2197-S.E AMS JUD S5092.1

ESHB 2197  - S COMM AMD
     By Committee on Judiciary

ADOPTED 02/29/2012

     Strike everything after the enacting clause and insert the following:

"PART I
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 1

Sec. 101   RCW 62A.1-101 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-101 are each amended to read as follows:
     SHORT TITLES. (a) This title ((shall be known and)) may be cited as the Uniform Commercial Code.
     (b) This Article may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code--General Provisions.

Sec. 102   RCW 62A.1-102 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-102 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((PURPOSES; RULES OF CONSTRUCTION; VARIATION BY AGREEMENT.)) SCOPE OF ARTICLE. (((1) This Title shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies.
     (2) Underlying purposes and policies of this Title are
     (a) to simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
     (b) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties;
     (c) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.
     (3) The effect of provisions of this Title may be varied by agreement, except as otherwise provided in this Title and except that the obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness and care prescribed by this Title may not be disclaimed by agreement but the parties may by agreement determine the standards by which the performance of such obligations is to be measured if such standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
     (4) The presence in certain provisions of this Title of the words "unless otherwise agreed" or words of similar import does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement under subsection (3).
     (5) In this Title unless the context otherwise requires
     (a) words in the singular number include the plural, and in the plural include the singular;
     (b) words of the masculine gender include the feminine and the neuter, and when the sense so indicates words of the neuter gender may refer to any gender.
)) This Article applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another article of this title.

Sec. 103   RCW 62A.1-103 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-103 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((SUPPLEMENTARY GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW APPLICABLE.)) CONSTRUCTION OF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE TO PROMOTE ITS PURPOSES AND POLICIES; APPLICABILITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW. (a) This title must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are:
     (1) To simplify, clarify, and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
     (2) To permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage, and agreement of the parties; and
     (3) To make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.
     (b)
Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this title, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, ((or)) and other validating or invalidating cause ((shall)) supplement its provisions.

Sec. 104   RCW 62A.1-104 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-104 are each amended to read as follows:
     CONSTRUCTION AGAINST ((IMPLICIT)) IMPLIED REPEAL. This title being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.

Sec. 105   RCW 62A.1-105 and 2001 c 32 s 8 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THE TITLE; PARTIES' POWER TO CHOOSE APPLICABLE LAW.)) SEVERABILITY. (((1) Except as provided hereafter in this section, when a transaction bears a reasonable relation to this state and also to another state or nation the parties may agree that the law either of this state or of such other state or nation shall govern their rights and duties. Failing such agreement this Title applies to transactions bearing an appropriate relation to this state.
     (2) Where one of the following provisions of this Title specifies the applicable law, that provision governs and a contrary agreement is effective only to the extent permitted by the law (including the conflict of laws rules) so specified:
     Rights of creditors against sold goods. RCW 62A.2-402.
     Applicability of the Article on Leases. RCW 62A.2A-105 and 62A.2A-106.
     Applicability of the Article on Bank Deposits and Collections. RCW 62A.4-102.
     Governing law in the Article on Funds Transfers. RCW 62A.4A-507.
     Letters of Credit. RCW 62A.5-116.
     Applicability of the Article on Investment Securities. RCW 62A.8-110.
     Law governing perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of security interests and agricultural liens. RCW 62A.9A-301 through 62A.9A-307.
)) If any provision or clause of this title or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this title which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this title are severable.

Sec. 106   RCW 62A.1-106 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-106 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((REMEDIES TO BE LIBERALLY ADMINISTERED.)) USE OF SINGULAR AND PLURAL; GENDER. (((1) The remedies provided by this Title shall be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed but neither consequential or special nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in this Title or by other rule of law.
     (2) Any right or obligation declared by this Title is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.
)) In this title, unless the statutory context otherwise requires:
     (1) Words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and
     (2) Words of any gender also refer to any other gender.

Sec. 107   RCW 62A.1-107 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-107. Cf. former RCW sections: (i) RCW 62.01.119(3) are each amended to read as follows:
((WAIVER OR RENUNCIATION OF CLAIM OR RIGHT AFTER BREACH.)) SECTION CAPTIONS. ((Any claim or right arising out of an alleged breach can be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by a written waiver or renunciation signed and delivered by the aggrieved party.)) Section captions are part of this title.

Sec. 108   RCW 62A.1-108 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-108 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((SEVERABILITY.)) RELATION TO ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT. ((If any provision or clause of this Title or application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of the Title which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this Title are declared to be severable.)) Except as provided in this section, this Article modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal electronic signatures in global and national commerce act, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this Article modifies, limits, or supersedes section 7001(c) of that act, and nothing in this section either authorizes or prohibits electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 7003(b) of that act. This section does not modify, limit, or supersede application of the federal electronic signatures in global and national commerce act, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 7001 et seq., to transactions governed by Article 2 or 2A of this title.

Sec. 109   RCW 62A.1-201 and 2001 c 32 s 9 are each amended to read as follows:
     GENERAL DEFINITIONS. (a) Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional definitions contained in other articles of this title that apply to particular articles or parts thereof, have the meanings stated.
     (b)
Subject to ((additional)) definitions contained in ((the subsequent)) other articles of this title ((which are applicable to specific)) that apply to particular articles or parts thereof((, and unless the context otherwise requires, in this Title)):
     (1) "Action," in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set-off, suit in equity, and any other proceeding((s)) in which rights are determined.
     (2) "Aggrieved party" means a party entitled to ((resort to)) pursue a remedy.
     (3) "Agreement," as distinguished from "contract," means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or ((by implication)) inferred from other circumstances, including course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade ((or course of performance)) as provided in ((this Title (RCW 62A.1-205, RCW 62A.2-208, and RCW 62A.2A-207). Whether an agreement has legal consequences is determined by the provisions of this Title, if applicable; otherwise by the law of contracts (RCW 62A.1-103))) RCW 62A.1-303. (((Compare "Contract".)))
     (4) "Bank" means ((any)) a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company.
     (5) "Bearer" means ((the)) a person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title or a person in possession of ((an)) a negotiable instrument, negotiable tangible document of title, or certificated security that is payable to bearer or indorsed in blank.
     (6) "Bill of lading" means a document of title evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of directly or indirectly transporting or forwarding goods((, and includes an airbill. "Airbill" means a document serving for air transportation as a bill of lading does for marine or rail transportation, and includes an air consignment note or air waybill)). The term does not include a warehouse receipt.
     (7) "Branch" includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank.
     (8) "Burden of establishing" a fact means the burden of persuading the trier((s)) of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence.
     (9) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices. A person that sells oil, gas, or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a ((pre-existing)) preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under Article ((62A.2 RCW)) 2 of this title may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. "Buyer in ordinary course of business" does not include a person that acquires goods in a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt ((is not a buyer in ordinary course of business)).
     (10) "Conspicuous,"((:)) with reference to a term ((or clause is conspicuous when it is)), means so written, displayed, or presented that a reasonable person against ((whom)) which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. ((A printed heading in capitals (as: NON-NEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING) is conspicuous. Language in the body of a form is "conspicuous" if it is in larger or other contrasting type or color. But in a telegram any stated term is "conspicuous".)) Whether a term ((or clause)) is "conspicuous" or not is ((for)) a decision ((by)) for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following:
     (A) A heading in capitals equal to or greater in size than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size; and
     (B) Language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language.

     (11) "Consumer" means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
     (12)
"Contract," as distinguished from "agreement," means the total legal obligation ((which)) that results from the parties' agreement as ((affected)) determined by this title ((and)) as supplemented by any other applicable ((rules of)) laws. (((Compare "Agreement".)
     (12)
)) (13) "Creditor" includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor, and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in bankruptcy, a receiver in equity, and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtor's or assignor's estate.
     (((13))) (14) "Defendant" includes a person in the position of defendant in a ((cross-action or)) counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim.
     (((14))) (15) "Delivery," with respect to an electronic document of title means voluntary transfer of control and with respect to an instrument((s)), a tangible document((s)) of title, or chattel paper, ((or certificated securities)) means voluntary transfer of possession.
     (((15))) (16) "Document of title" ((includes bill of lading, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt or order for the delivery of goods, and also any other document which)) means a record (i) that in the regular course of business or financing is treated as adequately evidencing that the person in possession or control of ((it)) the record is entitled to receive, control, hold, and dispose of the ((document)) record and the goods ((it)) the record covers((. To be a document of title a document must purport to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and purport to cover goods in the bailee's possession which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass)) and (ii) that purports to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and to cover goods in the bailee's possession which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass. The term includes a bill of lading, transport document, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt, and order for delivery of goods. An electronic document of title means a document of title evidenced by a record consisting of information stored in an electronic medium. A tangible document of title means a document of title evidenced by a record consisting of information that is inscribed on a tangible medium.
     (((16))) (17) "Fault" means a default, breach, or wrongful act((,)) or omission ((or breach)).
     (((17))) (18) "Fungible goods" ((with respect to goods or securities)) means:
     (A) G
oods ((or securities)) of which any unit ((is)), by nature or usage of trade, is the equivalent of any other like unit((.)); or
     (B)
Goods ((which are not fungible shall be deemed fungible for the purposes of this Title to the extent)) that ((under a particular)) by agreement ((or document unlike units)) are treated as equivalent((s)).
     (((18))) (19) "Genuine" means free of forgery or counterfeiting.
     (((19))) (20) "Good faith," except as otherwise provided in Article 5 of this title, means honesty in fact ((in the conduct or transaction concerned)) and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
     (((20))) (21) "Holder" with respect to a negotiable instrument, means:
     (A) T
he person in possession ((if the)) of a negotiable instrument that is payable either to bearer or((, in the case of an instrument payable to an identified person, if the)) to an identified person that is the person in possession((. "Holder" with respect to));
     (B) The person in possession of
a negotiable tangible document of title ((means the person in possession)) if the goods are deliverable either to bearer or to the order of the person in possession; or
     (C) The person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title
.
     (((21) To "honor" is to pay or to accept and pay, or where a credit so engages to purchase or discount a draft complying with the terms of the credit.))
     (22) "Insolvency proceeding((s))" includes ((any)) an assignment for the benefit of creditors or other proceeding((s)) intended to liquidate or rehabilitate the estate of the person involved.
     (23) ((A person is)) "Insolvent" ((who either has)) means:
     (A) Having generally
ceased to pay ((his or her)) debts in the ordinary course of business ((or cannot)) other than as a result of bona fide dispute;
     (B) Being unable to
pay ((his or her)) debts as they become due; or ((is))
     (C) Being insolvent within the meaning of ((the)) federal bankruptcy law.
     (24) "Money" means a medium of exchange currently authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government ((and)). The term includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by agreement between two or more ((nations)) countries.
     (25) ((A person has "notice" of a fact when
     (a) he or she has actual knowledge of it; or
     (b) he or she has received a notice or notification of it; or
     (c) from all the facts and circumstances known to him or her at the time in question he or she has reason to know that it exists.
A person "knows" or has "knowledge" of a fact when he or she has actual knowledge of it. "Discover" or "learn" or a word or phrase of similar import refers to knowledge rather than to reason to know. The time and circumstances under which a notice or notification may cease to be effective are not determined by this Title.
     (26) A person "notifies" or "gives" a notice or notification to another by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other in ordinary course whether or not such other actually comes to know of it. A person "receives" a notice or notification when
     (a) it comes to his or her attention; or
     (b) it is duly delivered at the place of business through which the contract was made or at any other place held out by him or her as the place for receipt of such communications.
     (27) Notice, knowledge or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time when it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction, and in any event from the time when it would have been brought to his or her attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless such communication is part of his or her regular duties or unless he or she has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.
     (28)
)) "Organization" ((includes a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership or association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity)) means a person other than an individual.
     (((29))) (26) "Party,"((,)) as ((distinct)) distinguished from "third party,"((,)) means a person ((who)) that has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement ((within)) subject to this title.
     (((30))) (27) "Person" ((includes)) means an individual ((or an organization (See RCW 62A.1-102).
     (31) "Presumption" or "presumed" means that the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact presumed unless and until evidence is introduced which would support a finding of its nonexistence.
     (32)
)), corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, public corporation, or any other legal or commercial entity.
     (28) "Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain by use of either an interest rate specified by the parties if that rate is not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction is entered into or, if an interest rate is not so specified, a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.
     (29)
"Purchase" ((includes)) means taking by sale, lease, discount, negotiation, mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest, issue or ((re-issue)) reissue, gift, or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in property.
     (((33))) (30) "Purchaser" means a person ((who)) that takes by purchase.
     (((34))) (31) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
     (32)
"Remedy" means any remedial right to which an aggrieved party is entitled with or without resort to a tribunal.
     (((35))) (33) "Representative" ((includes)) means a person empowered to act for another, including an agent, an officer of a corporation or association, and a trustee, executor, or administrator of an estate((, or any other person empowered to act for another)).
     (((36))) (34) "Right((s))" includes ((remedies)) remedy.
     (((37))) (35) "Security interest" means an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation((, except for lease-purchase agreements under chapter 63.19 RCW. The term also)). "Security interest" includes any interest of a consignor and a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, a payment intangible, or a promissory note in a transaction that is subject to Article 9A of this title. "Security interest" does not include the special property interest of a buyer of goods on identification of ((such)) those goods to a contract for sale under RCW 62A.2-401 ((is not a "security interest")), but a buyer may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with Article 9A of this title. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.2-505, the right of a seller or lessor of goods under Article 2 or 2A of this title to retain or acquire possession of the goods is not a "security interest," but a seller or lessor may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with Article 9A of this title. The retention or reservation of title by a seller of goods notwithstanding shipment or delivery to the buyer ((()) under RCW 62A.2-401(())) is limited in effect to a reservation of a "security interest." Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a ((lease or)) "security interest" is determined ((by the facts of each case. However, a transaction creates a security interest if the consideration the lessee is to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is an obligation for the term of the lease not subject to termination by the lessee, and:
     (a) The original term of the lease is equal to or greater than the remaining economic life of the goods;
     (b) The lessee is bound to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods or is bound to become the owner of the goods;
     (c) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods for no additional consideration or nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement; or
     (d) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for no additional consideration or nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement.
     A transaction does not create a security interest merely because it provides that:
     (a) The present value of the consideration the lessee is obligated to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is substantially equal to or is greater than the fair market value of the goods at the time the lease is entered into;
     (b) The lessee assumes risk of loss of the goods, or agrees to pay taxes, insurance, filing, recording, or registration fees, or service or maintenance costs with respect to the goods;
     (c) The lessee has an option to renew the lease or to become the owner of the goods;
     (d) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for a fixed rent that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal at the time the option is to be performed;
     (e) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for a fixed price that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market value of the goods at the time the option is to be performed; or
     (f) The amount of rental payments may or will be increased or decreased by reference to the amount realized by the lessor upon sale or disposition of the goods.
     For purposes of this subsection (37):
     (a) Additional consideration is not nominal if (i) when the option to renew the lease is granted to the lessee the rent is stated to be the fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal determined at the time the option is to be performed, or (ii) when the option to become the owner of the goods is granted to the lessee the price is stated to be the fair market value of the goods determined at the time the option is to be performed. Additional consideration is nominal if it is less than the lessee's reasonably predictable cost of performing under the lease agreement if the option is not exercised;
     (b) "Reasonably predictable" and "remaining economic life of the goods" are to be determined with reference to the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into; and
     (c) "Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain. The discount is determined by the interest rate specified by the parties if the rate is not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction is entered into; otherwise, the discount is determined by a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances of each case at the time the transaction was entered into
)) pursuant to RCW 62A.1-203.
     (((38))) (36) "Send" in connection with ((any)) a writing, record, or notice means:
     (A) T
o deposit in the mail or deliver for transmission by any other usual means of communication with postage or cost of transmission provided for and properly addressed and, in the case of an instrument, to an address specified thereon or otherwise agreed, or if there be none to any address reasonable under the circumstances((. The receipt of any writing)); or
     (B) In any other way to cause to be received any record
or notice within the time ((at which)) it would have arrived if properly sent ((has the effect of a proper sending)).
     (((39))) (37) "Signed" includes using any symbol executed or adopted ((by a party)) with present intention to ((authenticate)) adopt or accept a writing.
     (((40))) (38) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
     (39)
"Surety" includes a guarantor or other secondary obligor.
     (((41) "Telegram" includes a message transmitted by radio, teletype, cable, any mechanical method of transmission, or the like.
     (42)
)) (40) "Term" means ((that)) a portion of an agreement ((which)) that relates to a particular matter.
     (((43))) (41) "Unauthorized((")) signature" means ((one)) a signature made without actual, implied, or apparent authority ((and)). The term includes a forgery.
     (((44) "Value". Except as otherwise provided with respect to negotiable instruments and bank collections (RCW 62A.3-303, RCW 62A.4-210, and RCW 62A.4-211) a person gives "value" for rights if he or she acquires them
     (a) in return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection; or
     (b) as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a preexisting claim; or
     (c) by accepting delivery pursuant to a pre-existing contract for purchase; or
     (d) generally, in return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.
     (45)
)) (42) "Warehouse receipt" means a ((receipt)) document of title issued by a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
     (((46) "Written" or)) (43) "Writing" includes printing, typewriting, or any other intentional reduction to tangible form. "Written" has a corresponding meaning.

Sec. 110   RCW 62A.1-202 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-202 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE BY THIRD PARTY DOCUMENTS.)) NOTICE; KNOWLEDGE. ((A document in due form purporting to be a bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weigher's or inspector's certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or required by the contract to be issued by a third party shall be prima facie evidence of its own authenticity and genuineness and of the facts stated in the document by the third party.)) (a) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person has "notice" of a fact if the person:
     (1) Has actual knowledge of it;
     (2) Has received a notice or notification of it; or
     (3) From all the facts and circumstances known to the person at the time in question, has reason to know that it exists.
     (b) "Knowledge" means actual knowledge. "Knows" has a corresponding meaning.
     (c) "Discover," "learn," or words of similar import refer to knowledge rather than to reason to know.
     (d) A person "notifies" or "gives" a notice or notification to another person by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other person in ordinary course, whether or not the other person actually comes to know of it.
     (e) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person "receives" a notice or notification when:
     (1) It comes to that person's attention; or
     (2) It is duly delivered in a form reasonable under the circumstances at the place of business through which the contract was made or at another location held out by that person as the place for receipt of such communications.
     (f) Notice, knowledge, or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction and, in any event, from the time it would have been brought to the individual's attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless the communication is part of the individual's regular duties or the individual has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.

Sec. 111   RCW 62A.1-203 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-203 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((OBLIGATION OF GOOD FAITH.)) LEASE DISTINGUISHED FROM SECURITY INTEREST. ((Every contract or duty within this Title imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance or enforcement.)) (a) Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a lease or security interest is determined by the facts of each case.
     (b) A transaction in the form of a lease creates a security interest if the consideration that the lessee is to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is an obligation for the term of the lease and is not subject to termination by the lessee, and:
     (1) The original term of the lease is equal to or greater than the remaining economic life of the goods;
     (2) The lessee is bound to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods or is bound to become the owner of the goods;
     (3) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods for no additional consideration or for nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement; or
     (4) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for no additional consideration or for nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement.
     (c) A transaction in the form of a lease does not create a security interest merely because:
     (1) The present value of the consideration the lessee is obligated to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is substantially equal to or is greater than the fair market value of the goods at the time the lease is entered into;
     (2) The lessee assumes risk of loss of the goods;
     (3) The lessee agrees to pay, with respect to the goods, taxes, insurance, filing, recording, or registration fees, or service or maintenance costs;
     (4) The lessee has an option to renew the lease or to become the owner of the goods;
     (5) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for a fixed rent that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal at the time the option is to be performed; or
     (6) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for a fixed price that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market value of the goods at the time the option is to be performed.
     (d) Additional consideration is nominal if it is less than the lessee's reasonably predictable cost of performing under the lease agreement if the option is not exercised. Additional consideration is not nominal if:
     (1) When the option to renew the lease is granted to the lessee, the rent is stated to be the fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal determined at the time the option is to be performed; or
     (2) When the option to become the owner of the goods is granted to the lessee, the price is stated to be the fair market value of the goods determined at the time the option is to be performed.
     (e) The "remaining economic life of the goods" and "reasonably predictable" fair market rent, fair market value, or cost of performing under the lease agreement must be determined with reference to the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.

Sec. 112   RCW 62A.1-204 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-204 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((TIME; REASONABLE TIME; "SEASONABLY".)) VALUE. (((1) Whenever this Title requires any action to be taken within a reasonable time, any time which is not manifestly unreasonable may be fixed by agreement.
     (2) What is a reasonable time for taking any action depends on the nature, purpose and circumstances of such action.
     (3) An action is taken "seasonably" when it is taken at or within the time agreed or if no time is agreed at or within a reasonable time.
)) Except as otherwise provided in Articles 3, 4, and 5 of this title, a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them:
     (1) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection;
     (2) As security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of, a preexisting claim;
     (3) By accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or
     (4) In return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.

Sec. 113   RCW 62A.1-205 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-205 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((COURSE OF DEALING AND USAGE OF TRADE.)) REASONABLE TIME; SEASONABLENESS. (((1) A course of dealing is a sequence of previous conduct between the parties to a particular transaction which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other conduct.
     (2) A usage of trade is any practice or method of dealing having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to the transaction in question. The existence and scope of such a usage are to be proved as facts. If it is established that such a usage is embodied in a written trade code or similar writing the interpretation of the writing is for the court.
     (3) A course of dealing between parties and any usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which they are engaged or of which they are or should be aware give particular meaning to and supplement or qualify terms of an agreement.
     (4) The express terms of an agreement and an applicable course of dealing or usage of trade shall be construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other; but when such construction is unreasonable express terms control both course of dealing and usage of trade and course of dealing controls usage of trade.
     (5) An applicable usage of trade in the place where any part of performance is to occur shall be used in interpreting the agreement as to that part of the performance.
     (6) Evidence of a relevant usage of trade offered by one party is not admissible unless and until he has given the other party such notice as the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise to the latter.
)) (a) Whether a time for taking an action required by this title is reasonable depends on the nature, purpose, and circumstances of the action.
     (b) An action is taken seasonably if it is taken at or within the time agreed or, if no time is agreed, at or within a reasonable time.

Sec. 114   RCW 62A.1-206 and 1995 c 48 s 55 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((STATUTE OF FRAUDS FOR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY NOT OTHERWISE COVERED.)) PRESUMPTIONS. (((1) Except in the cases described in subsection (2) of this section a contract for the sale of personal property is not enforceable by way of action or defense beyond five thousand dollars in amount or value of remedy unless there is some writing which indicates that a contract for sale has been made between the parties at a defined or stated price, reasonably identifies the subject matter, and is signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent.
     (2) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to contracts for the sale of goods (RCW 62A.2-201) nor of securities (RCW 62A.8-113) nor to security agreements (RCW 62A.9-203).
)) Whenever this title creates a "presumption" with respect to a fact, or provides that a fact is "presumed," the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact unless and until evidence is introduced that supports a finding of its nonexistence.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 115   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-301, to read as follows:
     TERRITORIAL APPLICABILITY; PARTIES' POWER TO CHOOSE APPLICABLE LAW. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, when a transaction bears a reasonable relation to this state and also to another state or nation the parties may agree that the law either of this state or of such other state or nation shall govern their rights and duties.
     (b) In the absence of an agreement effective under subsection (a) of this section, and except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, this title applies to transactions bearing an appropriate relation to this state.
     (c) If one of the following provisions of this title specifies the applicable law, that provision governs and a contrary agreement is effective only to the extent permitted by the law so specified:
     (1) RCW 62A.2-402;
     (2) RCW 62A.2A-105 and 62A.2A-106;
     (3) RCW 62A.4-102;
     (4) RCW 62A.4A-507;
     (5) RCW 62A.5-116;
     (6) RCW 62A.8-110;
     (7) RCW 62A.9A-301 through 62A.9A-307.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 116   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-302, to read as follows:
     VARIATION BY AGREEMENT. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section or elsewhere in this title, the effect of provisions of this title may be varied by agreement.
     (b) The obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care prescribed by this title may not be disclaimed by agreement. The parties, by agreement, may determine the standards by which the performance of those obligations is to be measured if those standards are not manifestly unreasonable. Whenever this title requires an action to be taken within a reasonable time, a time that is not manifestly unreasonable may be fixed by agreement.
     (c) The presence in certain provisions of this title of the phrase "unless otherwise agreed," or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement under this section.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 117   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-303, to read as follows:
     COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF DEALING, AND USAGE OF TRADE. (a) A "course of performance" is a sequence of conduct between the parties to a particular transaction that exists if:
     (1) The agreement of the parties with respect to the transaction involves repeated occasions for performance by a party; and
     (2) The other party, with knowledge of the nature of the performance and opportunity for objection to it, accepts the performance or acquiesces in it without objection.
     (b) A "course of dealing" is a sequence of conduct concerning previous transactions between the parties to a particular transaction that is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other conduct.
     (c) A "usage of trade" is any practice or method of dealing having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation, or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to the transaction in question. The existence and scope of such a usage must be proved as facts. If it is established that such a usage is embodied in a trade code or similar record, the interpretation of the record is a question of law.
     (d) A course of performance or course of dealing between the parties or usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which they are engaged or of which they are or should be aware is relevant in ascertaining the meaning of the parties' agreement, may give particular meaning to specific terms of the agreement, and may supplement or qualify the terms of the agreement. A usage of trade applicable in the place in which part of the performance under the agreement is to occur may be so utilized as to that part of the performance.
     (e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f) of this section, the express terms of an agreement and any applicable course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade must be construed whenever reasonable as consistent with each other. If such a construction is unreasonable:
     (1) Express terms prevail over course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade;
     (2) Course of performance prevails over course of dealing and usage of trade; and
     (3) Course of dealing prevails over usage of trade.
     (f) Subject to RCW 62A.2-209 and 62A.2A-208, a course of performance is relevant to show a waiver or modification of any term inconsistent with the course of performance.
     (g) Evidence of a relevant usage of trade offered by one party is not admissible unless that party has given the other party notice that the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise to the other party.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 118   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-304, to read as follows:
     OBLIGATION OF GOOD FAITH. Every contract or duty within this title imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance and enforcement.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 119   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-305, to read as follows:
     REMEDIES TO BE LIBERALLY ADMINISTERED. (a) The remedies provided by this title must be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed but neither consequential or special damages nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in this title or by other rule of law.
     (b) Any right or obligation declared by this title is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 120   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-306, to read as follows:
     WAIVER OR RENUNCIATION OF CLAIM OR RIGHT AFTER BREACH. A claim or right arising out of an alleged breach may be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by agreement of the aggrieved party in an authenticated record.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 121   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-307, to read as follows:
     PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE BY THIRD-PARTY DOCUMENTS. A document in due form purporting to be a bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weigher's or inspector's certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or required by the contract to be issued by a third party is prima facie evidence of its own authenticity and genuineness and of the facts stated in the document by the third party.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 122   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-308, to read as follows:
     PERFORMANCE OR ACCEPTANCE UNDER RESERVATION OF RIGHTS. (a) A party that with explicit reservation of rights performs or promises performance or assents to performance in a manner demanded or offered by the other party does not thereby prejudice the rights reserved. Such words as "without prejudice," "under protest," or the like are sufficient.
     (b) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply to an accord and satisfaction.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 123   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-309, to read as follows:
     OPTION TO ACCELERATE AT WILL. A term providing that one party or that party's successor in interest may accelerate payment or performance or require collateral or additional collateral "at will" or when the party "deems itself insecure," or words of similar import, means that the party has power to do so only if that party in good faith believes that the prospect of payment or performance is impaired. The burden of establishing lack of good faith is on the party against which the power has been exercised.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 124   A new section is added to chapter 62A.1 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.1-310, to read as follows:
     SUBORDINATED OBLIGATIONS. An obligation may be issued as subordinated to performance of another obligation of the person obligated, or a creditor may subordinate its right to performance of an obligation by agreement with either the person obligated or another creditor of the person obligated. Subordination does not create a security interest as against either the common debtor or a subordinated creditor.

PART II
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 7
GENERAL

Sec. 201   RCW 62A.7-101 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-101 are each amended to read as follows:
     SHORT TITLE. This Article ((shall be known and)) may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code--Documents of Title.

Sec. 202   RCW 62A.7-102 and 2011 c 336 s 825 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (((1))) (a) In this Article, unless the context otherwise requires:
     (((a))) (1) "Bailee" means ((the)) a person ((who)) that by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading, or other document of title acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to deliver them.
     (((b))) (2) "Carrier" means a person that issues a bill of lading.
     (3)
"Consignee" means ((the)) a person named in a bill of lading to ((whom)) which or to whose order the bill promises delivery.
     (((c))) (4) "Consignor" means ((the)) a person named in a bill of lading as the person from ((whom)) which the goods have been received for shipment.
     (((d))) (5) "Delivery order" means a ((written)) record that contains an order to deliver goods directed to a warehouse ((operator)), carrier, or other person ((who)) that in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.
     (((e) "Document" means document of title as defined in the general definitions in Article 1 (RCW 62A.1-201).
     (f)
)) (6) [Reserved.]
     (7)
"Goods" means all things ((which)) that are treated as movable for the purposes of a contract ((of)) for storage or transportation.
     (((g))) (8) "Issuer" means a bailee ((who)) that issues a document ((except that)) of title or, in ((relation to)) the case of an unaccepted delivery order ((it means)), the person ((who)) that orders the possessor of goods to deliver. ((Issuer)) The term includes ((any)) a person for ((whom)) which an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, ((notwithstanding that)) even if the issuer ((received no)) did not receive any goods ((or that)), the goods were misdescribed, or ((that)) in any other respect the agent or employee violated ((his or her)) the issuer's instructions.
     (((h))) (9) "Person entitled under the document" means the holder, in the case of a negotiable document of title, or the person to which delivery of the goods is to be made by the terms of, or pursuant to instructions in a record under, a nonnegotiable document of title.
     (10) [Reserved.]
     (11) "Sign" means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record:
     (A) To execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
     (B) To attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic sound, symbol, or process.
     (12) "Shipper" means a person that enters into a contract of transportation with a carrier.
     (13)
"Warehouse ((operator))" ((is)) means a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
     (((2) Other definitions applying to this Article or to specified Parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:
     "Duly negotiate." RCW 62A.7-501.
     "Person entitled under the document." RCW 62A.7-403(4).
     (3)
)) (b) Definitions in other articles applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:
     (1) "Contract for sale((.))", RCW 62A.2-106((.
     "Overseas." RCW 62A.2-323.
));
     (2) "Lessee in ordinary course of business," RCW 62A.2A-103; and
     (3)
"Receipt" of goods((.)), RCW 62A.2-103.
     (((4))) (c) In addition, Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 203   RCW 62A.7-103 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-103 are each amended to read as follows:
     RELATION OF ARTICLE TO TREATY((,)) OR STATUTE((, TARIFF, CLASSIFICATION OR REGULATION)). ((To the extent that)) (a) This Article is subject to any treaty or statute of the United States((,)) or regulatory statute of this state ((or tariff, classification or regulation filed or issued pursuant thereto)) to the extent the treaty, statute, or regulatory statute is applicable((, the provisions of this Article are subject thereto)).
     (b) This Article does not modify or repeal any law prescribing the form or content of a document of title or the services or facilities to be afforded by a bailee, or otherwise regulating a bailee's business in respects not specifically treated in this Article. However, violation of such a law does not affect the status of a document of title that otherwise is within the definition of a document of title.
     (c) This act modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal electronic signatures in global and national commerce act (15 U.S.C. Sec. 7001, et seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. Sec. 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. Sec. 7003(b)).
     (d) A person in its capacity as an electronic data storage provider or an electronic data transmitter is not subject to this Article.

Sec. 204   RCW 62A.7-104 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-104 are each amended to read as follows:
     NEGOTIABLE AND NONNEGOTIABLE ((WAREHOUSE RECEIPT, BILL OF LADING OR OTHER)) DOCUMENT OF TITLE. (((1) A warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other document of title is negotiable))
     (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this section, a document of title is negotiable if by its terms the goods are to be delivered to bearer or to the order of a named person((; or
     (b) where recognized in overseas trade, if it runs to a named person or assigns.
     (2) Any other document
)).
     (b) A document of title other than one described in subsection (a) of this section
is nonnegotiable. A bill of lading ((in which it is stated)) that states that the goods are consigned to a named person is not made negotiable by a provision that the goods are to be delivered only against ((a written)) an order in a record signed by the same or another named person.
     (c) A document of title is nonnegotiable if, at the time it is issued, the document has a conspicuous legend, however expressed, that it is nonnegotiable.

Sec. 205   RCW 62A.7-105 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-105 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((CONSTRUCTION AGAINST NEGATIVE IMPLICATION.)) REISSUANCE IN ALTERNATIVE MEDIUM. ((The omission from either Part 2 or Part 3 of this Article of a provision corresponding to a provision made in the other Part does not imply that a corresponding rule of law is not applicable.)) (a) Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document of title, the issuer of the electronic document may issue a tangible document of title as a substitute for the electronic document if:
     (1) The person entitled under the electronic document surrenders control of the document to the issuer; and
     (2) The tangible document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the electronic document.
     (b) Upon issuance of a tangible document of title in substitution for an electronic document of title in accordance with subsection (a) of this section:
     (1) The electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
     (2) The person that procured issuance of the tangible document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the electronic document when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the issuer.
     (c) Upon request of a person entitled under a tangible document of title, the issuer of the tangible document may issue an electronic document of title as a substitute for the tangible document if:
     (1) The person entitled under the tangible document surrenders possession of the document to the issuer; and
     (2) The electronic document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the tangible document.
     (d) Upon issuance of an electronic document of title in substitution for a tangible document of title in accordance with subsection (c) of this section:
     (1) The tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
     (2) The person that procured issuance of the electronic document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the electronic document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the tangible document when the warrantor surrendered possession of the tangible document to the issuer.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 206   A new section is added to chapter 62A.7 RCW, to be codified as RCW 62A.7-106, to read as follows:
     CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT OF TITLE. (a) A person has control of an electronic document of title if a system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the electronic document reliably establishes that person as the person to which the electronic document was issued or transferred.
     (b) A system satisfies subsection (a) of this section, and a person is deemed to have control of an electronic document of title, if the document is created, stored, and assigned in such a manner that:
     (1) A single authoritative copy of the document exists which is unique, identifiable, and, except as otherwise provided in (4), (5), and (6) of this subsection, unalterable;
     (2) The authoritative copy identifies the person asserting control as:
     (A) The person to which the document was issued; or
     (B) If the authoritative copy indicates that the document has been transferred, the person to which the document was most recently transferred;
     (3) The authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the person asserting control or its designated custodian;
     (4) Copies or amendments that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the person asserting control;
     (5) Each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and
     (6) Any amendment of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized.

PART III
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 7
WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 301   RCW 62A.7-201 and 2011 c 336 s 826 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((WHO)) PERSON THAT MAY ISSUE A WAREHOUSE RECEIPT; STORAGE UNDER ((GOVERNMENT)) BOND. (((1))) (a) A warehouse receipt may be issued by any warehouse ((operator)).
     (((2) Where)) (b) If goods, including distilled spirits and agricultural commodities, are stored under a statute requiring a bond against withdrawal or a license for the issuance of receipts in the nature of warehouse receipts, a receipt issued for the goods ((has like effect as)) is deemed to be a warehouse receipt even ((though)) if issued by a person ((who)) that is the owner of the goods and is not a warehouse ((operator)).

Sec. 302   RCW 62A.7-202 and 2011 c 336 s 827 are each amended to read as follows:
     FORM OF WAREHOUSE RECEIPT; ((ESSENTIAL TERMS; OPTIONAL TERMS)) EFFECT OF OMISSION. (((1))) (a) A warehouse receipt need not be in any particular form.
     (((2))) (b) Unless a warehouse receipt ((embodies within its written, printed, or electronic terms)) provides for each of the following, the warehouse ((operator)) is liable for damages caused ((by the omission)) to a person injured ((thereby)) by its omission:
     (((a))) (1) A statement of the location of the warehouse facility where the goods are stored;
     (((b))) (2) The date of issue of the receipt;
     (((c))) (3) The ((consecutive number)) unique identification code of the receipt;
     (((d))) (4) A statement whether the goods received will be delivered to the bearer, to a ((specified)) named person, or to a ((specified)) named person or ((his or her)) its order;
     (((e))) (5) The rate of storage and handling charges, ((except that where)) unless goods are stored under a field warehousing arrangement, in which case a statement of that fact is sufficient on a nonnegotiable receipt;
     (((f))) (6) A description of the goods or ((of)) the packages containing them;
     (((g))) (7) The signature of the warehouse ((operator, which may be made by his or her authorized)) or its agent;
     (((h))) (8) If the receipt is issued for goods ((of which the warehouse operator is owner)) that the warehouse owns, either solely ((or)), jointly, or in common with others, a statement of the fact of ((such)) that ownership; and
     (((i))) (9) A statement of the amount of advances made and of liabilities incurred for which the warehouse ((operator)) claims a lien or security interest (((RCW 62A.7-209). If)), unless the precise amount of ((such)) advances made or ((of such)) liabilities incurred ((is)), at the time of the issue of the receipt, is unknown to the warehouse ((operator)) or to ((his or her)) its agent ((who issues it,)) that issued the receipt, in which case a statement of the fact that advances have been made or liabilities incurred and the purpose ((thereof)) of the advances or liabilities is sufficient.
     (((3))) (c) A warehouse ((operator)) may insert in ((his or her)) its receipt any ((other)) terms ((which)) that are not contrary to the provisions of this title and do not impair ((his or her)) its obligation of delivery ((()) under RCW 62A.7-403(() or his or her)) or its duty of care ((()) under RCW 62A.7-204(())). Any contrary provision((s shall be)) is ineffective.

Sec. 303   RCW 62A.7-203 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-203 are each amended to read as follows:
     LIABILITY FOR NONRECEIPT OR MISDESCRIPTION. A party to or purchaser for value in good faith of a document of title, other than a bill of lading ((relying in either case)), that relies upon the description ((therein)) of the goods in the document may recover from the issuer damages caused by the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that:
     (1) T
he document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know whether ((any)) all or part ((or all)) of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as ((where)) a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition, or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents, condition, and quality unknown," "said to contain," or ((the like)) words of similar import, if ((such)) the indication ((be)) is true((,)); or
     (2) The party or purchaser otherwise has notice of the nonreceipt or misdescription.

Sec. 304   RCW 62A.7-204 and 2011 c 336 s 828 are each amended to read as follows:
     DUTY OF CARE; CONTRACTUAL LIMITATION OF WAREHOUSE'S ((OPERATOR'S)) LIABILITY. (((1))) (a) A warehouse ((operator)) is liable for damages for loss of or injury to the goods caused by ((his or her)) its failure to exercise ((such)) care ((in)) with regard to ((them as)) the goods that a reasonably careful person would exercise under ((like)) similar circumstances ((but)). Unless otherwise agreed ((he or she)), the warehouse is not liable for damages ((which)) that could not have been avoided by the exercise of ((such)) that care.
     (((2))) (b) Damages may be limited by a term in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement limiting the amount of liability in case of loss or damage((, and setting forth a specific liability per article or item, or value per unit of weight,)) beyond which the warehouse ((operator shall not be)) is not liable((; provided, however, that such liability may on written)). Such a limitation is not effective with respect to the warehouse's liability for conversion to its own use. On request of the bailor in a record at the time of signing ((such)) the storage agreement or within a reasonable time after receipt of the warehouse receipt, the warehouse's liability may be increased on part or all of the goods ((thereunder, in which)) covered by the storage agreement or the warehouse receipt. In this event, increased rates may be charged based on ((such)) an increased valuation((, but that no such increase shall be permitted contrary to a lawful limitation of liability contained in the warehouse operator's tariff, if any. No such limitation is effective with respect to the warehouse operator's liability for conversion to his or her own use)) of the goods.
     (((3))) (c) Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and ((instituting)) commencing actions based on the bailment may be included in the warehouse receipt or ((tariff)) storage agreement.
     (((4))) (d) This section does not ((impair or repeal the duties of care or liabilities or penalties for breach thereof as provided in)) modify or repeal the provisions of chapters 22.09 and 22.32 RCW.

Sec. 305   RCW 62A.7-205 and 2011 c 336 s 829 are each amended to read as follows:
     TITLE UNDER WAREHOUSE RECEIPT DEFEATED IN CERTAIN CASES. A buyer in ((the)) ordinary course of business of fungible goods sold and delivered by a warehouse ((operator who)) that is also in the business of buying and selling such goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse receipt even ((though it)) if the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.

Sec. 306   RCW 62A.7-206 and 2011 c 336 s 830 are each amended to read as follows:
     TERMINATION OF STORAGE AT ((WAREHOUSE OPERATOR'S)) WAREHOUSE'S OPTION. (((1))) (a) A warehouse ((operator may on notifying)), by giving notice to the person on whose account the goods are held and any other person known to claim an interest in the goods, may require payment of any charges and removal of the goods from the warehouse at the termination of the period of storage fixed by the document((,)) of title or, if ((no)) a period is not fixed, within a stated period not less than thirty days after the ((notification)) warehouse gives notice. If the goods are not removed before the date specified in the ((notification)) notice, the warehouse ((operator)) may sell them ((in accordance with the provisions of the section on enforcement of a warehouse operator's lien ()) pursuant to RCW 62A.7-210(())).
     (((2))) (b) If a warehouse ((operator)) in good faith believes that ((the)) goods are about to deteriorate or decline in value to less than the amount of ((his or her)) its lien within the time ((prescribed)) provided in subsection (((1))) (a) of this section ((for notification, advertisement, and sale)) and RCW 62A.7-210, the warehouse ((operator)) may specify in the ((notification)) notice given under subsection (a) of this section any reasonable shorter time for removal of the goods and ((in case)), if the goods are not removed, may sell them at public sale held not less than one week after a single advertisement or posting.
     (((3))) (c) If, as a result of a quality or condition of the goods of which the warehouse ((operator had no)) did not have notice at the time of deposit, the goods are a hazard to other property ((or to)), the warehouse facilities, or ((to)) other persons, the warehouse ((operator)) may sell the goods at public or private sale without advertisement or posting on reasonable notification to all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. If the warehouse ((operator)), after a reasonable effort, is unable to sell the goods ((he or she)), it may dispose of them in any lawful manner and ((shall)) does not incur ((no)) liability by reason of ((such)) that disposition.
     (((4))) (d) The warehouse ((operator must)) shall deliver the goods to any person entitled to them under this Article upon due demand made at any time ((prior to)) before sale or other disposition under this section.
     (((5))) (e) The warehouse ((operator)) may satisfy ((his or her)) its lien from the proceeds of any sale or disposition under this section but ((must)) shall hold the balance for delivery on the demand of any person to ((whom he or she)) which the warehouse would have been bound to deliver the goods.

Sec. 307   RCW 62A.7-207 and 2011 c 336 s 831 are each amended to read as follows:
     GOODS MUST BE KEPT SEPARATE; FUNGIBLE GOODS. (((1))) (a) Unless the warehouse receipt provides otherwise ((provides)), a warehouse ((operator must)) shall keep separate the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all times identification and delivery of those goods ((except that)). However, different lots of fungible goods may be commingled.
     (((2))) (b) If different lots of fungible goods ((so)) are commingled, the goods are owned in common by the persons entitled thereto and the warehouse ((operator)) is severally liable to each owner for that owner's share. ((Where)) If, because of over-issue, a mass of fungible goods is insufficient to meet all the receipts ((which)) the warehouse ((operator)) has issued against it, the persons entitled include all holders to ((whom)) which overissued receipts have been duly negotiated.

Sec. 308   RCW 62A.7-208 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-208 are each amended to read as follows:
     ALTERED WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS. ((Where)) If a blank in a negotiable tangible warehouse receipt has been filled in without authority, a good-faith purchaser for value and without notice of the ((want)) lack of authority may treat the insertion as authorized. Any other unauthorized alteration leaves any tangible or electronic warehouse receipt enforceable against the issuer according to its original tenor.

Sec. 309   RCW 62A.7-209 and 2011 c 336 s 832 are each amended to read as follows:
     LIEN OF WAREHOUSE ((OPERATOR)). (((1))) (a) A warehouse ((operator)) has a lien against the bailor on the goods covered by a warehouse receipt or storage agreement or on the proceeds thereof in ((his or her)) its possession for charges for storage or transportation ((()), including demurrage and terminal charges(())), insurance, labor, or other charges, present or future, in relation to the goods, and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. If the person on whose account the goods are held is liable for ((like)) similar charges or expenses in relation to other goods whenever deposited and it is stated in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement that a lien is claimed for charges and expenses in relation to other goods, the warehouse ((operator)) also has a lien against ((him or her)) the goods covered by the warehouse receipt or storage agreement or on the proceeds thereof in its possession for ((such)) those charges and expenses, whether or not the other goods have been delivered by the warehouse ((operator)). ((But)) However, as against a person to ((whom)) which a negotiable warehouse receipt is duly negotiated, a ((warehouse operator's)) warehouse's lien is limited to charges in an amount or at a rate specified ((on)) in the warehouse receipt or, if no charges are so specified ((then)), to a reasonable charge for storage of the specific goods covered by the receipt subsequent to the date of the receipt. A ((warehouse operator's)) warehouse's lien as provided in this chapter takes priority over all other liens and perfected or unperfected security interests.
     (((2))) (b) The warehouse ((operator)) may also reserve a security interest against the bailor for ((a)) the maximum amount specified on the receipt for charges other than those specified in subsection (((1))) (a) of this section, such as for money advanced and interest. ((Such a)) The security interest is governed by ((the Article on Secured Transactions (Article 9))) Article 9A of this title.
     (((3))) (c) A ((warehouse operator's)) warehouse's lien for charges and expenses under subsection (((1))) (a) of this section or a security interest under subsection (((2))) (b) of this section is also effective against any person ((who)) that so entrusted the bailor with possession of the goods that a pledge of them by ((him or her)) the bailor to a good-faith purchaser for value would have been valid ((but is not effective against a person as to whom the document confers no right in the goods covered by it under RCW 62A.7-503)).
     (((4) A warehouse operator loses his or her lien on any goods which he or she voluntarily delivers or which he or she)) However, the lien or security interest is not effective against a person that before issuance of a document of title had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in the goods and that did not:
     (1) Deliver or entrust the goods or any document of title covering the goods to the bailor or the bailor's nominee with:
     (A) Actual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell;
     (B) Power to obtain delivery under RCW 62A.7-403; or
     (C) Power of disposition under RCW 62A.2-403, 62A.2A-304(2), 62A.2A-305(2), 62A.9A-320, or 62A.9A-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; or
     (2) Acquiesce in the procurement by the bailor or its nominee of any document.
     (d) A warehouse's lien on household goods for charges and expenses in relation to the goods under subsection (a) of this section is also effective against all persons if the depositor was the legal possessor of the goods at the time of deposit. In this subsection, "household goods" means furniture, furnishings, or personal effects used by the depositor in a dwelling.
     (e) A warehouse loses its lien on any goods that it voluntarily delivers or
unjustifiably refuses to deliver.

Sec. 310   RCW 62A.7-210 and 2011 c 336 s 833 are each amended to read as follows:
     ENFORCEMENT OF WAREHOUSE ((OPERATOR'S)) LIEN. (((1))) (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (((2))) (b) of this section, a ((warehouse operator's)) warehouse's lien may be enforced by public or private sale of the goods, in ((bloc)) bulk or in ((parcels)) packages, at any time or place and on any terms ((which)) that are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. ((Such)) The notification must include a statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed sale, and the time and place of any public sale. The fact that a better price could have been obtained by a sale at a different time or in a ((different)) method different from that selected by the warehouse ((operator)) is not of itself sufficient to establish that the sale was not made in a commercially reasonable manner. The warehouse sells in a commercially reasonable manner if the warehouse ((operator either)) sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market therefor, ((or if he or she)) sells at the price current in ((such)) that market at the time of ((his or her)) the sale, or ((if he or she has)) otherwise ((sold)) sells in conformity with commercially reasonable practices among dealers in the type of goods sold((, he or she has sold in a commercially reasonable manner)). A sale of more goods than apparently necessary to be offered to ((insure)) ensure satisfaction of the obligation is not commercially reasonable, except in cases covered by the preceding sentence.
     (((2))) (b) A warehouse ((operator's)) may enforce its lien on goods, other than goods stored by a merchant in the course of ((his or her)) its business ((may be enforced)), only ((as follows)) if the following requirements are satisfied:
     (((a))) (1) All persons known to claim an interest in the goods must be notified.
     (((b) The notification must be delivered in person or sent by registered or certified letter to the last known address of any person to be notified.
     (c)
)) (2) The notification must include an itemized statement of the claim, a description of the goods subject to the lien, a demand for payment within a specified time not less than ten days after receipt of the notification, and a conspicuous statement that unless the claim is paid within that time the goods will be advertised for sale and sold by auction at a specified time and place.
     (((d))) (3) The sale must conform to the terms of the notification.
     (((e))) (4) The sale must be held at the nearest suitable place to that where the goods are held or stored.
     (((f))) (5) After the expiration of the time given in the notification, an advertisement of the sale must be published once a week for two weeks consecutively in a newspaper of general circulation where the sale is to be held. The advertisement must include a description of the goods, the name of the person on whose account ((they)) the goods are being held, and the time and place of the sale. The sale must take place at least fifteen days after the first publication. If there is no newspaper of general circulation where the sale is to be held, the advertisement must be posted at least ten days before the sale in not ((less)) fewer than six conspicuous places in the neighborhood of the proposed sale.
     (((3))) (c) Before any sale pursuant to this section, any person claiming a right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien and the reasonable expenses incurred ((under)) in complying with this section. In that event, the goods ((must)) may not be sold, but must be retained by the warehouse ((operator)) subject to the terms of the receipt and this Article.
     (((4) The)) (d) A warehouse ((operator)) may buy at any public sale held pursuant to this section.
     (((5))) (e) A purchaser in good faith of goods sold to enforce a ((warehouse operator's)) warehouse's lien takes the goods free of any rights of persons against ((whom)) which the lien was valid, despite the warehouse's noncompliance ((by the warehouse operator)) with ((the requirements of)) this section.
     (((6) The)) (f) A warehouse ((operator)) may satisfy ((his or her)) its lien from the proceeds of any sale pursuant to this section but must hold the balance, if any, for delivery on demand to any person to ((whom he or she)) which the warehouse would have been bound to deliver the goods.
     (((7))) (g) The rights provided by this section ((shall be)) are in addition to all other rights allowed by law to a creditor against ((his or her)) a debtor.
     (((8) Where)) (h) If a lien is on goods stored by a merchant in the course of ((his or her)) its business, the lien may be enforced in accordance with either subsection (((1) or (2))) (a) or (b) of this section.
     (((9) The)) (i) A warehouse ((operator)) is liable for damages caused by failure to comply with the requirements for sale under this section and, in case of willful violation, is liable for conversion.

PART IV
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 7
BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 401   RCW 62A.7-301 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-301 are each amended to read as follows:
     LIABILITY FOR NONRECEIPT OR MISDESCRIPTION; "SAID TO CONTAIN"; "SHIPPER'S WEIGHT, LOAD, AND COUNT"; IMPROPER HANDLING. (((1))) (a) A consignee of a nonnegotiable bill ((who)) of lading which has given value in good faith, or a holder to ((whom)) which a negotiable bill has been duly negotiated, relying ((in either case)) upon the description ((therein)) of the goods((,)) in the bill or upon the date ((therein)) shown in the bill, may recover from the issuer damages caused by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the ((document)) bill indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as ((where)) in a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents or condition of contents of packages unknown,"((,)) "said to contain,"((,)) "shipper's weight, load, and count," or ((the like)) words of similar import, if ((such)) that indication ((be)) is true.
     (((2) When)) (b) If goods are loaded by ((an)) the issuer ((who is a common carrier,)) of a bill of lading:
     (1) T
he issuer ((must)) shall count the packages of goods if ((package freight)) shipped in packages and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk ((freight. In)); and
     (2) Words
such ((cases)) as "shipper's weight, load, and count," or ((other)) words of similar import indicating that the description was made by the shipper are ineffective except as to ((freight)) goods concealed ((by)) in packages.
     (((3) When)) (c) If bulk ((freight is)) goods are loaded by a shipper ((who)) that makes available to the issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing ((such freight, an)) those goods, the issuer ((who is a common carrier must)) shall ascertain the kind and quantity within a reasonable time after receiving the ((written)) shipper's request ((of the shipper)) in a record to do so. ((In such cases)) In that case, "shipper's weight" or ((other)) words of ((like purport)) similar import are ineffective.
     (((4))) (d) The issuer ((may)) of a bill of lading, by ((inserting)) including in the bill the words "shipper's weight, load, and count," or ((other)) words of ((like purport)) similar import, may indicate that the goods were loaded by the shipper((;)), and, if ((such)) that statement ((be)) is true, the issuer ((shall)) is not ((be)) liable for damages caused by the improper loading. ((But their)) However, omission of such words does not imply liability for ((such)) damages caused by improper loading.
     (((5) The)) (e) A shipper ((shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the)) guarantees to an issuer the accuracy at the time of shipment of the description, marks, labels, number, kind, quantity, condition, and weight, as furnished by ((him;)) the shipper, and the shipper shall indemnify the issuer against damage caused by inaccuracies in ((such)) those particulars. ((The)) This right of ((the issuer to such)) indemnity ((shall in no way)) does not limit ((his)) the issuer's responsibility ((and)) or liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.

Sec. 402   RCW 62A.7-302 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-302 are each amended to read as follows:
     THROUGH BILLS OF LADING AND SIMILAR DOCUMENTS OF TITLE. (((1))) (a) The issuer of a through bill of lading, or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by ((persons)) a person acting as its agent((s)) or by ((connecting carriers)) a performing carrier, is liable to ((anyone)) any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for any breach by ((such other persons or by a connecting)) the other person or the performing carrier of its obligation under the bill or other document ((but)). However, to the extent that the bill or other document covers an undertaking to be performed overseas or in territory not contiguous to the continental United States or an undertaking including matters other than transportation, this liability for breach by the other person or the performing carrier may be varied by agreement of the parties.
     (((2) Where)) (b) If goods covered by a through bill of lading or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by ((persons)) a person other than the issuer are received by ((any such)) that person, ((he)) the person is subject, with respect to ((his)) its own performance while the goods are in ((his)) its possession, to the obligation of the issuer. ((His)) The person's obligation is discharged by delivery of the goods to another ((such)) person pursuant to the bill or other document((,)) and does not include liability for breach by any other ((such)) person((s)) or by the issuer.
     (((3))) (c) The issuer of ((such)) a through bill of lading or other document ((shall be)) of title described in subsection (a) of this section is entitled to recover from the ((connecting)) performing carrier, or ((such)) other person in possession of the goods when the breach of the obligation under the bill or other document occurred((,)):
     (1) T
he amount it may be required to pay to ((anyone)) any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document ((therefor)) for the breach, as may be evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript ((thereof, and)) of judgment; and
     (2) T
he amount of any expense reasonably incurred by ((it)) the issuer in defending any action ((brought)) commenced by ((anyone)) any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document ((therefor)) for the breach.

Sec. 403   RCW 62A.7-303 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-303 are each amended to read as follows:
     DIVERSION; RECONSIGNMENT; CHANGE OF INSTRUCTIONS. (((1))) (a) Unless the bill of lading otherwise provides, ((the)) a carrier may deliver the goods to a person or destination other than that stated in the bill or may otherwise dispose of the goods, without liability for misdelivery, on instructions from:
     (((a))) (1) The holder of a negotiable bill; ((or
     (b)
)) (2) The consignor on a nonnegotiable bill ((notwithstanding)), even if the consignee has given contrary instructions ((from the consignee)); ((or
     (c)
)) (3) The consignee on a nonnegotiable bill in the absence of contrary instructions from the consignor, if the goods have arrived at the billed destination or if the consignee is in possession of the tangible bill or in control of the electronic bill; or
     (((d))) (4) The consignee on a nonnegotiable bill, if ((he)) the consignee is entitled as against the consignor to dispose of ((them)) the goods.
     (((2))) (b) Unless ((such)) instructions described in subsection (a) of this section are ((noted on)) included in a negotiable bill of lading, a person to ((whom)) which the bill is duly negotiated ((can)) may hold the bailee according to the original terms.

Sec. 404   RCW 62A.7-304 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-304 are each amended to read as follows:
     TANGIBLE BILLS OF LADING IN A SET. (((1))) (a) Except ((where)) as customary in ((overseas)) international transportation, a tangible bill of lading ((must)) may not be issued in a set of parts. The issuer is liable for damages caused by violation of this subsection.
     (((2) Where)) (b) If a tangible bill of lading is lawfully ((drawn)) issued in a set of parts, each of which ((is numbered)) contains an identification code and is expressed to be valid only if the goods have not been delivered against any other part, the whole of the parts constitutes one bill.
     (((3) Where)) (c) If a tangible negotiable bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts and different parts are negotiated to different persons, the title of the holder to ((whom)) which the first due negotiation is made prevails as to both the document of title and the goods even ((though)) if any later holder may have received the goods from the carrier in good faith and discharged the carrier's obligation by ((surrender of his)) surrendering its part.
     (((4) Any)) (d) A person ((who)) that negotiates or transfers a single part of a tangible bill of lading ((drawn)) issued in a set is liable to holders of that part as if it were the whole set.
     (((5))) (e) The bailee ((is obliged to)) shall deliver in accordance with ((Part 4 of this Article)) RCW 62A.7-401 through 62A.7-404 against the first presented part of a tangible bill of lading lawfully ((drawn)) issued in a set. ((Such)) Delivery in this manner discharges the bailee's obligation on the whole bill.

Sec. 405   RCW 62A.7-305 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-305 are each amended to read as follows:
     DESTINATION BILLS. (((1))) (a) Instead of issuing a bill of lading to the consignor at the place of shipment, a carrier ((may)), at the request of the consignor, may procure the bill to be issued at destination or at any other place designated in the request.
     (((2))) (b) Upon request of ((anyone)) any person entitled as against ((the)) a carrier to control the goods while in transit and on surrender of possession or control of any outstanding bill of lading or other receipt covering ((such)) the goods, the issuer, subject to RCW 62A.7-105, may procure a substitute bill to be issued at any place designated in the request.

Sec. 406   RCW 62A.7-307 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-307 are each amended to read as follows:
     LIEN OF CARRIER. (((1))) (a) A carrier has a lien on the goods covered by a bill of lading or on the proceeds thereof in its possession for charges ((subsequent to)) after the date of ((its)) the carrier's receipt of the goods for storage or transportation ((()), including demurrage and terminal charges(())), and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods incident to their transportation or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. ((But)) However, against a purchaser for value of a negotiable bill of lading, a carrier's lien is limited to charges stated in the bill or the applicable tariffs((,)) or, if no charges are stated ((then to)), a reasonable charge.
     (((2))) (b) A lien for charges and expenses under subsection (((1))) (a) of this section on goods ((which)) that the carrier was required by law to receive for transportation is effective against the consignor or any person entitled to the goods unless the carrier had notice that the consignor lacked authority to subject the goods to ((such)) those charges and expenses. Any other lien under subsection (((1))) (a) of this section is effective against the consignor and any person ((who)) that permitted the bailor to have control or possession of the goods unless the carrier had notice that the bailor lacked ((such)) authority.
     (((3))) (c) A carrier loses ((his)) its lien on any goods ((which he)) that it voluntarily delivers or ((which he)) unjustifiably refuses to deliver.

Sec. 407   RCW 62A.7-308 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-308 are each amended to read as follows:
     ENFORCEMENT OF CARRIER'S LIEN. (((1))) (a) A carrier's lien on goods may be enforced by public or private sale of the goods, in ((bloc)) bulk or in ((parcels)) packages, at any time or place and on any terms ((which)) that are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. ((Such)) The notification must include a statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed sale, and the time and place of any public sale. The fact that a better price could have been obtained by a sale at a different time or in a method different ((method)) from that selected by the carrier is not of itself sufficient to establish that the sale was not made in a commercially reasonable manner. The carrier sells goods in a commercially reasonable manner if the carrier ((either)) sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market therefor ((or if he)), sells at the price current in ((such)) that market at the time of ((his)) the sale, or ((if he has)) otherwise ((sold)) sells in conformity with commercially reasonable practices among dealers in the type of goods sold ((he has sold in a commercially reasonable manner)). A sale of more goods than apparently necessary to be offered to ensure satisfaction of the obligation is not commercially reasonable, except in cases covered by the preceding sentence.
     (((2))) (b) Before any sale pursuant to this section, any person claiming a right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien and the reasonable expenses incurred ((under)) in complying with this section. In that event, the goods ((must)) may not be sold((,)) but must be retained by the carrier, subject to the terms of the bill of lading and this Article.
     (((3) The)) (c) A carrier may buy at any public sale pursuant to this section.
     (((4))) (d) A purchaser in good faith of goods sold to enforce a carrier's lien takes the goods free of any rights of persons against ((whom)) which the lien was valid, despite the carrier's noncompliance ((by the carrier)) with ((the requirements of)) this section.
     (((5) The)) (e) A carrier may satisfy ((his)) its lien from the proceeds of any sale pursuant to this section but ((must)) shall hold the balance, if any, for delivery on demand to any person to ((whom he)) which the carrier would have been bound to deliver the goods.
     (((6))) (f) The rights provided by this section ((shall be)) are in addition to all other rights allowed by law to a creditor against ((his)) a debtor.
     (((7))) (g) A carrier's lien may be enforced ((in accordance with)) pursuant to either subsection (((1))) (a) of this section or the procedure set forth in ((subsection (2) of)) RCW 62A.7-210(b).
     (((8) The)) (h) A carrier is liable for damages caused by failure to comply with the requirements for sale under this section and, in case of willful violation, is liable for conversion.

Sec. 408   RCW 62A.7-309 and 2009 c 549 s 1017 are each amended to read as follows:
     DUTY OF CARE; CONTRACTUAL LIMITATION OF CARRIER'S LIABILITY. Save as otherwise provided in RCW 81.29.010 and 81.29.020:
     (((1))) (a) A carrier ((who)) that issues a bill of lading, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, ((must)) shall exercise the degree of care in relation to the goods which a reasonably careful person would exercise under ((like)) similar circumstances. This subsection does not affect any statute, regulation, or rule of law that imposes liability upon a common carrier for damages not caused by its negligence.
     (((2))) (b) Damages may be limited by a ((provision)) term in the bill of lading or in a transportation agreement that the carrier's liability ((shall)) may not exceed a value stated in the ((document)) bill of lading or transportation agreement if the carrier's rates are dependent upon value and the consignor ((by the carrier's tariff)) is afforded an opportunity to declare a higher value ((or a value as lawfully provided in the tariff, or where no tariff)) and the consignor is ((filed he or she is otherwise)) advised of ((such)) the opportunity((; but no)). However, such a limitation is not effective with respect to the carrier's liability for conversion to its own use.
     (((3))) (c) Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and ((instituting)) commencing actions based on the shipment may be included in a bill of lading or ((tariff)) a transportation agreement.

PART V
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 7
WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS AND BILLS OF LADING: GENERAL OBLIGATIONS

Sec. 501   RCW 62A.7-401 and 2011 c 336 s 834 are each amended to read as follows:
     IRREGULARITIES IN ISSUE OF RECEIPT OR BILL OR CONDUCT OF ISSUER. The obligations imposed by this Article on an issuer apply to a document of title ((regardless of the fact that)) even if:
     (((a))) (1) The document ((may)) does not comply with the requirements of this Article or of any other ((law)) statute, rule, or regulation regarding its ((issue)) issuance, form, or content; ((or
     (b)
)) (2) The issuer ((may have)) violated laws regulating the conduct of ((his or her)) its business; ((or
     (c)
)) (3) The goods covered by the document were owned by the bailee ((at the time)) when the document was issued; or
     (((d))) (4) The person issuing the document ((does not come within the definition of warehouse operator if it)) is not a warehouse but the document purports to be a warehouse receipt.

Sec. 502   RCW 62A.7-402 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-402 are each amended to read as follows:
     DUPLICATE ((RECEIPT OR BILL)) DOCUMENT OF TITLE; OVERISSUANCE. ((Neither)) A duplicate ((nor)) or any other document of title purporting to cover goods already represented by an outstanding document of the same issuer does not confer((s)) any right in the goods, except as provided in the case of tangible bills of lading in a set of parts, overissue of documents for fungible goods ((and)), substitutes for lost, stolen, or destroyed documents, or substitute documents issued pursuant to RCW 62A.7-105. ((But)) The issuer is liable for damages caused by ((his)) its overissue or failure to identify a duplicate document ((as such)) by a conspicuous notation ((on its face)).

Sec. 503   RCW 62A.7-403 and 2011 c 336 s 835 are each amended to read as follows:
     OBLIGATION OF ((WAREHOUSE OPERATOR OR CARRIER)) BAILEE TO DELIVER; EXCUSE. (((1) The)) (a) A bailee ((must)) shall deliver the goods to a person entitled under ((the)) a document ((who)) of title if the person complies with subsections (((2) and (3))) (b) and (c) of this section, unless and to the extent that the bailee establishes any of the following:
     (((a))) (1) Delivery of the goods to a person whose receipt was rightful as against the claimant;
     (((b))) (2) Damage to or delay, loss, or destruction of the goods for which the bailee is not liable;
     (((c))) (3) Previous sale or other disposition of the goods in lawful enforcement of a lien or on ((warehouse operator's)) a warehouse's lawful termination of storage;
     (((d))) (4) The exercise by a seller of ((his or her)) its right to stop delivery pursuant to ((the provisions of the Article on Sales ())RCW 62A.2-705(())) or by a lessor of its right to stop delivery pursuant to RCW 62A.2A-526;
     (((e))) (5) A diversion, reconsignment, or other disposition pursuant to ((the provisions of this Article ())RCW 62A.7-303(() or tariff regulating such right));
     (((f))) (6) Release, satisfaction, or any other ((fact affording a)) personal defense against the claimant; or
     (((g))) (7) Any other lawful excuse.
     (((2))) (b) A person claiming goods covered by a document of title ((must)) shall satisfy the bailee's lien ((where)) if the bailee so requests or ((where)) if the bailee is prohibited by law from delivering the goods until the charges are paid.
     (((3))) (c) Unless ((the)) a person claiming the goods is ((one)) a person against ((whom)) which the document ((confers no)) of title does not confer a right under RCW 62A.7-503(((1), he or she must surrender for cancellation or notation of partial deliveries any outstanding negotiable document covering the goods, and)) (a):
     (1) The person claiming under a document shall surrender possession or control of any outstanding negotiable document covering the goods for cancellation or indication of partial deliveries; and
     (2) T
he bailee ((must)) shall cancel the document or conspicuously ((note)) indicate in the document the partial delivery ((thereon or be)) or the bailee is liable to any person to ((whom)) which the document is duly negotiated.
     (((4) "Person entitled under the document" means holder in the case of a negotiable document, or the person to whom delivery is to be made by the terms of or pursuant to written instructions under a nonnegotiable document.))

Sec. 504   RCW 62A.7-404 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-404 are each amended to read as follows:
     NO LIABILITY FOR GOOD-FAITH DELIVERY PURSUANT TO ((RECEIPT OR BILL)) DOCUMENT OF TITLE. A bailee ((who in)) that in good faith ((including observance of reasonable commercial standards)) has received goods and delivered or otherwise disposed of ((them)) the goods according to the terms of ((the)) a document of title or pursuant to this Article is not liable ((therefor. This rule applies even though)) for the goods even if:
     (1) T
he person from ((whom he)) which the bailee received the goods ((had no)) did not have authority to procure the document or to dispose of the goods ((and even though)); or
     (2) T
he person to ((whom he)) which the bailee delivered the goods ((had no)) did not have authority to receive ((them)) the goods.

PART VI
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 7
WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS AND BILLS OF LADING: NEGOTIATION AND TRANSFER

Sec. 601   RCW 62A.7-501 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-501 are each amended to read as follows:
     FORM OF NEGOTIATION AND REQUIREMENTS OF (("))DUE NEGOTIATION((")). (((1))) (a) The following rules apply to a negotiable tangible document of title ((running)):
     (1) If the document's original terms run
to the order of a named person, the document is negotiated by ((his)) the named person's indorsement and delivery. After ((his)) the named person's indorsement in blank or to bearer, any person ((can)) may negotiate ((it)) the document by delivery alone.
     (2)(((a) A negotiable document of title is also negotiated by delivery alone when by its original terms it runs to bearer;
     (b) when a document running
)) If the document's original terms run to bearer, it is negotiated by delivery alone.
     (3) If the document's original terms run
to the order of a named person and it is delivered to ((him)) the named person, the effect is the same as if the document had been negotiated.
     (((3))) (4) Negotiation of ((a negotiable)) the document ((of title)) after it has been indorsed to a ((specified)) named person requires indorsement by the ((special indorsee as well as)) named person and delivery.
     (((4))) (5) A ((negotiable)) document ((of title)) is (("))duly negotiated((" when)) if it is negotiated in the manner stated in this ((section)) subsection to a holder ((who)) that purchases it in good faith, without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person, and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is not in the regular course of business or financing or involves receiving the document in settlement or payment of a ((money)) monetary obligation.
     (((5))) (b) The following rules apply to a negotiable electronic document of title:
     (1) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person or to bearer, the document is negotiated by delivery of the document to another person. Indorsement by the named person is not required to negotiate the document.
     (2) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person and the named person has control of the document, the effect is the same as if the document had been negotiated.
     (3) A document is duly negotiated if it is negotiated in the manner stated in this subsection to a holder that purchases it in good faith, without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person, and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is not in the regular course of business or financing or involves taking delivery of the document in settlement or payment of a monetary obligation.
     (c)
Indorsement of a nonnegotiable document of title neither makes it negotiable nor adds to the transferee's rights.
     (((6))) (d) The naming in a negotiable bill of lading of a person to be notified of the arrival of the goods does not limit the negotiability of the bill ((nor)) or constitute notice to a purchaser ((thereof)) of the bill of any interest of ((such)) that person in the goods.

Sec. 602   RCW 62A.7-502 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-502 are each amended to read as follows:
     RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY DUE NEGOTIATION. (((1))) (a) Subject to ((the following section and to the provisions of)) RCW 62A.7-205 ((on fungible goods)) and 62A.7-503, a holder to ((whom)) which a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated acquires thereby:
     (((a))) (1) Title to the document;
     (((b))) (2) Title to the goods;
     (((c))) (3) All rights accruing under the law of agency or estoppel, including rights to goods delivered to the bailee after the document was issued; and
     (((d))) (4) The direct obligation of the issuer to hold or deliver the goods according to the terms of the document free of any defense or claim by ((him)) the issuer except those arising under the terms of the document or under this Article((.)), but in the case of a delivery order, the bailee's obligation accrues only upon the bailee's acceptance of the delivery order and the obligation acquired by the holder is that the issuer and any indorser will procure the acceptance of the bailee.
     (((2))) (b) Subject to ((the following section)) RCW 62A.7-503, title and rights ((so)) acquired by due negotiation are not defeated by any stoppage of the goods represented by the document of title or by surrender of ((such)) the goods by the bailee((,)) and are not impaired even ((though)) if:
     (1) T
he due negotiation or any prior due negotiation constituted a breach of duty ((or even though));
     (2) A
ny person has been deprived of possession of ((the)) a negotiable tangible document or control of a negotiable electronic document by misrepresentation, fraud, accident, mistake, duress, loss, theft, or conversion((,)); or ((even though))
     (3) A previous sale or other transfer of the goods or document has been made to a third person.

Sec. 603   RCW 62A.7-503 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-814 are each amended to read as follows:
     DOCUMENT OF TITLE TO GOODS DEFEATED IN CERTAIN CASES. (((1))) (a) A document of title confers no right in goods against a person ((who)) that before issuance of the document had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in ((them and who neither)) the goods and that did not:
     (((a) delivered or entrusted them)) (1) Deliver or entrust the goods or any document of title covering ((them)) the goods to the bailor or ((his)) the bailor's nominee with:
     (A) A
ctual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell ((or with));
     (B) P
ower to obtain delivery under ((this Article ())RCW 62A.7-403(())); or ((with))
     (C) Power of disposition under ((this Title ())RCW 62A.2-403 ((and 62A.9A-320))), 62A.2A-304(2), 62A.2A-305(2), 62A.9A-320, or 62A.9A-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; ((nor)) or
     (((b) acquiesced)) (2) Acquiesce in the procurement by the bailor or ((his)) its nominee of any document ((of title)).
     (((2))) (b) Title to goods based upon an unaccepted delivery order is subject to the rights of ((anyone to whom)) any person to which a negotiable warehouse receipt or bill of lading covering the goods has been duly negotiated. ((Such a)) That title may be defeated under ((the next section)) RCW 62A.7-504 to the same extent as the rights of the issuer or a transferee from the issuer.
     (((3))) (c) Title to goods based upon a bill of lading issued to a freight forwarder is subject to the rights of ((anyone to whom)) any person to which a bill issued by the freight forwarder is duly negotiated((; but)). However, delivery by the carrier in accordance with ((Part 4 of this Article)) RCW 62A.7-401 through 62A.7-404 pursuant to its own bill of lading discharges the carrier's obligation to deliver.

Sec. 604   RCW 62A.7-504 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-504 are each amended to read as follows:
     RIGHTS ACQUIRED IN ((THE)) ABSENCE OF DUE NEGOTIATION; EFFECT OF DIVERSION; ((SELLER'S)) STOPPAGE OF DELIVERY. (((1))) (a) A transferee of a document of title, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, to ((whom)) which the document has been delivered but not duly negotiated, acquires the title and rights ((which his)) that its transferor had or had actual authority to convey.
     (((2))) (b) In the case of a transfer of a nonnegotiable document of title, until but not after the bailee receives ((notification)) notice of the transfer, the rights of the transferee may be defeated:
     (((a))) (1) By those creditors of the transferor ((who)) which could treat the ((sale)) transfer as void under RCW ((62A.7-402; or)) 62A.2-402 or 62A.2A-308;
     (((b))) (2) By a buyer from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the buyer or received notification of ((his)) the buyer's rights; ((or
     (c)
)) (3) By a lessee from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the lessee or received notification of the lessee's rights; or
     (4) A
s against the bailee, by good-faith dealings of the bailee with the transferor.
     (((3))) (c) A diversion or other change of shipping instructions by the consignor in a nonnegotiable bill of lading which causes the bailee not to deliver the goods to the consignee defeats the consignee's title to the goods if ((they)) the goods have been delivered to a buyer in ordinary course of business or a lessee in ordinary course of business and, in any event, defeats the consignee's rights against the bailee.
     (((4))) (d) Delivery of the goods pursuant to a nonnegotiable document of title may be stopped by a seller under RCW 62A.2-705((, and)) or a lessor under RCW 62A.2A-526, subject to the requirements of due notification ((there provided)) in those statutes. A bailee ((honoring)) that honors the seller's or lessor's instructions is entitled to be indemnified by the seller or lessor against any resulting loss or expense.

Sec. 605   RCW 62A.7-505 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-505 are each amended to read as follows:
     INDORSER NOT ((A)) GUARANTOR FOR OTHER PARTIES. The indorsement of a tangible document of title issued by a bailee does not make the indorser liable for any default by the bailee or ((by)) previous indorsers.

Sec. 606   RCW 62A.7-506 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-506 are each amended to read as follows:
     DELIVERY WITHOUT INDORSEMENT: RIGHT TO COMPEL INDORSEMENT. The transferee of a negotiable tangible document of title has a specifically enforceable right to have ((his)) its transferor supply any necessary indorsement, but the transfer becomes a negotiation only as of the time the indorsement is supplied.

Sec. 607   RCW 62A.7-507 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-507 are each amended to read as follows:
     WARRANTIES ON NEGOTIATION OR ((TRANSFER OF RECEIPT OR BILL)) DELIVERY OF DOCUMENT OF TITLE. ((Where)) If a person negotiates or ((transfers)) delivers a document of title for value, otherwise than as a mere intermediary under ((the next following section, then)) RCW 62A.7-508, unless otherwise agreed ((he warrants to his immediate purchaser only)), the transferor, in addition to any warranty made in selling or leasing the goods, warrants to its immediate purchaser only that:
     (((a) that)) (1) The document is genuine; ((and
     (b) that he has no
)) (2) The transferor does not have knowledge of any fact ((which)) that would impair ((its)) the document's validity or worth; and
     (((c) that his)) (3) The negotiation or ((transfer)) delivery is rightful and fully effective with respect to the title to the document and the goods it represents.

Sec. 608   RCW 62A.7-508 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-508 are each amended to read as follows:
     WARRANTIES OF COLLECTING BANK AS TO DOCUMENTS OF TITLE. A collecting bank or other intermediary known to be entrusted with documents of title on behalf of another or with collection of a draft or other claim against delivery of documents warrants by ((such)) the delivery of the documents only its own good faith and authority((. This rule applies)) even ((though)) if the collecting bank or other intermediary has purchased or made advances against the claim or draft to be collected.

Sec. 609   RCW 62A.7-509 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-509 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((RECEIPT OR BILL: WHEN)) ADEQUATE COMPLIANCE WITH COMMERCIAL CONTRACT. ((The question)) Whether a document of title is adequate to fulfill the obligations of a contract for sale, a contract for lease, or the conditions of a letter of credit is ((governed by the Articles on Sales (Article 2) and on Letters of Credit (Article 5))) determined by Article 2, 2A, or 5 of this title.

PART VII
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 7
WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS AND BILLS OF LADING: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Sec. 701   RCW 62A.7-601 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-601 are each amended to read as follows:
     LOST ((AND MISSING)), STOLEN, OR DESTROYED DOCUMENTS OF TITLE. (((1))) (a) If a document ((has been)) of title is lost, stolen, or destroyed, a court may order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document and the bailee may without liability to any person comply with ((such)) the order. If the document was negotiable ((the claimant must post security approved by the)), a court ((to indemnify)) may not order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document without the claimant's posting security unless it finds that any person ((who)) that may suffer loss as a result of nonsurrender of possession or control of the document is adequately protected against the loss. If the document was ((not negotiable, such)) nonnegotiable, the court may require security ((may be required at the discretion of the court)). The court may also ((in its discretion)) order payment of the bailee's reasonable costs and ((counsel)) attorneys' fees in any action under this subsection.
     (((2))) (b) A bailee ((who)) that, without a court order, delivers goods to a person claiming under a missing negotiable document of title is liable to any person injured thereby((, and)). If the delivery is not in good faith ((becomes)), the bailee is liable for conversion. Delivery in good faith is not conversion if ((made in accordance with a filed classification or tariff or, where no classification or tariff is filed, if)) the claimant posts security with the bailee in an amount at least double the value of the goods at the time of posting to indemnify any person injured by the delivery ((who)) which files a notice of claim within one year after the delivery.

Sec. 702   RCW 62A.7-602 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-602 are each amended to read as follows:
     ((ATTACHMENT OF)) JUDICIAL PROCESS AGAINST GOODS COVERED BY ((A)) NEGOTIABLE DOCUMENT OF TITLE. ((Except where the)) Unless a document of title was originally issued upon delivery of the goods by a person ((who had no)) that did not have power to dispose of them, ((no)) a lien ((attaches)) does not attach by virtue of any judicial process to goods in the possession of a bailee for which a negotiable document of title is outstanding unless possession or control of the document ((be)) is first surrendered to the bailee or ((its)) the document's negotiation is enjoined((, and)). The bailee ((shall)) may not be compelled to deliver the goods pursuant to process until possession or control of the document is surrendered to ((him or impounded by)) the bailee or to the court. ((One who purchases)) A purchaser of the document for value without notice of the process or injunction takes free of the lien imposed by judicial process.

Sec. 703   RCW 62A.7-603 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 7-603 are each amended to read as follows:
     CONFLICTING CLAIMS; INTERPLEADER. If more than one person claims title to or possession of the goods, the bailee is excused from delivery until ((he)) the bailee has ((had)) a reasonable time to ascertain the validity of the adverse claims or to ((bring an action to compel all claimants to interplead and may compel such)) commence an action for interpleader. The bailee may assert an interpleader((,)) either in defending an action for nondelivery of the goods((,)) or by original action((, whichever is appropriate)).

PART VIII
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 2

Sec. 801   RCW 62A.2-103 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-803 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (1) In this Article unless the context otherwise requires:
     (a) "Buyer" means a person who buys or contracts to buy goods.
     (b) (("Good faith" in the case of a merchant means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade.)) [Reserved.]
     (c) "Receipt" of goods means taking physical possession of them.
     (d) "Seller" means a person who sells or contracts to sell goods.
     (2) Other definitions applying to this Article or to specified Parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:

"Acceptance."RCW 62A.2-606.
"Banker's credit."RCW 62A.2-325.
"Between merchants."RCW 62A.2-104.
"Cancellation."RCW 62A.2-106(4).
"Commercial unit."RCW 62A.2-105.
"Confirmed credit."RCW 62A.2-325.
"Conforming to contract."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Contract for sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Cover."RCW 62A.2-712.
"Entrusting."RCW 62A.2-403.
"Financing agency."RCW 62A.2-104.
"Future goods."RCW 62A.2-105.
"Goods."RCW 62A.2-105.
"Identification."RCW 62A.2-501.
"Installment contract."RCW 62A.2-612.
"Letter of credit."RCW 62A.2-325.
"Lot."RCW 62A.2-105.
"Merchant."RCW 62A.2-104.
"Overseas."RCW 62A.2-323.
"Person in position of      seller."RCW 62A.2-707.
"Present sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Sale on approval."RCW 62A.2-326.
"Sale or return."RCW 62A.2-326.
"Termination."RCW 62A.2-106.


     (3) "Control" as provided in RCW 62A.7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:

"Check."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Consignee."RCW 62A.7-102.
"Consignor."RCW 62A.7-102.
"Consumer goods."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Dishonor."RCW 62A.3-502.
"Draft."RCW 62A.3-104.


     (4) In addition Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 802   RCW 62A.2-104 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-104 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS: "MERCHANT"; "BETWEEN MERCHANTS"; "FINANCING AGENCY."((.)) (1) "Merchant" means a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his or her occupation holds himself or herself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his or her employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary who by his or her occupation holds himself or herself out as having such knowledge or skill.
     (2) "Financing agency" means a bank, finance company or other person who in the ordinary course of business makes advances against goods or documents of title or who by arrangement with either the seller or the buyer intervenes in ordinary course to make or collect payment due or claimed under the contract for sale, as by purchasing or paying the seller's draft or making advances against it or by merely taking it for collection whether or not documents of title accompany or are associated with the draft. "Financing agency" includes also a bank or other person who similarly intervenes between persons who are in the position of seller and buyer in respect to the goods (RCW 62A.2-707).
     (3) "Between merchants" means in any transaction with respect to which both parties are chargeable with the knowledge or skill of merchants.

Sec. 803   RCW 62A.2-202 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-202 are each amended to read as follows:
     FINAL WRITTEN EXPRESSION: PAROL OR EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE. Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented:
     (a) By course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade (((RCW 62A.1-205) or by course of performance (RCW 62A.2-208))) (RCW 62A.1-303); and
     (b) By evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.

Sec. 804   RCW 62A.2-310 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-310 are each amended to read as follows:
     OPEN TIME FOR PAYMENT OR RUNNING OF CREDIT; AUTHORITY TO SHIP UNDER RESERVATION. Unless otherwise agreed:
     (a) Payment is due at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive the goods even though the place of shipment is the place of delivery; and
     (b) If the seller is authorized to send the goods he or she may ship them under reservation, and may tender the documents of title, but the buyer may inspect the goods after their arrival before payment is due unless such inspection is inconsistent with the terms of the contract (RCW 62A.2-513); and
     (c) If delivery is authorized and made by way of documents of title otherwise than by subsection (b) of this section then payment is due regardless of where the goods are to be received (i) at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive delivery of the tangible documents ((regardless of where the goods are to be received)) or (ii) at the time the buyer is to receive delivery of the electronic documents and at the seller's place of business or if none, the seller's residence; and
     (d) Where the seller is required or authorized to ship the goods on credit the credit period runs from the time of shipment but post-dating the invoice or delaying its dispatch will correspondingly delay the starting of the credit period.

Sec. 805   RCW 62A.2-323 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-323 are each amended to read as follows:
     FORM OF BILL OF LADING REQUIRED IN OVERSEAS SHIPMENT; "OVERSEAS." (1) Where the contract contemplates overseas shipment and contains a term C.I.F. or C.&F. or F.O.B. vessel, the seller unless otherwise agreed must obtain a negotiable bill of lading stating that the goods have been loaded on board or, in the case of a term C.I.F. or C.&F., received for shipment.
     (2) Where in a case within subsection (1) of this section a tangible bill of lading has been issued in a set of parts, unless otherwise agreed if the documents are not to be sent from abroad the buyer may demand tender of the full set; otherwise only one part of the bill of lading need be tendered. Even if the agreement expressly requires a full set:
     (a) Due tender of a single part is acceptable within the provisions of this Article on cure of improper delivery (((subsection (1) of)) RCW 62A.2-508(1)); and
     (b) Even though the full set is demanded, if the documents are sent from abroad the person tendering an incomplete set may nevertheless require payment upon furnishing an indemnity which the buyer in good faith deems adequate.
     (3) A shipment by water or by air or a contract contemplating such shipment is "overseas" insofar as by usage of trade or agreement it is subject to the commercial, financing or shipping practices characteristic of international deep water commerce.

Sec. 806   RCW 62A.2-401 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-401 are each amended to read as follows:
     PASSING OF TITLE; RESERVATION FOR SECURITY; LIMITED APPLICATION OF THIS SECTION. Each provision of this Article with regard to the rights, obligations and remedies of the seller, the buyer, purchasers or other third parties applies irrespective of title to the goods except where the provision refers to such title. Insofar as situations are not covered by the other provisions of this Article and matters concerning title become material the following rules apply:
     (1) Title to goods cannot pass under a contract for sale prior to their identification to the contract (RCW 62A.2-501), and unless otherwise explicitly agreed the buyer acquires by their identification a special property as limited by this title. Any retention or reservation by the seller of the title (property) in goods shipped or delivered to the buyer is limited in effect to a reservation of a security interest. Subject to these provisions and to the provisions of the Article on Secured Transactions Article 9A, title to goods passes from the seller to the buyer in any manner and on any conditions explicitly agreed on by the parties.
     (2) Unless otherwise explicitly agreed title passes to the buyer at the time and place at which the seller completes his or her performance with reference to the physical delivery of the goods, despite any reservation of a security interest and even though a document of title is to be delivered at a different time or place; and in particular and despite any reservation of a security interest by the bill of lading:
     (a) If the contract requires or authorizes the seller to send the goods to the buyer but does not require him or her to deliver them at destination, title passes to the buyer at the time and place of shipment; but
     (b) If the contract requires delivery at destination, title passes on tender there.
     (3) Unless otherwise explicitly agreed where delivery is to be made without moving the goods((,)):
     (a) If the seller is to deliver a tangible document of title, title passes at the time when and the place where he or she delivers such documents and if the seller is to deliver an electronic document of title, title passes when the seller delivers the document; or
     (b) If the goods are at the time of contracting already identified and no documents of title are to be delivered, title passes at the time and place of contracting.
     (4) A rejection or other refusal by the buyer to receive or retain the goods, whether or not justified, or a justified revocation of acceptance revests title to the goods in the seller. Such revesting occurs by operation of law and is not a "sale."((.))

Sec. 807   RCW 62A.2-503 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-503 are each amended to read as follows:
     MANNER OF SELLER'S TENDER OF DELIVERY. (1) Tender of delivery requires that the seller put and hold conforming goods at the buyer's disposition and give the buyer any notification reasonably necessary to enable him or her to take delivery. The manner, time and place for tender are determined by the agreement and this Article, and in particular:
     (a) Tender must be at a reasonable hour, and if it is of goods they must be kept available for the period reasonably necessary to enable the buyer to take possession; but
     (b) Unless otherwise agreed the buyer must furnish facilities reasonably suited to the receipt of the goods.
     (2) Where the case is within the next section respecting shipment tender requires that the seller comply with its provisions.
     (3) Where the seller is required to deliver at a particular destination tender requires that he or she comply with subsection (1) of this section and also in any appropriate case tender documents as described in subsections (4) and (5) of this section.
     (4) Where goods are in the possession of a bailee and are to be delivered without being moved:
     (a) Tender requires that the seller either tender a negotiable document of title covering such goods or procure acknowledgment by the bailee of the buyer's right to possession of the goods; but
     (b) Tender to the buyer of a nonnegotiable document of title or of a ((written direction to)) record directing the bailee to deliver is sufficient tender unless the buyer seasonably objects, and except as otherwise provided in Article 9A of this title, receipt by the bailee of notification of the buyer's rights fixes those rights as against the bailee and all third persons; but risk of loss of the goods and of any failure by the bailee to honor the nonnegotiable document of title or to obey the direction remains on the seller until the buyer has had a reasonable time to present the document or direction, and a refusal by the bailee to honor the document or to obey the direction defeats the tender.
     (5) Where the contract requires the seller to deliver documents:
     (a) He or she must tender all such documents in correct form, except as provided in this Article with respect to bills of lading in a set (((subsection (2) of)) RCW 62A.2-323(2)); and
     (b) Tender through customary banking channels is sufficient and dishonor of a draft accompanying or associated with the documents constitutes nonacceptance or rejection.

Sec. 808   RCW 62A.2-505 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-505 are each amended to read as follows:
     SELLER'S SHIPMENT UNDER RESERVATION. (1) Where the seller has identified goods to the contract by or before shipment:
     (a) His or her procurement of a negotiable bill of lading to his or her own order or otherwise reserves in him or her a security interest in the goods. His or her procurement of the bill to the order of a financing agency or of the buyer indicates in addition only the seller's expectation of transferring that interest to the person named.
     (b) A nonnegotiable bill of lading to himself or herself or his or her nominee reserves possession of the goods as security but except in a case of conditional delivery (((subsection (2) of)) RCW 62A.2-507(2)) a nonnegotiable bill of lading naming the buyer as consignee reserves no security interest even though the seller retains possession or control of the bill of lading.
     (2) When shipment by the seller with reservation of a security interest is in violation of the contract for sale it constitutes an improper contract for transportation within the preceding section but impairs neither the rights given to the buyer by shipment and identification of the goods to the contract nor the seller's powers as a holder of a negotiable document of title.

Sec. 809   RCW 62A.2-506 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-506 are each amended to read as follows:
     RIGHTS OF FINANCING AGENCY. (1) A financing agency by paying or purchasing for value a draft which relates to a shipment of goods acquires to the extent of the payment or purchase and in addition to its own rights under the draft and any document of title securing it any rights of the shipper in the goods including the right to stop delivery and the shipper's right to have the draft honored by the buyer.
     (2) The right to reimbursement of a financing agency which has in good faith honored or purchased the draft under commitment to or authority from the buyer is not impaired by subsequent discovery of defects with reference to any relevant document which was apparently regular ((on its face)).

Sec. 810   RCW 62A.2-509 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-509 are each amended to read as follows:
     RISK OF LOSS IN THE ABSENCE OF BREACH. (1) Where the contract requires or authorizes the seller to ship the goods by carrier:
     (a) If it does not require him or her to deliver them at a particular destination, the risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are duly delivered to the carrier even though the shipment is under reservation (RCW 62A.2-505); but
     (b) If it does require him or her to deliver them at a particular destination and the goods are there duly tendered while in the possession of the carrier, the risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are there duly so tendered as to enable the buyer to take delivery.
     (2) Where the goods are held by a bailee to be delivered without being moved, the risk of loss passes to the buyer:
     (a) On his or her receipt of possession or control of a negotiable document of title covering the goods; or
     (b) On acknowledgment by the bailee of the buyer's right to possession of the goods; or
     (c) After his or her receipt of possession or control of a nonnegotiable document of title or other ((written)) direction to deliver in a record, as provided in ((subsection (4)(b) of)) RCW 62A.2-503(4)(b).
     (3) In any case not within subsection (1) or (2) of this section, the risk of loss passes to the buyer on his or her receipt of the goods if the seller is a merchant; otherwise the risk passes to the buyer on tender of delivery.
     (4) The provisions of this section are subject to contrary agreement of the parties and to the provisions of this Article on sale on approval (RCW 62A.2-327) and on effect of breach on risk of loss (RCW 62A.2-510).

Sec. 811   RCW 62A.2-605 and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-605 are each amended to read as follows:
     WAIVER OF BUYER'S OBJECTIONS BY FAILURE TO PARTICULARIZE. (1) The buyer's failure to state in connection with rejection a particular defect which is ascertainable by reasonable inspection precludes him or her from relying on the unstated defect to justify rejection or to establish breach:
     (a) Where the seller could have cured it if stated seasonably; or
     (b) Between merchants when the seller has after rejection made a request in writing for a full and final written statement of all defects on which the buyer proposes to rely.
     (2) Payment against documents made without reservation of rights precludes recovery of the payment for defects apparent ((on the face of)) in the documents.

Sec. 812   RCW 62A.2-705 and 2011 c 336 s 823 are each amended to read as follows:
     SELLER'S STOPPAGE OF DELIVERY IN TRANSIT OR OTHERWISE. (1) The seller may stop delivery of goods in the possession of a carrier or other bailee when he or she discovers the buyer to be insolvent (RCW 62A.2-702) and may stop delivery of carload, truckload, planeload((,)) or larger shipments of express or freight when the buyer repudiates or fails to make a payment due before delivery or if for any other reason the seller has a right to withhold or reclaim the goods.
     (2) As against such buyer the seller may stop delivery until:
     (a) Receipt of the goods by the buyer; or
     (b) Acknowledgment to the buyer by any bailee of the goods except a carrier that the bailee holds the goods for the buyer; or
     (c) Such acknowledgment to the buyer by a carrier by reshipment or as a warehouse ((operator)); or
     (d) Negotiation to the buyer of any negotiable document of title covering the goods.
     (3)(a) To stop delivery the seller must so notify as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence to prevent delivery of the goods.
     (b) After such notification the bailee must hold and deliver the goods according to the directions of the seller but the seller is liable to the bailee for any ensuing charges or damages.
     (c) If a negotiable document of title has been issued for goods the bailee is not obliged to obey a notification to stop until surrender of possession or control of the document.
     (d) A carrier who has issued a nonnegotiable bill of lading is not obliged to obey a notification to stop received from a person other than the consignor.

PART IX
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 2A

Sec. 901   RCW 62A.2A-103 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-808 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (1) In this Article unless the context otherwise requires:
     (a) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the sale to him or her is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest or leasehold interest of a third party in the goods buys in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling goods of that kind but does not include a pawnbroker. "Buying" may be for cash, or by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and includes ((receiving)) acquiring goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
     (b) "Cancellation" occurs when either party puts an end to the lease contract for default by the other party.
     (c) "Commercial unit" means such a unit of goods as by commercial usage is a single whole for purposes of lease and division of which materially impairs its character or value on the market or in use. A commercial unit may be a single article, as a machine, or a set of articles, as a suite of furniture or a line of machinery, or a quantity, as a gross or carload, or any other unit treated in use or in the relevant market as a single whole.
     (d) "Conforming" goods or performance under a lease contract means goods or performance that are in accordance with the obligations under the lease contract.
     (e) "Consumer lease" means a lease that a lessor regularly engaged in the business of leasing or selling makes to a lessee who is an individual who takes under the lease primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose, if the total payments to be made under the lease contract, excluding payments for options to renew or buy, do not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars.
     (f) "Fault" means wrongful act, omission, breach, or default.
     (g) "Finance lease" means a lease with respect to which:
     (i) The lessor does not select, manufacture, or supply the goods;
     (ii) The lessor acquires the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods in connection with the lease; and
     (iii) Only in the case of a consumer lease, either:
     (A) The lessee receives a copy of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods before signing the lease contract;
     (B) The lessee's approval of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods is a condition to effectiveness of the lease contract; or
     (C) The lessee, before signing the lease contract, receives an accurate and complete statement designating the promises and warranties, and any disclaimers of warranties, limitations or modifications of remedies, or liquidated damages, including those of a third party, such as the manufacturer of the goods, provided to the lessor by the person supplying the goods in connection with or as part of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods.
     (h) "Goods" means all things that are movable at the time of identification to the lease contract, or are fixtures (RCW 62A.2A-309), but the term does not include money, documents, instruments, accounts, chattel paper, general intangibles, or minerals or the like, including oil and gas, before extraction. The term also includes the unborn young of animals.
     (i) "Installment lease contract" means a lease contract that authorizes or requires the delivery of goods in separate lots to be separately accepted, even though the lease contract contains a clause "each delivery is a separate lease" or its equivalent.
     (j) "Lease" means a transfer of the right to possession and use of goods for a term in return for consideration, but a sale, including a sale on approval or a sale or return, or retention or creation of a security interest is not a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease.
     (k) "Lease agreement" means the bargain, with respect to the lease, of the lessor and the lessee in fact as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of performance as provided in this Article. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease agreement.
     (l) "Lease contract" means the total legal obligation that results from the lease agreement as affected by this Article and any other applicable rules of law. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease contract.
     (m) "Leasehold interest" means the interest of the lessor or the lessee under a lease contract.
     (n) "Lessee" means a person who acquires the right to possession and use of goods under a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublessee.
     (o) "Lessee in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the lease to him or her is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest or leasehold interest of a third party in the goods, leases in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling or leasing goods of that kind((,)) but does not include a pawnbroker. "Leasing" may be for cash, or by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit and includes ((receiving)) acquiring goods or documents of title under a preexisting lease contract but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
     (p) "Lessor" means a person who transfers the right to possession and use of goods under a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublessor.
     (q) "Lessor's residual interest" means the lessor's interest in the goods after expiration, termination, or cancellation of the lease contract.
     (r) "Lien" means a charge against or interest in goods to secure payment of a debt or performance of an obligation, but the term does not include a security interest.
     (s) "Lot" means a parcel or a single article that is the subject matter of a separate lease or delivery, whether or not it is sufficient to perform the lease contract.
     (t) "Merchant lessee" means a lessee that is a merchant with respect to goods of the kind subject to the lease.
     (u) "Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain. The discount is determined by the interest rate specified by the parties if the rate was not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction was entered into; otherwise, the discount is determined by a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances of each case at the time the transaction was entered into.
     (v) "Purchase" includes taking by sale, lease, mortgage, security interest, pledge, gift, or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in goods.
     (w) "Sublease" means a lease of goods the right to possession and use of which was acquired by the lessor as a lessee under an existing lease.
     (x) "Supplier" means a person from whom a lessor buys or leases goods to be leased under a finance lease.
     (y) "Supply contract" means a contract under which a lessor buys or leases goods to be leased.
     (z) "Termination" occurs when either party pursuant to a power created by agreement or law puts an end to the lease contract otherwise than for default.
     (2) Other definitions applying to this Article or to specified Parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:


"Accessions."RCW 62A.2A-310(1).
"Construction      mortgage."RCW 62A.2A-309(1)(d).
"Encumbrance."RCW 62A.2A-309(1)(e).
"Fixtures."RCW 62A.2A-309(1)(a).
"Fixture filing."RCW 62A.2A-309(1)(b).
"Purchase money      lease."
RCW 62A.2A-309(1)(c).


     (3) The following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:

"Account."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(2).
"Between merchants."RCW 62A.2-104(3).
"Buyer."RCW 62A.2-103(1)(a).
"Chattel paper."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(11).
"Consumer goods."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(23).
"Document."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(30).
"Entrusting."RCW 62A.2-403(3).
"General intangible."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(42).
(("Good faith."RCW 62A.2-103(1)(b).))
"Instrument."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(47).
"Merchant."RCW 62A.2-104(1).
"Mortgage."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(55).
"Pursuant to      commitment."RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(68).
"Receipt."RCW 62A.2-103(1)(c).
"Sale."RCW 62A.2-106(1).
"Sale on approval."RCW 62A.2-326.
"Sale or return."RCW 62A.2-326.
"Seller."RCW 62A.2-103(1)(d).


     (4) In addition, Article ((62A.1 RCW)) 1 of this title contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 902   RCW 62A.2A-103 and 2011 c 74 s 701 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (1) In this Article unless the context otherwise requires:
     (a) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the sale to him or her is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest or leasehold interest of a third party in the goods buys in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling goods of that kind but does not include a pawnbroker. "Buying" may be for cash, or by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and includes ((receiving)) acquiring goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
     (b) "Cancellation" occurs when either party puts an end to the lease contract for default by the other party.
     (c) "Commercial unit" means such a unit of goods as by commercial usage is a single whole for purposes of lease and division of which materially impairs its character or value on the market or in use. A commercial unit may be a single article, as a machine, or a set of articles, as a suite of furniture or a line of machinery, or a quantity, as a gross or carload, or any other unit treated in use or in the relevant market as a single whole.
     (d) "Conforming" goods or performance under a lease contract means goods or performance that are in accordance with the obligations under the lease contract.
     (e) "Consumer lease" means a lease that a lessor regularly engaged in the business of leasing or selling makes to a lessee who is an individual who takes under the lease primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose, if the total payments to be made under the lease contract, excluding payments for options to renew or buy, do not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars.
     (f) "Fault" means wrongful act, omission, breach, or default.
     (g) "Finance lease" means a lease with respect to which:
     (i) The lessor does not select, manufacture, or supply the goods;
     (ii) The lessor acquires the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods in connection with the lease; and
     (iii) Only in the case of a consumer lease, either:
     (A) The lessee receives a copy of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods before signing the lease contract;
     (B) The lessee's approval of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods is a condition to effectiveness of the lease contract; or
     (C) The lessee, before signing the lease contract, receives an accurate and complete statement designating the promises and warranties, and any disclaimers of warranties, limitations or modifications of remedies, or liquidated damages, including those of a third party, such as the manufacturer of the goods, provided to the lessor by the person supplying the goods in connection with or as part of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods.
     (h) "Goods" means all things that are movable at the time of identification to the lease contract, or are fixtures (RCW 62A.2A-309), but the term does not include money, documents, instruments, accounts, chattel paper, general intangibles, or minerals or the like, including oil and gas, before extraction. The term also includes the unborn young of animals.
     (i) "Installment lease contract" means a lease contract that authorizes or requires the delivery of goods in separate lots to be separately accepted, even though the lease contract contains a clause "each delivery is a separate lease" or its equivalent.
     (j) "Lease" means a transfer of the right to possession and use of goods for a term in return for consideration, but a sale, including a sale on approval or a sale or return, or retention or creation of a security interest is not a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease.
     (k) "Lease agreement" means the bargain, with respect to the lease, of the lessor and the lessee in fact as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of performance as provided in this Article. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease agreement.
     (l) "Lease contract" means the total legal obligation that results from the lease agreement as affected by this Article and any other applicable rules of law. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease contract.
     (m) "Leasehold interest" means the interest of the lessor or the lessee under a lease contract.
     (n) "Lessee" means a person who acquires the right to possession and use of goods under a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublessee.
     (o) "Lessee in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the lease to him or her is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest or leasehold interest of a third party in the goods, leases in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling or leasing goods of that kind((,)) but does not include a pawnbroker. "Leasing" may be for cash, or by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit and includes ((receiving)) acquiring goods or documents of title under a preexisting lease contract but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
     (p) "Lessor" means a person who transfers the right to possession and use of goods under a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublessor.
     (q) "Lessor's residual interest" means the lessor's interest in the goods after expiration, termination, or cancellation of the lease contract.
     (r) "Lien" means a charge against or interest in goods to secure payment of a debt or performance of an obligation, but the term does not include a security interest.
     (s) "Lot" means a parcel or a single article that is the subject matter of a separate lease or delivery, whether or not it is sufficient to perform the lease contract.
     (t) "Merchant lessee" means a lessee that is a merchant with respect to goods of the kind subject to the lease.
     (u) "Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain. The discount is determined by the interest rate specified by the parties if the rate was not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction was entered into; otherwise, the discount is determined by a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances of each case at the time the transaction was entered into.
     (v) "Purchase" includes taking by sale, lease, mortgage, security interest, pledge, gift, or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in goods.
     (w) "Sublease" means a lease of goods the right to possession and use of which was acquired by the lessor as a lessee under an existing lease.
     (x) "Supplier" means a person from whom a lessor buys or leases goods to be leased under a finance lease.
     (y) "Supply contract" means a contract under which a lessor buys or leases goods to be leased.
     (z) "Termination" occurs when either party pursuant to a power created by agreement or law puts an end to the lease contract otherwise than for default.
     (2) Other definitions applying to this Article or to specified Parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:

"Accessions."RCW 62A.2A-310.
"Construction      mortgage."RCW 62A.2A-309.
"Encumbrance."RCW 62A.2A-309.
"Fixtures."RCW 62A.2A-309.
"Fixture filing."RCW 62A.2A-309.
"Purchase money      lease."RCW 62A.2A-309.


     (3) The following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:


"Account."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Between merchants."RCW 62A.2-104.
"Buyer."RCW 62A.2-103.
"Chattel paper."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Consumer goods."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Document."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Entrusting."RCW 62A.2-403.
"General intangible."RCW 62A.9A-102.
(("Good faith."RCW 62A.2-103.))
"Instrument."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Merchant."RCW 62A.2-104(1).
"Mortgage."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Pursuant to      commitment."RCW 62A.9A-102.
"Receipt."RCW 62A.2-103.
"Sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Sale on approval."RCW 62A.2-326.
"Sale or return."RCW 62A.2-326.
"Seller."RCW 62A.2-103.


     (4) In addition, Article ((62A.1 RCW)) 1 of this title contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 903   RCW 62A.2A-501 and 1993 c 230 s 2A-501 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFAULT: PROCEDURE. (1) Whether the lessor or the lessee is in default under a lease contract is determined by the lease agreement and this Article.
     (2) If the lessor or the lessee is in default under the lease contract, the party seeking enforcement has rights and remedies as provided in this Article and, except as limited by this Article, as provided in the lease agreement.
     (3) If the lessor or the lessee is in default under the lease contract, the party seeking enforcement may reduce the party's claim to judgment, or otherwise enforce the lease contract by self help or any available judicial procedure or nonjudicial procedure, including administrative proceeding, arbitration, or the like, in accordance with this Article.
     (4) Except as otherwise provided in ((RCW 62A.1-106(1))) RCW 62A.1-305(a) or this Article or the lease agreement, the rights and remedies referred to in subsections (2) and (3) of this section are cumulative.
     (5) If the lease agreement covers both real property and goods, the party seeking enforcement may proceed under this Part 5 as to the goods, or under other applicable law as to both the real property and the goods in accordance with that party's rights and remedies in respect of the real property, in which case this Part 5 does not apply.

Sec. 904   RCW 62A.2A-514 and 1993 c 230 s 2A-514 are each amended to read as follows:
     WAIVER OF LESSEE'S OBJECTIONS. (1) In rejecting goods, a lessee's failure to state a particular defect that is ascertainable by reasonable inspection precludes the lessee from relying on the defect to justify rejection or to establish default:
     (a) If, stated seasonably, the lessor or the supplier could have cured it (RCW 62A.2A-513); or
     (b) Between merchants if the lessor or the supplier after rejection has made a request in writing for a full and final written statement of all defects on which the lessee proposes to rely.
     (2) A lessee's failure to reserve rights when paying rent or other consideration against documents precludes recovery of the payment for defects apparent ((on the face of)) in the documents.

Sec. 905   RCW 62A.2A-518 and 1993 c 230 s 2A-518 are each amended to read as follows:
     COVER; SUBSTITUTE GOODS. (1) After a default by a lessor under the lease contract of the type described in ((())RCW 62A.2A-508(1)(())), or, if agreed, after other default by the lessor, the lessee may cover by making any purchase or lease of or contract to purchase or lease goods in substitution for those due from the lessor.
     (2) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement (RCW 62A.2A-504) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties (((RCW 62A.1-102(3))) (RCW 62A.1-302 and 62A.2A-503), if a lessee's cover is by a lease agreement substantially similar to the original lease agreement and the new lease agreement is made in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, the lessee may recover from the lessor as damages (i) the present value, as of the date of the commencement of the term of the new lease agreement, of the rent under the new lease applicable to that period of the new lease term which is comparable to the then remaining term of the original lease agreement minus the present value as of the same date of the total rent for the then remaining lease term of the original lease agreement, and (ii) any incidental or consequential damages, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessor's default.
     (3) If a lessee's cover is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under subsection (2) of this section, or is by purchase or otherwise, the lessee may recover from the lessor as if the lessee had elected not to cover and RCW 62A.2A-519 governs.

Sec. 906   RCW 62A.2A-519 and 1993 c 230 s 2A-519 are each amended to read as follows:
     LESSEE'S DAMAGES FOR NONDELIVERY, REPUDIATION, DEFAULT, AND BREACH OF WARRANTY IN REGARD TO ACCEPTED GOODS. (1) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement (RCW 62A.2A-504) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties (((RCW 62A.1-102(3)))) (RCW 62A.1-302 and 62A.2A-503), if a lessee elects not to cover or a lessee elects to cover and the cover is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under RCW 62A.2A-518(2), or is by purchase or otherwise, the measure of damages for nondelivery or repudiation by the lessor or for rejection or revocation of acceptance by the lessee is the present value, as of the date of the default, of the then market rent minus the present value as of the same date of the original rent, computed for the remaining lease term of the original lease agreement, together with incidental and consequential damages, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessor's default.
     (2) Market rent is to be determined as of the place for tender or, in cases of rejection after arrival or revocation of acceptance, as of the place of arrival.
     (3) Except as otherwise agreed, if the lessee has accepted goods and given notification (RCW 62A.2A-516(3)), the measure of damages for nonconforming tender or delivery or other default by a lessor is the loss resulting in the ordinary course of events from the lessor's default as determined in any manner that is reasonable together with incidental and consequential damages, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessor's default.
     (4) Except as otherwise agreed, the measure of damages for breach of warranty is the present value at the time and place of acceptance of the difference between the value of the use of the goods accepted and the value if they had been as warranted for the lease term, unless special circumstances show proximate damages of a different amount, together with incidental and consequential damages, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessor's default or breach of warranty.

Sec. 907   RCW 62A.2A-526 and 2011 c 336 s 824 are each amended to read as follows:
     LESSOR'S STOPPAGE OF DELIVERY IN TRANSIT OR OTHERWISE. (1) A lessor may stop delivery of goods in the possession of a carrier or other bailee if the lessor discovers the lessee to be insolvent and may stop delivery of carload, truckload, planeload, or larger shipments of express or freight if the lessee repudiates or fails to make a payment due before delivery, whether for rent, security, or otherwise under the lease contract, or for any other reason the lessor has a right to withhold or take possession of the goods.
     (2) In pursuing its remedies under subsection (1) of this section, the lessor may stop delivery until:
     (a) Receipt of the goods by the lessee;
     (b) Acknowledgment to the lessee by any bailee of the goods, except a carrier, that the bailee holds the goods for the lessee; or
     (c) Such an acknowledgment to the lessee by a carrier via reshipment or as a warehouse ((operator)).
     (3)(a) To stop delivery, a lessor shall so notify as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence to prevent delivery of the goods.
     (b) After notification, the bailee shall hold and deliver the goods according to the directions of the lessor, but the lessor is liable to the bailee for any ensuing charges or damages.
     (c) A carrier who has issued a nonnegotiable bill of lading is not obliged to obey a notification to stop received from a person other than the consignor.

Sec. 908   RCW 62A.2A-527 and 1993 c 230 s 2A-527 are each amended to read as follows:
     LESSOR'S RIGHTS TO DISPOSE OF GOODS. (1) After a default by a lessee under the lease contract of the type described in RCW 62A.2A-523 (1) or (3)(a) or after the lessor refuses to deliver or takes possession of goods (RCW 62A.2A-525 or 62A.2A-526), or, if agreed, after other default by a lessee, the lessor may dispose of the goods concerned or the undelivered balance thereof by lease, sale, or otherwise.
     (2) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement (RCW 62A.2A-504) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties (((RCW 62A.1-102(3))) (RCW 62A.1-302 and 62A.2A-503), if the disposition is by lease agreement substantially similar to the original lease agreement and the new lease agreement is made in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages (i) accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of the commencement of the term of the new lease agreement, (ii) the present value, as of the same date, of the total rent for the then remaining lease term of the original lease agreement minus the present value, as of the same date, of the rent under the new lease agreement applicable to that period of the new lease term which is comparable to the then remaining term of the original lease agreement, and (iii) any incidental damages allowed under RCW 62A.2A-530, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee's default.
     (3) If the lessor's disposition is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under subsection (2) of this section, or is by sale or otherwise, the lessor may recover from the lessee as if the lessor had elected not to dispose of the goods and RCW 62A.2A-528 governs.
     (4) A subsequent buyer or lessee who buys or leases from the lessor in good faith for value as a result of a disposition under this section takes the goods free of the original lease contract and any rights of the original lessee even though the lessor fails to comply with one or more of the requirements of this Article.
     (5) The lessor is not accountable to the lessee for any profit made on any disposition. A lessee who has rightfully rejected or justifiably revoked acceptance shall account to the lessor for any excess over the amount of the lessee's security interest (RCW 62A.2A-508(((5)))).

Sec. 909   RCW 62A.2A-528 and 1993 c 230 s 2A-528 are each amended to read as follows:
     LESSOR'S DAMAGES FOR NONACCEPTANCE, FAILURE TO PAY, REPUDIATION, OR OTHER DEFAULT. (1) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement (RCW 62A.2A-504) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties (((RCW 62A.1-102(3))) (RCW 62A.1-302 and 62A.2A-503), if a lessor elects to retain the goods or a lessor elects to dispose of the goods and the disposition is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under RCW 62A.2A-527(2), or is by sale or otherwise, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages for a default of the type described in RCW 62A.2A-523 (1) or (3)(a), or, if agreed, for other default of the lessee, (i) accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of default if the lessee has never taken possession of the goods, or, if the lessee has taken possession of the goods, as of the date the lessor repossesses the goods or an earlier date on which the lessee makes a tender of the goods to the lessor, (ii) the present value as of the date determined under (i) of this subsection (((1)(i) of this section)) of the total rent for the then remaining lease term of the original lease agreement minus the present value as of the same date of the market rent at the place where the goods are located computed for the same lease term, and (iii) any incidental damages allowed under RCW 62A.2A-530, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee's default.
     (2) If the measure of damages provided in subsection (1) of this section is inadequate to put a lessor in as good a position as performance would have, the measure of damages is the present value of the profit, including reasonable overhead, the lessor would have made from full performance by the lessee, together with any incidental damages allowed under RCW 62A.2A-530, due allowance for costs reasonably incurred and due credit for payments or proceeds of disposition.

PART X
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 3

Sec. 1001   RCW 62A.3-103 and 1993 c 229 s 5 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS. (a) In this Article:
     (1) "Acceptor" means a drawee who has accepted a draft.
     (2) "Drawee" means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.
     (3) "Drawer" means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment.
     (4) (("Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.)) [Reserved.]
     (5) "Maker" means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay.
     (6) "Order" means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in succession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.
     (7) "Ordinary care" in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank's prescribed procedures and the bank's procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this Article or Article 4.
     (8) "Party" means a party to an instrument.
     (9) "Promise" means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation.
     (10) "Prove" with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (RCW 62A.1-201(b)(8)).
     (11) "Remitter" means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser.
     (b) Other definitions applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:


"Acceptance"RCW 62A.3-409
"Accommodated party"RCW 62A.3-419
"Accommodation party"RCW 62A.3-419
"Alteration"RCW 62A.3-407
"Anomalous indorsement"RCW 62A.3-205
"Blank indorsement"RCW 62A.3-205
"Cashier's check"RCW 62A.3-104
"Certificate of deposit"RCW 62A.3-104
"Certified check"RCW 62A.3-409
"Check"RCW 62A.3-104
"Consideration"RCW 62A.3-303
"Draft"RCW 62A.3-104
"Holder in due course"RCW 62A.3-302
"Incomplete instrument"RCW 62A.3-115
"Indorsement"RCW 62A.3-204
"Indorser"RCW 62A.3-204
"Instrument"RCW 62A.3-104
"Issue"RCW 62A.3-105
"Issuer"RCW 62A.3-105
"Negotiable instrument"RCW 62A.3-104
"Negotiation"RCW 62A.3-201
"Note"RCW 62A.3-104
"Payable at a definite time"RCW 62A.3-108
"Payable on demand"RCW 62A.3-108
"Payable to bearer"RCW 62A.3-109
"Payable to order"RCW 62A.3-109
"Payment"RCW 62A.3-602
"Person entitled to enforce"RCW 62A.3-301
"Presentment"RCW 62A.3-501
"Reacquisition"RCW 62A.3-207
"Special indorsement"RCW 62A.3-205
"Teller's check"RCW 62A.3-104
"Transfer of instrument"RCW 62A.3-203
"Traveler's check"RCW 62A.3-104
"Value"RCW 62A.3-303


     (c) The following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:

(("Bank"RCW 62A.4-105))
"Banking day"RCW 62A.4-104
"Clearing house"RCW 62A.4-104
"Collecting bank"RCW 62A.4-105
"Depositary bank"RCW 62A.4-105
"Documentary draft"RCW 62A.4-104
"Intermediary bank"RCW 62A.4-105
"Item"RCW 62A.4-104
"Payor bank"RCW 62A.4-105
"Suspends payments"RCW 62A.4-104


     (d) In addition, Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

PART XI
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 4

Sec. 1101   RCW 62A.4-104 and 1995 c 48 s 56 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (a) In this Article, unless the context otherwise requires:
     (1) "Account" means any deposit or credit account with a bank, including a demand, time, savings, passbook, share draft, or like account, other than an account evidenced by a certificate of deposit;
     (2) "Afternoon" means the period of a day between noon and midnight;
     (3) "Banking day" means the part of a day on which a bank is open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its banking functions, except that it shall not include a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday;
     (4) "Clearing house" means an association of banks or other payors regularly clearing items;
     (5) "Customer" means a person having an account with a bank or for whom a bank has agreed to collect items, including a bank that maintains an account at another bank;
     (6) "Documentary draft" means a draft to be presented for acceptance or payment if specified documents, certificated securities (RCW 62A.8-102) or instructions for uncertificated securities (RCW 62A.8-102), or other certificates, statements, or the like are to be received by the drawee or other payor before acceptance or payment of the draft;
     (7) "Draft" means a draft as defined in RCW 62A.3-104 or an item, other than an instrument, that is an order;
     (8) "Drawee" means a person ordered in a draft to make payment;
     (9) "Item" means an instrument or a promise or order to pay money handled by a bank for collection or payment. The term does not include a payment order governed by Article 4A or a credit or debit card slip;
     (10) "Midnight deadline" with respect to a bank is midnight on its next banking day following the banking day on which it receives the relevant item or notice or from which the time for taking action commences to run, whichever is later;
     (11) "Settle" means to pay in cash, by clearing-house settlement, in a charge or credit or by remittance, or otherwise as agreed. A settlement may be either provisional or final;
     (12) "Suspends payments" with respect to a bank means that it has been closed by order of the supervisory authorities, that a public officer has been appointed to take it over or that it ceases or refuses to make payments in the ordinary course of business.
     (b) Other definitions applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:

"Agreement for electronic      presentment"RCW 62A.4-110.
"Bank"RCW 62A.4-105.
"Collecting bank"RCW 62A.4-105.
"Depositary bank"RCW 62A.4-105.
"Intermediary bank"RCW 62A.4-105.
"Payor bank"RCW 62A.4-105.
"Presenting bank"RCW 62A.4-105.
"Presentment notice"RCW 62A.4-110.


     (c) "Control" as provided in RCW 62A.7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:

"Acceptance"RCW 62A.3-409.
"Alteration"RCW 62A.3-407.
"Cashier's check"RCW 62A.3-104.
"Certificate of deposit"RCW 62A.3-104.
"Certified check"RCW 62A.3-409.
"Check"RCW 62A.3-104.
"Draft"RCW 62A.3-104.
(("Good faith"RCW 62A.3-103.))
"Holder in due course"RCW 62A.3-302.
"Instrument"RCW 62A.3-104.
"Notice of dishonor"RCW 62A.3-503.
"Order"RCW 62A.3-103.
"Ordinary care"RCW 62A.3-103.
"Person entitled to enforce"RCW 62A.3-301.
"Presentment"RCW 62A.3-501.
"Promise"RCW 62A.3-103.
"Prove"RCW 62A.3-103.
"Teller's check"RCW 62A.3-104.
"Unauthorized signature"RCW 62A.3-403.


     (d) In addition Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 1102   RCW 62A.4-210 and 2001 c 32 s 13 are each amended to read as follows:
     SECURITY INTEREST OF COLLECTING BANK IN ITEMS, ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS AND PROCEEDS. (a) A collecting bank has a security interest in an item and any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either:
     (1) In case of an item deposited in an account, to the extent to which credit given for the item has been withdrawn or applied;
     (2) In case of an item for which it has given credit available for withdrawal as of right, to the extent of the credit given whether or not the credit is drawn upon or there is a right of charge-back; or
     (3) If it makes an advance on or against the item.
     (b) If credit given for several items received at one time or pursuant to a single agreement is withdrawn or applied in part, the security interest remains upon all the items, any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either. For the purpose of this section, credits first given are first withdrawn.
     (c) Receipt by a collecting bank of a final settlement for an item is a realization on its security interest in the item, accompanying documents, and proceeds. So long as the bank does not receive final settlement for the item or give up possession of the item or possession or control of the accompanying documents for purposes other than collection, the security interest continues to that extent and is subject to Article 9A, but:
     (1) No security agreement is necessary to make the security interest enforceable (RCW 62A.9A-203(b)(3)(A));
     (2) No filing is required to perfect the security interest; and
     (3) The security interest has priority over conflicting perfected security interests in the item, accompanying documents, or proceeds.

PART XII
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 4A

Sec. 1201   RCW 62A.4A-105 and 1991 sp.s. c 21 s 4A-105 are each amended to read as follows:
     OTHER DEFINITIONS. (1) In this Article:
     (a) "Authorized account" means a deposit account of a customer in a bank designated by the customer as a source of payment orders issued by the customer to the bank. If a customer does not so designate an account, any account of the customer is an authorized account if payment of a payment order from that account is not inconsistent with a restriction on the use of the account.
     (b) "Bank" means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company. A branch or separate office of a bank is a separate bank for purposes of this Article.
     (c) "Customer" means a person, including a bank, having an account with a bank or from whom a bank has agreed to receive payment orders.
     (d) "Funds-transfer business day" of a receiving bank means the part of a day during which the receiving bank is open for the receipt, processing, and transmittal of payment orders and cancellations and amendments of payment orders.
     (e) "Funds-transfer system" means a wire transfer network, automated clearing house, or other communication system of a clearing house or other association of banks through which a payment order by a bank may be transmitted to the bank to which the order is addressed.
     (f) (("Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.)) [Reserved.]
     (g) "Prove" with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (RCW 62A.1-201(b)(8)).
     (2) Other definitions applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:

"Acceptance"RCW 62A.4A-209
"Beneficiary"RCW 62A.4A-103
"Beneficiary's bank"RCW 62A.4A-103
"Executed"RCW 62A.4A-301
"Execution date"RCW 62A.4A-301
"Funds transfer"RCW 62A.4A-104
"Funds-transfer system rule"RCW 62A.4A-501
"Intermediary bank"RCW 62A.4A-104
"Originator"RCW 62A.4A-104
"Originator's bank"RCW 62A.4A-104
"Payment by beneficiary's      bank to beneficiary"RCW 62A.4A-405
"Payment by originator to      beneficiary"RCW 62A.4A-406
"Payment by sender to      receiving bank"RCW 62A.4A-403
"Payment date"RCW 62A.4A-401
"Payment order"RCW 62A.4A-103
"Receiving bank"RCW 62A.4A-103
"Security procedure"RCW 62A.4A-201
"Sender"RCW 62A.4A-103


     (3) The following definitions in Article 4 (RCW 62A.4-101 through 62A.4-504) apply to this Article:

"Clearing house"((section 4-104 of this act)) RCW 62A.4-104
"Item"((section 4-104 of this act)) RCW 62A.4-104
"Suspends payments"((section 4-104 of this act)) RCW 62A.4-104


     (4) In addition ((to)), Article 1 (((RCW 62A.1-101 through 62A.1-208))) contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 1202   RCW 62A.4A-106 and 1991 sp.s. c 21 s 4A-106 are each amended to read as follows:
     TIME PAYMENT ORDER IS RECEIVED. (1) The time of receipt of a payment order or communication canceling or amending a payment order is determined by the rules applicable to receipt of a notice stated in ((RCW 62A.1-201(27))) RCW 62A.1-202. A receiving bank may fix a cut-off time or times on a funds-transfer business day for the receipt and processing of payment orders and communications canceling or amending payment orders. Different cut-off times may apply to payment orders, cancellations, or amendments, or to different categories of payment orders, cancellations, or amendments. A cut-off time may apply to senders generally or different cut-off times may apply to different senders or categories of payment orders. If a payment order or communication canceling or amending a payment order is received after the close of a funds-transfer business day or after the appropriate cut-off time on a funds-transfer business day, the receiving bank may treat the payment order or communication as received at the opening of the next funds-transfer business day.
     (2) If this Article refers to an execution date or payment date or states a day on which a receiving bank is required to take action, and the date or day does not fall on a funds-transfer business day, the next day that is a funds-transfer business day is treated as the date or day stated, unless the contrary is stated in this Article.

Sec. 1203   RCW 62A.4A-204 and 1991 sp.s. c 21 s 4A-204 are each amended to read as follows:
     REFUND OF PAYMENT AND DUTY OF CUSTOMER TO REPORT WITH RESPECT TO UNAUTHORIZED PAYMENT ORDER. (1) If a receiving bank accepts a payment order issued in the name of its customer as sender which is (a) not authorized and not effective as the order of the customer under RCW 62A.4A-202, or (b) not enforceable, in whole or in part, against the customer under RCW 62A.4A-203, the bank shall refund any payment of the payment order received from the customer to the extent the bank is not entitled to enforce payment and shall pay interest on the refundable amount calculated from the date the bank received payment to the date of the refund. However, the customer is not entitled to interest from the bank on the amount to be refunded if the customer fails to exercise ordinary care to determine that the order was not authorized by the customer and to notify the bank of the relevant facts within a reasonable time not exceeding ninety days after the date the customer received notification from the bank that the order was accepted or that the customer's account was debited with respect to the order. The bank is not entitled to any recovery from the customer on account of a failure by the customer to give notification as stated in this section.
     (2) Reasonable time under subsection (1) of this section may be fixed by agreement as stated in ((RCW 62A.1-204(1))) RCW 62A.1-302(b), but the obligation of a receiving bank to refund payment as stated in subsection (1) of this section may not otherwise be varied by agreement.

PART XIII
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 5

Sec. 1301   RCW 62A.5-103 and 1997 c 56 s 4 are each amended to read as follows:
     SCOPE. (((1))) (a) This Article applies to letters of credit and to certain rights and obligations arising out of transactions involving letters of credit.
     (((2))) (b) The statement of a rule in this Article does not by itself require, imply, or negate application of the same or a different rule to a situation not provided for, or to a person not specified, in this Article.
     (((3))) (c) With the exception of this subsection, subsections (((1))) (a) and (((4))) (d) of this section, RCW 62A.5-102(((1) (i))) (a) (9) and (((j))) (10), 62A.5-106(((4))) (d), and 62A.5-114(((4))) (d), and except to the extent prohibited in ((RCW 62A.1-102(3))) RCW 62A.1-302 and 62A.5-117(((4))) (d), the effect of this Article may be varied by agreement or by a provision stated or incorporated by reference in an undertaking. A term in an agreement or undertaking generally excusing liability or generally limiting remedies for failure to perform obligations is not sufficient to vary obligations prescribed by this Article.
     (((4))) (d) Rights and obligations of an issuer to a beneficiary or a nominated person under a letter of credit are independent of the existence, performance, or nonperformance of a contract or arrangement out of which the letter of credit arises or which underlies it, including contracts or arrangements between the issuer and the applicant and between the applicant and the beneficiary.

PART XIV
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 8

Sec. 1401   RCW 62A.8-102 and 1995 c 48 s 2 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS. (1) In this Article:
     (a) "Adverse claim" means a claim that a claimant has a property interest in a financial asset and that it is a violation of the rights of the claimant for another person to hold, transfer, or deal with the financial asset.
     (b) "Bearer form," as applied to a certificated security, means a form in which the security is payable to the bearer of the security certificate according to its terms but not by reason of an indorsement.
     (c) "Broker" means a person defined as a broker or dealer under the federal securities laws, but without excluding a bank acting in that capacity.
     (d) "Certificated security" means a security that is represented by a certificate.
     (e) "Clearing corporation" means:
     (i) A person that is registered as a "clearing agency" under the federal securities laws;
     (ii) A federal reserve bank; or
     (iii) Any other person that provides clearance or settlement services with respect to financial assets that would require it to register as a clearing agency under the federal securities laws but for an exclusion or exemption from the registration requirement, if its activities as a clearing corporation, including adoption of rules, are subject to regulation by a federal or state governmental authority.
     (f) "Communicate" means to:
     (i) Send a signed writing; or
     (ii) Transmit information by any mechanism agreed upon by the persons transmitting and receiving the information.
     (g) "Entitlement holder" means a person identified in the records of a securities intermediary as the person having a security entitlement against the securities intermediary. If a person acquires a security entitlement by virtue of RCW 62A.8-501(2) (b) or (c), that person is the entitlement holder.
     (h) "Entitlement order" means a notification communicated to a securities intermediary directing transfer or redemption of a financial asset to which the entitlement holder has a security entitlement.
     (i) "Financial asset," except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.8-103, means:
     (i) A security;
     (ii) An obligation of a person or a share, participation, or other interest in a person or in property or an enterprise of a person, which is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on financial markets, or which is recognized in any area in which it is issued or dealt in as a medium for investment; or
     (iii) Any property that is held by a securities intermediary for another person in a securities account if the securities intermediary has expressly agreed with the other person that the property is to be treated as a financial asset under this Article.
As context requires, the term means either the interest itself or the means by which a person's claim to it is evidenced, including a certificated or uncertificated security, a security certificate, or a security entitlement.
     (j) (("Good faith," for purposes of the obligation of good faith in the performance or enforcement of contracts or duties within this Article, means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.)) [Reserved.]
     (k) "Indorsement" means a signature that alone or accompanied by other words is made on a security certificate in registered form or on a separate document for the purpose of assigning, transferring, or redeeming the security or granting a power to assign, transfer, or redeem it.
     (l) "Instruction" means a notification communicated to the issuer of an uncertificated security which directs that the transfer of the security be registered or that the security be redeemed.
     (m) "Registered form," as applied to a certificated security, means a form in which:
     (i) The security certificate specifies a person entitled to the security; and
     (ii) A transfer of the security may be registered upon books maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer, or the security certificate so states.
     (n) "Securities intermediary" means:
     (i) A clearing corporation; or
     (ii) A person, including a bank or broker, that in the ordinary course of its business maintains securities accounts for others and is acting in that capacity.
     (o) "Security," except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.8-103, means an obligation of an issuer or a share, participation, or other interest in an issuer or in property or an enterprise of an issuer:
     (i) Which is represented by a security certificate in bearer or registered form, or the transfer of which may be registered upon books maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer;
     (ii) Which is one of a class or series or by its terms is divisible into a class or series of shares, participations, interests, or obligations; and
     (iii) Which:
     (A) Is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or securities markets; or
     (B) Is a medium for investment and by its terms expressly provides that it is a security governed by this Article.
     (p) "Security certificate" means a certificate representing a security.
     (q) "Security entitlement" means the rights and property interest of an entitlement holder with respect to a financial asset specified in Part 5 of this Article.
     (r) "Uncertificated security" means a security that is not represented by a certificate.
     (2) Other definitions applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:

Appropriate personRCW 62A.8-107
ControlRCW 62A.8-106
DeliveryRCW 62A.8-301
Investment company securityRCW 62A.8-103
IssuerRCW 62A.8-201
OverissueRCW 62A.8-210
Protected purchaserRCW 62A.8-303
Securities accountRCW 62A.8-501


     (3) In addition Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.
     (4) The characterization of a person, business, or transaction for purposes of this Article does not determine the characterization of the person, business, or transaction for purposes of any other law, regulation, or rule.

Sec. 1402   RCW 62A.8-103 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-815 are each amended to read as follows:
     RULES FOR DETERMINING WHETHER CERTAIN OBLIGATIONS AND INTERESTS ARE SECURITIES OR FINANCIAL ASSETS. (1) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation, business trust, joint stock company, or similar entity is a security.
     (2) An "investment company security" is a security. "Investment company security" means a share or similar equity interest issued by an entity that is registered as an investment company under the federal investment company laws, an interest in a unit investment trust that is so registered, or a face-amount certificate issued by a face-amount certificate company that is so registered. Investment company security does not include an insurance policy or endowment policy or annuity contract issued by an insurance company.
     (3) An interest in a partnership or limited liability company is not a security unless it is dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or in securities markets, its terms expressly provide that it is a security governed by this Article, or it is an investment company security. However, an interest in a partnership or limited liability company is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.
     (4) A writing that is a security certificate is governed by this Article and not by Article 3, even though it also meets the requirements of that Article. However, a negotiable instrument governed by Article 3 is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.
     (5) An option or similar obligation issued by a clearing corporation to its participants is not a security, but is a financial asset.
     (6) A commodity contract, as defined in RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(15), is not a security or a financial asset.
     (7) A document of title is not a financial asset unless RCW 62A.8-102(1)(i)(iii) applies.

Sec. 1403   RCW 62A.8-103 and 2011 c 74 s 706 are each amended to read as follows:
     RULES FOR DETERMINING WHETHER CERTAIN OBLIGATIONS AND INTERESTS ARE SECURITIES OR FINANCIAL ASSETS. (1) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation, business trust, joint stock company, or similar entity is a security.
     (2) An "investment company security" is a security. "Investment company security" means a share or similar equity interest issued by an entity that is registered as an investment company under the federal investment company laws, an interest in a unit investment trust that is so registered, or a face-amount certificate issued by a face-amount certificate company that is so registered. Investment company security does not include an insurance policy or endowment policy or annuity contract issued by an insurance company.
     (3) An interest in a partnership or limited liability company is not a security unless it is dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or in securities markets, its terms expressly provide that it is a security governed by this Article, or it is an investment company security. However, an interest in a partnership or limited liability company is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.
     (4) A writing that is a security certificate is governed by this Article and not by Article 3, even though it also meets the requirements of that Article. However, a negotiable instrument governed by Article 3 is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.
     (5) An option or similar obligation issued by a clearing corporation to its participants is not a security, but is a financial asset.
     (6) A commodity contract, as defined in RCW 62A.9A-102, is not a security or a financial asset.
     (7) A document of title is not a financial asset unless RCW 62A.8-102(1)(i)(iii) applies.

PART XV
AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 9A

Sec. 1501   RCW 62A.9A-102 and 2001 c 32 s 16 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (a) Article 9A definitions. In this Article:
     (1) "Accession" means goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that the identity of the original goods is not lost.
     (2)(A) "Account," except as used in "account for," means a right to payment of a monetary obligation, whether or not earned by performance, (i) for property that has been or is to be sold, leased, licensed, assigned, or otherwise disposed of, (ii) for services rendered or to be rendered, (iii) for a policy of insurance issued or to be issued, (iv) for a secondary obligation incurred or to be incurred, (v) for energy provided or to be provided, (vi) for the use or hire of a vessel under a charter or other contract, (vii) arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, or (viii) as winnings in a lottery or other game of chance operated or sponsored by a state, governmental unit of a state, or person licensed or authorized to operate the game by a state or governmental unit of a state. The term includes health-care-insurance receivables.
     (B) The term does not include (i) rights to payment evidenced by chattel paper or an instrument, (ii) commercial tort claims, (iii) deposit accounts, (iv) investment property, (v) letter-of-credit rights or letters of credit, or (vi) rights to payment for money or funds advanced or sold, other than rights arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card.
     (3) "Account debtor" means a person obligated on an account, chattel paper, or general intangible. The term does not include persons obligated to pay a negotiable instrument, even if the instrument constitutes part of chattel paper.
     (4) "Accounting," except as used in "accounting for," means a record:
     (A) Authenticated by a secured party;
     (B) Indicating the aggregate unpaid secured obligations as of a date not more than thirty-five days earlier or thirty-five days later than the date of the record; and
     (C) Identifying the components of the obligations in reasonable detail.
     (5) "Agricultural lien" means an interest, other than a security interest, in farm products:
     (A) Which secures payment or performance of an obligation for:
     (i) Goods or services furnished in connection with a debtor's farming operation; or
     (ii) Rent on real property leased by a debtor in connection with its farming operation;
     (B) Which is created by statute in favor of a person that:
     (i) In the ordinary course of its business, furnished goods or services to a debtor in connection with a debtor's farming operation; or
     (ii) Leased real property to a debtor in connection with the debtor's farming operation; and
     (C) Whose effectiveness does not depend on the person's possession of the personal property.
     (6) "As-extracted collateral" means:
     (A) Oil, gas, or other minerals that are subject to a security interest that:
     (i) Is created by a debtor having an interest in the minerals before extraction; and
     (ii) Attaches to the minerals as extracted; or
     (B) Accounts arising out of the sale at the wellhead or minehead of oil, gas, or other minerals in which the debtor had an interest before extraction.
     (7) "Authenticate" means:
     (A) To sign; or
     (B) To execute or otherwise adopt a symbol, or encrypt or similarly process a record in whole or in part, with the present intent of the authenticating person to identify the person and adopt or accept a record.
     (8) "Bank" means an organization that is engaged in the business of banking. The term includes savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, and trust companies.
     (9) "Cash proceeds" means proceeds that are money, checks, deposit accounts, or the like.
     (10) "Certificate of title" means a certificate of title with respect to which a statute provides for the security interest in question to be indicated on the certificate as a condition or result of the security interest's obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral.
     (11) "Chattel paper" means a record or records that evidence both a monetary obligation and a security interest in specific goods, a security interest in specific goods and software used in the goods, a security interest in specific goods and license of software used in the goods, a lease of specific goods, or a lease of specific goods and license of software used in the goods. In this subsection, "monetary obligation" means a monetary obligation secured by the goods or owed under a lease of the goods and includes a monetary obligation with respect to software used in the goods. The term "chattel paper" does not include (((A))) (i) charters or other contracts involving the use or hire of a vessel or (((B))) (ii) records that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card. If a transaction is evidenced by records that include an instrument or series of instruments, the group of records taken together constitutes chattel paper.
     (12) "Collateral" means the property subject to a security interest or agricultural lien. The term includes:
     (A) Proceeds to which a security interest attaches;
     (B) Accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, and promissory notes that have been sold; and
     (C) Goods that are the subject of a consignment.
     (13) "Commercial tort claim" means a claim arising in tort with respect to which:
     (A) The claimant is an organization; or
     (B) The claimant is an individual, and the claim:
     (i) Arose in the course of the claimant's business or profession; and
     (ii) Does not include damages arising out of personal injury to, or the death of, an individual.
     (14) "Commodity account" means an account maintained by a commodity intermediary in which a commodity contract is carried for a commodity customer.
     (15) "Commodity contract" means a commodity futures contract, an option on a commodity futures contract, a commodity option, or another contract if the contract or option is:
     (A) Traded on or subject to the rules of a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market for such a contract pursuant to federal commodities laws; or
     (B) Traded on a foreign commodity board of trade, exchange, or market, and is carried on the books of a commodity intermediary for a commodity customer.
     (16) "Commodity customer" means a person for which a commodity intermediary carries a commodity contract on its books.
     (17) "Commodity intermediary" means a person that:
     (A) Is registered as a futures commission merchant under federal commodities law; or
     (B) In the ordinary course of its business, provides clearance or settlement services for a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market pursuant to federal commodities law.
     (18) "Communicate" means:
     (A) To send a written or other tangible record;
     (B) To transmit a record by any means agreed upon by the persons sending and receiving the record; or
     (C) In the case of transmission of a record to or by a filing office, to transmit a record by any means prescribed by filing-office rule.
     (19) "Consignee" means a merchant to which goods are delivered in a consignment.
     (20) "Consignment" means a transaction, regardless of its form, in which a person delivers goods to a merchant for the purpose of sale and:
     (A) The merchant:
     (i) Deals in goods of that kind under a name other than the name of the person making delivery;
     (ii) Is not an auctioneer; and
     (iii) Is not generally known by its creditors to be substantially engaged in selling the goods of others;
     (B) With respect to each delivery, the aggregate value of the goods is one thousand dollars or more at the time of delivery;
     (C) The goods are not consumer goods immediately before delivery; and
     (D) The transaction does not create a security interest that secures an obligation.
     (21) "Consignor" means a person that delivers goods to a consignee in a consignment.
     (22) "Consumer debtor" means a debtor in a consumer transaction.
     (23) "Consumer goods" means goods that are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
     (24) "Consumer-goods transaction" means a consumer transaction in which:
     (A) An individual incurs a consumer obligation; and
     (B) A security interest in consumer goods secures the obligation.
     (25) "Consumer obligation" means an obligation which:
     (A) Is incurred as part of a transaction entered into primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; and
     (B) Arises from an extension of credit, or commitment to extend credit, in an aggregate amount not exceeding forty thousand dollars, or is secured by personal property used or expected to be used as a principal dwelling.
     "Consumer obligor" means an obligor who is an individual and who incurred a consumer obligation.
     (26) "Consumer transaction" means a transaction in which (((A))) (i) an individual incurs a consumer obligation, (((B))) (ii) a security interest secures the obligation, and (((C))) (iii) the collateral is held or acquired primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. The term includes consumer-goods transactions.
     (27) "Continuation statement" means an amendment of a financing statement which:
     (A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
     (B) Indicates that it is a continuation statement for, or that it is filed to continue the effectiveness of, the identified financing statement.
     (28) "Debtor" means:
     (A) A person having an interest, other than a security interest or other lien, in the collateral, whether or not the person is an obligor;
     (B) A seller of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes; or
     (C) A consignee.
     (29) "Deposit account" means a demand, time, savings, passbook, or similar account maintained with a bank. The term does not include investment property or accounts evidenced by an instrument.
     (30) "Document" means a document of title or a receipt of the type described in RCW 62A.7-201(((2))) (b).
     (31) "Electronic chattel paper" means chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information stored in an electronic medium.
     (32) "Encumbrance" means a right, other than an ownership interest, in real property. The term includes mortgages and other liens on real property.
     (33) "Equipment" means goods other than inventory, farm products, or consumer goods.
     (34) "Farm products" means goods, other than standing timber, with respect to which the debtor is engaged in a farming operation and which are:
     (A) Crops grown, growing, or to be grown, including:
     (i) Crops produced on trees, vines, and bushes; and
     (ii) Aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
     (B) Livestock, born or unborn, including aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
     (C) Supplies used or produced in a farming operation; or
     (D) Products of crops or livestock in their unmanufactured states.
     (35) "Farming operation" means raising, cultivating, propagating, fattening, grazing, or any other farming, livestock, or aquacultural operation.
     (36) "File number" means the number assigned to an initial financing statement pursuant to RCW 62A.9A-519(a).
     (37) "Filing office" means an office designated in RCW 62A.9A-501 as the place to file a financing statement.
     (38) "Filing-office rule" means a rule adopted pursuant to RCW 62A.9A-526.
     (39) "Financing statement" means a record or records composed of an initial financing statement and any filed record relating to the initial financing statement.
     (40) "Fixture filing" means the filing of a financing statement covering goods that are or are to become fixtures and satisfying RCW 62A.9A-502 (a) and (b). The term includes the filing of a financing statement covering goods of a transmitting utility which are or are to become fixtures.
     (41) "Fixtures" means goods that have become so related to particular real property that an interest in them arises under real property law.
     (42) "General intangible" means any personal property, including things in action, other than accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, goods, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money, and oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction. The term includes payment intangibles and software.
     (43) (("Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.)) [Reserved.]
     (44) "Goods" means all things that are movable when a security interest attaches. The term includes (((A))) (i) fixtures, (((B))) (ii) standing timber that is to be cut and removed under a conveyance or contract for sale, (((C))) (iii) the unborn young of animals, (((D))) (iv) crops grown, growing, or to be grown, even if the crops are produced on trees, vines, or bushes, and (((E))) (v) manufactured homes. The term also includes a computer program embedded in goods and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program if (i) the program is associated with the goods in such a manner that it customarily is considered part of the goods, or (ii) by becoming the owner of the goods, a person acquires a right to use the program in connection with the goods. The term does not include a computer program embedded in goods that consist solely of the medium in which the program is embedded. The term also does not include accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, general intangibles, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money, or oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction or a manufactured home converted to real property under chapter 65.20 RCW.
     (45) "Governmental unit" means a subdivision, agency, department, county, parish, municipality, or other unit of the government of the United States, a state, or a foreign country. The term includes an organization having a separate corporate existence if the organization is eligible to issue debt on which interest is exempt from income taxation under the laws of the United States.
     (46) "Health-care-insurance receivable" means an interest in or claim under a policy of insurance which is a right to payment of a monetary obligation for health-care goods or services provided.
     (47) "Instrument" means a negotiable instrument or any other writing that evidences a right to the payment of a monetary obligation, is not itself a security agreement or lease, and is of a type that in ordinary course of business is transferred by delivery with any necessary indorsement or assignment. The term does not include (((A))) (i) investment property, (((B))) (ii) letters of credit, (((C))) (iii) writings that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, (((D))) (iv) writings that do not contain a promise or order to pay, or (((E))) (v) writings that are expressly nontransferable or nonassignable.
     (48) "Inventory" means goods, other than farm products, which:
     (A) Are leased by a person as lessor;
     (B) Are held by a person for sale or lease or to be furnished under a contract of service;
     (C) Are furnished by a person under a contract of service; or
     (D) Consist of raw materials, work in process, or materials used or consumed in a business.
     (49) "Investment property" means a security, whether certificated or uncertificated, security entitlement, securities account, commodity contract, or commodity account.
     (50) "Jurisdiction of organization," with respect to a registered organization, means the jurisdiction under whose law the organization is organized.
     (51) "Letter-of-credit right" means a right to payment or performance under a letter of credit, whether or not the beneficiary has demanded or is at the time entitled to demand payment or performance. The term does not include the right of a beneficiary to demand payment or performance under a letter of credit.
     (52) "Lien creditor" means:
     (A) A creditor that has acquired a lien on the property involved by attachment, levy, or the like;
     (B) An assignee for benefit of creditors from the time of assignment;
     (C) A trustee in bankruptcy from the date of the filing of the petition; or
     (D) A receiver in equity from the time of appointment.
     (53) "Manufactured home" means a manufactured home or mobile home as defined in RCW 46.04.302.
     (54) [Reserved]
     (55) "Mortgage" means a consensual interest in real property, including fixtures, which secures payment or performance of an obligation.
     (56) "New debtor" means a person that becomes bound as debtor under RCW 62A.9A-203(d) by a security agreement previously entered into by another person.
     (57) "New value" means (((A))) (i) money, (((B))) (ii) money's worth in property, services, or new credit, or (((C))) (iii) release by a transferee of an interest in property previously transferred to the transferee. The term does not include an obligation substituted for another obligation.
     (58) "Noncash proceeds" means proceeds other than cash proceeds.
     (59) "Obligor" means a person that, with respect to an obligation secured by a security interest in or an agricultural lien on the collateral, (((A))) (i) owes payment or other performance of the obligation, (((B))) (ii) has provided property other than the collateral to secure payment or other performance of the obligation, or (((C))) (iii) is otherwise accountable in whole or in part for payment or other performance of the obligation. The term does not include issuers or nominated persons under a letter of credit.
     (60) "Original debtor", except as used in RCW 62A.9A-310(c), means a person that, as debtor, entered into a security agreement to which a new debtor has become bound under RCW 62A.9A-203(d).
     (61) "Payment intangible" means a general intangible under which the account debtor's principal obligation is a monetary obligation.
     (62) "Person related to," with respect to an individual, means:
     (A) The spouse of the individual;
     (B) A brother, brother-in-law, sister, or sister-in-law of the individual;
     (C) An ancestor or lineal descendant of the individual or the individual's spouse; or
     (D) Any other relative, by blood or marriage, of the individual or the individual's spouse who shares the same home with the individual.
     (63) "Person related to," with respect to an organization, means:
     (A) A person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the organization;
     (B) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, the organization;
     (C) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, a person described in (63)(A) of this subsection;
     (D) The spouse of an individual described in (63)(A), (B), or (C) of this subsection; or
     (E) An individual who is related by blood or marriage to an individual described in (63)(A), (B), (C), or (D) of this subsection and shares the same home with the individual.
     (64) "Proceeds", except as used in RCW 62A.9A-609(b), means the following property:
     (A) Whatever is acquired upon the sale, lease, license, exchange, or other disposition of collateral;
     (B) Whatever is collected on, or distributed on account of, collateral;
     (C) Rights arising out of collateral;
     (D) To the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of the loss, nonconformity, or interference with the use of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral; or
     (E) To the extent of the value of collateral and to the extent payable to the debtor or the secured party, insurance payable by reason of the loss or nonconformity of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral.
     (65) "Promissory note" means an instrument that evidences a promise to pay a monetary obligation, does not evidence an order to pay, and does not contain an acknowledgment by a bank that the bank has received for deposit a sum of money or funds.
     (66) "Proposal" means a record authenticated by a secured party, which includes the terms on which the secured party is willing to accept collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures pursuant to RCW 62A.9A-620, 62A.9A-621, and 62A.9A-622.
     (67) "Public-finance transaction" means a secured transaction in connection with which:
     (A) Debt securities are issued;
     (B) All or a portion of the securities issued have an initial stated maturity of at least twenty years; and
     (C) The debtor, obligor, secured party, account debtor or other person obligated on collateral, assignor or assignee of a secured obligation, or assignor or assignee of a security interest is a state or a governmental unit of a state.
     (68) "Pursuant to commitment," with respect to an advance made or other value given by a secured party, means pursuant to the secured party's obligation, whether or not a subsequent event of default or other event not within the secured party's control has relieved or may relieve the secured party from its obligation.
     (69) "Record," except as used in "for record," "of record," "record or legal title," and "record owner," means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or which is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
     (70) "Registered organization" means an organization organized solely under the law of a single state or the United States and as to which the state or the United States must maintain a public record showing the organization to have been organized.
     (71) "Secondary obligor" means an obligor to the extent that:
     (A) The obligor's obligation is secondary; or
     (B) The obligor has a right of recourse with respect to an obligation secured by collateral against the debtor, another obligor, or property of either.
     (72) "Secured party" means:
     (A) A person in whose favor a security interest is created or provided for under a security agreement, whether or not any obligation to be secured is outstanding;
     (B) A person that holds an agricultural lien;
     (C) A consignor;
     (D) A person to which accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes have been sold;
     (E) A trustee, indenture trustee, agent, collateral agent, or other representative in whose favor a security interest or agricultural lien is created or provided for; or
     (F) A person that holds a security interest arising under RCW 62A.2-401, 62A.2-505, 62A.2-711(3), 62A.2A-508(5), 62A.4-210, or 62A.5-118.
     (73) "Security agreement" means an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest.
     (74) "Send," in connection with a record or notification, means:
     (A) To deposit in the mail, deliver for transmission, or transmit by any other usual means of communication, with postage or cost of transmission provided for, addressed to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or
     (B) To cause the record or notification to be received within the time that it would have been received if properly sent under (A) of this subsection.
     (75) "Software" means a computer program and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program. The term does not include a computer program that is included in the definition of goods.
     (76) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
     (77) "Supporting obligation" means a letter-of-credit right or secondary obligation that supports the payment or performance of an account, chattel paper, a document, a general intangible, an instrument, or investment property.
     (78) "Tangible chattel paper" means chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information that is inscribed on a tangible medium.
     (79) "Termination statement" means an amendment of a financing statement which:
     (A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
     (B) Indicates either that it is a termination statement or that the identified financing statement is no longer effective.
     (80) "Transmitting utility" means a person primarily engaged in the business of:
     (A) Operating a railroad, subway, street railway, or trolley bus;
     (B) Transmitting communications electrically, electromagnetically, or by light;
     (C) Transmitting goods by pipeline or sewer; or
     (D) Transmitting or producing and transmitting electricity, steam, gas, or water.
     (b) Definitions in other articles. "Control" as provided in RCW 62A.7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:

"Applicant."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Beneficiary."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Broker."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Certificated security."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Check."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Clearing corporation."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Contract for sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Customer."RCW 62A.4-104.
"Entitlement holder."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Financial asset."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Holder in due course."RCW 62A.3-302.
"Issuer" with respect to documents of title.RCW 62A.7-102.
"Issuer" with respect to a      letter of credit or letter-of-credit right.RCW 62A.5-102.
"Issuer" with respect to a      security.RCW 62A.8-201.
"Lease."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lease agreement."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lease contract."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Leasehold interest."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessee."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessee in ordinary course      of business."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessor."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessor's residual interest."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Letter of credit."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Merchant."RCW 62A.2-104.
"Negotiable instrument."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Nominated person."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Note."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Proceeds of a letter of      credit."RCW 62A.5-114.
"Prove."RCW 62A.3-103.
"Sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Securities account."RCW 62A.8-501.
"Securities intermediary."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Security."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Security certificate."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Security entitlement."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Uncertificated security."RCW 62A.8-102.


     (c) Article 1 definitions and principles. Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 1502   RCW 62A.9A-102 and 2011 c 74 s 101 are each amended to read as follows:
     DEFINITIONS AND INDEX OF DEFINITIONS. (a) Article 9A definitions. In this Article:
     (1) "Accession" means goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that the identity of the original goods is not lost.
     (2)(A) "Account," except as used in "account for," means a right to payment of a monetary obligation, whether or not earned by performance, (i) for property that has been or is to be sold, leased, licensed, assigned, or otherwise disposed of, (ii) for services rendered or to be rendered, (iii) for a policy of insurance issued or to be issued, (iv) for a secondary obligation incurred or to be incurred, (v) for energy provided or to be provided, (vi) for the use or hire of a vessel under a charter or other contract, (vii) arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, or (viii) as winnings in a lottery or other game of chance operated or sponsored by a state, governmental unit of a state, or person licensed or authorized to operate the game by a state or governmental unit of a state. The term includes health-care-insurance receivables.
     (B) The term does not include (i) rights to payment evidenced by chattel paper or an instrument, (ii) commercial tort claims, (iii) deposit accounts, (iv) investment property, (v) letter-of-credit rights or letters of credit, or (vi) rights to payment for money or funds advanced or sold, other than rights arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card.
     (3) "Account debtor" means a person obligated on an account, chattel paper, or general intangible. The term does not include persons obligated to pay a negotiable instrument, even if the instrument constitutes part of chattel paper.
     (4) "Accounting," except as used in "accounting for," means a record:
     (A) Authenticated by a secured party;
     (B) Indicating the aggregate unpaid secured obligations as of a date not more than thirty-five days earlier or thirty-five days later than the date of the record; and
     (C) Identifying the components of the obligations in reasonable detail.
     (5) "Agricultural lien" means an interest, other than a security interest, in farm products:
     (A) Which secures payment or performance of an obligation for:
     (i) Goods or services furnished in connection with a debtor's farming operation; or
     (ii) Rent on real property leased by a debtor in connection with its farming operation;
     (B) Which is created by statute in favor of a person that:
     (i) In the ordinary course of its business, furnished goods or services to a debtor in connection with a debtor's farming operation; or
     (ii) Leased real property to a debtor in connection with the debtor's farming operation; and
     (C) Whose effectiveness does not depend on the person's possession of the personal property.
     (6) "As-extracted collateral" means:
     (A) Oil, gas, or other minerals that are subject to a security interest that:
     (i) Is created by a debtor having an interest in the minerals before extraction; and
     (ii) Attaches to the minerals as extracted; or
     (B) Accounts arising out of the sale at the wellhead or minehead of oil, gas, or other minerals in which the debtor had an interest before extraction.
     (7) "Authenticate" means:
     (A) To sign; or
     (B) With present intent to adopt or accept a record, to attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic sound, symbol, or process.
     (8) "Bank" means an organization that is engaged in the business of banking. The term includes savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, and trust companies.
     (9) "Cash proceeds" means proceeds that are money, checks, deposit accounts, or the like.
     (10) "Certificate of title" means a certificate of title with respect to which a statute provides for the security interest in question to be indicated on the certificate as a condition or result of the security interest's obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral. The term includes another record maintained as an alternative to a certificate of title by the governmental unit that issues certificates of title if a statute permits the security interest in question to be indicated on the record as a condition or result of the security interest's obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral.
     (11) "Chattel paper" means a record or records that evidence both a monetary obligation and a security interest in specific goods, a security interest in specific goods and software used in the goods, a security interest in specific goods and license of software used in the goods, a lease of specific goods, or a lease of specific goods and license of software used in the goods. In this subsection, "monetary obligation" means a monetary obligation secured by the goods or owed under a lease of the goods and includes a monetary obligation with respect to software used in the goods. The term "chattel paper" does not include (((A))) (i) charters or other contracts involving the use or hire of a vessel or (((B))) (ii) records that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card. If a transaction is evidenced by records that include an instrument or series of instruments, the group of records taken together constitutes chattel paper.
     (12) "Collateral" means the property subject to a security interest or agricultural lien. The term includes:
     (A) Proceeds to which a security interest attaches;
     (B) Accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, and promissory notes that have been sold; and
     (C) Goods that are the subject of a consignment.
     (13) "Commercial tort claim" means a claim arising in tort with respect to which:
     (A) The claimant is an organization; or
     (B) The claimant is an individual, and the claim:
     (i) Arose in the course of the claimant's business or profession; and
     (ii) Does not include damages arising out of personal injury to, or the death of, an individual.
     (14) "Commodity account" means an account maintained by a commodity intermediary in which a commodity contract is carried for a commodity customer.
     (15) "Commodity contract" means a commodity futures contract, an option on a commodity futures contract, a commodity option, or another contract if the contract or option is:
     (A) Traded on or subject to the rules of a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market for such a contract pursuant to federal commodities laws; or
     (B) Traded on a foreign commodity board of trade, exchange, or market, and is carried on the books of a commodity intermediary for a commodity customer.
     (16) "Commodity customer" means a person for which a commodity intermediary carries a commodity contract on its books.
     (17) "Commodity intermediary" means a person that:
     (A) Is registered as a futures commission merchant under federal commodities law; or
     (B) In the ordinary course of its business, provides clearance or settlement services for a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market pursuant to federal commodities law.
     (18) "Communicate" means:
     (A) To send a written or other tangible record;
     (B) To transmit a record by any means agreed upon by the persons sending and receiving the record; or
     (C) In the case of transmission of a record to or by a filing office, to transmit a record by any means prescribed by filing-office rule.
     (19) "Consignee" means a merchant to which goods are delivered in a consignment.
     (20) "Consignment" means a transaction, regardless of its form, in which a person delivers goods to a merchant for the purpose of sale and:
     (A) The merchant:
     (i) Deals in goods of that kind under a name other than the name of the person making delivery;
     (ii) Is not an auctioneer; and
     (iii) Is not generally known by its creditors to be substantially engaged in selling the goods of others;
     (B) With respect to each delivery, the aggregate value of the goods is one thousand dollars or more at the time of delivery;
     (C) The goods are not consumer goods immediately before delivery; and
     (D) The transaction does not create a security interest that secures an obligation.
     (21) "Consignor" means a person that delivers goods to a consignee in a consignment.
     (22) "Consumer debtor" means a debtor in a consumer transaction.
     (23) "Consumer goods" means goods that are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
     (24) "Consumer-goods transaction" means a consumer transaction in which:
     (A) An individual incurs a consumer obligation; and
     (B) A security interest in consumer goods secures the obligation.
     (25) "Consumer obligation" means an obligation which:
     (A) Is incurred as part of a transaction entered into primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; and
     (B) Arises from an extension of credit, or commitment to extend credit, in an aggregate amount not exceeding forty thousand dollars, or is secured by personal property used or expected to be used as a principal dwelling.
     "Consumer obligor" means an obligor who is an individual and who incurred a consumer obligation.
     (26) "Consumer transaction" means a transaction in which (((A))) (i) an individual incurs a consumer obligation, (((B))) (ii) a security interest secures the obligation, and (((C))) (iii) the collateral is held or acquired primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. The term includes consumer-goods transactions.
     (27) "Continuation statement" means an amendment of a financing statement which:
     (A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
     (B) Indicates that it is a continuation statement for, or that it is filed to continue the effectiveness of, the identified financing statement.
     (28) "Debtor" means:
     (A) A person having an interest, other than a security interest or other lien, in the collateral, whether or not the person is an obligor;
     (B) A seller of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes; or
     (C) A consignee.
     (29) "Deposit account" means a demand, time, savings, passbook, or similar account maintained with a bank. The term does not include investment property or accounts evidenced by an instrument.
     (30) "Document" means a document of title or a receipt of the type described in RCW 62A.7-201(((2))) (b).
     (31) "Electronic chattel paper" means chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information stored in an electronic medium.
     (32) "Encumbrance" means a right, other than an ownership interest, in real property. The term includes mortgages and other liens on real property.
     (33) "Equipment" means goods other than inventory, farm products, or consumer goods.
     (34) "Farm products" means goods, other than standing timber, with respect to which the debtor is engaged in a farming operation and which are:
     (A) Crops grown, growing, or to be grown, including:
     (i) Crops produced on trees, vines, and bushes; and
     (ii) Aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
     (B) Livestock, born or unborn, including aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
     (C) Supplies used or produced in a farming operation; or
     (D) Products of crops or livestock in their unmanufactured states.
     (35) "Farming operation" means raising, cultivating, propagating, fattening, grazing, or any other farming, livestock, or aquacultural operation.
     (36) "File number" means the number assigned to an initial financing statement pursuant to RCW 62A.9A-519(a).
     (37) "Filing office" means an office designated in RCW 62A.9A-501 as the place to file a financing statement.
     (38) "Filing-office rule" means a rule adopted pursuant to RCW 62A.9A-526.
     (39) "Financing statement" means a record or records composed of an initial financing statement and any filed record relating to the initial financing statement.
     (40) "Fixture filing" means the filing of a financing statement covering goods that are or are to become fixtures and satisfying RCW 62A.9A-502 (a) and (b). The term includes the filing of a financing statement covering goods of a transmitting utility which are or are to become fixtures.
     (41) "Fixtures" means goods that have become so related to particular real property that an interest in them arises under real property law.
     (42) "General intangible" means any personal property, including things in action, other than accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, goods, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money, and oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction. The term includes payment intangibles and software.
     (43) (("Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.)) [Reserved.]
     (44) "Goods" means all things that are movable when a security interest attaches. The term includes (((A))) (i) fixtures, (((B))) (ii) standing timber that is to be cut and removed under a conveyance or contract for sale, (((C))) (iii) the unborn young of animals, (((D))) (iv) crops grown, growing, or to be grown, even if the crops are produced on trees, vines, or bushes, and (((E))) (v) manufactured homes. The term also includes a computer program embedded in goods and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program if (i) the program is associated with the goods in such a manner that it customarily is considered part of the goods, or (ii) by becoming the owner of the goods, a person acquires a right to use the program in connection with the goods. The term does not include a computer program embedded in goods that consist solely of the medium in which the program is embedded. The term also does not include accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, general intangibles, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money, or oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction or a manufactured home converted to real property under chapter 65.20 RCW.
     (45) "Governmental unit" means a subdivision, agency, department, county, parish, municipality, or other unit of the government of the United States, a state, or a foreign country. The term includes an organization having a separate corporate existence if the organization is eligible to issue debt on which interest is exempt from income taxation under the laws of the United States.
      (46) "Health-care-insurance receivable" means an interest in or claim under a policy of insurance which is a right to payment of a monetary obligation for health-care goods or services provided.
     (47) "Instrument" means a negotiable instrument or any other writing that evidences a right to the payment of a monetary obligation, is not itself a security agreement or lease, and is of a type that in ordinary course of business is transferred by delivery with any necessary indorsement or assignment. The term does not include (((A))) (i) investment property, (((B))) (ii) letters of credit, (((C))) (iii) writings that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, (((D))) (iv) writings that do not contain a promise or order to pay, or (((E))) (v) writings that are expressly nontransferable or nonassignable.
     (48) "Inventory" means goods, other than farm products, which:
     (A) Are leased by a person as lessor;
     (B) Are held by a person for sale or lease or to be furnished under a contract of service;
     (C) Are furnished by a person under a contract of service; or
     (D) Consist of raw materials, work in process, or materials used or consumed in a business.
     (49) "Investment property" means a security, whether certificated or uncertificated, security entitlement, securities account, commodity contract, or commodity account.
     (50) "Jurisdiction of organization," with respect to a registered organization, means the jurisdiction under whose law the organization is formed or organized.
     (51) "Letter-of-credit right" means a right to payment or performance under a letter of credit, whether or not the beneficiary has demanded or is at the time entitled to demand payment or performance. The term does not include the right of a beneficiary to demand payment or performance under a letter of credit.
     (52) "Lien creditor" means:
     (A) A creditor that has acquired a lien on the property involved by attachment, levy, or the like;
     (B) An assignee for benefit of creditors from the time of assignment;
     (C) A trustee in bankruptcy from the date of the filing of the petition; or
     (D) A receiver in equity from the time of appointment.
     (53) "Manufactured home" means a manufactured home or mobile home as defined in RCW 46.04.302.
     (54) [Reserved]
     (55) "Mortgage" means a consensual interest in real property, including fixtures, which secures payment or performance of an obligation.
     (56) "New debtor" means a person that becomes bound as debtor under RCW 62A.9A-203(d) by a security agreement previously entered into by another person.
     (57) "New value" means (((A))) (i) money, (((B))) (ii) money's worth in property, services, or new credit, or (((C))) (iii) release by a transferee of an interest in property previously transferred to the transferee. The term does not include an obligation substituted for another obligation.
     (58) "Noncash proceeds" means proceeds other than cash proceeds.
     (59) "Obligor" means a person that, with respect to an obligation secured by a security interest in or an agricultural lien on the collateral, (((A))) (i) owes payment or other performance of the obligation, (((B))) (ii) has provided property other than the collateral to secure payment or other performance of the obligation, or (((C))) (iii) is otherwise accountable in whole or in part for payment or other performance of the obligation. The term does not include issuers or nominated persons under a letter of credit.
     (60) "Original debtor", except as used in RCW 62A.9A-310(c), means a person that, as debtor, entered into a security agreement to which a new debtor has become bound under RCW 62A.9A-203(d).
     (61) "Payment intangible" means a general intangible under which the account debtor's principal obligation is a monetary obligation.
     (62) "Person related to," with respect to an individual, means:
     (A) The spouse or state registered domestic partner of the individual;
     (B) A brother, brother-in-law, sister, or sister-in-law of the individual;
     (C) An ancestor or lineal descendant of the individual or the individual's spouse or state registered domestic partner; or
     (D) Any other relative, by blood or by marriage or other law, of the individual or the individual's spouse or state registered domestic partner who shares the same home with the individual.
     (63) "Person related to," with respect to an organization, means:
     (A) A person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the organization;
     (B) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, the organization;
     (C) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, a person described in (63)(A) of this subsection;
     (D) The spouse or state registered domestic partner of an individual described in (63)(A), (B), or (C) of this subsection; or
     (E) An individual who is related by blood or by marriage or other law to an individual described in (63)(A), (B), (C), or (D) of this subsection and shares the same home with the individual.
     (64) "Proceeds", except as used in RCW 62A.9A-609(b), means the following property:
     (A) Whatever is acquired upon the sale, lease, license, exchange, or other disposition of collateral;
     (B) Whatever is collected on, or distributed on account of, collateral;
     (C) Rights arising out of collateral;
     (D) To the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of the loss, nonconformity, or interference with the use of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral; or
     (E) To the extent of the value of collateral and to the extent payable to the debtor or the secured party, insurance payable by reason of the loss or nonconformity of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral.
     (65) "Promissory note" means an instrument that evidences a promise to pay a monetary obligation, does not evidence an order to pay, and does not contain an acknowledgment by a bank that the bank has received for deposit a sum of money or funds.
     (66) "Proposal" means a record authenticated by a secured party, which includes the terms on which the secured party is willing to accept collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures pursuant to RCW 62A.9A-620, 62A.9A-621, and 62A.9A-622.
     (67) "Public-finance transaction" means a secured transaction in connection with which:
     (A) Debt securities are issued;
     (B) All or a portion of the securities issued have an initial stated maturity of at least twenty years; and
     (C) The debtor, obligor, secured party, account debtor or other person obligated on collateral, assignor or assignee of a secured obligation, or assignor or assignee of a security interest is a state or a governmental unit of a state.
     (68) "Public organic record" means a record that is available to the public for inspection and is:
     (A) A record consisting of the record initially filed with or issued by a state or the United States to form or organize an organization and any record filed with or issued by the state or the United States which amends or restates the initial record;
     (B) An organic record of a business trust consisting of the record initially filed with a state and any record filed with the state which amends or restates the initial record, if a statute of the state governing business trusts requires that the record be filed with the state; or
     (C) A record consisting of legislation enacted by the legislature of a state or the congress of the United States which forms or organizes an organization, any record amending the legislation, and any record filed with or issued by the state or the United States which amends or restates the name of the organization.     
     (69) "Pursuant to commitment," with respect to an advance made or other value given by a secured party, means pursuant to the secured party's obligation, whether or not a subsequent event of default or other event not within the secured party's control has relieved or may relieve the secured party from its obligation.
     (70) "Record," except as used in "for record," "of record," "record or legal title," and "record owner," means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or which is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
     (71) "Registered organization" means an organization formed or organized solely under the law of a single state or the United States by the filing of a public organic record with, the issuance of a public organic record by, or the enactment of legislation by the state or the United States. The term includes a business trust that is formed or organized under the law of a single state if a statute of the state governing business trusts requires that the business trust's organic record be filed with the state.
     (72) "Secondary obligor" means an obligor to the extent that:
     (A) The obligor's obligation is secondary; or
     (B) The obligor has a right of recourse with respect to an obligation secured by collateral against the debtor, another obligor, or property of either.
     (73) "Secured party" means:
     (A) A person in whose favor a security interest is created or provided for under a security agreement, whether or not any obligation to be secured is outstanding;
     (B) A person that holds an agricultural lien;
     (C) A consignor;
     (D) A person to which accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes have been sold;
     (E) A trustee, indenture trustee, agent, collateral agent, or other representative in whose favor a security interest or agricultural lien is created or provided for; or
     (F) A person that holds a security interest arising under RCW 62A.2-401, 62A.2-505, 62A.2-711(3), 62A.2A-508(5), 62A.4-210, or 62A.5-118.
     (74) "Security agreement" means an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest.
     (75) "Send," in connection with a record or notification, means:
     (A) To deposit in the mail, deliver for transmission, or transmit by any other usual means of communication, with postage or cost of transmission provided for, addressed to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or
     (B) To cause the record or notification to be received within the time that it would have been received if properly sent under (75)(A) of this subsection.
     (76) "Software" means a computer program and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program. The term does not include a computer program that is included in the definition of goods.
     (77) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
     (78) "Supporting obligation" means a letter-of-credit right or secondary obligation that supports the payment or performance of an account, chattel paper, a document, a general intangible, an instrument, or investment property.
     (79) "Tangible chattel paper" means chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information that is inscribed on a tangible medium.
     (80) "Termination statement" means an amendment of a financing statement which:
     (A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
     (B) Indicates either that it is a termination statement or that the identified financing statement is no longer effective.
     (81) "Transmitting utility" means a person primarily engaged in the business of:
     (A) Operating a railroad, subway, street railway, or trolley bus;
     (B) Transmitting communications electrically, electromagnetically, or by light;
     (C) Transmitting goods by pipeline or sewer; or
     (D) Transmitting or producing and transmitting electricity, steam, gas, or water.
     (b) Definitions in other articles. "Control" as provided in RCW 62A.7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this Article:


"Applicant."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Beneficiary."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Broker."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Certificated security."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Check."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Clearing corporation."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Contract for sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Customer."RCW 62A.4-104.
"Entitlement holder."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Financial asset."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Holder in due course."RCW 62A.3-302.
"Issuer" with respect to      documents of title.RCW 62A.7-102.
"Issuer" with respect to a      letter of credit or letter-of-credit right.RCW 62A.5-102.
"Issuer" with respect to a      security.RCW 62A.8-201.
"Lease."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lease agreement."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lease contract."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Leasehold interest."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessee."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessee in ordinary course      of business."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessor."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Lessor's residual interest."RCW 62A.2A-103.
"Letter of credit."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Merchant."RCW 62A.2-104.
"Negotiable instrument."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Nominated person."RCW 62A.5-102.
"Note."RCW 62A.3-104.
"Proceeds of a letter of      credit."RCW 62A.5-114.
"Prove."RCW 62A.3-103.
"Sale."RCW 62A.2-106.
"Securities account."RCW 62A.8-501.
"Securities intermediary."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Security."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Security certificate."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Security entitlement."RCW 62A.8-102.
"Uncertificated security."RCW 62A.8-102.


     (c) Article 1 definitions and principles. Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 1503   RCW 62A.9A-203 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-203 are each amended to read as follows:
     ATTACHMENT AND ENFORCEABILITY OF SECURITY INTEREST; PROCEEDS; SUPPORTING OBLIGATIONS; FORMAL REQUISITES. (a) Attachment. A security interest attaches to collateral when it becomes enforceable against the debtor with respect to the collateral, unless an agreement expressly postpones the time of attachment.
     (b) Enforceability. Except as otherwise provided in subsections (c) through (i) of this section, a security interest is enforceable against the debtor and third parties with respect to the collateral only if:
     (1) Value has been given;
     (2) The debtor has rights in the collateral or the power to transfer rights in the collateral to a secured party; and
     (3) One of the following conditions is met:
     (A) The debtor has authenticated a security agreement that provides a description of the collateral and, if the security interest covers timber to be cut, a description of the land concerned;
     (B) The collateral is not a certificated security and is in the possession of the secured party under RCW 62A.9A-313 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement;
     (C) The collateral is a certificated security in registered form and the security certificate has been delivered to the secured party under RCW 62A.8-301 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement; or
     (D) The collateral is deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, investment property, ((or)) letter-of-credit rights, or electronic documents, and the secured party has control under RCW 62A.7-106, 62A.9A-104, 62A.9A-105, 62A.9A-106, or 62A.9A-107 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement.
     (c) Other UCC provisions. Subsection (b) of this section is subject to RCW 62A.4-210 on the security interest of a collecting bank, RCW 62A.5-118 on the security interest of a letter-of-credit issuer or nominated person, RCW 62A.9A-110 on a security interest arising under Article 2 or 2A, and RCW 62A.9A-206 on security interests in investment property.
     (d) When person becomes bound by another person's security agreement. A person becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person if, by operation of law other than this Article or by contract:
     (1) The security agreement becomes effective to create a security interest in the person's property; or
     (2) The person becomes generally obligated for the obligations of the other person, including the obligation secured under the security agreement, and acquires or succeeds to all or substantially all of the assets of the other person.
     (e) Effect of new debtor becoming bound. If a new debtor becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person:
     (1) The agreement satisfies subsection (b)(3) of this section with respect to existing or after-acquired property of the new debtor to the extent the property is described in the agreement; and
     (2) Another agreement is not necessary to make a security interest in the property enforceable.
     (f) Proceeds and supporting obligations. The attachment of a security interest in collateral gives the secured party the rights to proceeds provided by RCW 62A.9A-315 and is also attachment of a security interest in a supporting obligation for the collateral.
     (g) Lien securing right to payment. The attachment of a security interest in a right to payment or performance secured by a security interest or other lien on personal or real property is also attachment of a security interest in the security interest, mortgage, or other lien.
     (h) Security entitlement carried in securities account. The attachment of a security interest in a securities account is also attachment of a security interest in the security entitlements carried in the securities account.
     (i) Commodity contracts carried in commodity account. The attachment of a security interest in a commodity account is also attachment of a security interest in the commodity contracts carried in the commodity account.

Sec. 1504   RCW 62A.9A-207 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-207 are each amended to read as follows:
     RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SECURED PARTY HAVING POSSESSION OR CONTROL OF COLLATERAL. (a) Duty of care when secured party in possession. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, a secured party shall use reasonable care in the custody and preservation of collateral in the secured party's possession. In the case of chattel paper or an instrument, reasonable care includes taking necessary steps to preserve rights against prior parties unless otherwise agreed.
     (b) Expenses, risks, duties, and rights when secured party in possession. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, if a secured party has possession of collateral:
     (1) Reasonable expenses, including the cost of insurance and payment of taxes or other charges, incurred in the custody, preservation, use, or operation of the collateral are chargeable to the debtor and are secured by the collateral;
     (2) The risk of accidental loss or damage is on the debtor to the extent of a deficiency in any effective insurance coverage;
     (3) The secured party shall keep the collateral identifiable, but fungible collateral may be commingled; and
     (4) The secured party may use or operate the collateral:
     (A) For the purpose of preserving the collateral or its value;
     (B) As permitted by an order of a court having competent jurisdiction; or
     (C) Except in the case of consumer goods, in the manner and to the extent agreed by the debtor.
     (c) Duties and rights when secured party in possession or control. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, a secured party having possession of collateral or control of collateral under RCW 62A.7-106, 62A.9A-104, 62A.9A-105, 62A.9A-106, or 62A.9A-107:
     (1) May hold as additional security any proceeds, except money or funds, received from the collateral;
     (2) Shall apply money or funds received from the collateral to reduce the secured obligation, unless remitted to the debtor; and
     (3) May create a security interest in the collateral.
     (d) Buyer of certain rights to payment. If the secured party is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes or a consignor:
     (1) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply unless the secured party is entitled under an agreement:
     (A) To charge back uncollected collateral; or
     (B) Otherwise to full or limited recourse against the debtor or a secondary obligor based on the nonpayment or other default of an account debtor or other obligor on the collateral; and
     (2) Subsections (b) and (c) of this section do not apply.

Sec. 1505   RCW 62A.9A-208 and 2001 c 32 s 21 are each amended to read as follows:
     ADDITIONAL DUTIES OF SECURED PARTY HAVING CONTROL OF COLLATERAL. (a) Applicability of section. This section applies to cases in which there is no outstanding secured obligation and the secured party is not committed to make advances, incur obligations, or otherwise give value.
     (b) Duties of secured party after receiving demand from debtor. Within ten days after receiving an authenticated demand by the debtor:
     (1) A secured party having control of a deposit account under RCW 62A.9A-104(a)(2) shall send to the bank with which the deposit account is maintained an authenticated statement that releases the bank from any further obligation to comply with instructions originated by the secured party;
     (2) A secured party having control of a deposit account under RCW 62A.9A-104(a)(3) shall:
     (A) Pay the debtor the balance on deposit in the deposit account; or
     (B) Transfer the balance on deposit into a deposit account in the debtor's name;
     (3) A secured party, other than a buyer, having control of electronic chattel paper under RCW 62A.9A-105 shall:
     (A) Communicate the authoritative copy of the electronic chattel paper to the debtor or its designated custodian;
     (B) If the debtor designates a custodian that is the designated custodian with which the authoritative copy of the electronic chattel paper is maintained for the secured party, communicate to the custodian an authenticated record releasing the designated custodian from any further obligation to comply with instructions originated by the secured party and instructing the custodian to comply with instructions originated by the debtor; and
     (C) Take appropriate action to enable the debtor or its designated custodian to make copies of or revisions to the authoritative copy which add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy without the consent of the secured party;
     (4) A secured party having control of investment property under RCW 62A.8-106(4)(b) or 62A.9A-106(b) shall send to the securities intermediary or commodity intermediary with which the security entitlement or commodity contract is maintained an authenticated record that releases the securities intermediary or commodity intermediary from any further obligation to comply with entitlement orders or directions originated by the secured party; ((and))
     (5) A secured party having control of a letter-of-credit right under RCW 62A.9A-107 shall send to each person having an unfulfilled obligation to pay or deliver proceeds of the letter of credit to the secured party an authenticated release from any further obligation to pay or deliver proceeds of the letter of credit to the secured party; and
     (6) A secured party having control of an electronic document shall:
     (A) Give control of the electronic document to the debtor or its designated custodian;
     (B) If the debtor designates a custodian that is the designated custodian with which the authoritative copy of the electronic document is maintained for the secured party, communicate to the custodian an authenticated record releasing the designated custodian from any further obligation to comply with instructions originated by the secured party and instructing the custodian to comply with instructions originated by the debtor; and
     (C) Take appropriate action to enable the debtor or its designated custodian to make copies of or revisions to the authoritative copy which add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy without the consent of the secured party
.

Sec. 1506   RCW 62A.9A-301 and 2001 c 32 s 22 are each amended to read as follows:
     LAW GOVERNING PERFECTION AND PRIORITY OF SECURITY INTERESTS. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-303 through 62A.9A-306, the following rules determine the law governing perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in collateral:
     (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, while a debtor is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in collateral.
     (2) While collateral is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a possessory security interest in that collateral.
     (3) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (4) of this section, while tangible negotiable documents, goods, instruments, money, or tangible chattel paper is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs:
     (A) Perfection of a security interest in the goods by filing a fixture filing;
     (B) Perfection of a security interest in timber to be cut; and
     (C) The effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of a nonpossessory security interest in the collateral.
     (4) The local law of the jurisdiction in which the wellhead or minehead is located governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in as-extracted collateral.

Sec. 1507   RCW 62A.9A-310 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-310 are each amended to read as follows:
     WHEN FILING REQUIRED TO PERFECT SECURITY INTEREST OR AGRICULTURAL LIEN; SECURITY INTERESTS AND AGRICULTURAL LIENS TO WHICH FILING PROVISIONS DO NOT APPLY. (a) General rule: Perfection by filing. Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (d) of this section and RCW 62A.9A-312(b), a financing statement must be filed to perfect all security interests and agricultural liens.
     (b) Exceptions: Filing not necessary. The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to perfect a security interest:
     (1) That is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-308 (d), (e), (f), or (g);
     (2) That is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-309 when it attaches;
     (3) In property subject to a statute, regulation, or treaty described in RCW 62A.9A-311(a);
     (4) In goods in possession of a bailee which is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-312(d) (1) or (2);
     (5) In certificated securities, documents, goods, or instruments which is perfected without filing, control, or possession under RCW 62A.9A-312 (e), (f), or (g);
     (6) In collateral in the secured party's possession under RCW 62A.9A-313;
     (7) In a certificated security which is perfected by delivery of the security certificate to the secured party under RCW 62A.9A-313;
     (8) In deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, electronic documents, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights which is perfected by control under RCW 62A.9A-314;
     (9) In proceeds which is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-315; or
     (10) That is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-316.
     (c) Assignment of perfected security interest. If a secured party assigns a perfected security interest or agricultural lien, a filing under this Article is not required to continue the perfected status of the security interest against creditors of and transferees from the original debtor.
     (d) Further exception: Filing not necessary for handler's lien. The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to perfect the agricultural lien of a handler on orchard crops as provided in RCW 60.11.020(3).

Sec. 1508   RCW 62A.9A-310 and 2011 c 74 s 709 are each amended to read as follows:
     WHEN FILING REQUIRED TO PERFECT SECURITY INTEREST OR AGRICULTURAL LIEN; SECURITY INTERESTS AND AGRICULTURAL LIENS TO WHICH FILING PROVISIONS DO NOT APPLY. (a) General rule: Perfection by filing. Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (d) of this section and RCW 62A.9A-312(b), a financing statement must be filed to perfect all security interests and agricultural liens.
     (b) Exceptions: Filing not necessary. The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to perfect a security interest:
     (1) That is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-308 (d), (e), (f), or (g);
     (2) That is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-309 when it attaches;
     (3) In property subject to a statute, regulation, or treaty described in RCW 62A.9A-311(a);
     (4) In goods in possession of a bailee which is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-312(d) (1) or (2);
     (5) In certificated securities, documents, goods, or instruments which is perfected without filing, control, or possession under RCW 62A.9A-312 (e), (f), or (g);
     (6) In collateral in the secured party's possession under RCW 62A.9A-313;
     (7) In a certificated security which is perfected by delivery of the security certificate to the secured party under RCW 62A.9A-313;
     (8) In deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, electronic documents, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights which is perfected by control under RCW 62A.9A-314;
     (9) In proceeds which is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-315; or
     (10) That is perfected under RCW 62A.9A-316.
     (c) Assignment of perfected security interest. If a secured party assigns a perfected security interest or agricultural lien, a filing under this Article is not required to continue the perfected status of the security interest against creditors of and transferees from the original debtor.
     (d) Further exception: Filing not necessary for handler's lien. The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to perfect the agricultural lien of a handler on orchard crops as provided in RCW 60.11.020(3).

Sec. 1509   RCW 62A.9A-312 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-312 are each amended to read as follows:
     PERFECTION OF SECURITY INTERESTS IN CHATTEL PAPER, DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS, DOCUMENTS, GOODS COVERED BY DOCUMENTS, INSTRUMENTS, INVESTMENT PROPERTY, LETTER-OF-CREDIT RIGHTS, AND MONEY; PERFECTION BY PERMISSIVE FILING; TEMPORARY PERFECTION WITHOUT FILING OR TRANSFER OF POSSESSION. (a) Perfection by filing permitted. A security interest in chattel paper, negotiable documents, instruments, or investment property may be perfected by filing.
     (b) Control or possession of certain collateral. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-315 (c) and (d) for proceeds:
     (1) A security interest in a deposit account may be perfected only by control under RCW 62A.9A-314;
     (2) And except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-308(d), a security interest in a letter-of-credit right may be perfected only by control under RCW 62A.9A-314; and
     (3) A security interest in money may be perfected only by the secured party's taking possession under RCW 62A.9A-313.
     (c) Goods covered by negotiable document. While goods are in the possession of a bailee that has issued a negotiable document covering the goods:
     (1) A security interest in the goods may be perfected by perfecting a security interest in the document; and
     (2) A security interest perfected in the document has priority over any security interest that becomes perfected in the goods by another method during that time.
     (d) Goods covered by nonnegotiable document. While goods are in the possession of a bailee that has issued a nonnegotiable document covering the goods, a security interest in the goods may be perfected by:
     (1) Issuance of a document in the name of the secured party;
     (2) The bailee's receipt of notification of the secured party's interest; or
     (3) Filing as to the goods.
     (e) Temporary perfection: New value. A security interest in certificated securities, negotiable documents, or instruments is perfected without filing or the taking of possession or control for a period of twenty days from the time it attaches to the extent that it arises for new value given under an authenticated security agreement.
     (f) Temporary perfection: Goods or documents made available to debtor. A perfected security interest in a negotiable document or goods in possession of a bailee, other than one that has issued a negotiable document for the goods, remains perfected for twenty days without filing if the secured party makes available to the debtor the goods or documents representing the goods for the purpose of:
     (1) Ultimate sale or exchange; or
     (2) Loading, unloading, storing, shipping, transshipping, manufacturing, processing, or otherwise dealing with them in a manner preliminary to their sale or exchange.
     (g) Temporary perfection: Delivery of security certificate or instrument to debtor. A perfected security interest in a certificated security or instrument remains perfected for twenty days without filing if the secured party delivers the security certificate or instrument to the debtor for the purpose of:
     (1) Ultimate sale or exchange; or
     (2) Presentation, collection, enforcement, renewal, or registration of transfer.
     (h) Expiration of temporary perfection. After the twenty-day period specified in subsection (e), (f), or (g) of this section expires, perfection depends upon compliance with this Article.

Sec. 1510   RCW 62A.9A-313 and 2001 c 32 s 26 are each amended to read as follows:
     WHEN POSSESSION BY OR DELIVERY TO SECURED PARTY PERFECTS SECURITY INTEREST WITHOUT FILING. (a) Perfection by possession or delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, a secured party may perfect a security interest in tangible negotiable documents, goods, instruments, money, or tangible chattel paper by taking possession of the collateral. A secured party may perfect a security interest in certificated securities by taking delivery of the certificated securities under RCW 62A.8-301.
     (b) Goods covered by certificate of title. With respect to goods covered by a certificate of title issued by this state, a secured party may perfect a security interest in the goods by taking possession of the goods only in the circumstances described in RCW 62A.9A-316(d).
     (c) Collateral in possession of person other than debtor. With respect to collateral other than certificated securities and goods covered by a document, a secured party takes possession of collateral in the possession of a person other than the debtor, the secured party, or a lessee of the collateral from the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business, when:
     (1) The person in possession authenticates a record acknowledging that it holds possession of the collateral for the secured party's benefit; or
     (2) The person takes possession of the collateral after having authenticated a record acknowledging that it will hold possession of collateral for the secured party's benefit.
     (d) Time of perfection by possession; continuation of perfection. If perfection of a security interest depends upon possession of the collateral by a secured party, perfection occurs no earlier than the time the secured party takes possession and continues only while the secured party retains possession.
     (e) Time of perfection by delivery; continuation of perfection. A security interest in a certificated security in registered form is perfected by delivery when delivery of the certificated security occurs under RCW 62A.8-301 and remains perfected by delivery until the debtor obtains possession of the security certificate.
     (f) Acknowledgment not required. A person in possession of collateral is not required to acknowledge that it holds possession for a secured party's benefit.
     (g) Effectiveness of acknowledgment; no duties or confirmation. If a person acknowledges that it holds possession for the secured party's benefit:
     (1) The acknowledgment is effective under subsection (c) of this section or RCW 62A.8-301(1), even if the acknowledgment violates the rights of a debtor; and
     (2) Unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this Article otherwise provides, the person does not owe any duty to the secured party and is not required to confirm the acknowledgment to another person.
     (h) Secured party's delivery to person other than debtor. A secured party having possession of collateral does not relinquish possession by delivering the collateral to a person other than the debtor or a lessee of the collateral from the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business if the person was instructed before the delivery or is instructed contemporaneously with the delivery:
     (1) To hold possession of the collateral for the secured party's benefit; or
     (2) To redeliver the collateral to the secured party.
     (i) Effect of delivery under subsection (h) of this section; no duties or confirmation. A secured party does not relinquish possession, even if a delivery under subsection (h) of this section violates the rights of a debtor. A person to which collateral is delivered under subsection (h) of this section does not owe any duty to the secured party and is not required to confirm the delivery to another person unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this Article otherwise provides.

Sec. 1511   RCW 62A.9A-313 and 2011 c 74 s 710 are each amended to read as follows:
     WHEN POSSESSION BY OR DELIVERY TO SECURED PARTY PERFECTS SECURITY INTEREST WITHOUT FILING. (a) Perfection by possession or delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, a secured party may perfect a security interest in tangible negotiable documents, goods, instruments, money, or tangible chattel paper by taking possession of the collateral. A secured party may perfect a security interest in certificated securities by taking delivery of the certificated securities under RCW 62A.8-301.
     (b) Goods covered by certificate of title. With respect to goods covered by a certificate of title issued by this state, a secured party may perfect a security interest in the goods by taking possession of the goods only in the circumstances described in RCW 62A.9A-316(d).
     (c) Collateral in possession of person other than debtor. With respect to collateral other than certificated securities and goods covered by a document, a secured party takes possession of collateral in the possession of a person other than the debtor, the secured party, or a lessee of the collateral from the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business, when:
     (1) The person in possession authenticates a record acknowledging that it holds possession of the collateral for the secured party's benefit; or
     (2) The person takes possession of the collateral after having authenticated a record acknowledging that it will hold possession of collateral for the secured party's benefit.
     (d) Time of perfection by possession; continuation of perfection. If perfection of a security interest depends upon possession of the collateral by a secured party, perfection occurs no earlier than the time the secured party takes possession and continues only while the secured party retains possession.
     (e) Time of perfection by delivery; continuation of perfection. A security interest in a certificated security in registered form is perfected by delivery when delivery of the certificated security occurs under RCW 62A.8-301 and remains perfected by delivery until the debtor obtains possession of the security certificate.
     (f) Acknowledgment not required. A person in possession of collateral is not required to acknowledge that it holds possession for a secured party's benefit.
     (g) Effectiveness of acknowledgment; no duties or confirmation. If a person acknowledges that it holds possession for the secured party's benefit:
     (1) The acknowledgment is effective under subsection (c) of this section or RCW 62A.8-301(1), even if the acknowledgment violates the rights of a debtor; and
     (2) Unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this Article otherwise provides, the person does not owe any duty to the secured party and is not required to confirm the acknowledgment to another person.
     (h) Secured party's delivery to person other than debtor. A secured party having possession of collateral does not relinquish possession by delivering the collateral to a person other than the debtor or a lessee of the collateral from the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business if the person was instructed before the delivery or is instructed contemporaneously with the delivery:
     (1) To hold possession of the collateral for the secured party's benefit; or
     (2) To redeliver the collateral to the secured party.
     (i) Effect of delivery under subsection (h) of this section; no duties or confirmation. A secured party does not relinquish possession, even if a delivery under subsection (h) of this section violates the rights of a debtor. A person to which collateral is delivered under subsection (h) of this section does not owe any duty to the secured party and is not required to confirm the delivery to another person unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this Article otherwise provides.

Sec. 1512   RCW 62A.9A-314 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-314 are each amended to read as follows:
     PERFECTION BY CONTROL. (a) Perfection by control. A security interest in investment property, deposit accounts, letter-of-credit rights, ((or)) electronic chattel paper, or electronic documents may be perfected by control of the collateral under RCW 62A.7-106, 62A.9A-104, 62A.9A-105, 62A.9A-106, or 62A.9A-107.
     (b) Specified collateral: Time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, ((or)) letter-of-credit rights, or electronic documents is perfected by control under RCW 62A.7-106, 62A.9A-104, 62A.9A-105, or 62A.9A-107 when the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party retains control.
     (c) Investment property: Time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in investment property is perfected by control under RCW 62A.9A-106 from the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control until:
     (1) The secured party does not have control; and
     (2) One of the following occurs:
     (A) If the collateral is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires possession of the security certificate;
     (B) If the collateral is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or registers the debtor as the registered owner; or
     (C) If the collateral is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the entitlement holder.

Sec. 1513   RCW 62A.9A-317 and 2001 c 32 s 27 are each amended to read as follows:
     INTERESTS THAT TAKE PRIORITY OVER OR TAKE FREE OF SECURITY INTEREST OR AGRICULTURAL LIEN. (a) Conflicting security interests and rights of lien creditors. A security interest or agricultural lien is subordinate to the rights of:
     (1) A person entitled to priority under RCW 62A.9A-322; and
     (2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a person that becomes a lien creditor before the earlier of the time:
     (A) The security interest or agricultural lien is perfected; or
     (B) One of the conditions specified in RCW 62A.9A-203(b)(3) is met and a financing statement covering the collateral is filed.
     (b) Buyers that receive delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a buyer, other than a secured party, of tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments, or a security certificate takes free of a security interest or agricultural lien if the buyer gives value and receives delivery of the collateral without knowledge of the security interest or agricultural lien and before it is perfected.
     (c) Lessees that receive delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a lessee of goods takes free of a security interest or agricultural lien if the lessee gives value and receives delivery of the collateral without knowledge of the security interest or agricultural lien and before it is perfected.
     (d) Licensees and buyers of certain collateral. A licensee of a general intangible or a buyer, other than a secured party, of accounts, electronic chattel paper, electronic documents, general intangibles, or investment property other than a certificated security takes free of a security interest if the licensee or buyer gives value without knowledge of the security interest and before it is perfected.
     (e) Purchase-money security interest. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-320 and 62A.9A-321, if a person files a financing statement with respect to a purchase-money security interest before or within twenty days after the debtor receives delivery of the collateral, the security interest takes priority over the rights of a buyer, lessee, or lien creditor which arise between the time the security interest attaches and the time of filing.

Sec. 1514   RCW 62A.9A-317 and 2011 c 74 s 204 are each amended to read as follows:
     INTERESTS THAT TAKE PRIORITY OVER OR TAKE FREE OF SECURITY INTEREST OR AGRICULTURAL LIEN. (a) Conflicting security interests and rights of lien creditors. A security interest or agricultural lien is subordinate to the rights of:
     (1) A person entitled to priority under RCW 62A.9A-322; and
     (2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a person that becomes a lien creditor before the earlier of the time:
     (A) The security interest or agricultural lien is perfected; or
     (B) One of the conditions specified in RCW 62A.9A-203(b)(3) is met and a financing statement covering the collateral is filed.
     (b) Buyers that receive delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a buyer, other than a secured party, of tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments, or a certificated security takes free of a security interest or agricultural lien if the buyer gives value and receives delivery of the collateral without knowledge of the security interest or agricultural lien and before it is perfected.
     (c) Lessees that receive delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a lessee of goods takes free of a security interest or agricultural lien if the lessee gives value and receives delivery of the collateral without knowledge of the security interest or agricultural lien and before it is perfected.
     (d) Licensees and buyers of certain collateral. A licensee of a general intangible or a buyer, other than a secured party, of collateral other than tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments, or a certificated security takes free of a security interest if the licensee or buyer gives value without knowledge of the security interest and before it is perfected.
     (e) Purchase-money security interest. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-320 and 62A.9A-321, if a person files a financing statement with respect to a purchase-money security interest before or within twenty days after the debtor receives delivery of the collateral, the security interest takes priority over the rights of a buyer, lessee, or lien creditor which arise between the time the security interest attaches and the time of filing.

Sec. 1515   RCW 62A.9A-338 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-338 are each amended to read as follows:
     PRIORITY OF SECURITY INTEREST OR AGRICULTURAL LIEN PERFECTED BY FILED FINANCING STATEMENT PROVIDING CERTAIN INCORRECT INFORMATION. If a security interest or agricultural lien is perfected by a filed financing statement providing information described in RCW 62A.9A-516(b)(5) which is incorrect at the time the financing statement is filed:
     (1) The security interest or agricultural lien is subordinate to a conflicting perfected security interest in the collateral to the extent that the holder of the conflicting security interest gives value in reasonable reliance upon the incorrect information; and
     (2) A purchaser, other than a secured party, of the collateral takes free of the security interest or agricultural lien to the extent that, in reasonable reliance upon the incorrect information, the purchaser gives value and, in the case of tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments, or a security certificate, receives delivery of the collateral.

Sec. 1516   RCW 62A.9A-338 and 2011 c 74 s 715 are each amended to read as follows:
     PRIORITY OF SECURITY INTEREST OR AGRICULTURAL LIEN PERFECTED BY FILED FINANCING STATEMENT PROVIDING CERTAIN INCORRECT INFORMATION. If a security interest or agricultural lien is perfected by a filed financing statement providing information described in RCW 62A.9A-516(b)(5) which is incorrect at the time the financing statement is filed:
     (1) The security interest or agricultural lien is subordinate to a conflicting perfected security interest in the collateral to the extent that the holder of the conflicting security interest gives value in reasonable reliance upon the incorrect information; and
     (2) A purchaser, other than a secured party, of the collateral takes free of the security interest or agricultural lien to the extent that, in reasonable reliance upon the incorrect information, the purchaser gives value and, in the case of tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments, or a security certificate, receives delivery of the collateral.

Sec. 1517   RCW 62A.9A-601 and 2000 c 250 s 9A-601 are each amended to read as follows:
     RIGHTS AFTER DEFAULT; JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT; CONSIGNOR OR BUYER OF ACCOUNTS, CHATTEL PAPER, PAYMENT INTANGIBLES, OR PROMISSORY NOTES. (a) Rights of secured party after default. After default, a secured party has the rights provided in this part and, except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-602, those provided by agreement of the parties. A secured party:
     (1) May reduce a claim to judgment, foreclose, or otherwise enforce the claim, security interest, or agricultural lien by any available judicial procedure; and
     (2) If the collateral is documents, may proceed either as to the documents or as to the goods they cover.
     (b) Rights and duties of secured party in possession or control. A secured party in possession of collateral or control of collateral under RCW 62A.7-106, 62A.9A-104, 62A.9A-105, 62A.9A-106, or 62A.9A-107 has the rights and duties provided in RCW 62A.9A-207.
     (c) Rights cumulative; simultaneous exercise. The rights under subsections (a) and (b) of this section are cumulative and may be exercised simultaneously.
     (d) Rights of debtor and obligor. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (g) of this section and RCW 62A.9A-605, after default, a debtor and an obligor have the rights provided in this part and by agreement of the parties.
     (e) Lien of levy after judgment. If a secured party has reduced its claim to judgment, the lien of any levy that may be made upon the collateral by virtue of an execution based upon the judgment relates back to the earliest of:
     (1) The date of perfection of the security interest or agricultural lien in the collateral;
     (2) The date of filing a financing statement covering the collateral; or
     (3) Any date specified in a statute under which the agricultural lien was created.
     (f) Execution sale. A sale pursuant to an execution is a foreclosure of the security interest or agricultural lien by judicial procedure within the meaning of this section. A secured party may purchase at the sale and thereafter hold the collateral free of any other requirements of this Article.
     (g) Consignor or buyer of certain rights to payment. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-607(c), this part imposes no duties upon a secured party that is a consignor or is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes.
     (h) Enforcement restrictions. All rights and remedies provided in this part with respect to promissory notes or an agreement between an account debtor and a debtor which relates to a health-care-insurance receivable or a general intangible, including a contract, permit, license, or franchise, are subject to RCW 62A.9A-408 to the extent applicable.

Sec. 1518   RCW 62A.9A-601 and 2011 c 74 s 722 are each amended to read as follows:
     RIGHTS AFTER DEFAULT; JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT; CONSIGNOR OR BUYER OF ACCOUNTS, CHATTEL PAPER, PAYMENT INTANGIBLES, OR PROMISSORY NOTES. (a) Rights of secured party after default. After default, a secured party has the rights provided in this part and, except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-602, those provided by agreement of the parties. A secured party:
     (1) May reduce a claim to judgment, foreclose, or otherwise enforce the claim, security interest, or agricultural lien by any available judicial procedure; and
     (2) If the collateral is documents, may proceed either as to the documents or as to the goods they cover.
     (b) Rights and duties of secured party in possession or control. A secured party in possession of collateral or control of collateral under RCW 62A.7-106, 62A.9A-104, 62A.9A-105, 62A.9A-106, or 62A.9A-107 has the rights and duties provided in RCW 62A.9A-207.
     (c) Rights cumulative; simultaneous exercise. The rights under subsections (a) and (b) of this section are cumulative and may be exercised simultaneously.
     (d) Rights of debtor and obligor. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (g) of this section and RCW 62A.9A-605, after default, a debtor and an obligor have the rights provided in this part and by agreement of the parties.
     (e) Lien of levy after judgment. If a secured party has reduced its claim to judgment, the lien of any levy that may be made upon the collateral by virtue of an execution based upon the judgment relates back to the earliest of:
     (1) The date of perfection of the security interest or agricultural lien in the collateral;
     (2) The date of filing a financing statement covering the collateral; or
     (3) Any date specified in a statute under which the agricultural lien was created.
     (f) Execution sale. A sale pursuant to an execution is a foreclosure of the security interest or agricultural lien by judicial procedure within the meaning of this section. A secured party may purchase at the sale and thereafter hold the collateral free of any other requirements of this Article.
     (g) Consignor or buyer of certain rights to payment. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.9A-607(c), this part imposes no duties upon a secured party that is a consignor or is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes.
     (h) Enforcement restrictions. All rights and remedies provided in this part with respect to promissory notes or an agreement between an account debtor and a debtor which relates to a health-care-insurance receivable or a general intangible, including a contract, permit, license, or franchise, are subject to RCW 62A.9A-408 to the extent applicable.

PART XVI
STATUTORY REPEALS

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1601   The following acts or parts of acts are each repealed:
     (1) RCW 62A.1-109 (Section captions) and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-109;
     (2) RCW 62A.1-207 (Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights) and 1993 c 229 s 2 & 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-207;
     (3) RCW 62A.1-208 (Option to accelerate at will) and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 1-208;
     (4) RCW 62A.2-208 (Course of performance or practical construction) and 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 2-208;
     (5) RCW 62A.2A-207 (Course of performance or practical construction) and 1993 c 230 s 2A-207;
     (6) RCW 62A.10-104 (Laws not repealed) and 1995 c 48 s 71 & 1965 ex.s. c 157 s 10-104; and
     (7) 2011 c 74 s 801.

PART XVII
CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO UCC NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR ARTICLE 5

Sec. 1701   RCW 62A.5-102 and 1997 c 56 s 3 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) The definitions in this section apply throughout this Article unless the context clearly requires otherwise:
     (((a))) (1) "Adviser" means a person who, at the request of the issuer, a confirmer, or another adviser, notifies or requests another adviser to notify the beneficiary that a letter of credit has been issued, confirmed, or amended.
     (((b))) (2) "Applicant" means a person at whose request or for whose account a letter of credit is issued. The term includes a person who requests an issuer to issue a letter of credit on behalf of another if the person making the request undertakes an obligation to reimburse the issuer.
     (((c))) (3) "Beneficiary" means a person who under the terms of a letter of credit is entitled to have its complying presentation honored. The term includes a person to whom drawing rights have been transferred under a transferable letter of credit.
     (((d))) (4) "Confirmer" means a nominated person who undertakes, at the request or with the consent of the issuer, to honor a presentation under a letter of credit issued by another.
     (((e))) (5) "Dishonor" of a letter of credit means failure timely to honor or to take an interim action, such as acceptance of a draft, that may be required by the letter of credit.
     (((f))) (6) "Document" means a draft or other demand, document of title, investment security, certificate, invoice, or other record, statement, or representation of fact, law, right, or opinion (i) which is presented in a written or other medium permitted by the letter of credit or, unless prohibited by the letter of credit, by the standard practice referred to in RCW 62A.5-108(((5))) (e) and (ii) which is capable of being examined for compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. A document may not be oral.
     (((g))) (7) "Good faith" means honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned.
     (((h))) (8) "Honor" of a letter of credit means performance of the issuer's undertaking in the letter of credit to pay or deliver an item of value. Unless the letter of credit otherwise provides, "honor" occurs:
     (i) Upon payment;
     (ii) If the letter of credit provides for acceptance, upon acceptance of a draft and, at maturity, its payment; or
     (iii) If the letter of credit provides for incurring a deferred obligation, upon incurring the obligation and, at maturity, its performance.
     (((i))) (9) "Issuer" means a bank or other person that issues a letter of credit, but does not include an individual who makes an engagement for personal, family, or household purposes.
     (((j))) (10) "Letter of credit" means a definite undertaking that satisfies the requirements of RCW 62A.5-104 by an issuer to a beneficiary at the request or for the account of an applicant or, in the case of a financial institution, to itself or for its own account, to honor a documentary presentation by payment or delivery of an item of value.
     (((k))) (11) "Nominated person" means a person whom the issuer (i) designates or authorizes to pay, accept, negotiate, or otherwise give value under a letter of credit and (ii) undertakes by agreement or custom and practice to reimburse.
     (((l))) (12) "Presentation" means delivery of a document to an issuer or nominated person for honor or giving of value under a letter of credit.
     (((m))) (13) "Presenter" means a person making a presentation as or on behalf of a beneficiary or nominated person.
     (((n))) (14) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium, or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
     (((o))) (15) "Successor of a beneficiary" means a person who succeeds to substantially all of the rights of a beneficiary by operation of law, including a corporation with or into which the beneficiary has been merged or consolidated, an administrator, executor, personal representative, trustee in bankruptcy, debtor in possession, liquidator, and receiver.
     (((2))) (b) Definitions in other Articles applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:
     "Accept" or "Acceptance"          RCW 62A.3-409
     "Value"                         RCW 62A.3-303, RCW 62A.4-211.
     (((3))) (c) Article 1 contains certain additional general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

Sec. 1702   RCW 62A.5-104 and 1997 c 56 s 5 are each amended to read as follows:
     A letter of credit, confirmation, advice, transfer, amendment, or cancellation may be issued in any form that is a record and is authenticated (((1))) (i) by a signature or (((2))) (ii) in accordance with the agreement of the parties or the standard practice referred to in RCW 62A.5-108(((5))) (e).

Sec. 1703   RCW 62A.5-106 and 1997 c 56 s 7 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) A letter of credit is issued and becomes enforceable according to its terms against the issuer when the issuer sends or otherwise transmits it to the person requested to advise or to the beneficiary. A letter of credit is revocable only if it so provides.
     (((2))) (b) After a letter of credit is issued, rights and obligations of a beneficiary, applicant, confirmer, and issuer are not affected by an amendment or cancellation to which that person has not consented except to the extent the letter of credit provides that it is revocable or that the issuer may amend or cancel the letter of credit without that consent.
     (((3))) (c) If there is no stated expiration date or other provision that determines its duration, a letter of credit expires one year after its stated date of issuance or, if none is stated, after the date on which it is issued.
     (((4))) (d) A letter of credit that states that it is perpetual expires five years after its stated date of issuance, or if none is stated, after the date on which it is issued.

Sec. 1704   RCW 62A.5-107 and 1997 c 56 s 8 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) A confirmer is directly obligated on a letter of credit and has the rights and obligations of an issuer to the extent of its confirmation. The confirmer also has rights against and obligations to the issuer as if the issuer were an applicant and the confirmer had issued the letter of credit at the request and for the account of the issuer.
     (((2))) (b) A nominated person who is not a confirmer is not obligated to honor or otherwise give value for a presentation.
     (((3))) (c) A person requested to advise may decline to act as an adviser. An adviser that is not a confirmer is not obligated to honor or give value for a presentation. An adviser undertakes to the issuer and to the beneficiary accurately to advise the terms of the letter of credit, confirmation, amendment, or advice received by that person and undertakes to the beneficiary to check the apparent authenticity of the request to advise. Even if the advice is inaccurate, the letter of credit, confirmation, or amendment is enforceable as issued.
     (((4))) (d) A person who notifies a transferee beneficiary of the terms of a letter of credit, confirmation, amendment, or advice has the rights and obligations of an adviser under subsection (((3))) (c) of this section. The terms in the notice to the transferee beneficiary may differ from the terms in any notice to the transferor beneficiary to the extent permitted by the letter of credit, confirmation, amendment, or advice received by the person who so notifies.

Sec. 1705   RCW 62A.5-108 and 1997 c 56 s 9 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.5-109, an issuer shall honor a presentation that, as determined by the standard practice referred to in subsection (((5))) (e) of this section, appears on its face strictly to comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.5-113 and unless otherwise agreed with the applicant, an issuer shall dishonor a presentation that does not appear so to comply.
     (((2))) (b) An issuer has a reasonable time after presentation, but not beyond the end of the seventh business day of the issuer after the day of its receipt of documents:
     (((a))) (1) To honor;
     (((b))) (2) If the letter of credit provides for honor to be completed more than seven business days after presentation, to accept a draft or incur a deferred obligation; or
     (((c))) (3) To give notice to the presenter of discrepancies in the presentation.
     (((3))) (c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (((4))) (d) of this section, an issuer is precluded from asserting as a basis for dishonor any discrepancy if timely notice is not given, or any discrepancy not stated in the notice if timely notice is given.
     (((4))) (d) Failure to give the notice specified in subsection (((2))) (b) of this section or to mention fraud, forgery, or expiration in the notice does not preclude the issuer from asserting as a basis for dishonor fraud or forgery as described in RCW 62A.5-109(((1))) (a) or expiration of the letter of credit before presentation.
     (((5))) (e) An issuer shall observe standard practice of financial institutions that regularly issue letters of credit. Determination of the issuer's observance of the standard practice is a matter of interpretation for the court. The court shall offer the parties a reasonable opportunity to present evidence of the standard practice.
     (((6))) (f) An issuer is not responsible for:
     (((a))) (1) The performance or nonperformance of the underlying contract, arrangement, or transaction;
     (((b))) (2) An act or omission of others; or
     (((c))) (3) Observance or knowledge of the usage of a particular trade other than the standard practice referred to in subsection (((5))) (e) of this section.
     (((7))) (g) If an undertaking constituting a letter of credit under RCW 62A.5-102(((1)(j))) (a)(10) contains nondocumentary conditions, an issuer shall disregard the nondocumentary conditions and treat them as if they were not stated.
     (((8))) (h) An issuer that has dishonored a presentation shall return the documents or hold them at the disposal of, and send advice to that effect to, the presenter.
     (((9))) (i) An issuer that has honored a presentation as permitted or required by this Article:
     (((a))) (1) Is entitled to be reimbursed by the applicant in immediately available funds not later than the date of its payment of funds;
     (((b))) (2) Takes the documents free of claims of the beneficiary or presenter;
     (((c))) (3) Is precluded from asserting a right of recourse on a draft under RCW 62A.3-414 and 62A.3-415;
     (((d))) (4) Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.5-110 and 62A.5-117, is precluded from restitution of money paid or other value given by mistake to the extent the mistake concerns discrepancies in the documents or tender which are apparent on the face of the presentation; and
     (((e))) (5) Is discharged to the extent of its performance under the letter of credit unless the issuer honored a presentation in which a required signature of a beneficiary was forged.

Sec. 1706   RCW 62A.5-109 and 1997 c 56 s 10 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) If a presentation is made that appears on its face strictly to comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit, but a required document is forged or materially fraudulent, or honor of the presentation would facilitate a material fraud by the beneficiary on the issuer or applicant:
     (((a))) (1) The issuer shall honor the presentation, if honor is demanded by (i) a nominated person who has given value in good faith and without notice of forgery or material fraud, (ii) a confirmer who has honored its confirmation in good faith, (iii) a holder in due course of a draft drawn under the letter of credit which was taken after acceptance by the issuer or nominated person, or (iv) an assignee of the issuer's or nominated person's deferred obligation that was taken for value and without notice of forgery or material fraud after the obligation was incurred by the issuer or nominated person; and
     (((b))) (2) The issuer, acting in good faith, may honor or dishonor the presentation in any other case.
     (((2))) (b) If an applicant claims that a required document is forged or materially fraudulent or that honor of the presentation would facilitate a material fraud by the beneficiary on the issuer or applicant, a court of competent jurisdiction may temporarily or permanently enjoin the issuer from honoring a presentation or grant similar relief against the issuer or other persons only if the court finds that:
     (((a))) (1) The relief is not prohibited under the law applicable to an accepted draft or deferred obligation incurred by the issuer;
     (((b))) (2) A beneficiary, issuer, or nominated person who may be adversely affected is adequately protected against loss that it may suffer because the relief is granted;
     (((c))) (3) All of the conditions to entitle a person to the relief under the law of this state have been met; and
     (((d))) (4) On the basis of the information submitted to the court, the applicant is more likely than not to succeed under its claim of forgery or material fraud and the person demanding honor does not qualify for protection under subsection (((1)(a))) (a)(1) of this section.

Sec. 1707   RCW 62A.5-110 and 1997 c 56 s 11 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) If its presentation is honored, the beneficiary warrants:
     (((a))) (1) To the issuer, any other person to whom presentation is made, and the applicant that there is no fraud or forgery of the kind described in RCW 62A.5-109(((1))) (a); and
     (((b))) (2) To the applicant that the drawing does not violate any agreement between the applicant and beneficiary or any other agreement intended by them to be augmented by the letter of credit.
     (((2))) (b) The warranties in subsection (((1))) (a) of this section are in addition to warranties arising under Articles 3, 4, 7, and 8 because of the presentation or transfer of documents covered by any of those articles.

Sec. 1708   RCW 62A.5-111 and 1997 c 56 s 12 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) If an issuer wrongfully dishonors or repudiates its obligation to pay money under a letter of credit before presentation, the beneficiary, successor, or nominated person presenting on its own behalf may recover from the issuer the amount that is the subject of the dishonor or repudiation. If the issuer's obligation under the letter of credit is not for the payment of money, the claimant may obtain specific performance or, at the claimant's election, recover an amount equal to the value of performance from the issuer. In either case, the claimant may also recover incidental but not consequential damages. The claimant is not obligated to take action to avoid damages that might be due from the issuer under this subsection. If, although not obligated to do so, the claimant avoids damages, the claimant's recovery from the issuer must be reduced by the amount of damages avoided. The issuer has the burden of proving the amount of damages avoided. In the case of repudiation the claimant need not present any document.
     (((2))) (b) If an issuer wrongfully dishonors a draft or demand presented under a letter of credit or honors a draft or demand in breach of its obligation to the applicant, the applicant may recover damages resulting from the breach, including incidental but not consequential damages, less any amount saved as a result of the breach.
     (((3))) (c) If an adviser or nominated person other than a confirmer breaches an obligation under this Article or an issuer breaches an obligation not covered in subsection (((1) or (2))) (a) or (b) of this section, a person to whom the obligation is owed may recover damages resulting from the breach, including incidental but not consequential damages, less any amount saved as a result of the breach. To the extent of the confirmation, a confirmer has the liability of an issuer specified in this subsection and subsections (((1) and (2))) (a) and (b) of this section.
     (((4))) (d) An issuer, nominated person, or adviser who is found liable under subsection (((1), (2), or (3))) (a), (b), or (c) of this section shall pay interest on the amount owed thereunder from the date of wrongful dishonor or other appropriate date.
     (((5))) (e) Reasonable attorney's fees and other expenses of litigation must be awarded to the prevailing party in an action in which a remedy is sought under this Article.
     (((6))) (f) Damages that would otherwise be payable by a party for breach of an obligation under this Article may be liquidated by agreement or undertaking, but only in an amount or by a formula that is reasonable in light of the harm anticipated.

Sec. 1709   RCW 62A.5-112 and 1997 c 56 s 13 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) Except as otherwise provided in RCW 62A.5-113, unless a letter of credit provides that it is transferable, the right of a beneficiary to draw or otherwise demand performance under a letter of credit may not be transferred.
     (((2))) (b) Even if a letter of credit provides that it is transferable, the issuer may refuse to recognize or carry out a transfer if:
     (((a))) (1) The transfer would violate applicable law; or
     (((b))) (2) The transferor or transferee has failed to comply with any requirement stated in the letter of credit or any other requirement relating to transfer imposed by the issuer which is within the standard practice referred to in RCW 62A.5-108(5) or is otherwise reasonable under the circumstances.

Sec. 1710   RCW 62A.5-113 and 1997 c 56 s 14 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in the name of the beneficiary without disclosing its status as a successor.
     (((2))) (b) A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in its own name as the disclosed successor of the beneficiary. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (((5))) (e) of this section, an issuer shall recognize a disclosed successor of a beneficiary as beneficiary in full substitution for its predecessor upon compliance with the requirements for recognition by the issuer of a transfer of drawing rights by operation of law under the standard practice referred to in RCW 62A.5-108(((5))) (e) or, in the absence of such a practice, compliance with other reasonable procedures sufficient to protect the issuer.
     (((3))) (c) An issuer is not obliged to determine whether a purported successor is a successor of a beneficiary or whether the signature of a purported successor is genuine or authorized.
     (((4))) (d) Honor of a purported successor's apparently complying presentation under subsection (((1) or (2))) (a) or (b) of this section has the consequences specified in RCW 62A.5-108(((9))) (i) even if the purported successor is not the successor of a beneficiary. Documents signed in the name of the beneficiary or of a disclosed successor by a person who is neither the beneficiary nor the successor of the beneficiary are forged documents for the purposes of RCW 62A.5-109.
     (((5))) (e) An issuer whose rights of reimbursement are not covered by subsection (((4))) (d) of this section or substantially similar law and any confirmer or nominated person may decline to recognize a presentation under subsection (((2))) (b) of this section.
     (((6))) (f) A beneficiary whose name is changed after the issuance of a letter of credit has the same rights and obligations as a successor of a beneficiary under this section.

Sec. 1711   RCW 62A.5-114 and 1997 c 56 s 15 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) In this section, "proceeds of a letter of credit" means the cash, check, accepted draft, or other item of value paid or delivered upon honor or giving of value by the issuer or any nominated person under the letter of credit. The term does not include a beneficiary's drawing rights or documents presented by the beneficiary.
     (((2))) (b) A beneficiary may assign its right to part or all of the proceeds of a letter of credit. The beneficiary may do so before presentation as a present assignment of its right to receive proceeds contingent upon its compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.
     (((3))) (c) An issuer or nominated person need not recognize an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit until it consents to the assignment.
     (((4))) (d) An issuer or nominated person has no obligation to give or withhold its consent to an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit, but consent may not be unreasonably withheld if the assignee possesses and exhibits the letter of credit and presentation of the letter of credit is a condition to honor.
     (((5))) (e) Rights of a transferee beneficiary or nominated person are independent of the beneficiary's assignment of the proceeds of a letter of credit and are superior to the assignee's right to the proceeds.
     (((6))) (f) Neither the rights recognized by this section between an assignee and an issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person nor the issuer's or nominated person's payment of proceeds to an assignee or a third person affect the rights between the assignee and any person other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person. The mode of creating and perfecting a security interest in or granting an assignment of a beneficiary's rights to proceeds is governed by Article 9A or other law. Against persons other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person, the rights and obligations arising upon the creation of a security interest or other assignment of a beneficiary's right to proceeds and its perfection are governed by Article 9A or other law.

Sec. 1712   RCW 62A.5-116 and 1997 c 56 s 17 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) The liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser for action or omission is governed by the law of the jurisdiction chosen by an agreement in the form of a record signed or otherwise authenticated by the affected parties in the manner provided in RCW 62A.5-104 or by a provision in the person's letter of credit, confirmation, or other undertaking. The jurisdiction whose law is chosen need not bear any relation to the transaction.
     (((2))) (b) Unless subsection (((1))) (a) of this section applies, the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser for action or omission is governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the person is located. The person is considered to be located at the address indicated in the person's undertaking. If more than one address is indicated, the person is considered to be located at the address from which the person's undertaking was issued. For the purpose of jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of interbranch letters of credit, but not enforcement of a judgment, all branches of a bank are considered separate juridical entities and a bank is considered to be located at the place where its relevant branch is considered to be located under this subsection.
     (((3))) (c) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser is governed by any rules of custom or practice, such as the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, to which the letter of credit, confirmation, or other undertaking is expressly made subject. If (((a))) (i) this Article would govern the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser under subsection (((1) or (2))) (a) or (b) of this section, (((b))) (ii) the relevant undertaking incorporates rules of custom or practice, and (((c))) (iii) there is conflict between this Article and those rules as applied to that undertaking, those rules govern except to the extent of any conflict with the nonvariable provisions specified in RCW 62A.5-103(((3))) (c).
     (((4))) (d) If there is conflict between this Article and Article 3, 4, 4A, or 9A, this Article governs.
     (((5))) (e) The forum for settling disputes arising out of an undertaking within this Article may be chosen in the manner and with the binding effect that governing law may be chosen in accordance with subsection (((1))) (a) of this section.

Sec. 1713   RCW 62A.5-117 and 1997 c 56 s 18 are each amended to read as follows:
     (((1))) (a) An issuer that honors a beneficiary's presentation is subrogated to the rights of the beneficiary to the same extent as if the issuer were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the beneficiary and of the applicant to the same extent as if the issuer were the secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the applicant.
     (((2))) (b) An applicant that reimburses an issuer is subrogated to the rights of the issuer against any beneficiary, presenter, or nominated person to the same extent as if the applicant were the secondary obligor of the obligations owed to the issuer and has the rights of subrogation of the issuer to the rights of the beneficiary stated in subsection (((1))) (a) of this section.
     (((3))) (c) A nominated person who pays or gives value against a draft or demand presented under a letter of credit is subrogated to the rights of:
     (((a))) (1) The issuer against the applicant to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the obligation owed to the issuer by the applicant;
     (((b))) (2) The beneficiary to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the beneficiary; and
     (((c))) (3) The applicant to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the applicant.
     (((4))) (d) Notwithstanding any agreement or term to the contrary, the rights of subrogation stated in subsections (((1) and (2))) (a) and (b) of this section do not arise until the issuer honors the letter of credit or otherwise pays and the rights in subsection (((3))) (c) of this section do not arise until the nominated person pays or otherwise gives value. Until then, the issuer, nominated person, and the applicant do not derive under this section present or prospective rights forming the basis of a claim, defense, or excuse.

Sec. 1714   RCW 62A.5-118 and 2000 c 250 s 2 are each amended to read as follows:
     (a) An issuer or nominated person has a security interest in a document presented under a letter of credit to the extent that the issuer or nominated person honors or gives value for the presentation.
     (b) So long as and to the extent that an issuer or nominated person has not been reimbursed or has not otherwise recovered the value given with respect to a security interest in a document under subsection (a) of this section, the security interest continues and is subject to Article 9A, but:
     (1) A security agreement is not necessary to make the security interest enforceable under RCW 62A.9A-203(((b)(3))) (2)(c);
     (2) If the document is presented in a medium other than a written or other tangible medium, the security interest is perfected; and
     (3) If the document is presented in a written or other tangible medium and is not a certificated security, chattel paper, a document of title, an instrument, or a letter of credit, the security interest is perfected and has priority over a conflicting security interest in the document so long as the debtor does not have possession of the document.

Sec. 1715   RCW 62A.2-512 and 1997 c 56 s 20 are each amended to read as follows:
     (1) Where the contract requires payment before inspection non-conformity of the goods does not excuse the buyer from so making payment unless
     (a) the non-conformity appears without inspection; or
     (b) despite tender of the required documents the circumstances would justify injunction against honor under the provisions of this Title (RCW 62A.5-109(((2))) (b)).
     (2) Payment pursuant to subsection (1) does not constitute an acceptance of goods or impair the buyer's right to inspect or any of his or her remedies.

Sec. 1716   RCW 62A.9A-107 and 2001 c 32 s 19 are each amended to read as follows:
     A secured party has control of a letter-of-credit right to the extent of any right to payment or performance by the issuer or any nominated person if the issuer or nominated person has consented to an assignment of proceeds of the letter of credit under RCW 62A.5-114(((3))) (c) or otherwise applicable law or practice.

PART XVIII
ADMINISTRATIVE DRAFTING PROVISIONS

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1801   Sections 115 through 124 of this act must be placed in chapter 62A.1 RCW under the heading:

     PART 3
                    TERRITORIAL APPLICABILITY AND GENERAL RULES


NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1802   PART HEADINGS. Part headings used in this act are not any part of the law.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1803   APPLICABILITY. This act applies to a transaction that is entered into, a document of title that is issued, or a bailment that arises on or after the effective date of this section. This act does not apply to a transaction that is entered into, a document of title that is issued, or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this section even if the transaction, document of title, or bailment would be subject to this act if the transaction had been entered into, the document of title had been issued, or the bailment had arisen on or after the effective date of this section. This act does not apply to a right of action that has accrued before the effective date of this section.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1804   SAVINGS CLAUSE. A transaction that is entered into, a document of title that is issued, or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this section and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that transaction, document, or bailment are governed by any statute or other rule amended or repealed by this act as if amendment or repeal had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other rule.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1805   Sections 901, 1402, 1501, 1507, 1510, 1513, 1515, and 1517 of this act expire July 1, 2013.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1806   Sections 902, 1403, 1502, 1508, 1511, 1514, 1516, and 1518 of this act take effect July 1, 2013."

ESHB 2197  - S COMM AMD
     By Committee on Judiciary

ADOPTED 02/29/2012

     On page 1, line 1 of the title, after "Code;" strike the remainder of the title and insert "amending RCW 62A.1-101, 62A.1-102, 62A.1-103, 62A.1-104, 62A.1-105, 62A.1-106, 62A.1-107, 62A.1-108, 62A.1-201, 62A.1-202, 62A.1-203, 62A.1-204, 62A.1-205, 62A.1-206, 62A.7-101, 62A.7-102, 62A.7-103, 62A.7-104, 62A.7-105, 62A.7-201, 62A.7-202, 62A.7-203, 62A.7-204, 62A.7-205, 62A.7-206, 62A.7-207, 62A.7-208, 62A.7-209, 62A.7-210, 62A.7-301, 62A.7-302, 62A.7-303, 62A.7-304, 62A.7-305, 62A.7-307, 62A.7-308, 62A.7-309, 62A.7-401, 62A.7-402, 62A.7-403, 62A.7-404, 62A.7-501, 62A.7-502, 62A.7-503, 62A.7-504, 62A.7-505, 62A.7-506, 62A.7-507, 62A.7-508, 62A.7-509, 62A.7-601, 62A.7-602, 62A.7-603, 62A.2-103, 62A.2-104, 62A.2-202, 62A.2-310, 62A.2-323, 62A.2-401, 62A.2-503, 62A.2-505, 62A.2-506, 62A.2-509, 62A.2-605, 62A.2-705, 62A.2A-103, 62A.2A-103, 62A.2A-501, 62A.2A-514, 62A.2A-518, 62A.2A-519, 62A.2A-526, 62A.2A-527, 62A.2A-528, 62A.3-103, 62A.4-104, 62A.4-210, 62A.4A-105, 62A.4A-106, 62A.4A-204, 62A.5-103, 62A.8-102, 62A.8-103, 62A.8-103, 62A.9A-102, 62A.9A-102, 62A.9A-203, 62A.9A-207, 62A.9A-208, 62A.9A-301, 62A.9A-310, 62A.9A-310, 62A.9A-312, 62A.9A-313, 62A.9A-313, 62A.9A-314, 62A.9A-317, 62A.9A-317, 62A.9A-338, 62A.9A-338, 62A.9A-601, 62A.9A-601, 62A.5-102, 62A.5-104, 62A.5-106, 62A.5-107, 62A.5-108, 62A.5-109, 62A.5-110, 62A.5-111, 62A.5-112, 62A.5-113, 62A.5-114, 62A.5-116, 62A.5-117, 62A.5-118, 62A.2-512, and 62A.9A-107; adding new sections to chapter 62A.1 RCW; adding a new section to chapter 62A.7 RCW; creating new sections; repealing RCW 62A.1-109, 62A.1-207, 62A.1-208, 62A.2-208, 62A.2A-207, and 62A.10-104; repealing 2011 c 74 s 801; providing an effective date; and providing an expiration date."

EFFECT:  Provides that: An "organization" means a person other than an individual; and a "person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, LLC, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, public corporation, or any other legal or commercial entity.

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