Background: Landowner Duty to Invitees Generally. Under Washington tort law, landowners generally owe persons invited to enter their land a duty to use ordinary care to keep that land in a reasonably safe condition. This includes an affirmative duty to inspect the premises and discover dangerous conditions.

Recreational Use Immunity Statute. Originally enacted in 1967, the Recreational Use Immunity Statute prescribes an alternative framework for determining landowner liability in certain cases. The Legislature's intent was to encourage landowners to make land and water areas available to the public for recreational purposes by limiting landowner liability. A landowner who allows the public to use their land for certain recreational purposes will be immune from liability for unintentional injuries suffered by a recreational user. Immunity extends to landowners allowing the following non-exhaustive list of activities:

cutting, gathering, and removing firewood;
hunting, fishing, and clam digging;
camping and picnicking;
swimming, hiking, rock climbing, and horseback riding;
bicycling, skateboarding, and other non-motorized wheel-based activities;
driving off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, and other vehicles;
boating, kayaking, canoeing, rafting, and other water sports;
viewing historical, archeological, or scenic sites;
winter sports; and
aviation activities.

The statute generally provides protection from tort liability for landowners who allow public use of their lands and do not charge a fee. However, landowners may extract a $25 administrative fee for the cutting, gathering, and removing of firewood; landowners may charge up to $20 per person per day for access to public off-road vehicle facilities; and certain passes and permits required by state agencies do not qualify as fees.

Limitations on the Protection Offered by the Statute. The liability protection offered under the statute is not absolute. The statute does not protect landowners from certain dangerous conditions for which warning signs have not been conspicuously posted. Additionally, landowners who intentionally injure recreational users receive no protection.

Summary: An agritourism professional is not liable for injury, loss, damage, or death of a participant resulting exclusively from any of the inherent risks of agritourism activities, under certain circumstances. No participant or participant's representative may pursue an action or recover from an agritourism professional for injury, loss, damage, or death of the participant resulting exclusively from any of the inherent risks of agritourism activities. An agritourism activity includes any activity carried out on a farm or ranch whose primary business activity is agriculture or ranching and that allows members of the general public, for recreational, entertainment, or educational purposes, to view or enjoy rural activities, including activities such as farming, ranching, educational programs, tours, petting zoos, farm festivals, corn mazes, hayrides, horseback riding, fishing, and camping. In any action for damages against an agritourism professional for agritourism activity, the agritourism professional must plead the affirmative defense of assumption of the risk of agritourism activity by the participant.

The liability of an agritourism professional is not limited if they do any one or more of the following:

commit an act or omission that is grossly negligent or constitutes willful or wanton disregard for the safety of the participant, and that act or omission proximately causes injury, damage, or death to the participant;
have actual knowledge of or reasonably should have known of an existing dangerous condition on the land, facilities, or equipment used in the activity or the dangerous propensity of a particular animal used in such an activity and does not make the danger known to the participant, and the danger proximately causes injury, damage, or death to the participant;
permits minor participants to use facilities or engage in agritourism activities that are not reasonably appropriate for their age, though a parent or guardian of a minor participant is not relieved of the duty to reasonably supervise the minor's participation in agritourism activities;
knowingly permits participants to use facilities or engage in agritourism while under the influence of alcohol or drugs; or
fails to warn participants by posting and maintaining signs that contain a warning notice.

Every agritourism professional must post and maintain signs that contain the following warning notice:

"WARNING:

Under Washington State law, there is limited liability for an injury to or death of a participant in an agritourism activity conducted at this agritourism location if such an injury or death results exclusively from the inherent risks of the agritourism activity. Inherent risks of agritourism activities include, among others, risks of injury inherent to land, equipment, and animals, as well as the potential for you to act in a negligent manner that may contribute to your injury or death. We are required to ensure that in any activity involving minor children, only age-appropriate access to activities, equipment, and animals is permitted. You are assuming the risk of participating in this agritourism activity."

The sign must be placed in a clearly visible location at the entrance to the agritourism location and at the site of the agritourism activity. The warning notice must consist of a sign in black letters, with each letter to be a minimum of one inch in height.

Every written contract entered into by an agritourism professional must contain in clearly readable print the warning notice. Failure to comply with the requirements concerning warning signs and notices prohibits an agritourism professional from invoking the privilege of immunity and may be introduced as evidence in any claim for damages.

Senate	42	6
House	96	0	(House amended)
Senate	45	3	(Senate concurred)