.8X10⁷
Tc-97		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	5.2X10^-5	1.4X10^-3
Tc-97m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0	2.7X10¹	5.6X10²	1.5X10⁴
Tc-98		8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	3.2X10^-5	8.7X10^-4
Tc-99		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.3X10^-4	1.7X10^-2
Tc-99m		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	4.0	1.1X10²	1.9X10⁵	5.3X10⁶
Te-121	Tellurium (52)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.4X10³	6.4X10⁴
Te-121m		5.0	1.4X10²	3.0	8.1X10¹	2.6X10²	7.0X10³
Te-123m		8.0	2.2X10²	1.0	2.7X10¹	3.3X10²	8.9X10³
Te-125m		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.7X10²	1.8X10⁴
Te-127		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	9.8X10⁴	2.6X10⁶
Te-127m (a)		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	3.5X10²	9.4X10³
Te-129		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	7.7X10⁵	2.1X10⁷
Te-129m (a)		8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10⁴
Te-131m (a)		7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	3.0X10⁴	8.0X10⁵
Te-132 (a)		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	3.1X10⁴	3.0X10⁵
Th-227	Thorium (90)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	5.0X10^-3	1.4X10^-1	1.1X10³	3.1X10⁴
Th-228 (a)		5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	3.0X10¹	8.2X10²
Th-229		5.0	1.4X10²	5.0X10^-4	1.4X10^-2	7.9X10^-3	2.1X10^-1
Th-230		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	7.6X10^-4	2.1X10^-2
Th-231		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	2.0X10⁴	5.3X10⁵
Th-232		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	4.0X10^-9	1.1X10^-7
Th-234 (a)		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	8.6X10²	2.3X10⁴
Th(nat)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	8.1X10^-9	2.2X10^-7
Ti-44 (a)	Titanium (22)	5.0X10^-1	1.4X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	6.4	1.7X10²
Tl-200	Thallium (81)	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	2.2X10⁴	6.0X10⁵
Tl-201		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	4.0	1.1X10²	7.9X10³	2.1X10⁵
Tl-202		2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0X10³	5.3X10⁴
Tl-204		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	1.7X10¹	4.6X10²
Tm-167	Thulium (69)	7.0	1.9X10²	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	3.1X10³	8.5X10⁴
Tm-170		3.0	8.1X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.2X10²	6.0X10³
Tm-171		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³
U-230 (fast lung absorption) (a)(d)	Uranium (92)	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0X10^-1	2.7	1.0X10³	2.7X10⁴
U-230 (medium lung absorption) (a)(e)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10^-3	1.1X10^-1	1.0X10³	2.7X10⁴
U-230 (slow lung absorption) (a)(f)		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.0X10^-3	8.1X10^-2	1.0X10³	2.7X10⁴
U-232 (fast lung absorption) (d)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	1.0X10^-2	2.7X10^-1	8.3X10^-1	2.2X10¹
U-232 (medium lung absorption) (e)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	7.0X10^-3	1.9X10^-1	8.3X10^-1	2.2X10¹
U-232 (slow lung absorption) (f)		1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	1.0X10^-3	2.7X10^-2	8.3X10^-1	2.2X10¹
U-233 (fast lung absorption) (d)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	9.0X10^-2	2.4	3.6X10^-4	9.7X10^-3
U-233 (medium lung absorption) (e)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	3.6X10^-4	9.7X10^-3
U-233 (slow lung absorption) (f)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-3	1.6X10^-1	3.6X10^-4	9.7X10^-3
U-234 (fast lung absorption) (d)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	9.0X10^-2	2.4	2.3X10^-4	6.2X10^-3
U-234 (medium lung absorption) (e)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	2.3X10^-4	6.2X10^-3
U-234 (slow lung absorption) (f)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-3	1.6X10^-1	2.3X10^-4	6.2X10^-3
U-235 (all lung absorption types) (a), (d), (e), (f)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	8.0X10^-8	2.2X10^-6
U-236 (fast lung absorption) (d)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	2.4X10^-6	6.5X10^-5
U-236 (medium lung absorption) (e)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	2.0X10^-2	5.4X10^-1	2.4X10^-6	6.5X10^-5
U-236 (slow lung absorption) (f)		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	6.0X10^-3	1.6X10^-1	2.4X10^-6	6.5X10^-5
U-238 (all lung absorption types) (d), (e), (f)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1.2X10^-8	3.4X10^-7
U (nat)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	2.6X10^-8	7.1X10^-7
U (enriched to 20% or less) (g)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	See Table A-4	See Table A-4
U (dep)		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	See Table A-4	See Table A-3
V-48	Vanadium (23)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	6.3X10³	1.7X10⁵
V-49		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.0X10²	8.1X10³
W-178 (a)	Tungsten (74)	9.0	2.4X10²	5.0	1.4X10²	1.3X10³	3.4X10⁴
W-181		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	2.2X10²	6.0X10³
W-185		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	3.5X10²	9.4X10³
W-187		2.0	5.4X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	2.6X10⁴	7.0X10⁵
W-188 (a)		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.7X10²	1.0X10⁴
Xe-122 (a)	Xenon (54)	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.8X10⁴	1.3X10⁶
Xe-123		2.0	5.4X10¹	7.0X10^-1	1.9X10¹	4.4X10⁵	1.2X10⁷
Xe-127		4.0	1.1X10²	2.0	5.4X10¹	1.0X10³	2.8X10⁴
Xe-131m		4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	4.0X10¹	1.1X10³	3.1X10³	8.4X10⁴
Xe-133		2.0X10¹	5.4X10²	1.0X10¹	2.7X10²	6.9X10³	1.9X10⁵
Xe-135		3.0	8.1X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	9.5X10⁴	2.6X10⁶
Y-87 (a)	Yttrium (39)	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.0	2.7X10¹	1.7X10⁴	4.5X10⁵
Y-88		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	5.2X10²	1.4X10⁴
Y-90		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	2.0X10⁴	5.4X10⁵
Y-91		6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	9.1X10²	2.5X10⁴
Y-91m		2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	1.5X10⁶	4.2X10⁷
Y-92		2.0X10^-1	5.4	2.0X10^-1	5.4	3.6X10⁵	9.6X10⁶
Y-93		3.0X10^-1	8.1	3.0X10^-1	8.1	1.2X10⁵	3.3X10⁶
Yb-169	Ytterbium (70)	4.0	1.1X10²	1.0	2.7X10¹	8.9X10²	2.4X10⁴
Yb-175		3.0X10¹	8.1X10²	9.0X10^-1	2.4X10¹	6.6X10³	1.8X10⁵
Zn-65	Zinc (30)	2.0	5.4X10¹	2.0	5.4X10¹	3.0X10²	8.2X10³
Zn-69		3.0	8.1X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.8X10⁶	4.9X10⁷
Zn-69m (a)		3.0	8.1X10¹	6.0X10^-1	1.6X10¹	1.2X10⁵	3.3X10⁶
Zr-88	Zirconium (40)	3.0	8.1X10¹	3.0	8.1X10¹	6.6X10²	1.8X10⁴
Zr-93		Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	9.3X10^-5	2.5X10^-3
Zr-95 (a)		2.0	5.4X10¹	8.0X10^-1	2.2X10¹	7.9X10²	2.1X10⁴
Zr-97 (a)		4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	4.0X10^-1	1.1X10¹	7.1X10⁴	1.9X10⁶

(a)	A₁ and/or A₂ values include contributions from daughter nuclides with half-lives less than ten days.
(b)	(Reserved.)
(c)	The quantity may be determined from a measurement of the rate of decay or a measurement of the radiation level at a prescribed distance from the source.
(d)	These values apply only to compounds of uranium that take the chemical form of UF₆, UO₂F₂ and UO₂(NO₃)₂ in both normal and accident conditions of transport.
(e)	These values apply only to compounds of uranium that take the chemical form of UO₃, UF₄, UCI₄ and hexavalent compounds in both normal and accident conditions of transport.
(f)	These values apply to all compounds of uranium other than those specified in notes (d) and (e) of this table.
(g)	These values apply to unirradiated uranium only.
(h)	A₁ = 0.1 TBq (2.7 Ci) and A₂ = 0.001 TBq (0.027 Ci) for Cf-252 for domestic use.
(i)	A₂ = 0.74 TBq (20 Ci) for Mo-99 for domestic use.

Table A-2. -- Exempt Material Activity Concentrations and Exempt Consignment Activity Limits for Radionuclides

Symbol of radionuclide	Element and atomic number	Activity concentration for exempt material (Bq/g)	Activity concentration for exempt material (Ci/g)	Activity limit for exempt consignment (Bq)	Activity limit for exempt consignment (Ci)
Ac-225	Actinium (89)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Ac-227	-	1.0X10^-1	2.7X10^-12	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Ac-228	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ag-105	Silver (47)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ag-108m (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ag-110m	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ag-111	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Al-26	Aluminum (13)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Am-241	Americium (95)	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Am-242m (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Am-243 (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Ar-37	Argon (18)	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Ar-39	-	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Ar-41	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
As-72	Arsenic (33)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
As-73	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
As-74	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
As-76	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
As-77	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
At-211	Astatine (85)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Au-193	Gold (79)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Au-194	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Au-195	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Au-198	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Au-199	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ba-131	Barium (56)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ba-133	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ba-133m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ba-140 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Be-7	Beryllium (4)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Be-10	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Bi-205	Bismuth (83)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Bi-206	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Bi-207	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Bi-210	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Bi-210m	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Bi-212 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Bk-247	Berkelium (97)	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Bk-249	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Br-76	Bromine (35)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Br-77	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Br-82	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
C-11	Carbon (6)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
C-14	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ca-41	Calcium (20)	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ca-45	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ca-47	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cd-109	Cadmium (48)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cd-113m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cd-115	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cd-115m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ce-139	Cerium (58)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ce-141	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ce-143	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ce-144 (b)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cf-248	Californium (98)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cf-249	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Cf-250	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cf-251	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Cf-252	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cf-253	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cf-254	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Cl-36	Chlorine (17)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cl-38	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cm-240	Curium (96)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cm-241	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cm-242	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cm-243	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cm-244	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cm-245	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Cm-246	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Cm-247	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cm-248	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Co-55	Cobalt (27)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Co-56	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Co-57	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Co-58	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Co-58m	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Co-60	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cr-51	Chromium (24)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Cs-129	Cesium (55)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cs-131	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cs-132	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cs-134	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cs-134m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cs-135	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Cs-136	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Cs-137 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Cu-64	Copper (29)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Cu-67	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Dy-159	Dysprosium (66)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Dy-165	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Dy-166	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Er-169	Erbium (68)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Er-171	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-147	Europium (63)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-148	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-149	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Eu-150 (short lived)	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-150 (long lived)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-152	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-152m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-154	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Eu-155	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Eu-156	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
F-18	Fluorine (9)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Fe-52	Iron (26)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Fe-55	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Fe-59	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Fe-60	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ga-67	Gallium (31)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ga-68	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ga-72	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Gd-146	Gadolinium (64)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Gd-148	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Gd-153	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Gd-159	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ge-68	Germanium (32)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ge-71	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Ge-77	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Hf-172	Hafnium (72)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hf-175	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hf-181	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hf-182	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hg-194	Mercury (80)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hg-195m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hg-197	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Hg-197m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Hg-203	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ho-166	Holmium (67)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ho-166m	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
I-123	Iodine (53)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
I-124	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
I-125	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
I-126	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
I-129	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
I-131	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
I-132	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
I-133	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
I-134	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
I-135	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
In-111	Indium (49)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
In-113m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
In-114m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
In-115m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ir-189	Iridium (77)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ir-190	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ir-192	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Ir-194	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
K-40	Potassium (19)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
K-42	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
K-43	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Kr-81	Krypton (36)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Kr-85	-	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Kr-85m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10¹⁰	2.7X10^-1
Kr-87	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
La-137	Lanthanum (57)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
La-140	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Lu-172	Lutetium (71)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Lu-173	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Lu-174	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Lu-174m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Lu-177	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Mg-28	Magnesium (12)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Mn-52	Manganese (25)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Mn-53	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Mn-54	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Mn-56	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Mo-93	Molybdenum (42)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Mo-99	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
N-13	Nitrogen (7)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Na-22	Sodium (11)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Na-24	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Nb-93m	Niobium (41)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Nb-94	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Nb-95	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Nb-97	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Nd-147	Neodymium (60)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Nd-149	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ni-59	Nickel (28)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Ni-63	-	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Ni-65	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Np-235	Neptunium (93)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Np-236 (short-lived)	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Np-236 (long-lived)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Np-237 (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Np-239	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Os-185	Osmium (76)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Os-191	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Os-191m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Os-193	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Os-194	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
P-32	Phosphorus (15)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
P-33	-	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Pa-230	Protactinium (91)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pa-231	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Pa-233	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pb-201	Lead (82)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pb-202	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pb-203	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pb-205	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pb-210 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Pb-212 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Pd-103	Palladium (46)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Pd-107	-	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Pd-109	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pm-143	Promethium (61)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pm-144	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pm-145	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pm-147	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pm-148m	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pm-149	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pm-151	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Po-210	Polonium (84)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Pr-142	Praseodymium (59)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Pr-143	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pt-188	Platinum (78)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pt-191	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pt-193	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pt-193m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pt-195m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pt-197	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pt-197m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Pu-236	Plutonium (94)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Pu-237	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Pu-238	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Pu-239	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Pu-240	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Pu-241	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Pu-242	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Pu-244	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Ra-223 (b)	Radium (88)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ra-224 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ra-225	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Ra-226 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Ra-228 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Rb-81	Rubidium (37)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Rb-83	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Rb-84	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Rb-86	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Rb-87	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Rb (nat)	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Re-184	Rhenium (75)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Re-184m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Re-186	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Re-187	-	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Re-188	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Re-189	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Re (nat)	-	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Rh-99	Rhodium (45)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Rh-101	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Rh-102	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Rh-102m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Rh-103m	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Rh-105	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Rn-222 (b)	Radon (86)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Ru-97	Ruthenium (44)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ru-103	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ru-105	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ru-106 (b)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
S-35	Sulphur (16)	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Sb-122	Antimony (51)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Sb-124	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sb-125	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sb-126	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Sc-44	Scandium (21)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Sc-46	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sc-47	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sc-48	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Se-75	Selenium (34)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Se-79	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Si-31	Silicon (14)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Si-32	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sm-145	Samarium (62)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Sm-147	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Sm-151	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Sm-153	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sn-113	Tin (50)	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Sn-117m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sn-119m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Sn-121m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Sn-123	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sn-125	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Sn-126	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Sr-82	Strontium (38)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Sr-85	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sr-85m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Sr-87m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sr-89	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Sr-90 (b)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Sr-91	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Sr-92	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
T(H-3)	Tritium (1)	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Ta-178 (long-lived)	Tantalum (73)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Ta-179	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Ta-182	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Tb-157	Terbium (65)	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Tb-158	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tb-160	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tc-95m	Technetium (43)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tc-96	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tc-96m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Tc-97	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
Tc-97m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Tc-98	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tc-99	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Tc-99m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Te-121	Tellurium (52)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Te-121m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Te-123m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Te-125m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Te-127	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Te-127m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Te-129	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Te-129m	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Te-131m	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Te-132	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Th-227	Thorium (90)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Th-228 (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Th-229 (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Th-230	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Th-231	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Th-232	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Th-234 (b)	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Th (nat) (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
Ti-44	Titanium (22)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Tl-200	Thallium (81)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tl-201	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tl-202	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tl-204	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Tm-167	Thulium (69)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tm-170	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Tm-171	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁸	2.7X10^-3
U-230 (fast lung absorption) (b), (d)	Uranium (92)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
U-230 (medium lung absorption) (e)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-230 (slow lung absorption) (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-232 (fast lung absorption) (b), (d)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
U-232 (medium lung absorption) (e)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-232 (slow lung absorption) (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-233 (fast lung absorption) (d)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-233 (medium lung absorption) (e)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
U-233 (slow lung absorption) (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
U-234 (fast lung absorption) (d)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-234 (medium lung absorption) (e)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
U-234 (slow lung absorption) (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
U-235 (all lung absorption types) (b), (d), (e), (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-236 (fast lung absorption) (d)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-236 (medium lung absorption) (e)	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
U-236 (slow lung absorption) (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U-238 (all lung absorption types) (b), (d), (e), (f)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
U (nat) (b)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
U (enriched to 20% or less) (g)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
U (dep)	-	1.0	2.7X10^-11	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8
V-48	Vanadium (23)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
V-49	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
W-178	Tungsten (74)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
W-181	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
W-185	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
W-187	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
W-188	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Xe-122	Xenon (54)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Xe-123	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁹	2.7X10^-2
Xe-127	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Xe-131m	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Xe-133	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7
Xe-135	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10¹⁰	2.7X10^-1
Y-87	Yttrium (39)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Y-88	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Y-90	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Y-91	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Y-91m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Y-92	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Y-93	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6
Yb-169	Ytterbium (70)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Yb-175	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Zn-65	Zinc (30)	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Zn-69	-	1.0X10⁴	2.7X10^-7	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Zn-69m	-	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Zr-88	Zirconium (40)	1.0X10²	2.7X10^-9	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Zr-93 (b)	-	1.0X10³	2.7X10^-8	1.0X10⁷	2.7X10^-4
Zr-95	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁶	2.7X10^-5
Zr-97 (b)	-	1.0X10¹	2.7X10^-10	1.0X10⁵	2.7X10^-6

(a)	(Reserved)
(b)	Parent nuclides and their progeny included in secular equilibrium are listed in the following:

Sr-90	Y-90
Zr-93	Nb-93m
Zr-97	Nb-97
Ru-106	Rh-106
Cs-137	Ba-137m
Ce-134	La-134
Ce-144	Pr-144
Ba-140	La-140
Bi-212	Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Pb-210	Bi-210, Po-210
Pb-212	Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Rn-220	Po-216
Rn-222	Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Ra-223	Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207
Ra-224	Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Ra-226	Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210
Ra-228	Ac-228
Th-226	Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
Th-228	Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Th-229	Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, Po-213, Pb-209
Th-nat	Ra-228, Ac-228, Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Th-234	Pa-234m
U-230	Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
U-232	Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
U-235	Th-231
U-238	Th-234, Pa-234m
U-nat	Th-234, Pa-234m, U-234, Th-230, Ra-226, Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210
U-240	Np-240m
Np-237	Pa-233
Am-242m	Am-242
Am-243	Np-239

(c)	(Reserved)
(d)	These values apply only to compounds of uranium that take the chemical form of UF₆, UO₂F₂ and UO₂(NO₃)₂ in both normal and accident conditions of transport.
(e)	These values apply only to compounds of uranium that take the chemical form of UO₃, UF₄, UCl₄ and hexavalent compounds in both normal and accident conditions of transport.
(f)	These values apply to all compounds of uranium other than those specified in notes (d) and (e) of this table.
(g)	These values apply to unirradiated uranium only.

Table A-3. General Values for A1 and A2
	A₁		A₂
Contents	(TBq)	(Ci)	(TBq)	(Ci)	Activity concentration for exempt material (Bq/g)	Activity concentration for exempt material (Ci/g)	Activity limits for exempt consignments (Bq)	Activity limits for exempt consignments (Ci)
Only beta or gamma emitting radionuclides are known to be present	1 x 10^-1	2.7 x 10⁰	2 x 10^-2	5.4 x 10^-1	1 x 10¹	2.7 x 10^-10	1 x 10⁴	2.7 x 10^-7
Only alpha emitting radionuclides are known to be present	2 x 10^-1	5.4 x 10⁰	9 x 10^-5	2.4 x 10^-3	1 x 10^-1	2.7 x 10^-12	1 x 10³	2.7 x 10^-8
No relevant data are available	1 x 10^-3	2.7 x 10^-2	9 x 10^-5	2.4 x 10^-3	1 x 10^-1	2.7 x 10^-12	1 x 10³	2.7 x 10^-8

Table A-4.
Activity-Mass Relationships for Uranium
	Specific Activity
Uranium Enrichment¹ wt % U-235 present	TBq/g	Ci/g
0.45	1.8 x 10^-8	5.0 x 10^-7
0.72	2.6 x 10^-8	7.1 x 10^-7
1	2.8 x 10^-8	7.6 x 10^-7
1.5	3.7 x 10^-8	1.0 x 10^-6
5	1.0 x 10^-7	2.7 x 10^-6
10	1.8 x 10^-7	4.8 x 10^-6
20	3.7 x 10^-7	1.0 x 10^-5
35	7.4 x 10^-7	2.0 x 10^-5
50	9.3 x 10^-7	2.5 x 10^-5
90	2.2 x 10^-6	5.8 x 10^-5
93	2.6 x 10^-6	7.0 x 10^-5
95	3.4 x 10^-6	9.1 x 10^-5

¹	The figures for uranium include representative values for the activity of the uranium-234 that is concentrated during the enrichment process.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 08-09-093, § 246-231-200, filed 4/18/08, effective 5/19/08; 99-15-105, § 246-231-200, filed 7/21/99, effective 8/21/99.]

OTS-2737.3

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 06-05-019, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06)

WAC 246-240-001 Purpose and scope. This chapter contains the requirements and provisions for the medical use of radioactive material and for issuance of specific licenses authorizing the medical use of this material. These requirements and provisions provide for the radiation safety of workers, the general public, patients, and human research subjects. The requirements and provisions of chapters 246-220, 246-221, 246-222, 246-232, 246-235, and 246-254 WAC, apply to applicants and licensees subject to this chapter unless specifically exempted. ((~~When a requirement in this chapter differs from the requirement in an existing license condition, the requirement in this chapter shall govern.~~))

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 06-05-019, § 246-240-001, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.70.040. 91-02-049 (Order 121), recodified as § 246-240-001, filed 12/27/90, effective 1/31/91; Order 1084, § 402-32-010, filed 1/14/76; Order 1, § 402-32-010, filed 1/8/69; Rules (part), filed 10/26/66.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 09-06-003, filed 2/18/09, effective 3/21/09)

WAC 246-240-010 Definitions. Address of use means the building or buildings that are identified on the license and where radioactive material may be received, prepared, used, or stored.

(1) Area of use means a portion of an address of use that has been set aside for the purpose of receiving, preparing, using, or storing radioactive material.

(2) Authorized medical physicist means an individual who:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) Meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-072 and 246-240-081; or

((~~(2)~~)) (b) Is identified as an authorized medical physicist or teletherapy physicist on:

((~~(a)~~)) (i) A specific medical use license issued by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state;

((~~(b)~~)) (ii) A medical use permit issued by a U.S. NRC master material licensee;

((~~(c)~~)) (iii) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC or agreement state broad scope medical use licensee; or

((~~(d)~~)) (iv) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC master material license broad scope medical use permittee.

(3) Authorized nuclear pharmacist means a pharmacist who:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) Meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-075 and 246-240-081; or

((~~(2)~~)) (b) Is identified as an authorized nuclear pharmacist on:

((~~(a)~~)) (i) A specific license issued by the department, the U.S. NRC or an agreement state, that authorizes medical use or the practice of nuclear pharmacy;

((~~(b)~~)) (ii) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC master material licensee that authorizes medical use or the practice of nuclear pharmacy;

((~~(c)~~)) (iii) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC or agreement state broad scope medical use licensee that authorizes medical use or the practice of nuclear pharmacy; or

((~~(d)~~)) (iv) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC master material license broad scope medical use permittee that authorizes medical use or the practice of nuclear pharmacy; or

((~~(3)~~)) (c) Is identified as an authorized nuclear pharmacist by a commercial nuclear pharmacy that has been authorized to identify authorized nuclear pharmacists; or

((~~(4)~~)) (d) Is designated as an authorized nuclear pharmacist in accordance with WAC 246-235-100(2).

(4) Authorized user means a physician, dentist, or podiatrist who:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) Meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-081 and 246-240-154, 246-240-163, 246-240-210, 246-240-213, 246-240-216, 246-240-278, 246-240-301, or 246-240-399; or

((~~(2)~~)) (b) Is identified as an authorized user on:

((~~(a)~~)) (i) A department, U.S. NRC, or agreement state license that authorizes the medical use of radioactive material; or

((~~(b)~~)) (ii) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC master material licensee that is authorized to permit the medical use of radioactive material; or

((~~(c)~~)) (iii) A permit issued by a department, U.S. NRC, or agreement state specific licensee of broad scope that is authorized to permit the medical use of radioactive material; or

((~~(d)~~)) (iv) A permit issued by a U.S. NRC master material license broad scope permittee that is authorized to permit the medical use of radioactive material.

(5) Brachytherapy means a method of radiation therapy in which sources are used to deliver a radiation dose at a distance of up to a few centimeters by surface, intracavitary, intraluminal, or interstitial application.

(6) Brachytherapy source means a radioactive source or a manufacturer-assembled source train or a combination of these sources that is designed to deliver a therapeutic dose within a distance of a few centimeters.

(7) Client's address means the area of use or a temporary job site for the purpose of providing mobile medical service in accordance with WAC 246-240-125.

(8) Cyclotron means a particle accelerator in which the charged particles travel in an outward spiral or circular path. A cyclotron accelerates charged particles at energies usually in excess of 10 megaelectron volts and is commonly used for production of short half-life radionuclides for medical use.

(9) Dedicated check source means a radioactive source that is used to assure the constant operation of a radiation detection or measurement device over several months or years.

(10) Dentist means an individual licensed by a state or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to practice dentistry.

(11) High dose-rate remote afterloader, as used in this chapter, means a brachytherapy device that remotely delivers a dose rate in excess of 12 gray (1200 rads) per hour at the point or surface where the dose is prescribed.

(12) Low dose-rate remote afterloader, as used in this chapter, means a brachytherapy device that remotely delivers a dose rate of less than or equal to 2 gray (200 rads) per hour at the point or surface where the dose is prescribed.

(13) Management means the chief executive officer or other individual having the authority to manage, direct, or administer the licensee's activities, or that person's delegate or delegates.

(14) Manual brachytherapy, as used in this chapter, means a type of brachytherapy in which the brachytherapy sources (e.g., seeds, ribbons) are manually placed topically on or inserted either into the body cavities that are in close proximity to a treatment site or directly into the tissue volume.

(15) Medical event means an event that meets the criteria in WAC 246-240-651.

(16) Medical institution means an organization in which more than one medical discipline is practiced.

(17) Medical use means the intentional internal or external administration of radioactive material or the radiation from radioactive material to patients or human research subjects under the supervision of an authorized user.

(18) Medium dose-rate remote afterloader, as used in this chapter, means a brachytherapy device that remotely delivers a dose rate of greater than 2 gray (200 rads), but less than or equal to 12 grays (1200 rads) per hour at the point or surface where the dose is prescribed.

(19) Mobile medical service means the transportation of radioactive material to and its medical use at the client's address.

(20) Output means the exposure rate, dose rate, or a quantity related in a known manner to these rates from a brachytherapy source or a teletherapy, remote afterloader, or gamma stereotactic radiosurgery unit for a specified set of exposure conditions.

(21) Patient intervention means actions by the patient or human research subject, whether intentional or unintentional, such as dislodging or removing treatment devices or prematurely terminating the administration.

(22) Podiatrist means an individual licensed by a state or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to practice podiatry.

(23) Positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide production facility means a facility operating an accelerator for the purpose of producing PET radionuclides.

(24) Preceptor means an individual who provides, directs, or verifies training and experience required for an individual to become an authorized user, an authorized medical physicist, an authorized nuclear pharmacist, or a radiation safety officer.

(25) Prescribed dosage means the specified activity or range of activity of unsealed radioactive material as documented:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) In a written directive; or

((~~(2)~~)) (b) In accordance with the directions of the authorized user for procedures performed under WAC 246-240-151 and 246-240-157.

(26) Prescribed dose means:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) For gamma stereotactic radiosurgery, the total dose as documented in the written directive;

((~~(2)~~)) (b) For teletherapy, the total dose and dose per fraction as documented in the written directive;

((~~(3)~~)) (c) For manual brachytherapy, either the total source strength and exposure time or the total dose, as documented in the written directive; or

((~~(4)~~)) (d) For remote brachytherapy afterloaders, the total dose and dose per fraction as documented in the written directive.

(27) Pulsed dose-rate remote afterloader, as used in this chapter, means a special type of remote afterloading brachytherapy device that uses a single source capable of delivering dose rates in the "high dose-rate" range, but:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) Is approximately one-tenth of the activity of typical high dose-rate remote afterloader sources; and

((~~(2)~~)) (b) Is used to simulate the radiobiology of a low dose-rate treatment by inserting the source for a given fraction of each hour.

(28) Radiation safety officer means an individual who:

((~~(1)~~)) (a) Meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-069 and 246-240-081; or

((~~(2)~~)) (b) Is identified as a radiation safety officer on a specific medical use license issued by the department prior to October 5, 2005, the U.S. NRC or an agreement state; or

((~~(3)~~)) (c) A medical use permit issued by a commission master material licensee.

(29) Sealed source and device registry means the national registry that contains all the registration certificates, generated by both the U.S. NRC and the agreement states, that summarize the radiation safety information for the sealed sources and devices and describe the licensing and use conditions approved for the product.

(30) Stereotactic radiosurgery means the use of external radiation in conjunction with a stereotactic guidance device to very precisely deliver a therapeutic dose to a tissue volume.

(31) Structured educational program means an educational program designed to impart particular knowledge and practical education through interrelated studies and supervised training.

(32) Teletherapy, as used in this chapter, means a method of radiation therapy in which collimated gamma rays are delivered at a distance from the patient or human research subject.

(33) Temporary job site means a location where mobile medical services are conducted other than those location(s) of use authorized on the license.

(34) Therapeutic dosage means a dosage of unsealed radioactive material that is intended to deliver a radiation dose to a patient or human research subject for palliative or curative treatment.

(35) Therapeutic dose means a radiation dose delivered from a source containing radioactive material to a patient or human research subject for palliative or curative treatment.

(36) Treatment site means the anatomical description of the tissue intended to receive a radiation dose, as described in a written directive.

(37) Type of use means use of radioactive material under WAC 246-240-151, 246-240-157, 246-240-201, 246-240-251, 246-240-301, 246-240-351, or 246-240-501.

(38) Unit dosage means a dosage prepared for medical use for administration as a single dosage to a patient or human research subject without any further manipulation of the dosage after it is initially prepared.

(39) Written directive means an authorized user's written order for the administration of radioactive material or radiation from radioactive material to a specific patient or human research subject, as specified in WAC 246-240-060.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050 and 70.98.080. 09-06-003, § 246-240-010, filed 2/18/09, effective 3/21/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-010, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-010, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06; 98-13-037, § 246-240-010, filed 6/8/98, effective 7/9/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050 and 70.98.080. 92-06-008 (Order 245), § 246-240-010, filed 2/21/92, effective 3/23/92.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-069 Training for radiation safety officer. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an individual fulfilling the responsibilities of the radiation safety officer under WAC 246-240-051 to be an individual who:

(1) Is certified by a specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. NRC, or an agreement state, and who meets the requirements of subsections (4) and (5) of this section. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page, at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Hold a bachelor's or graduate degree from an accredited college or university in physical science or engineering or biological science with a minimum of twenty college credits in physical science;

(b) Have five or more years of professional experience in health physics (graduate training may be substituted for no more than two years of the required experience) including at least three years in applied health physics; and

(c) Pass an examination administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which evaluates knowledge and competence in radiation physics and instrumentation, radiation protection, mathematics pertaining to the use and measurement of radioactivity, radiation biology, and radiation dosimetry; or

(i) Hold a master's or doctor's degree in physics, medical physics, other physical science, engineering, or applied mathematics from an accredited college or university;

(ii) Have two years of full-time practical training and/or supervised experience in medical physics:

(A) Under the supervision of a medical physicist who is certified in medical physics by a specialty board recognized by the commission or an agreement state; or

(B) In clinical nuclear medicine facilities providing diagnostic and/or therapeutic services under the direction of physicians who meet the requirements for authorized users in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-163 or 246-240-210; and

(iii) Pass an examination, administered by diplomates of the specialty board, that assesses knowledge and competence in clinical diagnostic radiological or nuclear medicine physics and in radiation safety; or

(d) Obtain written certification under oath signed by a preceptor radiation safety officer that the individual has achieved a level of radiation safety knowledge sufficient to function independently as a radiation safety officer for a medical use licensee; or

(2)(a) Has completed a structured educational program consisting of both:

(i) Two hundred hours of classroom and laboratory training in the following areas:

(A) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(B) Radiation protection;

(D) Radiation biology; and

(E) Radiation dosimetry; and

(ii) One year of full-time radiation safety experience under the supervision of the individual identified as the radiation safety officer on a department or agreement state license or license issued by the U.S. NRC that authorizes similar type(s) of use(s) of radioactive material involving the following:

(A) Shipping, receiving, and performing related radiation surveys;

(B) Using and performing checks for proper operation of instruments used to determine the activity of dosages, survey meters, and instruments used to measure radionuclides;

(D) Using administrative controls to avoid mistakes in the administration of radioactive material;

(E) Using procedures to prevent or minimize radioactive contamination and using proper decontamination procedures;

(F) Using emergency procedures to control radioactive material; and

(G) Disposing of radioactive material; or

(b) Is a medical physicist who has been certified by a specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. NRC, or an agreement state under WAC 246-240-072 and has experience in radiation safety for similar types of use of radioactive material for which the licensee is seeking the approval of the individual as radiation safety officer and who meets the requirements in subsections (4) and (5) of this section; or

(3) Is an authorized user, authorized medical physicist, or authorized nuclear pharmacist identified on the licensee's license or a medical physicist who has been certified by a specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state under WAC 246-240-072 and has experience with the radiation safety aspects of similar types of use of radioactive material for which the individual has radiation safety officer responsibilities; and

(4) Has obtained written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor radiation safety officer, that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsection (5) of this section, and in subsection (1)(a) and (b), or (c)(i) and (ii) of this section, or subsection (2)(a) or (b) of this section, or subsection (3) of this section and has achieved a level of radiation safety knowledge sufficient to function independently as a radiation safety officer for a medical use licensee; and

(5) Has training in the radiation safety, regulatory issues, and emergency procedures for the types of use for which a licensee seeks approval. This training requirement may be satisfied by completing training that is supervised by an authorized medical physicist, authorized user, authorized nuclear pharmacist, or radiation safety officer, as appropriate, who is authorized for the type(s) of use for which the licensee is seeking approval.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-069, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-069, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-072 Training for an authorized medical physicist. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require the authorized medical physicist to be an individual who:

(1) Is certified by a specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state and who meets the requirements in subsections (2)(b) and (3) of this section. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Hold a master's or doctor's degree in physics, medical physics, other physical science, engineering, or applied mathematics from an accredited college or university;

(b) Have two years of full-time practical training and/or supervised experience in medical physics:

(i) Under the supervision of a medical physicist who is certified in medical physics by a specialty board recognized by the commission or an agreement state; or

(ii) In clinical radiation facilities providing high energy, external beam therapy (photons and electrons with energies greater than or equal to one million electron volts) and brachytherapy services under the direction of physicians who meet the requirements for authorized users in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-278 or 246-240-399;

(c) Pass an examination, administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which assesses knowledge and competence in clinical radiation therapy, radiation safety, calibration, quality assurance, and treatment planning for external beam therapy, brachytherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery; or

(2)(a) Holds a master's or doctor's degree in physics, medical physics, other physical science, engineering, or applied mathematics from an accredited college or university; and has completed one year of full-time training in medical physics and an additional year of full-time work experience under the supervision of an individual who meets the requirements for an authorized medical physicist for the type(s) of use modalities for which the individual is seeking authorization. This training and work experience must be conducted in clinical radiation facilities that provide high energy, external beam therapy and brachytherapy services and must include:

(i) Performing sealed source leak tests and inventories;

(ii) Performing decay corrections;

(iii) Performing full calibration and periodic spot checks of external beam treatment units, stereotactic radiosurgery units, and remote afterloading units as applicable; and

(iv) Conducting radiation surveys around external beam treatment units, stereotactic radiosurgery units, and remote afterloading units as applicable; and

(b) Has obtained written certification under oath that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsections (1)(a) and (b) and (3), or (2)(a) and (3) of this section, and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized medical physicist for each type of therapeutic medical unit for which the individual is requesting authorized medical physicist status. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized medical physicist who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-072, 246-240-078, or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements for an authorized medical physicist for each type of therapeutic medical unit for which the individual is requesting authorized medical physicist status; and

(3) Has training for the type(s) of use in the modalities for which authorization is sought that includes hands-on device operation, safety procedures, clinical use, and the operation of a treatment planning system. This training requirement may be satisfied by satisfactorily completing either a training program provided by the vendor or by training supervised by an authorized medical physicist authorized for the type(s) of use for which the individual is seeking authorization.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-072, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-072, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 06-05-019, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06)

WAC 246-240-075 Training for an authorized nuclear pharmacist. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require the authorized nuclear pharmacist to be a pharmacist who:

(1) Is certified by a specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state and who meets the requirements in subsection (2)(b) of this section. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Have graduated from a pharmacy program accredited by the American Council On Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE) or have passed the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination Committee (FPGEC) examination;

(b) Hold a current, active license to practice pharmacy;

(c) Provide evidence of having acquired at least four thousand hours of training/experience in nuclear pharmacy practice. Academic training may be substituted for no more than two thousand hours of the required training and experience; and

(d) Pass an examination in nuclear pharmacy administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which assesses knowledge and competency in procurement, compounding, quality assurance, dispensing, distribution, health and safety, radiation safety, provision of information and consultation, monitoring patient outcomes, research and development; or

(2)(a) Has completed two hundred hours in a structured educational program consisting of both:

(i) Didactic training in the following areas:

(A) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(B) Radiation protection;

(D) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use; and

(E) Radiation biology; and

(ii) Supervised practical experience in a nuclear pharmacy involving:

(A) Shipping, receiving, and performing related radiation surveys;

(B) Using and performing checks for proper operation of instruments used to determine the activity of dosages, survey meters, and, if appropriate, instruments used to measure alpha-or beta-emitting radionuclides;

(D) Using administrative controls to avoid medical events in the administration of radioactive material; and

(E) Using procedures to prevent or minimize radioactive contamination and using proper decontamination procedures; and

(b) Has obtained written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor authorized nuclear pharmacist, that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsections (1)(a), (b), and (c) or (2)(a) of this section and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized nuclear pharmacist.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 06-05-019, § 246-240-075, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 06-05-019, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06)

WAC 246-240-078 Training for experienced radiation safety officer, teletherapy or medical physicist, authorized user, and nuclear pharmacist. (1) An individual identified as a radiation safety officer, a teletherapy or medical physicist, or a nuclear pharmacist on a department, U.S. NRC, or agreement state license, or a permit issued by an agreement state or U.S. NRC broad scope licensee or master material license permit, or by a master material license permittee of broad scope before October 24, 2006, need not comply with the training requirements of WAC 246-240-278, 246-240-072, or 246-240-075, respectively.

(2) Physicians, dentists, or podiatrists identified as authorized users for the medical use of radioactive material on a license issued by the department or agreement state, or U.S. NRC broad scope license, or license issued before October 24, 2006, who perform only those medical uses for which they were authorized on that date need not comply with the training requirements of WAC 246-240-151 and 246-240-399.

(3) Individuals who need not comply with training requirements as described in this section may serve as preceptors for, and supervisors of, applicants seeking authorization on state of Washington radioactive materials licenses for the same uses for which these individuals are authorized.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 06-05-019, § 246-240-078, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-154 Training for uptake, dilution, and excretion studies. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user of unsealed radioactive material for the uses authorized under WAC 246-240-151 to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state and who meets the requirements of subsection (3)(b) of this section. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. NRC or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Meet the requirements in subsection (3)(a) of this section; and

(b) Pass an examination, administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which assesses knowledge and competence in radiation safety, radionuclide handling, and quality control; or

(2) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-163 or 246-240-210 or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements; or subsection (3)(a) of this section; or

(3)(a) Has completed sixty hours of training and experience, including a minimum of eight hours of classroom and laboratory training, in basic radionuclide handling techniques applicable to the medical use of unsealed radioactive material for uptake, dilution, and excretion studies. The training and experience must include:

(i) Classroom and laboratory training in the following areas:

(A) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(B) Radiation protection;

(D) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use; and

(E) Radiation biology; and

(ii) Work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-154, 246-240-163, or 246-240-210 or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements, involving:

(A) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely and performing the related radiation surveys;

(B) Performing quality control procedures on instruments used to determine the activity of dosages and performing checks for proper operation of survey meters;

(D) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of unsealed radioactive material;

(E) Using procedures to contain spilled radioactive material safely and using proper decontamination procedures; and

(F) Administering dosages of radioactive drugs to patients or human research subjects; and

(b) Has obtained written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-154, 246-240-163, or 246-240-210, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements, that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in (a) of this subsection and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for the medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-151.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-154, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-154, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-163 Training for imaging and localization studies. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user of unsealed radioactive material for the uses authorized under WAC 246-240-157 to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state and who meets the requirements in subsection (3)(b) of this section. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the U.S. NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Satisfy the requirements in subsection (3)(a) of this section; and

(b) Pass an examination, administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which assesses knowledge and competence in radiation safety, radionuclide handling, and quality control; or

(2) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-210 and meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-163 (3)(a)(ii)(G) and 246-240-210 or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements; or

(3)(a) Has completed seven hundred hours of training and experience, including a minimum of eighty hours of classroom and laboratory training, in basic radionuclide handling techniques applicable to the medical use of unsealed radioactive material for imaging and localization studies. The training and experience must include, at a minimum:

(i) Classroom and laboratory training in the following areas:

(A) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(B) Radiation protection;

(D) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use;

(E) Radiation biology; and

(ii) Work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user, who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-163, or 246-240-210 and 246-240-163 (3)(a)(ii)(G), or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements, involving:

(A) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely and performing the related radiation surveys;

(B) Performing quality control procedures on instruments used to determine the activity of dosages and performing checks for proper operation of survey meters;

(D) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of unsealed radioactive material;

(E) Using procedures to safely contain spilled radioactive material and using proper decontamination procedures;

(F) Administering dosages of radioactive drugs to patients or human research subjects; and

(G) Eluting generator systems appropriate for preparation of radioactive drugs for imaging and localization studies, measuring and testing the eluate for radionuclidic purity, and processing the eluate with reagent kits to prepare labeled radioactive drugs; and

(b) Has obtained written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-163, or 246-240-210 and 246-240-163 (3)(a)(ii)(G) or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements, that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in (a) of this subsection and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for the medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-151 and 246-240-157.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-163, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-163, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-210 Training for use of unsealed radioactive material for which a written directive is required. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user of unsealed radioactive material for the uses authorized under WAC 246-240-201 to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Successfully complete a residency training in a radiation therapy or nuclear medicine training program or a program in a related medical specialty that includes seven hundred hours of training and experience as described in subsection (2) of this section. Eligible training programs must be approved by the Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education or Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or the Committee on Postgraduate Training of the American Osteopathic Association;

(b) Pass an examination, administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which tests knowledge and competence in radiation safety, radionuclide handling, quality assurance, and clinical use of unsealed by-product material; and

(c) Obtain written certification under oath that the individual has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for the medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-201. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements. The preceptor authorized user, who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078 or 246-240-210 must have experience in administering dosages in the same dosage category or categories (i.e., this section) as the individual requesting authorized user status; or

(2) Has completed seven hundred hours of training and experience, including a minimum of two hundred hours of classroom and laboratory training, in basic radionuclide handling techniques applicable to the medical use of unsealed radioactive material requiring a written directive. The training and experience must include:

(a) Classroom and laboratory training in the following areas:

(i) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(ii) Radiation protection;

(iii) Mathematics pertaining to the use and measurement of radioactivity;

(iv) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use; and

(v) Radiation biology; and

(b) Work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in subsection (1) or (2) of this section, or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements. A supervising authorized user, who meets the requirements in this subsection, must also have experience in administering dosages in the same dosage category or categories (i.e., this section) as the individual requesting authorized user status. The work experience must involve:

(i) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely and performing the related radiation surveys;

(ii) Performing quality control procedures on instruments used to determine the activity of dosages and performing checks for proper operation of survey meters;

(iii) Calculating, measuring, and safely preparing patient or human research subject dosages;

(iv) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of unsealed radioactive material;

(v) Using procedures to contain spilled radioactive material safely and using proper decontamination procedures;

(vi) Eluting generator systems, measuring and testing the eluate for radionuclidic purity, and processing the eluate with reagent kits to prepare labeled radioactive drugs; and

(vii) Administering dosages of radioactive drugs to patients or human research subjects involving a minimum of three cases in each of the following categories for which the individual is requesting authorized user status:

(A) Oral administration of less than or equal to 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries) of sodium iodide I-131 for which a written directive is required;

(B) Oral administration of greater than 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries) of sodium iodide I-131. Experience with at least three cases in this also satisfies the requirement in (b)(vii)(A) of this subsection;

(C) Parenteral administration of any beta emitter, or a photon-emitting radionuclide with a photon energy less than 150 keV for which a written directive is required; and/or

(D) Parenteral administration of any other radionuclide for which a written directive is required; and

(E) Has obtained written certification under oath that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsection (1)(a) and ((~~(b)~~)) (2)(b)(vii) of this section, WAC 246-240-078, and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for the medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-201. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in this section, or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements. The preceptor authorized user, who meets the requirements in this subsection (2), must also have experience in administering dosages in the same dosage category or categories (i.e., this section) as the individual requesting authorized user status.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-210, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-210, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-213 Training for the oral administration of sodium iodide I-131 requiring a written directive in quantities less than or equal to 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries). Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user for the oral administration of sodium iodide I-131 requiring a written directive in quantities less than or equal to 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries), to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process includes all of the requirements in subsection (3) of this section and whose certification has been recognized by the department, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or an agreement state. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.); or

(2) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-210 for uses listed in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(A) and (B), 246-240-216, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements; or

(3)(a) Has successfully completed eighty hours of classroom and laboratory training, applicable to the medical use of sodium iodide I-131 for procedures requiring a written directive. The training must include:

(i) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(ii) Radiation protection;

(iii) Mathematics pertaining to the use and measurement of radioactivity;

(iv) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use; and

(v) Radiation biology; and

(b) Has work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, 246-240-213, 246-240-216, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements. A supervising authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-210(2), must also have experience in administering dosages as specified in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(A) or (B). The work experience must involve:

(i) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely and performing the related radiation surveys;

(ii) Performing quality control procedures on instruments used to determine the activity of dosages and performing checks for proper operation of survey meters;

(iii) Calculating, measuring, and safely preparing patient or human research subject dosages;

(iv) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of radioactive material;

(v) Using procedures to contain spilled radioactive material safely and using proper decontamination procedures; and

(vi) Administering dosages to patients or human research subjects, that includes at least three cases involving the oral administration of less than or equal to 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries) of sodium iodide I-131; and

(c) Has obtained written certification under oath that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in (a) and (b) of this subsection and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-201. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, 246-240-213, 246-240-216, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements. A preceptor authorized user, who meets the requirement in WAC 246-240-210(2), must also have experience in administering dosages as specified in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(A) or (B).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-213, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-213, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-216 Training for the oral administration of sodium iodide I-131 requiring a written directive in quantities greater than 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries). Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user for the oral administration of sodium iodide I-131 requiring a written directive in quantities greater than 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries), to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process includes all of the requirements in subsection (3) of this section and whose certification has been recognized by the department, the U.S. NRC or an agreement state. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.); or

(2) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-210 for uses listed in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(B), or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements; or

(i) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(ii) Radiation protection;

(iii) Mathematics pertaining to the use and measurement of radioactivity;

(iv) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use; and

(v) Radiation biology; and

(b) Has work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, 246-240-216, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements. A supervising authorized user, who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-210(2), must also have experience in administering dosages as specified in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(B).

The work experience must involve:

(i) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely and performing the related radiation surveys;

(ii) Performing quality control procedures on instruments used to determine the activity of dosages and performing checks for proper operation of survey meters;

(iii) Calculating, measuring, and safely preparing patient or human research subject dosages;

(iv) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of radioactive material;

(v) Using procedures to contain spilled radioactive material safely and using proper decontamination procedures; and

(vi) Administering dosages to patients or human research subjects, that includes at least three cases involving the oral administration of greater than 1.22 gigabecquerels (33 millicuries) of sodium iodide I-131; and

(c) Has obtained written certification under oath that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in (a) and (b) of this subsection and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-201. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, 246-240-216, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements. A preceptor authorized user, who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-210(2), must have experience in administering dosages as specified in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(B).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-216, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-216, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-219 Training for the parenteral administration of unsealed radioactive material requiring a written directive. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user for the parenteral administration requiring a written directive, to be a physician who:

(1) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-210 for uses listed in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(C) or (D), or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements; or

(2) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-278 or 246-240-399, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements and who meets the requirements in subsection (4) of this section; or

(3) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the U.S. NRC or an agreement state under WAC 246-240-278 or 246-240-399, and who meets the requirements in subsection (4) of this section.

(4)(a) Has successfully completed eighty hours of classroom and laboratory training, applicable to parenteral administrations, for which a written directive is required, of any beta emitter or any photon-emitting radionuclide with a photon energy less than 150 keV, and/or parenteral administration of any other radionuclide for which a written directive is required. The training must include:

(i) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(ii) Radiation protection;

(iii) Mathematics pertaining to the use and measurement of radioactivity;

(iv) Chemistry of radioactive material for medical use; and

(v) Radiation biology; and

(b) Has work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, 246-240-219, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements, in the parenteral administration, for which a written directive is required, of any beta emitter or any photon-emitting radionuclide with a photon energy less than 150 keV, and/or parenteral administration of any other radionuclide for which a written directive is required. A supervising authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-210 must have experience in administering dosages as specified in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(C) and/or (D). The work experience must involve:

(i) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely, and performing the related radiation surveys;

(ii) Performing quality control procedures on instruments used to determine the activity of dosages, and performing checks for proper operation of survey meters;

(iii) Calculating, measuring, and safely preparing patient or human research subject dosages;

(iv) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of unsealed radioactive material;

(v) Using procedures to contain spilled radioactive material safely, and using proper decontamination procedures; and

(vi) Administering dosages to patients or human research subjects, that include at least three cases involving the parenteral administration, for which a written directive is required, of any beta emitter, or any photon-emitting radionuclide with a photon energy less than 150 keV and/or at least three cases involving the parenteral administration of any other radionuclide, for which a written directive is required; and

(5) Has obtained written certification under oath that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsection (2) or (3) of this section, and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user for the parenteral administration of unsealed radioactive material requiring a written directive. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-210, 246-240-219, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements. A preceptor authorized user, who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-210, must have experience in administering dosages as specified in WAC 246-240-210 (2)(b)(vii)(C) and/or (D).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-219, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-219, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-278 Training for use of manual brachytherapy sources. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user of a manual brachytherapy source for the uses authorized under WAC 246-240-251 to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. NRC, or an agreement state. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the commission or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Successfully complete a minimum of three years of residency training in a radiation oncology program approved by the Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education or Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or the Committee on Postgraduate Training of the American Osteopathic Association;

(b) Pass an examination, administered by diplomates of the specialty board, which tests knowledge and competence in radiation safety, radionuclide handling, treatment planning, quality assurance, and clinical use of high and low dose-rate brachytherapy; and

(c) Obtain written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-278 or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements, that the individual has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user of manual brachytherapy sources for the medical uses authorized in WAC 246-240-251; or

(2)(a) Has completed a structured educational program in basic radionuclide handling techniques applicable to the use of manual brachytherapy sources that includes:

(i) Two hundred hours of classroom and laboratory training in the following areas:

(A) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(B) Radiation protection;

(D) Radiation biology; and

(ii) Five hundred hours of work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-278 or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements at a medical institution, involving:

(A) Ordering, receiving, and unpacking radioactive materials safely and performing the related radiation surveys;

(B) Checking survey meters for proper operation;

(D) Maintaining running inventories of material on hand;

(E) Using administrative controls to prevent a medical event involving the use of radioactive material;

(F) Using emergency procedures to control radioactive material; and

(b) Has completed three years of supervised clinical experience in radiation oncology, under an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-278 or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements, as part of a formal training program approved by the Residency Review Committee for Radiation Oncology of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or the Committee on Postdoctoral Training of the American Osteopathic Association. This experience may be obtained concurrently with the supervised work experience required by (a)(ii) of this subsection; and

(c) Has obtained written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-278 or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements, that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsection (1)(a) of this section, or (a) and (b) of this subsection and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user of manual brachytherapy sources for the medical uses authorized under WAC 246-240-251.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-278, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-278, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 06-05-019, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06)

WAC 246-240-281 Training for ophthalmic use of strontium-90. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require the authorized user of strontium-90 for ophthalmic radiotherapy to be a physician who:

(1) Is an authorized user under WAC 246-240-278 or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements; or

(2)(a) Has completed twenty-four hours of classroom and laboratory training applicable to the medical use of strontium-90 for ophthalmic radiotherapy. The training must include:

(i) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(ii) Radiation protection;

(iii) Mathematics pertaining to the use and measurement of radioactivity; and

(iv) Radiation biology; and

(b) Supervised clinical training in ophthalmic radiotherapy under the supervision of an authorized user at a medical institution that includes the use of strontium-90 for the ophthalmic treatment of five individuals.

This supervised clinical training must involve:

(i) Examination of each individual to be treated;

(ii) Calculation of the dose to be administered;

(iii) Administration of the dose; and

(iv) Follow up and review of each individual's case history; and

(c) Has obtained written certification under oath, signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-278, 246-240-281, or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements, that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsections (1) and (2) of this section and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user of strontium-90 for ophthalmic use.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 06-05-019, § 246-240-281, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 07-14-131, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07)

WAC 246-240-399 Training for use of remote afterloader units, teletherapy units, and gamma stereotactic radiosurgery units. Except as provided in WAC 246-240-078, the licensee shall require an authorized user of a sealed source for a use authorized under WAC 246-240-351 to be a physician who:

(1) Is certified by a medical specialty board whose certification process has been recognized by the department, the U.S. NRC, or an agreement state. (Specialty boards whose certification process has been recognized by the NRC or an agreement state will be posted on the NRC's web page at http://www.nrc.gov.) To be recognized, a specialty board shall require all candidates for certification to:

(a) Successfully complete a minimum of three years of residency training in a radiation therapy program approved by the Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education or Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or the Committee on Postgraduate Training of the American Osteopathic Association; and

(2)(a) Has completed a structured educational program in basic radionuclide techniques applicable to the use of a sealed source in a therapeutic medical unit that includes:

(i) Two hundred hours of classroom and laboratory training in the following areas:

(A) Radiation physics and instrumentation;

(B) Radiation protection;

(D) Radiation biology; and

(ii) Five hundred hours of work experience, under the supervision of an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-399 or equivalent agreement state or U.S. NRC requirements at a medical institution, involving:

(A) Reviewing full calibration measurements and periodic spot-checks;

(B) Preparing treatment plans and calculating treatment doses and times;

(D) Implementing emergency procedures to be followed in the event of the abnormal operation of the medical unit or console;

(E) Checking and using survey meters; and

(F) Selecting the proper dose and how it is to be administered; and

(b) Has completed three years of supervised clinical experience in radiation therapy, under an authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-399 or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements, as part of a formal training program approved by the Residency Review Committee for Radiation Oncology of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education or Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or the Committee on Postdoctoral Training of the American Osteopathic Association. This experience may be obtained concurrently with the supervised work experience required by (a)(ii) of this subsection; and

(c) Has obtained written certification under oath that the individual has satisfactorily completed the requirements in subsection (1)(a) of this section, or (a) and (b), and (d) of this subsection and has achieved a level of competency sufficient to function independently as an authorized user of each type of therapeutic medical unit for which the individual is requesting authorized user status. The written certification under oath must be signed by a preceptor authorized user who meets the requirements in WAC 246-240-078, 246-240-399 or equivalent U.S. NRC or agreement state requirements for an authorized user for each type of therapeutic medical unit for which the individual is requesting authorized user status; and

(d) Has received training in device operation, safety procedures, and clinical use for the type(s) of use for which authorization is sought. This training requirement may be satisfied by satisfactory completion of a training program provided by the vendor for new users or by receiving training supervised by an authorized user or authorized medical physicist, as appropriate, who is authorized for the type(s) of use for which the individual is seeking authorization.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.98.050. 07-14-131, § 246-240-399, filed 7/3/07, effective 8/3/07; 06-05-019, § 246-240-399, filed 2/6/06, effective 3/9/06.]

LLI wall	=	lower large intestine wall;
St. wall	=	stomach wall;
Blad wall	=	bladder wall; and
Bone surf	=	bone surface.

		LIST OF ELEMENTS
Name	Symbol	Atomic Number	Name	Symbol	Atomic Number

Actinium	Ac	89	Molybdenum	Mo	42
Aluminum	Al	13	Neodymium	Nd	60
Americium	Am	95	Neptunium	Np	93
Antimony	Sb	51	Nickel	Ni	28
Argon	Ar	18	Nitrogen	N	7
Arsenic	As	33	Niobium	Nb	41
Astatine	At	85	Osmium	Os	76
Barium	Ba	56	Oxygen	O	8
Berkelium	Bk	97	Palladium	Pd	46
Beryllium	Be	4	Phosphorus	P	15
Bismuth	Bi	83	Platinum	Pt	78
Bromine	Br	35	Plutonium	Pu	94
Cadmium	Cd	48	Polonium	Po	84
Calcium	Ca	20	Potassium	K	19
Californium	Cf	98	Praseodymium	Pr	59
Carbon	C	6	Promethium	Pm	61
Cerium	Ce	58	Protactinium	Pa	91
Cesium	Cs	55	Radium	Ra	88
Chlorine	Cl	17	Radon	Rn	86
Chromium	Cr	24	Rhenium	Re	75
Cobalt	Co	27	Rhodium	Rh	45
Copper	Cu	29	Rubidium	Rb	37
Curium	Cm	96	Ruthenium	Ru	44
Dysprosium	Dy	66	Samarium	Sm	62
Einsteinium	Es	99	Scandium	Sc	21
Erbium	Er	68	Selenium	Se	34
Europium	Eu	63	Silicon	Si	14
Fermium	Fm	100	Silver	Ag	47
Fluorine	F	9	Sodium	Na	11
Francium	Fr	87	Strontium	Sr	38
Gadolinium	Gd	64	Sulfur	S	16
Gallium	Ga	31	Tantalum	Ta	73
Germanium	Ge	32	Technetium	Tc	43
Gold	Au	79	Tellurium	Te	52
Hafnium	Hf	72	Terbium	Tb	65
Holmium	Ho	67	Thallium	Tl	81
Hydrogen	H	1	Thorium	Th	90
Indium	In	49	Thulium	Tm	69
Iodine	I	53	Tin	Sn	50
Iridium	Ir	77	Titanium	Ti	22
Iron	Fe	26	Tungsten	W	74
Krypton	Kr	36	Uranium	U	92
Lanthanum	La	57	Vanadium	V	23
Lead	Pb	82	Xenon	Xe	54
Lutetium	Lu	71	Ytterbium	Yb	70
Magnesium	Mg	12	Yttrium	Y	39
Manganese	Mn	25	Zinc	Zn	30
Mendelevium	Md	101	Zirconium	Zr	40
Mercury	Hg	80

If it is known that Ac-227-D and Cm-250-W are not present	-	7E-4	3E-13	-	-	-
If, in addition, it is known that Ac-227-W,Y, Th-229-W,Y, Th-230-W, Th-232-W,Y, Pa-231-W,Y, Np-237-W, Pu-239-W, Pu-240-W, Pu-242-W, Am-241-W, Am-242m-W, Am-243-W, Cm-245-W, Cm-246-W, Cm-247-W, Cm-248-W, Bk-247-W, Cf-249-W, and Cf-251-W are not present	-	7E-3	3E-12	-	-	-
If, in addition, it is known that Sm-146-W, Sm-147-W, Gd-148-D,W, Gd-152-D,W, Th-228-W,Y, Th-230-Y, U-232-Y, U-233-Y, U-234-Y, U-235-Y, U-236-Y, U-238-Y, Np-236-W, Pu-236-W,Y, Pu-238-W,Y, Pu-239-Y, Pu-240-Y, Pu-242-Y, Pu-244-W,Y, Cm-243-W, Cm-244-W, Cf-248-W, Cf-249-Y, Cf-250-W,Y, Cf-251-Y, Cf-252-W,Y, and Cf-254-W,Y are not present	-	7E-2	3E-11	-	-	-
If, in addition, it is known that Pb-210-D, Bi-210m-W, Po-210-D,W, Ra-223-W, Ra-225-W, Ra-226-W, Ac-225-D,W,Y, Th-227-W,Y, U-230-D,W,Y, U-232-D,W, Pu-241-W, Cm-240-W, Cm-242-W, Cf-248-Y, Es-254-W, Fm-257-W, and Md-258-W are not present	-	7E-1	3E-10	-	-	-
If, in addition, it is known that Si-32-Y, Ti-44-Y, Fe-60-D, Sr-90-Y, Zr-93-D, Cd-113m-D, Cd-113-D, In-115-D,W, La-138-D, Lu-176-W, Hf-178m-D,W, Hf-182-D,W, Bi-210m-D, Ra-224-W, Ra-228-W, Ac-226-D,W,Y, Pa-230-W,Y, U-233-D,W, U-234-D,W, U-235-D,W, U-236-D,W, U-238-D,W, Pu-241-Y, Bk-249-W, Cf-253-W,Y, and Es-253-W are not present	-	7E+0	3E-9	-	-	-
If it is known that Ac-227-D,W,Y, Th-229-W,Y, Th-232-W,Y, Pa-231-W,Y, Cm-248-W, and Cm-250-W are not present	-	-	-	1E-14	-	-
If, in addition, it is known that Sm-146-W, Gd-148-D,W, Gd-152-D, Th-228-W,Y, Th-230-W,Y, U-232-Y, U-233-Y, U-234-Y, U-235-Y, U-236-Y, U-238-Y, U-Nat-Y, Np-236-W, Np-237-W, Pu-236-W,Y, Pu-238-W,Y, Pu-239-W,Y, Pu-240-W,Y, Pu-242-W,Y, Pu-244-W,Y, Am-241-W, Am-242m-W, Am-243-W, Cm-243-W, Cm-244-W, Cm-245-W, Cm-246-W, Cm-247-W, Bk-247-W, Cf-249-W,Y, Cf-250-W,Y, Cf-251-W,Y, Cf-252-W,Y, and Cf-254-W,Y are not present	-	-	-	1E-13	-	-
If, in addition, it is known that Sm-147-W, Gd-152-W, Pb-210-D, Bi-210m-W, Po-210-D,W, Ra-223-W, Ra-225-W, Ra-226-W, Ac-225-D,W,Y, Th-227-W,Y, U-230-D,W,Y, U-232-D,W, U-Nat-W, Pu-241-W, Cm-240-W, Cm-242-W, Cf-248-W,Y, Es-254-W, Fm-257-W, and Md-258-W are not present	-	-	-	-	1E-12	-
If, in addition, it is known that Fe-60, Sr-90, Cd-113m, Cd-113, In-115, I-129, Cs-134, Sm-145, Sm-147, Gd-148, Gd-152, Hg-194 (organic), Bi-210m, Ra-223, Ra-224, Ra-225, Ac-225, Th-228, Th-230, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-236, U-238, U-Nat, Cm-242, Cf-248, Es-254, Fm-257, and Md-258 are not present	-	-	-	-	1E-6	1E-5
3. If a mixture of radionuclides consists of uranium and its daughters in ore dust (10 µm AMAD particle distribution assumed) prior to chemical separation of the uranium from the ore, the following values may be used for the DAC of the mixture: 6E-11 µCi of gross alpha activity from uranium-238, uranium-234, thorium-230, and radium-226 per milliliter of air; 3E-11 µCi of natural uranium per milliliter of air; or 45 micrograms of natural uranium per cubic meter of air. 4. If the identity and concentration of each radionuclide in a mixture are known, the limiting values should be derived as follows: Determine, for each radionuclide in the mixture, the ratio between the concentration present in the mixture and the concentration otherwise established in this section for the specific radionuclide when not in a mixture. The sum of such ratios for all of the radionuclides in the mixture may not exceed "1" (i.e., "unity"). Example: If radionuclides "A," "B," and "C" are present in concentrations CA, CB, and CC, and if the applicable DACs are DAC_A, DAC_B, and DAC_C, respectively, then the concentrations shall be limited so that the following relationship exists:

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