BILL REQ. #:  S-4478.2 

READ FIRST TIME 02/06/04.   

     AN ACT Relating to competency restoration; amending RCW 10.77.010 and 10.77.090; reenacting and amending RCW 71.05.390; adding new sections to chapter 10.77 RCW; creating new sections; providing an effective date; and declaring an emergency.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1   The legislature finds that recent state and federal case law requires clarification of state statutes with regard to competency evaluations and involuntary medication ordered in the context of competency restoration.
     The legislature finds that the court in Born v. Thompson, 117 Wn. App. 57 (2003) interpreted the term "nonfatal injuries" in a manner that conflicts with the stated intent of the legislature to: "(1) Clarify that it is the nature of a person's current conduct, current mental condition, history, and likelihood of committing future acts that pose a threat to public safety or himself or herself, rather than simple categorization of offenses, that should determine treatment procedures and level; ... and (3) provide additional opportunities for mental health treatment for persons whose conduct threatens himself or herself or threatens public safety and has led to contact with the criminal justice system" as stated in section 1, chapter 297, Laws of 1998. Consequently, the legislature intends to clarify that it intended "nonfatal injuries" to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the purposes of the competency restoration statutes.
     The legislature also finds that the decision in Sell v. United States, ___U.S. ____ (2003), requires a determination whether a particular criminal offense is "serious" in the context of competency restoration and the state's duty to protect the public. The legislature further finds that, in order to adequately protect the public and in order to provide additional opportunities for mental health treatment for persons whose conduct threatens themselves or threatens public safety and has led to contact with the criminal justice system in the state, the determination of those criminal offenses that are "serious" offenses must be made consistently throughout the state. In order to facilitate this consistency, the legislature intends to determine those offenses that are serious in every case as well as the standards by which other offenses may be determined to be serious. The legislature also intends to clarify that a court may, to the extent permitted by federal law and required by the Sell decision, inquire into the civil commitment status of a defendant and may be told, if known.
     The legislature also finds that in some instances defendants who have been restored to competency subject to a valid court order and returned to a local correctional facility to await trial decompensate to the point of incompetency between the time of their return to incarceration and their trial date. The legislature also finds that repeated mental decompensation is detrimental to the health and welfare of all persons and often causes overall degeneration in the person's mental condition. The legislature further finds that the court's authority to order a defendant held at a state hospital or in an appropriate less restrictive treatment setting to maintain the defendant's competency to stand trial has been brought into question. The legislature therefore finds that this combination of circumstances impairs the state's ability to adequately protect the public because it: (1) Prevents the state from determining the guilt or innocence of defendants in a court of law; (2) results in a situation in which guilty defendants cannot be held accountable for their actions; and (3) may result in a situation in which persons whose competency was restored and lost present a larger risk to public safety. The legislature, therefore, intends to remedy this situation by clarifying that the court has the authority to order felony defendants held at the state hospital or in an appropriate less restrictive treatment setting and establishing standards for a court to make this order.

Sec. 2   RCW 10.77.010 and 2000 c 94 s 12 are each amended to read as follows:
     As used in this chapter:
     (1) "Admission" means acceptance based on medical necessity, of a person as a patient.
     (2) "Commitment" means the determination by a court that a person should be detained for a period of either evaluation or treatment, or both, in an inpatient or a less-restrictive setting.
     (3) "Conditional release" means modification of a court-ordered commitment, which may be revoked upon violation of any of its terms.
     (4) "County designated mental health professional" has the same meaning as provided in RCW 71.05.020.
     (5) A "criminally insane" person means any person who has been acquitted of a crime charged by reason of insanity, and thereupon found to be a substantial danger to other persons or to present a substantial likelihood of committing criminal acts jeopardizing public safety or security unless kept under further control by the court or other persons or institutions.
     (6) "Department" means the state department of social and health services.
     (7) "Detention" or "detain" means the lawful confinement of a person, under the provisions of this chapter, pending evaluation.
     (8) "Developmental disabilities professional" means a person who has specialized training and three years of experience in directly treating or working with persons with developmental disabilities and is a psychiatrist or psychologist, or a social worker, and such other developmental disabilities professionals as may be defined by rules adopted by the secretary.
     (9) "Developmental disability" means the condition as defined in RCW 71A.10.020(3).
     (10) "Discharge" means the termination of hospital medical authority. The commitment may remain in place, be terminated, or be amended by court order.
     (11) "Furlough" means an authorized leave of absence for a resident of a state institution operated by the department designated for the custody, care, and treatment of the criminally insane, consistent with an order of conditional release from the court under this chapter, without any requirement that the resident be accompanied by, or be in the custody of, any law enforcement or institutional staff, while on such unescorted leave.
     (12) "Habilitative services" means those services provided by program personnel to assist persons in acquiring and maintaining life skills and in raising their levels of physical, mental, social, and vocational functioning. Habilitative services include education, training for employment, and therapy. The habilitative process shall be undertaken with recognition of the risk to the public safety presented by the individual being assisted as manifested by prior charged criminal conduct.
     (13) "History of one or more violent acts" means violent acts committed during: (a) The ten-year period of time prior to the filing of criminal charges; plus (b) the amount of time equal to time spent during the ten-year period in a mental health facility or in confinement as a result of a criminal conviction.
     (14) "Incompetency" means a person lacks the capacity to understand the nature of the proceedings against him or her or to assist in his or her own defense as a result of mental disease or defect.
     (15) "Indigent" means any person who is financially unable to obtain counsel or other necessary expert or professional services without causing substantial hardship to the person or his or her family.
     (16) "Individualized service plan" means a plan prepared by a developmental disabilities professional with other professionals as a team, for an individual with developmental disabilities, which shall state:
     (a) The nature of the person's specific problems, prior charged criminal behavior, and habilitation needs;
     (b) The conditions and strategies necessary to achieve the purposes of habilitation;
     (c) The intermediate and long-range goals of the habilitation program, with a projected timetable for the attainment;
     (d) The rationale for using this plan of habilitation to achieve those intermediate and long-range goals;
     (e) The staff responsible for carrying out the plan;
     (f) Where relevant in light of past criminal behavior and due consideration for public safety, the criteria for proposed movement to less-restrictive settings, criteria for proposed eventual release, and a projected possible date for release; and
     (g) The type of residence immediately anticipated for the person and possible future types of residences.
     (17) "Professional person" means:
     (a) A psychiatrist licensed as a physician and surgeon in this state who has, in addition, completed three years of graduate training in psychiatry in a program approved by the American medical association or the American osteopathic association and is certified or eligible to be certified by the American board of psychiatry and neurology or the American osteopathic board of neurology and psychiatry;
     (b) A psychologist licensed as a psychologist pursuant to chapter 18.83 RCW; or
     (c) A social worker with a master's or further advanced degree from an accredited school of social work or a degree deemed equivalent under rules adopted by the secretary.
     (18) "Release" means legal termination of the court-ordered commitment under the provisions of this chapter.
     (19) "Secretary" means the secretary of the department of social and health services or his or her designee.
     (20) "Treatment" means any currently standardized medical or mental health procedure including medication.
     (21) "Violent act" means behavior that: (a)(i) Resulted in; (ii) if completed as intended would have resulted in; or (iii) was threatened to be carried out by a person who had the intent and opportunity to carry out the threat and would have resulted in, homicide, nonfatal injuries, or substantial damage to property; or (b) recklessly creates an immediate risk of serious physical injury to another person. As used in this subsection, "nonfatal injuries" means physical pain or injury, illness, or an impairment of physical condition. "Nonfatal injuries" shall be construed to be consistent with the definition of "bodily injury," as defined in RCW 9A.04.110.

Sec. 3   RCW 10.77.090 and 2000 c 74 s 3 are each amended to read as follows:
     (1)(a) If at any time during the pendency of an action and prior to judgment the court finds, following a report as provided in RCW 10.77.060, a defendant is incompetent the court shall order the proceedings against the defendant be stayed except as provided in subsection (7) of this section.
     (b) If the defendant is charged with a felony and determined to be incompetent, the court shall commit the defendant to the custody of the secretary, who shall place such defendant in an appropriate facility of the department for evaluation and treatment, or the court may alternatively order the defendant to undergo evaluation and treatment at some other facility as determined by the department, or under the guidance and control of a professional person, until he or she has regained the competency necessary to understand the proceedings against him or her and assist in his or her own defense, but in any event, for no longer than a period of ninety days.
     (c) A defendant found incompetent shall be evaluated at the direction of the secretary and a determination made whether the defendant is developmentally disabled. Such evaluation and determination shall be accomplished as soon as possible following the court's placement of the defendant in the custody of the secretary. When appropriate, and subject to available funds, if the defendant is determined to be developmentally disabled, he or she may be placed in a program specifically reserved for the treatment and training of persons with developmental disabilities where the defendant shall have the right to habilitation according to an individualized service plan specifically developed for the particular needs of the defendant. The program shall be separate from programs serving persons involved in any other treatment or habilitation program. The program shall be appropriately secure under the circumstances and shall be administered by developmental disabilities professionals who shall direct the habilitation efforts. The program shall provide an environment affording security appropriate with the charged criminal behavior and necessary to protect the public safety. The department may limit admissions of such persons to this specialized program in order to ensure that expenditures for services do not exceed amounts appropriated by the legislature and allocated by the department for such services. The department may establish admission priorities in the event that the number of eligible persons exceeds the limits set by the department. A copy of the report shall be sent to the facility.
     (d)(i) If the defendant is:
     (A) Charged with a nonfelony crime and has: (I) A history of one or more violent acts, or a pending charge of one or more violent acts; or (II) been previously acquitted by reason of insanity or been previously found incompetent under this chapter or any equivalent federal or out-of-state statute with regard to an alleged offense involving actual, threatened, or attempted physical harm to a person; and
     (B) Found by the court to be not competent; then
     (C) The court shall order the secretary to place the defendant: (I) At a secure mental health facility in the custody of the department or an agency designated by the department for mental health treatment and restoration of competency. The placement shall not exceed ((fourteen days in addition to any unused time of the)) twenty-nine days, reduced, but not below fourteen days, by the number of days the defendant was committed to a hospital or other suitably secure public or private mental health facility for evaluation under RCW 10.77.060. For purpose of computing the number of days by which the twenty-nine days is reduced, the phrase "hospital or other suitably secure public or private mental health facility" in (d)(i)(C)(I) of this subsection does not include a jail or correctional facility or any other outpatient setting within the community. The court shall compute this total period and include its computation in the order. The ((fourteen-day period plus any unused time of the evaluation under RCW 10.77.060)) twenty-nine day period, reduced, but not below fourteen days, according to (d)(i)(C)(I) of this subsection shall be considered to include only the time the defendant is actually at the facility and shall be in addition to reasonable time for transport to or from the facility; (II) on conditional release for up to ninety days for mental health treatment and restoration of competency; or (III) any combination of (d)(i)(C)(I) and (II) of this subsection.
     (ii) At the end of the mental health treatment and restoration period in (d)(i) of this subsection, or at any time a professional person determines competency has been, or is unlikely to be, restored the defendant shall be returned to court for a hearing. If, after notice and hearing, competency has been restored, the stay entered under (a) of this subsection shall be lifted. If competency has not been restored, the proceedings shall be dismissed. If the court concludes that competency has not been restored, but that further treatment within the time limits established by (d)(i) of this subsection is likely to restore competency, the court may order that treatment for purposes of competency restoration be continued. Such treatment may not extend beyond the combination of time provided for in (d)(i)(C)(I) and (II) of this subsection.
     (iii)(A) If the proceedings are dismissed under (d)(ii) of this subsection and the defendant was on conditional release at the time of dismissal, the court shall order the county designated mental health professional within that county to evaluate the defendant pursuant to chapter 71.05 RCW. The evaluation may be conducted in any location chosen by the professional.
     (B) If the defendant was in custody and not on conditional release at the time of dismissal, the defendant shall be detained and sent to an evaluation and treatment facility for up to seventy-two hours excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays for evaluation for purposes of filing a petition under chapter 71.05 RCW. The seventy-two hour period shall commence upon the next nonholiday weekday following the court order, and shall run to the end of the last nonholiday weekday within the seventy-two hour period.
     (iv) If at any time during the proceeding the court finds, following notice and hearing, a defendant is not likely to regain competency, the proceedings shall be dismissed and the defendant shall be evaluated as provided in (d)(iii) of this subsection.
     (e) If the defendant is charged with a crime that is not a felony and the defendant does not meet the criteria under (d) of this subsection, the court may stay or dismiss proceedings and detain the defendant for sufficient time to allow the county designated mental health professional to evaluate the defendant and consider initial detention proceedings under chapter 71.05 RCW. The court must give notice to all parties at least twenty-four hours before the dismissal of any proceeding under this subsection (1)(e), and provide an opportunity for a hearing on whether to dismiss the proceedings.
     (2) On or before expiration of the initial ninety-day period of commitment under subsection (1)(b) of this section the court shall conduct a hearing, at which it shall determine whether or not the defendant is incompetent.
     (3) If the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a defendant charged with a felony is incompetent, the court shall have the option of extending the order of commitment or alternative treatment for an additional ninety-day period, but it must at the time of extension set a date for a prompt hearing to determine the defendant's competency before the expiration of the second ninety-day period. The defendant, the defendant's attorney, or the prosecutor shall have the right to demand that the hearing be before a jury. No extension shall be ordered for a second ninety-day period, nor for any subsequent period as provided in subsection (4) of this section if the defendant's incompetence has been determined by the secretary to be solely the result of a developmental disability which is such that competence is not reasonably likely to be regained during an extension.
     (4) For persons charged with a felony, at the hearing upon the expiration of the second ninety-day period or at the end of the first ninety-day period, in the case of a developmentally disabled defendant, if the jury or court finds that the defendant is incompetent, the charges shall be dismissed without prejudice, and either civil commitment proceedings shall be instituted or the court shall order the release of the defendant: PROVIDED, That the criminal charges shall not be dismissed if the court or jury finds that: (a) The defendant (i) is a substantial danger to other persons; or (ii) presents a substantial likelihood of committing criminal acts jeopardizing public safety or security; and (b) there is a substantial probability that the defendant will regain competency within a reasonable period of time. In the event that the court or jury makes such a finding, the court may extend the period of commitment for an additional six months. At the end of the six-month period, if the defendant remains incompetent, the charges shall be dismissed without prejudice and either civil commitment proceedings shall be instituted or the court shall order release of the defendant.
     (5) If the defendant is referred to the county designated mental health professional for consideration of initial detention proceedings under chapter 71.05 RCW pursuant to this chapter, the county designated mental health professional shall provide prompt written notification of the results of the determination whether to commence initial detention proceedings under chapter 71.05 RCW, and whether the person was detained. The notification shall be provided to the court in which the criminal action was pending, the prosecutor, the defense attorney in the criminal action, and the facility that evaluated the defendant for competency.
     (6) The fact that the defendant is unfit to proceed does not preclude any pretrial proceedings which do not require the personal participation of the defendant.
     (7) A defendant receiving medication for either physical or mental problems shall not be prohibited from standing trial, if the medication either enables the defendant to understand the proceedings against him or her and to assist in his or her own defense, or does not disable him or her from so understanding and assisting in his or her own defense.
     (8) At or before the conclusion of any commitment period provided for by this section, the facility providing evaluation and treatment shall provide to the court a written report of examination which meets the requirements of RCW 10.77.060(3).

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 4   A new section is added to chapter 10.77 RCW to read as follows:
     (1) For purposes of determining whether a court may authorize involuntary medication for the purpose of competency restoration pursuant to RCW 10.77.090, a pending charge involving any one or more of the following crimes is a serious offense per se in the context of competency restoration:
     (a) Any violent offense, sex offense, serious traffic offense, and most serious offense, as those terms are defined in RCW 9.94A.030;
     (b) Any offense, except nonfelony counterfeiting offenses, included in crimes against persons in RCW 9.94A.411;
     (c) Any offense contained in chapter 9.41 RCW (firearms and dangerous weapons);
     (d) Any offense listed as domestic violence in RCW 10.99.020;
     (e) Any offense listed as a harassment offense in chapter 9A.46 RCW;
     (f) Any violation of chapter 69.50 RCW that is a class B felony; or
     (g) Any city or county ordinance or statute that is equivalent to an offense referenced in this subsection.
     (2)(a) In a particular case, a court may determine that a pending charge not otherwise defined as serious by state or federal law or by a city or county ordinance is, nevertheless, a serious offense within the context of competency restoration treatment when the conduct in the charged offense falls within the standards established in (b) of this subsection.
     (b) To determine that the particular case is a serious offense within the context of competency restoration, the court must consider the following factors and determine that one or more of the following factors creates a situation in which the offense is serious:
     (i) The charge includes an allegation that the defendant actually inflicted bodily or emotional harm on another person or that the defendant created a reasonable apprehension of bodily or emotional harm to another;
     (ii) The extent of the impact of the alleged offense on the basic human need for security of the citizens within the jurisdiction;
     (iii) The number and nature of related charges pending against the defendant;
     (iv) The length of potential confinement if the defendant is convicted; and
     (v) The number of potential and actual victims or persons impacted by the defendant's alleged acts.
     (3)(a) Any city or county may, by ordinance, determine that nonfelony offenses not otherwise defined as serious by state or federal law are nonetheless "serious offenses" within the context of competency restoration treatment when the offense falls within the standards established in (b) of this subsection.
     (b) The city or county must consider the following factors and determine that one or more of the following factors creates a situation in which the offense is serious:
     (i) The offense includes an element that the defendant actually inflicted bodily or emotional harm on another person or that the defendant created a reasonable apprehension of bodily or emotional harm to another person;
     (ii) The extent of the impact of the offense on the basic human need for security of the citizens within the jurisdiction;
     (iii) The length of potential confinement applicable to the offense; and
     (iv) The number of potential and actual victims or persons impacted by the defendant's alleged acts.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 5   A new section is added to chapter 10.77 RCW to read as follows:
     When the court must make a determination whether to order involuntary medications for the purpose of competency restoration or for maintenance of competency, the court shall inquire, and shall be told, consistent with federal law and to the extent that the prosecutor or defense attorney is aware, whether the defendant is the subject of a pending civil commitment proceeding or has been ordered into involuntary treatment pursuant to a civil commitment proceeding.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 6   A new section is added to chapter 10.77 RCW to read as follows:
     (1) When the court has ordered competency restoration for a defendant, the court may, upon agreement of the parties subject to the provisions of subsection (2) of this section, order the defendant held at the state hospital or in an appropriate less restrictive alternative pending trial or during breaks for longer than forty-eight hours that occur during the trial.
     (2) In order to order a defendant held at the state hospital, the defendant must be charged with a felony offense and the court must find that:
     (a) Continued treatment is medically appropriate and necessary to maintain the defendant's competency to stand trial;
     (b) The defendant is likely to decompensate into incompetency if held in a correctional facility; and
     (c) No setting less restrictive than the one ordered is appropriate.
     (3) In determining whether a less restrictive setting is appropriate, the court shall consider both whether the setting is medically appropriate and whether it provides an appropriate level of security.
     (4) Upon the motion of any party, or upon its own motion, the court shall review a defendant's mental health information in camera.
     (5) Nothing in this section shall be construed as affecting state and federal law regarding bail.

Sec. 7   RCW 71.05.390 and 2000 c 94 s 9, 2000 c 75 s 6, and 2000 c 74 s 7 are each reenacted and amended to read as follows:
     Except as provided in this section, the fact of admission and all information and records compiled, obtained, or maintained in the course of providing services to either voluntary or involuntary recipients of services at public or private agencies shall be confidential.
     Information and records may be disclosed only:
     (1) In communications between qualified professional persons to meet the requirements of this chapter, in the provision of services or appropriate referrals, or in the course of guardianship proceedings. The consent of the patient, or his or her guardian, shall be obtained before information or records may be disclosed by a professional person employed by a facility unless provided to a professional person: (a) Employed by the facility; (b) who has medical responsibility for the patient's care; (c) who is a county designated mental health professional; (d) who is providing services under chapter 71.24 RCW; (e) who is employed by a state or local correctional facility where the person is confined; or (f) who is providing evaluation, treatment, or follow-up services under chapter 10.77 RCW.
     (2) When the communications regard the special needs of a patient and the necessary circumstances giving rise to such needs and the disclosure is made by a facility providing outpatient services to the operator of a care facility in which the patient resides.
     (3) When the person receiving services, or his or her guardian, designates persons to whom information or records may be released, or if the person is a minor, when his or her parents make such designation.
     (4) To the extent necessary for a recipient to make a claim, or for a claim to be made on behalf of a recipient for aid, insurance, or medical assistance to which he or she may be entitled.
     (5) For either program evaluation or research, or both: PROVIDED, That the secretary adopts rules for the conduct of the evaluation or research, or both. Such rules shall include, but need not be limited to, the requirement that all evaluators and researchers must sign an oath of confidentiality substantially as follows:

     "As a condition of conducting evaluation or research concerning persons who have received services from (fill in the facility, agency, or person) I, . . . . . . . . ., agree not to divulge, publish, or otherwise make known to unauthorized persons or the public any information obtained in the course of such evaluation or research regarding persons who have received services such that the person who received such services is identifiable.
     I recognize that unauthorized release of confidential information may subject me to civil liability under the provisions of state law.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 8   The department of social and health services shall study and identify in its budget request to the office of financial management the need, options, and plans to address the increasing need for capacity in the forensic units of the state hospitals.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 9   If any provision of this act or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the act or the application of the provision to other persons or circumstances is not affected.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 10   This act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety, or support of the state government and its existing public institutions, and takes effect immediately; except for sections 3 and 6 of this act, which take effect July 1, 2005.