BILL REQ. #: H-4277.1
State of Washington | 63rd Legislature | 2014 Regular Session |
Read first time 02/17/14.
AN ACT Relating to technology-enhanced government surveillance; adding new sections to chapter 9.73 RCW; creating a new section; and prescribing penalties.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:
NEW SECTION. Sec. 1 The legislature finds that technological
advances have provided new, unique equipment that may be utilized for
surveillance purposes. These technological advances often outpace
statutory protections and can lead to inconsistent or contradictory
interpretations between jurisdictions. The legislature finds that
regardless of application or size, the use of these extraordinary
surveillance technologies, without public debate or clear legal
authority, creates uncertainty for citizens and agencies throughout
Washington state. The legislature finds that extraordinary
surveillance technologies do present a substantial privacy risk
potentially contrary to the strong privacy protections enshrined in
Article I, section 7 of the Washington state Constitution that reads
"No person shall be disturbed in his private affairs, or his home
invaded, without authority of law." The legislature further finds that
the lack of clear statutory authority for the use of extraordinary
surveillance technologies may increase liability to state and local
jurisdictions. It is the intent of the legislature to provide clear
standards for the lawful use of extraordinary surveillance technologies
by state and local jurisdictions.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 2 The definitions in this section apply
throughout this section and sections 3 through 13 of this act unless
the context clearly requires otherwise.
(1)(a) "Agency" means the state of Washington, its agencies, and
political subdivisions.
(b) "Agency" also includes any entity, whether public or private,
with which any of the entities identified in (a) of this subsection has
entered into a contractual relationship for the operation of a system
of personal information or unmanned aircraft system to accomplish an
agency function.
(2) "Biometric identification system" is a system that collects
unique physical and behavioral characteristics including, but not
limited to, biographical data, facial photographs, fingerprints, and
iris scans to identify individuals.
(3) "Court of competent jurisdiction" means any district court of
the United States or any United States court of appeals that has
jurisdiction over the offense being investigated or is located in a
district in which surveillance with the assistance of the extraordinary
sensing device will be conducted, or a court of general jurisdiction
authorized by the state of Washington to issue search warrants.
(4) "Extraordinary sensing device" means an unmanned aircraft
system.
(5) "Personal information" means all information that:
(a) Describes, locates, or indexes anything about a person
including, but not limited to, the person's social security number,
driver's license number, agency-issued identification number, student
identification number, real or personal property holdings derived from
tax returns, and the person's education, financial transactions,
medical history, ancestry, religion, political ideology, or criminal or
employment record;
(b) Affords a basis for inferring personal characteristics, such as
finger and voice prints, photographs, or things done by or to such
person; and the record of the person's presence, registration, or
membership in an organization or activity, or admission to an
institution; or
(c) Describes, locates, or indexes anything about a person
including, but not limited to, intellectual property, trade secrets,
proprietary information, or operational information.
(6)(a) "Sensing device" means a device capable of remotely
acquiring personal information from its surroundings, using any
frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(b) "Sensing device" does not include equipment whose sole function
is to provide information directly necessary for safe air navigation or
operation of a vehicle.
(7) "Unmanned aircraft system" means an aircraft that is operated
without the possibility of human intervention from within or on the
aircraft, together with associated elements, including communication
links and components that control the unmanned aircraft that are
required for the pilot in command to operate safely and efficiently in
the national airspace system.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 3 (1) Agency procurement and use of
extraordinary sensing devices for surveillance purposes must be
conducted in a transparent manner that is open to public scrutiny, as
provided in this section.
(2)(a) For the purposes of this section, "governing body" means the
council, commission, board, or other controlling body in which
legislative powers are vested, except as provided in (b) of this
subsection.
(b) For a state agency in which there is no governing body other
than the state legislature, "governing body" means the chief executive
officer responsible for the governance of the agency.
(3) An agency may not procure an extraordinary sensing device for
surveillance purposes without first obtaining explicit approval from
the agency's governing body.
(4) The governing body shall develop and make publicly available
written policies and procedures for the use of any extraordinary
sensing device procured, and provide notice and opportunity for public
comment prior to adoption of the written policies and procedures.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 4 All operations of an extraordinary sensing
device or disclosure of personal information about any person acquired
through the operation of an extraordinary sensing device must be
conducted in such a way as to minimize the collection and disclosure of
personal information not authorized under this chapter.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 5 (1) An extraordinary sensing device may be
operated and personal information from such operation disclosed in
order to collect personal information pursuant to a search warrant
issued by a court of competent jurisdiction as provided in this
section.
(2) Each petition for a search warrant from a judicial officer to
permit the use of an extraordinary sensing device and personal
information collected from such operation must be made in writing, upon
oath or affirmation, to a judicial officer in a court of competent
jurisdiction for the geographic area in which an extraordinary sensing
device is to be operated or where there is probable cause to believe
the offense for which the extraordinary sensing device is sought has
been committed, is being committed, or will be committed.
(3) The law enforcement officer shall submit an affidavit that
includes:
(a) The identity of the applicant and the identity of the agency
conducting the investigation;
(b) The identity of the individual and area for which use of the
extraordinary sensing device is being sought;
(c) Specific and articulable facts demonstrating probable cause to
believe that there has been, is, or will be criminal activity and that
the operation of the extraordinary sensing device system will uncover
evidence of such activity or facts to support the finding that there is
probable cause for issuance of a search warrant pursuant to applicable
requirements; and
(d) A statement that other methods of data collection have been
investigated and found to be either cost prohibitive or pose an
unacceptable safety risk to a law enforcement officer or to the public.
(4) If the judicial officer finds, based on the affidavit
submitted, there is probable cause to believe a crime has been
committed, is being committed, or will be committed and there is
probable cause to believe the personal information likely to be
obtained from the use of the extraordinary sensing device will be
evidence of the commission of such offense, the judicial officer may
issue a search warrant authorizing the use of the extraordinary sensing
device. The search warrant must authorize the collection of personal
information contained in or obtained from the extraordinary sensing
device, but must not authorize the use of a biometric identification
system.
(5) Warrants may not be issued for a period greater than ten days.
Extensions may be granted, but no longer than the authorizing judicial
officer deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which it was
granted and in no event for longer than thirty days.
(6) Within ten days of the execution of a search warrant, the
officer executing the warrant must serve a copy of the warrant upon the
target of the warrant, except if notice is delayed pursuant to section
6 of this act.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 6 (1) A governmental entity acting under this
section may, when a warrant is sought, include in the petition a
request, which the court shall grant, for an order delaying the
notification required under section 5(6) of this act for a period not
to exceed ninety days if the court determines that there is a reason to
believe that notification of the existence of the warrant may have an
adverse result.
(2) An adverse result for the purposes of this section is:
(a) Placing the life or physical safety of an individual in danger;
(b) Causing a person to flee from prosecution;
(c) Causing the destruction of or tampering with evidence;
(d) Causing the intimidation of potential witnesses; or
(e) Jeopardizing an investigation or unduly delaying a trial.
(3) The governmental entity shall maintain a copy of certification.
(4) Extension of the delay of notification of up to ninety days
each may be granted by the court upon application or by certification
by a governmental entity.
(5) Upon expiration of the period of delay of notification under
subsection (2) or (4) of this section, the governmental entity shall
serve a copy of the warrant upon, or deliver it by registered or first-class mail to, the target of the warrant, together with notice that:
(a) States with reasonable specificity the nature of the law
enforcement inquiry; and
(b) Informs the target of the warrant: (i) That notification was
delayed; (ii) what governmental entity or court made the certification
or determination pursuant to which that delay was made; and (iii) which
provision of this section allowed such delay.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 7 (1) It is lawful under this section for any
law enforcement officer or other public official to operate an
extraordinary sensing device and disclose personal information from
such operation if such officer reasonably determines that an emergency
situation exists that involves criminal activity and presents immediate
danger of death or serious physical injury to any person and:
(a) Requires operation of an extraordinary sensing device before a
warrant authorizing such interception can, with due diligence, be
obtained;
(b) There are grounds upon which such a warrant could be entered to
authorize such operation; and
(c) An application for a warrant providing such operation is made
within forty-eight hours after the operation has occurred or begins to
occur.
(2) In the absence of a warrant, an operation of an extraordinary
sensing device carried out under this section must immediately
terminate when the personal information sought is obtained or when the
application for the warrant is denied, whichever is earlier.
(3) In the event such application for approval is denied, the
personal information obtained from the operation of a device must be
treated as having been obtained in violation of this chapter, except
for purposes of section 12 of this act, and an inventory must be served
on the person named in the application.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 8 (1) It is lawful under this section for a
law enforcement officer, agency employee, or authorized agent to
operate an extraordinary sensing device and disclose personal
information from such operation if:
(a) An officer, employee, or agent reasonably determines that an
emergency situation exists that:
(i) Does not involve criminal activity;
(ii) Presents immediate danger of death or serious physical injury
to any person; and
(iii) Requires operation of an extraordinary sensing device to
reduce the danger of death or serious physical injury;
(b) An officer, employee, or agent reasonably determines that the
operation does not intend to collect personal information and is
unlikely to accidentally collect personal information, and such
operation is not for purposes of regulatory enforcement including, but
not limited to:
(i) Monitoring to discover, locate, observe, and prevent forest
fires;
(ii) Monitoring an environmental or weather-related catastrophe or
damage from such an event;
(iii) Surveying for wildlife management, habitat preservation, or
environmental damage; and
(iv) Surveying for the assessment and evaluation of environmental
or weather-related damage, erosion, flood, or contamination;
(c) The operation is part of a training exercise conducted on a
military base and the extraordinary sensing device does not collect
personal information on persons located outside the military base;
(d) The operation is for training and testing purposes by an agency
and does not collect personal information; or
(e) The operation is part of the response to an emergency or
disaster for which the governor has proclaimed a state of emergency
under RCW 43.06.010(12).
(2) Upon completion of the operation of an extraordinary sensing
device pursuant to this section, any personal information obtained must
be treated as information collected on an individual other than a
target for purposes of section 11 of this act.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 9 An unmanned aircraft system may not be
utilized for the purposes of investigation or enforcement of regulatory
violations or noncompliance until the legislature has adopted
legislation specifically permitting such use.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 10 Whenever any personal information from an
extraordinary sensing device has been acquired, no part of such
personal information and no evidence derived therefrom may be received
in evidence in any trial, hearing, or other proceeding in or before any
court, grand jury, department, officer, agency, regulatory body,
legislative committee, or other authority of the state or a political
subdivision thereof if the collection or disclosure of that personal
information would be in violation of this chapter.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 11 Personal information collected during the
operation of an extraordinary sensing device authorized by and
consistent with this chapter may not be used, copied, or disclosed for
any purpose after conclusion of the operation, unless there is probable
cause that the personal information is evidence of criminal activity.
Personal information must be deleted as soon as possible after there is
no longer probable cause that the personal information is evidence of
criminal activity; this must be within thirty days if the personal
information was collected on the target of a warrant authorizing the
operation of the extraordinary sensing device, and within ten days for
other personal information collected incidentally to the operation of
an extraordinary sensing device otherwise authorized by and consistent
with this chapter. There is a presumption that personal information is
not evidence of criminal activity if that personal information is not
used in a criminal prosecution within one year of collection.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 12 Any person who knowingly violates this
chapter is subject to legal action for damages, to be brought by any
other person claiming that a violation of this chapter has injured his
or her business, his or her person, or his or her reputation. A person
so injured is entitled to actual damages and reasonable attorneys' fees
and other costs of litigation.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 13 (1) For any calendar year in which an
agency has procured or used an extraordinary sensing device, the agency
must prepare an annual report. The report must be made publicly
available electronically and must, at a minimum, include the following:
(a) The types of extraordinary sensing devices procured and used,
the purposes for which each type of extraordinary sensing device was
procured and used, the circumstances under which use was authorized,
and the name of the officer or official who authorized the use;
(b) Whether deployment of the device was perceptible to the public;
(c) The specific kinds of personal information that the
extraordinary sensing device collected;
(d) The length of time for which any personal information collected
by the extraordinary sensing device was retained;
(e) The specific steps taken to mitigate the impact on an
individual's privacy, including protections against unauthorized use
and disclosure and adoption of a data minimization protocol; and
(f) An individual point of contact for citizen complaints and
concerns.
(2)(a) Each agency, except as provided in (b) of this subsection,
must submit to the agency's governing body the annual report for the
previous calendar year by March 1st, beginning in 2015.
(b) In the case of state agencies with no governing body other than
the legislature, the annual reports must be filed electronically with
the office of financial management, who must compile the results and
submit them electronically to the legislature by September 1st of each
year, beginning in 2015.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 14 Sections 2 through 13 of this act are each
added to chapter 9.73 RCW and codified with the subchapter heading of
"extraordinary sensing devices."
NEW SECTION. Sec. 15 If any provision of this act or its
application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the
remainder of the act or the application of the provision to other
persons or circumstances is not affected.