Background: Preemployment Inquiries and Ads. Job applicants with arrests or criminal backgrounds may face barriers to employment. Some employers ask job applicants about arrests and convictions and exclude those applicants from the interview process. Some employers post employment ads stating that felons or those with criminal backgrounds should not apply.

Washington State Law Against Discrimination (WLAD). Under the WLAD, a person has the right to be free from discrimination related to a protected status, such as race, national origin, sex, veteran or military status, sexual orientation, and disability. An employer may not discriminate against a person because of the person's protected status. WLAD applies to employers that employ eight or more employees, but does not apply to any religious or sectarian organization not organized for private profit.

Taking certain actions because of a protected status are considered unfair practices. With respect to employers, these practices include:

refusing to hire the person;
discharging or barring the person from employment;
discriminating against the person in compensation or in other conditions; or
circulating any statement, ad, or using any application form, or making any inquiry regarding prospective employment, expressing any limitation, or discrimination.

There are limited exceptions related to bona fide occupational qualifications and other circumstances.

Human Rights Commission (HRC) Rules. Under WLAD, the HRC has issued, in rule, a pre-employment inquiry guide, which gives certain examples of fair and unfair inquiries related to job applicants. Under the rules, employers and employment agencies must comply with the rules except when there is:

a bona fide occupational qualification;
a voluntary affirmative action; or
a federal law or regulation requirement.

If one or more of the above conditions apply, the inquiries must be accompanied by a written explanation of their purpose.

Arrests and Convictions. The HRC rule provides fair and unfair pre-employment inquiries related to arrests and convictions. Under the fair pre-employment inquiries, the rule provides that because statistical studies regarding arrests have shown a disparate impact on some racial and ethnic minorities, and an arrest by itself is not a reliable indication of criminal behavior, inquiries concerning arrests must include whether charges are still pending, have been dismissed, or led to conviction of a crime involving behavior that would adversely affect job performance, and whether the arrest occurred within the last ten years. Any inquiry that does not meet these requirements is considered an unfair pre-employment inquiry. With respect to convictions, inquiries concerning convictions, or imprisonment, are considered to be justified by business necessity if the crimes inquired about relate reasonably to the job duties, and if such convictions, or release from prison, occurred within the last ten years. Inquiries that do not meet these requirements are not considered justified by business necessity and are considered unfair pre-employment inquiries.

Exemptions. Law enforcement agencies and state agencies, school districts, businesses and other organizations that have a direct responsibility for the supervision, care, or treatment of children, mentally ill persons, developmentally disabled persons, or other vulnerable adults are exempt from these rules.

Other States and Seattle Ordinance. At least 24 states have adopted laws that limit an employer's ability to inquire into a job applicant's criminal history during the application stage. There are several local jurisdictions that have adopted similar policies. For example, Seattle's ordinance, which went into effect in 2013, limits criminal history questions on job applications and criminal background checks until after an employer conducts an initial screening to eliminate unqualified applicants.

Summary of Bill: Washington Fair Chance Act (Act). Under the Act, an employer may not:

include any question on any employment application, inquire either orally or in writing, receive information through a criminal history background check, or otherwise obtain information about an applicant's criminal record until after the employer initially determines that the applicant is otherwise qualified for the position;
advertise employment openings in a way that excludes people with criminal records from applying such as ads that state no felons or no criminal background; or
implement any policy or practice that automatically or categorically excludes individuals with a criminal record from consideration prior to an initial determination of qualification.

After the initial qualification determination, the employer may inquire into or obtain information about a criminal record. Definitions are provided.

Exemptions. Exemptions apply with respect to:

hiring for a position with unsupervised access to a minor or a vulnerable adult or person;
permitted or required inquiries, including by a financial institution, under any federal or state law;
certain law enforcement or criminal justice agencies; and
a nonemployee volunteer.

Limitations. The Act may not be interpreted, applied, or construed:

to interfere with collective bargaining agreements;
to diminish or conflict with requirements of state or federal law, including the Civil Rights Act; the federal and state Fair Credit Reporting Acts; and regarding unsupervised access to children or vulnerable persons;
as imposing an employer obligation to provide accommodations or job modifications for an applicant or employee with a criminal record or who is facing pending criminal charges;
to discourage or prohibit an employer from adopting more protective policies;
to interfere with local governments provided greater protections; or
to create a private right of action to seek damages or remedies of any kind.

The Act provides exclusive remedies.

Attorney General's Office (AGO) Enforcement. The AGO has the authority to:

investigate violations on its own initiative or in response to complaints;
educate the public about compliance with the Act;
adopt rules including specifying penalties; and
pursue administrative sanctions or a lawsuit for penalties, costs, and attorneys' fees.

The AGO must use a stepped enforcement approach, by first educating violators, then warning them, and then taking action, including legal and administrative. Maximum penalties are:

a notice of violation and offer of agency assistance for the first violation;
up to $750 for the second violation; and
up to $1,000 for each subsequent violation.

Severability and Conflict Provisions. There is a severability clause. Also, if there is a conflict with requirements that are a prescribed condition to an allocation of federal funds to the state, the conflicting part of the Act is generally inoperative and rules adopted must meet federal requirements for the receipt of federal funds.

Staff Summary of Public Testimony: PRO: The bill makes sure people get a fair chance. A man was 18 when he drank too much, stole candy from a machine, and put graffiti on a wall. Now he cannot get in the door and he just want a chance to tell his story. People want to be able to support their families. There is no mandate on hiring someone with a criminal background. The House bill without the preemption is better. We should not encapsulate someone's life into a box. A question about criminal background has a range of behavior and people assume the worst of the range. This is the top priority for the Statewide Reentry Council. I had a criminal background and got to serve in the Obama White House because of a change in policy but had trouble finding housing. If people cannot get a job, it drives them into the underground economy. Incarceration rates have increased, while crime has decreased. The stigma of a criminal record causes problems. People have skills and want to contribute. More than a dozen states and a number of local governments ban the box. All students deserve equal opportunities. Ban the box reduces recidivism.

CON: The passage rate in the House went down from last year. Only ten states ban the box for the private sector and one-half exclude small businesses. Small businesses often do not have an HR person. The owners have to do the hiring. There should be an amendment that excludes businesses that can prove that there is a criminal background requirement for certain licenses or bonding. This avoids false hope for the applicant and wasted time.

OTHER: The securities industry needs a specific exemption. Eight of the ten states have exemptions for the securities industry. FINRA requires all applicants to complete a 40 page application. The bill change would require violations of the application requirement.