Background:

History of Public Law 280 and the State's Assumption of Jurisdiction Over Indians and Indian Country.

As of the early 1950s, the federal government and Indian tribes jointly exercised criminal and civil jurisdiction over Indians and Indian country. However, in 1953 Congress enacted Public Law 280 (PL 280), partly in response to the perception that joint federal/tribal jurisdiction led to inadequate law enforcement in Indian country. Under PL 280, both criminal and civil jurisdiction over Indians and Indian country were transferred from the federal government to selected states. Other specified states were given the option to assume such jurisdiction in the future. The selected states that were granted immediate jurisdiction, i.e., the "mandatory states", were Alaska, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin. The so-called "optional" states" under PL 280 were Washington, Arizona, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah.

PL 280 also established that for a state to acquire criminal or civil jurisdiction over the Indians and Indian country within its borders, it must pass legislation explicitly assuming such jurisdiction. The State of Washington did exactly that in 1963, when the Legislature enacted RCW 37.12.010, authorizing the state to assume civil and criminal jurisdiction over Indians and Indian country within its territory. However, under this statute the assumption of jurisdiction by the state requires the tribes consent. Such consent requires that the tribe formally request the state to assume such jurisdiction. Upon receiving this request, the Governor must issue a proclamation affirming the state's jurisdiction over Indians and Indian country in accordance with applicable federal laws.

Although the state's 1963 legislation establishes that the state's jurisdiction over a tribe occurs only upon the request of a tribe, the statute explicitly identifies eight substantive areas of criminal and civil law over which the state retains jurisdiction even without a tribe's consent: i.e., compulsory school attendance; public assistance; domestic relations; mental illness; juvenile delinquency; adoption proceedings; dependent children; and operation of motor vehicles on public streets, alleys, roads, and highways.

Amendment of PL 280 and the Authorization of State Retrocession.

In 1968 Congress amended PL 280 to include a so-called "retrocession" provision authorizing a state that has previously assumed jurisdiction over Indians and Indian country to return all or some of its criminal and/or civil jurisdiction back to the federal government, subject to the approval of the United States Department of the Interior. The term "retrocession", therefore, refers to the process of a state returning its jurisdiction back to the United States.

Criminal Retrocession Under State Law Following the Amendment of PL 280.

Following the amendment of PL 280, the state Legislature enacted a legal procedure by which a tribe can request the state to retrocede criminal jurisdiction over Indians and Indian country. However, the state has never enacted such legislation authorizing the retrocession of civil jurisdiction.

In order to request that the state retrocede its criminal jurisdiction to the federal government, an Indian tribe must submit a resolution to the Governor expressing its desire for state retrocession of criminal jurisdiction acquired by the the state over Indians or Indian country. Upon receipt of the resolution, the Governor may issue a proclamation retroceding the state's criminal jurisdiction back to the United States. The power of the Governor to authorize criminal retrocession is discretionary. In effect, then, the Governor has veto power over any criminal retrocession proposal put forth by an Indian tribe or group. In turn, in order for retrocession to become effective, the Governor's retrocession proclamation must be submitted to a duly authorized federal officer and then approved by the Secretary of the Interior. However, it should be noted that the state's criminal retrocession statutes categorically prohibit the retrocession of either civil or criminal jurisdiction over the following eight areas:

(1) compulsory school attendance;

(2) public assistance;

(3) domestic relations;

(4) mental illness;

(5) juvenile delinquency;

(6) adoption proceedings;

(7) dependent children; and

(8) operation of motor vehicles on public streets, alleys, roads, and highways.

After retrocession, the federal government rather than the tribe has jurisdiction over so-called major crimes committed by Indians on Indian lands. Major crimes under the federal law include homicide, assault, rape, kidnapping, arson, burglary, and robbery, among other felonies.

Over the years, seven tribes in Washington have sought and received retrocession of state jurisdiction over criminal acts by Indians committed on tribal lands. These tribes are the Quileute, Chehalis, Skokomish, Muckleshoot, Tulalip and Swinomish Tribes, and the Colville Confederated Tribes of Washington.

Tribes that remain subject to state jurisdiction may enter into arrangements with local law enforcement agencies for providing law enforcement on tribal lands. However, tribes subject to full state criminal jurisdiction are not eligible for federal money for law enforcement. Some state and local agencies have experienced financial difficulty in continuing to participate in law enforcement on tribal lands. Those tribes that have sought and obtained retrocession of state jurisdiction have become eligible for federal funding for law enforcement.

Summary of Bill:

A second, new procedure is created by which an Indian tribe may cause the state to retrocede its criminal jurisdiction over the Indians and Indian country of that tribe. Under this new retrocession procedure, the governing body of a tribe must submit a resolution to the Governor expressing its desire that the state retrocede criminal jurisdiction acquired under PL 280 and state statute. Then, within 60 days of receiving the tribal resolution, the Governor must issue a proclamation retroceding to the United States its criminal jurisdiction over the Indians and Indian country of the tribe requesting retrocession. The retrocession proclamation becomes effective only after it is accepted by a duly designated federal officer and then approved by the the Secretary of the Interior.

In addition to the federal acquisition of general criminal jurisdiction, retrocession accomplished through this procedure gives the Federal Government criminal jurisdiction over the following areas explicitly identified in state statute: compulsory school attendance; public assistance; domestic relations; mental illness; juvenile delinquency; adoption proceedings; dependent children; and the operation of motor vehicles on public streets, alleys, roads, and highways.