LABOR AND INDUSTRIES

[Filed March 22, 2022, 8:20 a.m.]

Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 20-05-073.

Title of Rule and Other Identifying Information: New chapter 296-71 WAC, Refinery worker training and certification in high hazard facilities.

Hearing Location(s): On April 26, 2022, at 1:00 p.m., virtually via Zoom. Please click this URL to join https://lni-wa-gov.zoom.us/j/88090690032?pwd=ZU0vbklzSWhwNmJNYkY3bVlRZ3BlZz09, Passcode HHFrule@1; or join by phone, Dial +1-253-215-8782 (Tacoma), Webinar ID 880 9069 0032, Passcode 788321375. The hearing will start at 1:00 p.m. and continue until all oral comments are received.

Date of Intended Adoption: July 19, 2022.

Submit Written Comments to: Tari Enos, Department of Labor and Industries (L&I), Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), P.O. Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98504-4620, email Tari.Enos@Lni.wa.gov, by May 3, 2022.

Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Tari Enos, phone 360-902-5541, email Tari.Enos@Lni.wa.gov, by April 19, 2022.

Purpose of the Proposal and Its Anticipated Effects, Including Any Changes in Existing Rules: The purpose of this proposed rule making is to create a new chapter of rules implementing the advanced safety training requirements under chapter 49.80 RCW adopted by the Washington state legislature in 2019. Chapter 49.80 RCW requires owners of petroleum refining or petrochemical manufacturing facilities use a skilled and trained workforce when contracting for construction, alteration, demolition, installation, repair, or maintenance work. All workers in the skilled and trained workforce must have completed at least 20 hours of approved advanced safety training for workers at high hazard facilities within the past three calendar years. Delayed enforcement policies may be used to ensure employers have adequate time to train all employees as required. This proposed rule making includes requirements for advanced safety training certification for workers, curriculum for in-person classroom and laboratory instruction, and approval of training providers. Please see below for a list of the proposed language.

WAC 296-71-001 Purpose and scope.


•	Indicates this new chapter applies to the training and certification of skilled and trained workforce under chapter 49.80 RCW, establishing a training course approval program and certification and the issuance of worker certification.

WAC 296-71-003 Definitions.


•	Includes definitions of the following terms: Apprenticeable occupation, approved, competent instructor, department, director, high hazard facility, on-site work, owner/operator, person, registered apprentice, revocation, skilled journeyperson, skilled and trained workforce, suspension. These definitions are applicable throughout this chapter, unless context clearly requires otherwise.

WAC 296-71-010 Skilled and trained workforce requirements.


•	Establishes the skilled and trained workforce requirements and includes statutory requirements for percentages of the workforce that must be trained, training standards, and employer documentation with recordkeeping standards. This rule also has exceptions from the section outlined.

WAC 296-71-020 Training certification.


•	Sets forth how to qualify for, renew, and the issuance of an advanced training certificate.

WAC 296-71-030 Training course approval.


•	Training courses must be 20 hours and meet the minimum requirements in Appendix A.

WAC 296-71-040 Reciprocity.


•	Outlines the standards for training certificate reciprocity, when reciprocity isn't available, and that L&I will maintain a list of states recognized that meet Washington standards.

WAC 296-71-050 Denial, suspension and revocation.


•	Outlines the criteria and how L&I may deny, suspend, or revoke a training certificate or course approval.

Appendix A: Training course content - Mandatory.


•	Outlines the curriculum a training course would have to meet to become an approved course.

Reasons Supporting Proposal: Petroleum refineries and petrochemical manufacturing facilities are among the most dangerous worksites for any workers around or in them. Hazardous chemicals, heavy machinery, flammable liquids and gases present a few of the operational risks that these workers face. Accidents from these hazards can lead to both nonfatal, as well as fatal injuries and illnesses. Some of the common injuries and illnesses that these workers may be exposed to include, but are not limited to, crush injuries, lung damage, burn injuries, hearing loss, lacerations, traumatic brain injury, and toxic exposure. To protect these contracted workers, ESHB 1817 was passed in 2019, which created a new chapter, codified as chapter 49.80 RCW, to require that owners of petroleum refining or petrochemical manufacturing facilities use a skilled and trained workforce when contracting for various types of work including construction, alteration, demolition, installation, repair, or maintenance. The rules are needed to implement the advanced safety training requirements established in ESHB 1817.

Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and 49.80.060.

Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 49.80 RCW.

Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.

Agency Comments or Recommendations, if any, as to Statutory Language, Implementation, Enforcement, and Fiscal Matters: Not applicable.

Name of Proponent: L&I, governmental.

Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Chris Miller, Tumwater, Washington, 360-902-5516; Implementation and Enforcement: Craig Blackwood, Tumwater, Washington, 360-902-5828.

A school district fiscal impact statement is not required under RCW 28A.305.135.

A cost-benefit analysis is required under RCW 34.05.328. A preliminary cost-benefit analysis may be obtained by contacting Tari Enos, L&I, DOSH, P.O. Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98504-4620, phone 360-902-5541, email Tari.Enos@Lni.wa.gov.

This rule proposal, or portions of the proposal, is exempt from requirements of the Regulatory Fairness Act because the proposal:

Is exempt under RCW 19.85.025(3) as the rules are adopting or incorporating by reference without material change federal statutes or regulations, Washington state statutes, rules of other Washington state agencies, shoreline master programs other than those programs governing shorelines of statewide significance, or, as referenced by Washington state law, national consensus codes that generally establish industry standards, if the material adopted or incorporated regulates the same subject matter and conduct as the adopting or incorporating rule; and rules only correct typographical errors, make address or name changes, or clarify language of a rule without changing its effect.

The proposed rule does not impose more-than-minor costs on businesses. Following is a summary of the agency's analysis showing how costs were calculated. L&I first estimated the total cost for submitting the initial application which was only a labor cost. Second, L&I estimated the annual cost of certification applications which needs to be renewed every three years. The initial application cost is treated as a one-time cost while the certification renewal cost component is annualized to determine the total annual cost of complying with this requirement to affected businesses. The businesses incurring these costs are expected to be within specialty trade contractors, and industrial building construction industries, and are estimated to be approximately 2,870 businesses.

L&I estimates that the proposed rule would impose [an] additional one-time cost of $3,966.93 and annual costs of $1,322.31. The total quantifiable benefits of the proposed rule are estimated to be between $76,587 and $153,174 annually, in addition to other significant but unquantifiable benefits. Therefore, L&I concludes that the probable benefits of these rules exceed their probable costs.

Chapter 296-71 WAC

REFINERY WORKER TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION IN HIGH HAZARD FACILITIES

WAC 296-71-001Purpose and scope.

This standard contains requirements under chapter 49.80 RCW for:

(1) Owners and operators of petroleum refining or petrochemical manufacturing facilities to use a skilled and trained workforce when contracting for construction, alteration, demolition, installation, repair or maintenance work at the stationary source.

(2) Training and certification of the skilled and trained workforce, including training course approval, and the issuance of worker certification.

WAC 296-71-003Definitions.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the definitions in this section apply throughout this chapter.

Apprenticeable occupation. An occupation for which an apprenticeship program has been approved by the Washington state apprenticeship and training council pursuant to chapter 49.04 RCW.

Approved. Approved by the department.

Competent instructor. An instructor who has demonstrated satisfactory performance in the occupation for a minimum of three years beyond the customary learning period for that occupation and who:

(a) Meets the requirements of the state board for community and technical colleges for a vocational-technical instructor; or

(b) Is recognized within an industry as having expertise in a specific occupation and is a subject matter expert; and

(c) Has training in teaching techniques and adult learning styles. The training may be acquired before, or within one year after, the competent instructor begins to provide related supplemental instruction.

Department. The department of labor and industries.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries or the director's designee.

High hazard facility. A stationary source that is engaged in activities described in code 324110 or 325110 of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

On-site work. Does not include ship and rail car support activities; environmental inspection and testing; security guard services; work which is performed by an original equipment manufacturer for warranty, repair, or maintenance on the vendor's equipment if required by the original equipment manufacturer's warranty agreement between the original equipment manufacturer and the owner; industrial cleaning not related to construction; safety services requiring professional safety certification; nonconstruction catalyst loading, regeneration, and removal; chemical purging and cleaning; refinery by-product separation and recovery; inspection services not related to construction; and work performed that is not in an apprenticeable occupation.

Owner/operator. The owner or operator of a stationary source that is engaged in activities described in code 324110 or 325110 of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

Person. One or more individuals, partnerships, associations, corporations, business trusts, legal representatives, or any organized group of persons.

Registered apprentice. An apprentice registered in an apprenticeship program approved by the Washington state apprenticeship and training council according to chapter 49.04 RCW.

Revocation. A withdrawal of a certification issued by the department or by department approval.

Skilled journeyperson. The worker either graduated from an apprenticeship program for the applicable occupation that was approved by the Washington state apprenticeship and training council according to chapter 49.04 RCW, or has at least as many hours of on-the-job experience in the applicable occupation that would be required to graduate from an apprenticeship program approved by the Washington state apprenticeship and training council according to chapter 49.04 RCW, and who is paid a wage meeting the requirements of chapter 49.80 RCW.

Skilled and trained workforce. A workforce that meets both of the following criteria:

(a) All the workers are either registered apprentices or skilled journeypersons; and

(b) The workforce meets the approved advanced safety training requirements established in this chapter, and the apprenticeship graduation established in RCW 49.80.030.

Suspension. A temporary withdrawal of department course approval. No suspension may be less than six months or longer than one year.

WAC 296-71-010Skilled and trained workforce requirements.

(1) Owners and operators, when contracting for the performance of construction, alteration, demolition, installation, repair or maintenance work at the stationary source, must require that its contractors and any subcontractors use a skilled and trained workforce to perform all on-site work within an apprenticeable occupation in the building and construction trades. This includes:

(a) The percentages of skilled journeypersons who are graduates of an apprenticeship program for the applicable occupation approved by the Washington state apprenticeship and training council under chapter 49.04 RCW meet the requirements under RCW 49.80.030;

(b) Six months after the effective date of this chapter, all workers in the skilled and trained workforce must have completed at least 20 hours of approved advanced safety training for workers at high hazard facilities within the past three calendar years.

(c) The skilled and trained workforce requirements under this section apply to each individual contractor's and subcontractor's on-site workforce.

(2) The owner/operator must have documentation showing that the skilled and trained workforce requirements are met. This documentation must be provided to the department upon request.

(3) This section does not apply to:

(a) The employees of the owner or operator of the stationary source;

(b) A contractor who has requested qualified workers from the local hiring halls or apprenticeship programs that dispatch workers in the apprenticeable occupation and who, due to workforce shortages, is unable to obtain sufficient qualified workers within two working days of the request; and

(c) Emergencies that make compliance impracticable because they require immediate action to prevent harm to public health, safety, or the environment. This section applies as soon as the emergency is over, or it becomes practicable for contractors to obtain a qualified workforce.

Note:

This section does not prevent the owner or operator of the stationary source from using its own employees to perform any work that has not been assigned to contractors while the employees of the contractor are present and working.

WAC 296-71-020Training certification.

(1) To qualify for an advanced safety training certificate, workers must:

(a) Attend and successfully complete an approved 20-hour advanced safety training course for workers at high hazard facilities.

(b) Complete an application through an approved training course sponsor.

(2) Workers must do the following to renew and continue certification prior to the certificate expiration date:

(a) Attend and successfully complete an approved 20-hour advanced safety training course for workers at high hazard facilities.

(b) Complete an application through an approved training course sponsor.

(3) Upon receipt of the verification of completion of approved training, and the completed application, the department will issue a certificate to the worker which will include:

(a) The name of the person awarded the certificate;

(b) Certificate number;

(d) A statement that the person receiving the certificate has completed the 20-hour high hazard facilities training.

(4) Certificates will be issued and mailed to the individual applicants and will be valid for three years from the date of course completion.

(5) The department may suspend or revoke a certificate as provided in WAC 296-71-050.

WAC 296-71-030Training course approval.

(1) High hazard facilities 20-hour training courses may be sponsored by any person, or other entity having department approval. An approved course must meet the minimum required elements for approved course in Appendix A, including topics and hours.

(2) Prior to receiving department approval, each course must be evaluated by the department for the breadth of knowledge and experience required to properly train workers. Course content must be carefully scrutinized for adequacy and accuracy. Training techniques will be evaluated by the department.

(3) Sponsors of training courses proposed for approval must submit:

(a) Background information about course sponsors;

(b) Course locations;

(d) Copies of course handouts;

(e) A detailed description of course content and the amount of time allotted to each major topic. See Appendix A for a list of required training topics that must be included;

(f) A description of teaching methods to be utilized and a list of all audio-visual materials; the department may, in its discretion, request that copies of the materials be provided for review;

(g) A list of all personnel involved in course preparation and presentation and a description of the background, special training and qualifications of each. Training must be taught by competent instructors. The department may, in its discretion, require proposed instructors to pass an examination on subjects related to their respective topics of instruction;

(h) A description of student evaluation methods;

(i) A description of course evaluation methods;

(j) Any restrictions on attendance (language, class size, affiliation, etc.);

(k) A list of any other states that currently approve the training course; and

(l) The amount and type of hands-on training.

(4) Materials may be submitted electronically through the online portal or mailed to:

High Hazard Facilities Program

Department of Labor & Industries

P.O. Box 44615

Olympia, WA 98504-4615

(5) For timely approval, the initial application for training course approval and course materials must be submitted to the department at least 60 days prior to the requested approval date.

(6) The decision to grant or renew approval of a training course is the sole discretion of the department.

(a) Following approval of a training course, the department will issue the course sponsor an approval that is valid for three years from the date of issuance.

(b) Application for renewal must follow the procedures described in subsections (3) and (4) of this section.

(7) In recognition that the industry is evolving, the department reserves the right to require additional subjects to be taught and to specify the amount of time which must be allotted to adequately cover required subjects. To ensure adequate coverage of required material, each course sponsor must be provided and required to incorporate into their training course, a detailed outline of subject matter developed by the department.

(8) For timely approval, the training course approval renewal must be received by the department no later than 30 days before the approval expiration date.

(9) Any changes to a training course must be approved by the department in advance.

(10) The course sponsor must provide the department with a roster of all persons who have completed the training course. The list must be provided no later than 10 days after course completion and must include the:

(a) Training course provider name;

(b) Instructor name(s);

(d) Dates of class;

(e) Location of class;

(f) Student's name;

(g) Student's mailing address; and

(h) Certificate number (if applicable).

(11) The course sponsor must notify the department, in writing, at least 14 days before a training class is scheduled to begin. The notification must include the date, time, instructor, and address where the training will be conducted.

(12) A representative of the department may, at the department's discretion, attend a training course as an observer to verify that the training course is conducted in accordance with the program approved by the department.

(a) Course sponsors conducting training outside the state of Washington must reimburse the department for reasonable travel expenses associated with department audits of the training courses.

(b) Reasonable travel expenses are defined as current state of Washington per diem and travel allowance rates including airfare and/or surface transportation rates. Such reimbursement must be paid within 30 days of receipt of the billing notice.

(13) The training course sponsor must limit each class to a maximum of 50 participants.

(14) There must be at least one instructor for every 25 students.

(15) Denial, suspension, or revocation of approval will be done in accordance with WAC 296-71-050.

(16) Recordkeeping requirements for training providers: All approved providers of accredited training courses must comply with the following minimum recordkeeping requirements:

(a) Training course materials. A training provider must retain copies of all instructional materials used in delivery of the classroom training such as student manuals, instructor notebooks and handouts.

(b) Instructor qualifications. A training provider must retain copies of all instructors' resumes, and the documents approving each instructor issued by the department. Instructors must be approved by the department before teaching courses for accreditation purposes. A training provider must notify the department in advance whenever it changes course instructors. Records must accurately identify the instructors that taught each particular class for each date that a course is offered.

(c) Training records. The training providers must maintain records that document the names of all persons who have completed training, the disciplines for which training was provided, training dates and training locations.

(d) Record retention and access. The training provider must maintain the records in a manner that allows verification of the required information via telephone, or other communication.

(i) The training provider must maintain all required training course materials for a minimum of the duration of the course offering plus four years.

(ii) The training provider must maintain all required instructor qualification records for the duration of the instructor's employment plus four years.

(iii) The training provider must maintain all required training records for a minimum of four years. The training provider may find it advantageous to retain these records for a longer period.

(iv) The training provider must allow reasonable access to all of the records which may be required by the department for the approval of training providers or the accreditation of training courses, to the department, on request.

(v) If a training provider ceases to conduct training, the training provider must notify the department and give it the opportunity to take possession of that provider's training records.

WAC 296-71-040Reciprocity.

(1) The department may recognize 20-hour high hazard facilities training certifications issued by another state provided that:

(a) The worker is in possession of a currently valid certification from the other state;

(b) The training was completed within the past three years; and

(c) The department evaluates the other state's qualification procedures and determines the certification to be equivalent to the minimum requirements of this chapter.

(2) The department will maintain a list of states with recognized 20-hour high hazard facilities training certifications accessible from the department's website.

(3) When the department's evaluation of another state's training and certification procedures identifies deficiencies, the department will require the worker to complete the Washington 20-hour high hazard facilities training before issuing a Washington state certification.

Note:

Reciprocity in this section applies only to the 20-hour high hazard facilities training requirement. It does not apply to apprenticeship requirements.

WAC 296-71-050Denial, suspension, and revocation.

(1) The department may deny, suspend, or revoke a course approval if the course sponsor does not comply with the training standards and accreditation requirements of this chapter.

(2) The department may suspend or revoke the training course approval, if in the department's judgment the sponsor does not maintain the course content and quality as initially approved, or make changes to a course as required by WAC 296-71-030(7). The criteria for suspension or revocation of training course approval includes, but is not limited to, at least one of the following:

(a) Misrepresentation of the extent of training course approval;

(b) Failure to submit required information or notification in a timely manner;

(d) Falsification of accreditation records, instructor qualifications, or other accreditation information; or

(e) Failure to adhere to the training standards and accreditation requirements of this chapter.

(3) The department may deny, suspend, or revoke any certificate issued under this chapter if the certificate was obtained through error or fraud.

(4) The criteria for denying, suspending, or revoking a certificate for workers must include at least one of the following:

(a) Obtaining certification from a training provider that does not have approval to offer training;

(b) Obtaining certification through fraudulent representation of training documents;

(5) Before any course approval or certificate may be denied, suspended, or revoked, the holder thereof must be given written notice of the department's intention to do so, mailed by registered mail, return receipt requested, to the holder's last known address.

(6) A denial, suspension, or revocation order may be appealed in accordance with RCW 49.17.140. Any party aggrieved by an order of the board of industrial insurance appeals may obtain superior court review in the manner provided in RCW 49.17.150.

Appendix A: Training course content - Mandatory

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining	4.0 Hours General Overview	Specific content
Crude oil and its refining into downstream products	Basic high level information about refineries	How crude oil is processed; relevant hazards as described on the safety data sheet for crude oil; fractions and their related hazards (temperatures, pressures, etc.); introduction to key refining processes; classes of refinery processes and refinery configurations; properties of the refinery-produced streams; and the interrelationship between processing units.
Refining Industry Safety Concepts	8.0 Hours WAC Reference	Overview
Exit routes and employee alarm systems	WAC 296-800-310	Details of emergency action plan concepts.
Process safety management for refineries	Chapter 296-67 WAC	Overview of the requirements for process safety management, including: Workplace assessments; stop work authority; job hazard analysis; contractor roles and responsibilities in a refinery facility; and other sections of the rule.
Emergency response	Chapter 296-824 WAC, Emergency response; WAC 296-24-567 Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans	General overview of emergency operations in a refinery. May include facility-specific information.
Fire brigades	Chapter 296-811 WAC	Understanding how refinery fire brigades work, including rescue operations, confined space entry protocols, fire suppression techniques, use of testing instruments, etc. May include facility-specific information.
Fire prevention and protection	WAC 296-24-567 (general industry); WAC 296-155-250 (construction industry)	Basic overview touching on fire prevention, ignition sources, testing before hot work, etc. May include facility-specific information.
Hazard communication	Chapter 296-901 WAC	Review of chemicals found in refineries and their locations, including general "streams"; personal protective equipment and practices; signs and symptoms of exposure; long-term health effects; and a comprehensive review of relevant safety data sheets.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) for refinery work	WAC 296-800-160 (general industry); WAC 296-155-200 (construction industry)	Fire resistant clothing; head protection; eye protection; foot protection; hearing protection; and contaminated clothing.
Respiratory protection	Chapter 296-842 WAC	The use of respirators in certain refinery locations. May include facility-specific information.
Hearing conservation	Chapter 296-817 WAC	Understanding the areas in a refinery facility where hearing protection is required. May include facility-specific information.
Lockout/tagout	Chapter 296-803 WAC (general industry); WAC 296-155-429 (construction industry)	Energy control protocols in a refinery. May include facility-specific information.
Confined spaces	Chapter 296-809 WAC (general industry) in addition to WAC 296-155-203 (construction industry)	Types of confined spaces in a refinery; entry protocols; atmospheric testing; other related hazards. May include facility-specific information and permit forms.
Heat related illness	WAC 296-62-095	Maintain awareness of outdoor heat in the hot areas of a refinery, which may contribute to heat-related illness.
Refinery safe work practices	General safety in a refinery	Identify walking/working surface hazards; areas of nonentry; understanding general hazards of vessels and other equipment. May include facility-specific information.
Craft-Specific Safety Training	8.0 Hours WAC References	The purpose of this section is to have a discussion about specific interdependencies and relationships of trades, including stacked work; dissimilar trades in direct proximity with each other; dissimilar risks associated with various trades (i.e., radiation, potential falling objects, etc.); job sequencing; and barricading.
Hot work	WAC 296-24-695 Fire prevention and protection (general industry); WAC 296-155-250, fire prevention and protection (construction industry)	Understanding what hot work is and how to perform craft work safely; awareness of ignition sources such as welding, and performing dissimilar work around such areas. Hot work permits are specific to each facility and facility-specific information may be included in training.
Working at heights	Chapter 296-874 WAC, Scaffolds; Chapter 296-880 WAC, Unified safety standards for fall protection	Recognizing where overhead work is occurring; understanding any hazards associated with craft work in such areas.
Electrical	WAC 296-24-957 (general industry); WAC 296-155-426 (construction industry)	Recognizing potential hazards about electrical work in a refinery and how to perform such work around other contract operations.
Pipefitting	Chapter 296-155 WAC: Part D Fire protection and prevention; Part F-1, rigging other than with the use of a crane (winch/tugger, chainfall, etc.); Part G Tools—Hand and power; Part H Welding and cutting; Part L, rigging and signaling with cranes	Basic knowledge of pipe safety: Including eliminating risk of contamination in process lines through fit, purge, weld techniques and pre and post weld buffing and machining. Basic knowledge of testing lines e.g.: Nondestructive pipe testing techniques; safety regarding fuel and pressure pipes including design, construction, location, leak detection and environmental considerations; pressure vessel fabrication certification; welding qualifications; knowledge and application of relevant standards; pipe corrosion; pipe cracks; pipe modifications, e.g., removing; cutting into or destroying existing pipe lines and piping, installing new pipes, maintaining old pipes, etc.
Equipment operating engineers	Chapter 296-155 WAC: Part L, rigging and signaling with cranes; Part F-1, rigging other than with the use of a crane (winch/tugger, chainfall, etc.)	Crane principles, rigging, signaling; forklift principles, etc.
Finishing trades	Chapter 296-155 WAC: Part F, general requirements for storage (Brick/block, handling cement/lime); Part G Tools—Hand and power; Part O Concrete, concrete forms, shoring, and masonry construction	Lead renovator, repair and painting program (RRP) Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Section 402/chapter 365-230 WAC.
Cement masons	Chapter 296-155 WAC: Part F, general requirements for storage (Brick/block, handling cement/lime); Part G Tools—Hand and power; Part O Concrete, concrete forms, shoring, and masonry construction	How cement masons work relates to other work performed in the refinery.
Ironworkers, boilermakers, and steelworkers	Chapter 296-155 WAC: Part D Fire protection and prevention; Part F-1, rigging other than with the use of a crane (winch/tugger, chainfall, etc.); Part G Tools—Hand and power; Part H Welding and cutting; Part L, rigging and signaling with cranes; Part P Steel erection	How boilermakers', ironworkers', and steelworkers' work relates to other work performed in the refinery, including: Measuring, fabricating, cutting, welding and shaping steel parts such as girders, columns and frames; using equipment including shears, welding tools and torches; hoisting steel parts to their appropriate location; ensuring proper alignment and positioning and bolting them into place; assembly and use of equipment, including setting up cable and chain systems for hoisting or moving steel parts; disassembling it after completion of the task; following blueprint and instructions from supervisors to perform all tasks involved in assembly of steel structures; communicate with supervisors and coworkers to ensure smooth teamwork; notifying supervisors immediately of safety or structural concerns; taking apart structures or equipment in accordance with directions and standard operating procedures; repair steel components in older structures; directing crane operators as they move and position steel components; drilling holes and aligning parts with framework in preparation for riveting; use of tools including levels, laser tools and plumb bobs to ensure precise alignment.