Background: The Surface Water Code has established a means by which the various existing rights to surface water or ground water from a water body may be adjudicated in court to determine the validity of claims to water rights and to identify the amounts of water to which each person with a right is entitled, the order of priority (seniority) of those rights, and other aspects of the rights. General stream adjudications do not create new water rights, but only confirm existing rights. Federal law authorizes the water rights of the United States to be adjudicated in state court if certain findings are made by a federal court.

A general stream adjudication is conducted in the superior court with the Department of Ecology (Ecology) as the plaintiff. Each person filing a statement of claim in the proceeding must pay a filing fee to the court. An evidentiary hearing is conducted by a duly authorized designee of Ecology, known as a referee. At the evidentiary hearing, those claiming the right to use water (or their representatives) appear to present factual information through testimony and documents supporting their claims. After the evidentiary hearing, the referee issues a report of findings and recommendations to the court. The superior court judge then reviews the recommendations and issues a final decree. The court then directs Ecology to issue a Certificate of Adjudicated Water Right for each confirmed right.

Eighty-two drainage systems (basins) in the state have been adjudicated since 1918. The Yakima River Basin Surface Water Adjudication is the only general adjudication currently in process and is nearing completion. While the Yakima Adjudication has been taking place, thirteen smaller adjudications have been completed.

Summary of Bill (Recommended Substitute): A water rights claimant may petition Ecology to start a limited adjudication of water rights. The limited adjudication may be used in an area where the source of water under adjudication does not not affect every water right holder in a basin. An Indian tribe or the United States may not be joined as a party in a limited adjudication. Prior to filing a limited adjudication, Ecology must notify and consult affected state agencies, local governments, and Indian tribes; publish notice of its intent to file a limited adjudication; and post notice of the intent to file a limited adjudication on its website. A water right claimant may move to intervene in a limited adjudication or, when joined as a party in a limited adjudication, join another party, or dismiss the adjudication for failure to join an indispensable party. A decree in a limited adjudication may be superseded in a subsequent general adjudication, but the parties to the limited adjudication may not raise issues or claims that were decided in the prior proceeding.

After Ecology receives a petition from a water user or planning unit or if Ecology determines an adjudication is needed, Ecology must consult with the Administrative Office of the Courts in order to determine whether there are sufficient resources available to Ecology and the superior court to be able to conduct an adjudication in addition to executing their other duties. Ecology may use its discretion when initiating a general adjudication or a limited adjudication of rights to only surface water, only groundwater, or both surface water and groundwater together.

Service of the summons may either be by personal service or certified mail. For a general adjudication, service of summons can be either on all known persons claiming the right to use or store for use water involved or all owners of real property in the area to be adjudicated or both. For a limited adjudication, service of summons must be on all persons whose right or claim to use water is sought to be determined. If a potential claimant cannot be found within Washington or fails to sign a receipt for the certified mail summons, summons may be made in a publication of general circulation of the county where the subject water is found. The summons will require the claimants to appear and file a claim to the subject water involved. If the claimant fails to file a claim, the court may issue a default judgment.

Each defendant must file an adjudication claim that contains a name, mailing address, telephone number, and email address; the purpose or purposes of use of the water and the extent of each use; the date water was put to first use; the date of construction of wells, ditches, or other works; the dimensions and maximum capacity of the water conveyance system used; the maximum amount of land ever under irrigation; the period of time in which water is used annually; the legal description of the land upon which the water is used; whether a right to both surface water or groundwater or both is claimed; the legal basis for the claimed right; whether documents have been filed with Ecology; and the amount of land and the quantities of water used thereon.

The court is encouraged to conduct water right adjudications employing innovative practices and technologies, including electronic filing of documents, including notice and claims; appearance via teleconferencing; prefiling testimony; and other practices and technologies consistent with court rules and emerging technologies. Additionally, early settlement of claims is needed for a fair and efficient adjudication, so Ecology and the other parties should identify opportunities for settlement. The superior court is encouraged to consider entering, after notice and hearing and as the court determines appropriate, pretrial orders from the Yakima Adjudication.

Upon the receipt of the adjudication claims and the filing of the claimants' evidence, Ecology must conduct a preliminary investigation in order to examine the uses of the subject waters. Ecology must make a good faith effort to notify a landowner or the person with a right to possess the land prior to entering private land. However, as part of the preliminary investigation, Ecology has the right to enter land appurtenant to a claim. After the preliminary investigation, Ecology must file with the court the findings of the investigation, and enter a motion for a partial decree in favor of all the stated claims, enter a motion seeking determination of contested claims, or both. A party has 90 days to file and serve a response to Ecology motion(s).

A judge may be partially or fully disqualified from either a limited adjudication or a general adjudication. A judge is partially disqualified when the judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned and the apparent or actual partiality is limited to specified claims. A judge is fully disqualified when the judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned and the apparent or actual partiality extends beyond limited claims so that the judge should not hear any part of the adjudication. A party filing a motion for disqualification has the burden of proving that the judge should be disqualified.

At the time of filing an adjudication claim, the claimant must pay the clerk of the superior court a fee of $25, except that Indian tribes and the United States are not subject to the fees. Within 90 days after the final decree, each party must pay Ecology $50 for preparing and issuing a water right certificate. A superior court may retain jurisdiction on appeals concerning decisions by Ecology that affect water in the adjudication.

EFFECT OF CHANGES MADE BY ENVIRONMENT, WATER & ENERGY COMMITTEE (Recommended Substitute): Requires a water right claimant to petition Ecology prior to Ecology commencing a limited adjudication. Adds that prior to filing a limited adjudication, Ecology must notify and consult affected state agencies, local governments, and Indian tribes; publish notice of its intent to file a limited adjudication; and post notice of the intent to file a limited adjudication on its website. Allows a water right claimant to move to intervene in a limited adjudication or, when joined as a party in a limited adjudication, to join another party, or to dismiss the adjudication for failure to join an indispensable party. Provides that a decree in a limited adjudication may be superseded in a subsequent general adjudication, but the parties to the limited adjudication may not raise issues or claims that were decided in the prior proceeding. Encourages the superior court to consider entering, after notice and hearing and as the court determines appropriate, pretrial orders from the Yakima Adjudication. Modifies the appeal process of a decision by Ecology on an application to change or transfer a water right subject to an adjudication. Allows a superior court to retain jurisdiction on appeals concerning decisions by Ecology that affect water in the adjudication.