In 2021 the Legislature enacted a standard for the use of force by peace officers.  Under this standard, a peace officer may use physical force against another person when necessary to protect against criminal conduct where there is probable cause to make an arrest; effect an arrest; prevent an escape offense; or protect against an imminent threat of bodily injury to the peace officer, another person, or the person against whom force is being used.

A peace officer may use deadly force against another person only when necessary to protect against an imminent threat of serious physical injury or death to the officer or another person.  As the terms relate to the use of deadly force:

• "necessary" means that, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonably effective alternative to the use of deadly force does not exist, and the amount of force used was a reasonable and proportional response to the threat posed to the officer and others;
• "imminent threat of serious physical injury or death" means that, based on the totality of the circumstances, it is objectively reasonable to believe that a person has the resent and apparent ability, opportunity, and intent to immediately cause death or serious bodily injury to the peace office or another person; and
• "totality of the circumstances" means all facts known to the peace officer leading up to and at the time of the use of force and includes the actions of the person against whom the peace officer uses such force, and the actions of the peace officer.

A peace officer must use reasonable care when determining whether and when to use physical force.  The peace officer must:

• when possible, exhaust available appropriate de-escalation tactics prior to using any physical force;
• when using physical force, use the least amount of physical force necessary to overcome resistance under the circumstances, which includes a consideration of the characteristics and conditions of the person for determining the appropriate and least amount of force possible to effect a lawful purpose;
• terminate the use of physical force as soon as the necessity for such force ends;
• when possible, use available and appropriate less lethal alternatives before using deadly force; and
• make less lethal alternatives issued to the officer reasonably available for use.

Consistent with the standard for the use of physical force and the standard for reasonable care, by July 1, 2022, the attorney general must develop and publish model policies on use of force and de-escalation.  By December 1, 2022, all law enforcement agencies must adopt policies consistent with the model policies and submit copies of the applicable policies to the attorney general.  If an agency did not adopt policies consistent with the model policies, the agency must provide notice to the attorney general stating the reasons for any departures from the model policies and an explanation of how the agency's policies are consistent with the standards for use of physical force and reasonable care.  If, after December 1, 2022, a law enforcement agency modifies or repeals any policies pertaining to the use of force or de-escalation tactics, the agency shall submit notice of such action with copies of any relevant policies to the attorney general within 60 days.

The standards for when a peace officer may use physical force are amended.  Along with the situations listed above, a peace officer may use physical force against a person to the extent necessary to:

• take a person into custody, transport a person for evaluation or treatment, or provide other assistance relating to mental health crisis;
• take a minor into protective custody when authorized or directed by statute;
• execute or enforce a court order authorizing or directing a peace officer to take a person into custody;
• execute a search warrant; or
• execute or enforce an oral directive issued by a judicial officer in the courtroom or a written order where the court expressly authorizes a peace officer to use physical force to execute or enforce the directive or order.

The standard for the use of deadly force is amended.  A peace officer may use deadly force against another person only when necessary to protect against an immediate threat of serious physical injury or death to the officer or another person.  "Immediate threat of serious physical injury or death" means that, based on the totality of the circumstances, it is objectively reasonable to believe that a person has the present and apparent ability, opportunity, and intent to immediately cause death or serious bodily injury to the peace officer or another person.  The standard for reasonable care is amended and made applicable to the use of both physical force and deadly force.  A peace officer must, when possible, use all de-escalation tactics that are available and appropriate under the circumstances before using physical force. The list of de-escalation tactics in the standard for reasonable care are removed and replaced.

"De-escalation tactics" are defined as actions used by a peace officer that are intended to minimize the likelihood of the need to use force during an incident.

Depending on the circumstances, de-escalation tactics may include, but are not limited to:

• using clear instructions and verbal persuasion;
• attempting to slow down or stabilize the situation so that more time, options, and resources are available to resolve the incident;
• creating physical distance by employing tactical repositioning to maintain the benefit of time, distance, and cover;
• when there are multiple officers, designating one officer to communicate to avoid competing commands; and
• requesting and using available support and resources, such as a crisis intervention team, a designated crisis responder or other behavioral health professional, or back-up officers.

A peace officer must use less lethal alternatives that are available and appropriate under the circumstances before using deadly force.

The standard for reasonable care does not limit or restrict a peace officer's authority or responsibility to perform lifesaving measures or perform community caretaking functions to protect health and safety, and specifying that the standard does not prevent a peace officer from responding to requests for assistance or service by specified individuals and members of the public.  The standard of reasonable care does not permit a peace officer to use physical force or deadly force in a manner or under such circumstances that would violate the United States Constitution or the Washington State Constitution.