Background:

The disproportionate representation of a racial or ethnic group within a system is often referred to as racial disproportionality. In the child welfare and juvenile justice systems, racial disproportionality occurs when a particular racial or ethnic group of children is represented at a higher percentage than other racial or ethnic groups. The concept of racial disproportionality looks across racial and ethnic groups at the relative ratios of children in a system.

Research at the national level illustrates that children of color are represented in foster care at a rate higher than these children are represented in the general population. Within Washington, the most recent look at racial disproportionality in child welfare is the work done by the Racial Disproportionality Advisory Committee (RDAC) created by the Legislature in 2007. The Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP) provided technical assistance to the RDAC to examine and analyze:

the level of involvement for children of color in the state's child welfare system;
the number of children of color in low-income or single-parent families involved in child welfare;
the structures of families involved in child welfare; and
the outcomes for children in the existing system.

In June 2008 the RDAC and the WSIPP reported the results of their analysis of outcomes for about 58,000 children who were referred to Child Protective Services (CPS) in 2004. The analysis follows these children through 2007, and reflects that patterns of disproportionality were evident at the time of reports to CPS alleging child abuse or neglect, and that when compared with White children:

American Indian children were three times as likely to be referred to CPS.
Black children were nearly twice as likely to be referred to CPS.
Hispanic children were 1.3 times as likely to be referred to CPS.
Asian children were less likely to be referred to CPS.

The WSIPP's research also indicates that disproportionality occurred within the child welfare system, and patterns of this disproportionality varied by race. Compared with White children referred to CPS, after referral:

American Indian children were 1.6 times as likely to be removed from home and twice as likely to remain in foster care for over two years.
Black children were 1.2 times more likely to be removed from home and 1.5 times more likely to remain in care for over two years.
Hispanic children were no more likely to be removed from home or to remain in care for over two years.
Asian children were no more likely to be removed from home and less likely to remain in care for over two years.

In response to the WSIPP findings, the RDAC developed the first phase of a remediation plan and recommended that two practices being implemented by the Children's Administration, structured decision-making and the family team decision-making model, be studied to determine their impacts on racial disproportionality. Other recommendations from the RDAC include:

implementing policies to ensure equitable services and supports for children and families using kinship care;
measuring compliance with the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA);
enacting a state version of the ICWA;
requiring training across various systems to focus on cultural competency and understanding race and racism;
reducing caseloads for child welfare and child protection workers;
revising the training for mandatory reporters;
assessing the cultural competency of the Children's Administration as an organization;
implementing a racial equity impact analysis tool; and
exploring implementation of in-home community-based services to keep children safe and reduce the need for out-of-home placements.