Court interpreters interpret in court proceedings for participants, such as a witness or defendant, who speak or understand little or no English. They interpret in both criminal and civil cases with a wide range of possible subjects.
Credentialing.
The Washington Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) is required, subject to the availability of funds, to establish and administer a comprehensive testing and certification program for language interpreters. Additionally, state law directs the AOC to: (1) cooperate with community colleges and other private or public educational institutions, and with other public or private organizations to establish a certification preparation curriculum and suitable training programs to ensure the availability of certified interpreters; (2) establish and adopt standards of proficiency, written and oral, in English and the language to be interpreted; (3) conduct periodic examinations to ensure the availability of certified interpreters; and (4) compile, maintain, and disseminate a current list of interpreters certified by the office. The AOC is authorized to charge reasonable fees for testing, training, and certification.
The AOC's Court Interpreter Program oversees the training and testing of certified and registered spoken language interpreters, channels state funding to trial courts for the provision of interpreter services, and provides staffing and support to the Interpreter and Language Access Commission.
The AOC recognizes two kinds of credentialed interpreters: certified and registered. Whether someone is a certified interpreter or registered interpreter depends on the language they interpret for. To become a certified or registered interpreter, the applicant must pass a written and oral examination and complete orientation, ethics, and protocol training.
Once an interpreter is certified or registered, they must take an oath affirming they will make a true interpretation to the person being examined of all proceedings in a language which the person understands and repeat the statements of the person being examined to the court or agency conducting the proceedings, in the English language, to the best of their skill and judgment. The AOC is required to maintain a list of certified and registered interpreters and record of each interpreter's oath.
All language interpreters serving in a legal proceeding must abide by a code of ethics established by Supreme Court rule.
Appointment.
Whenever an interpreter is appointed to assist a non-English-speaking person in a legal proceeding, the appointing authority must appoint a certified or a qualified interpreter, unless the person makes a written waiver. A "qualified interpreter" is a person who is able readily to interpret or translate spoken and written English for non-English-speaking persons and to interpret or translate oral or written statements of non-English-speaking persons into spoken English.
The appointing authority must appoint an interpreter who has been certified by the AOC, unless good cause exists to appoint a non-certified interpreter. Good cause includes scenarios where a certified interpreter is not reasonably available or the AOC does not offer certification in a relevant language.
If good cause exists for appointing a non-certified interpreter or if a qualified interpreter is appointed, the appointing authority must make a preliminary determination that the proposed interpreter is able to interpret accurately all communications in the proceeding. The appointing authority must satisfy itself on the record that the proposed interpreter is capable of communicating effectively with the court or agency, and the person for whom the interpreter would interpret, and that the proposed interpreter has read, understands, and will abide by the code of ethics for language interpreters.
Before an interpreter begins to interpret, they must state their name on the record and whether they are a certified or registered interpreter. If the interpreter is not a certified or registered interpreter, they must submit their qualifications on the record, and take the same oath required of certified and registered interpreters.
Costs.
Court interpreters are entitled to a reasonable fee for their services and must be reimbursed for actual reasonable expenses. Whether the cost of a court interpreter is borne by the government or individual depends on the nature of the proceeding and other factors.
In all legal proceedings in which the non-English-speaking person is a party, or is subpoenaed or summoned by the appointing authority or is otherwise compelled by the appointing authority to appear, including criminal proceedings, grand jury proceedings, coroner's inquests, mental health commitment proceedings, and other legal proceedings initiated by agencies of government, the cost of providing the interpreter shall be borne by the governmental body initiating the legal proceedings.
In other legal proceedings, the cost of providing the interpreter shall be borne by the non-English-speaking person unless such person is indigent according to adopted standards of the body. In such a case the cost shall be an administrative cost of the governmental body under the authority of which the legal proceeding is conducted.
Additionally, the AOC must reimburse an appointing authority for up to half of the cost of payment to an interpreter when certain conditions are met. Subject to the availability of funds that have been specifically appropriated for this purpose, the AOC must reimburse the appointing authority for up to one-half of the payment to the interpreter where an interpreter is appointed by a judicial officer in a proceeding before a court at public expense and: (1) the interpreter appointed is an interpreter certified by the AOC or is a qualified interpreter registered by the AOC in a non-certified language, or where the necessary language is not certified or registered, the interpreter has been qualified by the judicial officer pursuant to this chapter; (2) the court conducting the legal proceeding has an approved language assistance plan that complies with state law; and (3) the fee paid to the interpreter for services is in accordance with standards established by the AOC.
Waiver.
The right to a qualified interpreter may not be waived except when a non-English-speaking person requests a waiver, and the appointing authority determines on the record that the waiver has been made knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Waiver of a qualified interpreter may be set aside and an interpreter appointed, in the discretion of the appointing authority, at any time during the proceedings.
Language Plans.
Trial courts are required to develop a written language assistance plan to provide interpreter services for non-English-speaking persons accessing the court system in both civil and criminal legal matters. Each language plan must include procedures or processes for identifying and assessing language needs; appointing interpreters; notifying court users of the right to an interpreter and the availability of interpreter services in five languages; providing timely communication and meaningful access; evaluating translation needs; training judges, clerks, and staff; and evaluating and monitoring language access plans. Language plans may not require non-English-speaking persons to make arrangements for an interpreter to appear in court.
In developing a language access plan, courts must consult with judges, administrators, court clerks, interpreters, and community members.
Each court must provide a copy of its language assistance plan to the interpreter commission established by Supreme Court rule for approval prior to receiving state reimbursement for interpreter costs. Additionally, each court receiving reimbursement for interpreter costs must provide the AOC with specified information regarding interpreter services by November 15, 2009.
Defects and Omissions in the Law.
The Washington Constitution and state law require courts to identify and report on defects and omissions in the laws. The 2023 letter from the Chief Justice of the Washington Supreme Court on defects and omissions in the law identifies several statutory provisions that have been found unconstitutional by Washington or federal courts, or whose validity is in question based on court decisions, and that still remain codified in Washington law. When a statute is found unconstitutional, it is no longer valid or enforceable, but it remains in the law until the Legislature removes the unconstitutional provision by amendment or repeal of the statute.
Among other statutes, the 2023 letter identifies three sections of the revised code relating to the appointment of qualified interpreters for hearing-impaired persons, each of which have been found unconstitutional by the courts:
In Patrice v. Murphy (1998), the Washington Supreme Court found RCW 2.42.120(4) and (5) to be unconstitutional because these provisions were attached to an unrelated bill in violation of the subject-in-title and anti-logrolling requirements of the Washington State Constitution. In State v. Harris (1999), the Washington Court of Appeals found RCW 2.42.120(3) to be unconstitutional on the same grounds articulated in Patrice.
Defined Terms.
The term "credentialed interpreter" replaces existing references to certified and registered interpreters. "Credentialed interpreter" is defined as an interpreter who is credentialed by the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) in a spoken language. The definitions of the terms "certified interpreter," "qualified interpreter," and "registered interpreter" are removed.
The term "Person with limited English proficiency" replaces the term "Non-English-speaking person." "Person with limited English proficiency" means a person involved in a legal proceeding who cannot readily speak or understand the English language, but does not include deaf, deaf-blind, and hard of hearing individuals who are covered under chapter 2.42 RCW.
The definition of "legal proceeding" is modified to include any proceeding in any court, and in any type of hearing before a judicial officer, an administrative law judge, or before an administrative board, commission, agency, or licensing body of the state or any political subdivision.
The term "judicial or presiding officer" replaces existing references to "appointing authority." Definitions for the terms "judicial officer" and "language access plan" are added.
Credentialing.
After obtaining an interpreter credential from the AOC, the credentialed interpreter must take a permanent oath, affirming they will make a true interpretation of all proceedings, and repeat the statements of the person with limited English proficiency to the court or agency conducting the proceeding, in the English language, to the best of their skill and judgment.
The AOC must: (1) subject to the availability of funds, establish and maintain a credentialing program for spoken language interpreters and administer comprehensive testing; (2) maintain a list of credentialed interpreters and record of their oaths; and (3) work with public or private educational institutions and other organizations to establish suitable training programs and engage in recruitment efforts to ensure the availability of credentialed interpreters.
The AOC may create different credentials and provide guidance for the selection and use of credentialed and non-credentialed interpreters.
All language interpreters serving in a legal proceeding must abide by a code of professional responsibility for judiciary interpreters established by Supreme Court rule.
Appointment.
Credentialed interpreters must be appointed in all legal proceedings involving persons with limited English proficiency, unless good cause is found on the record for appointing a non-credentialed interpreter.
Before appointing a non-credentialed interpreter, the judicial or presiding officer must determine the proposed interpreter is able to interpret accurately all communications to and from the person with limited English proficiency.
For all interpreters, the judicial or presiding officer must find on the record that: (1) the proposed interpreter is capable of communicating effectively in English and in the non-English language, unless they are relay interpreting between two non-English languages, in which case they are not required to communicate in English; (2) the proposed interpreter has read, understands, and will abide by the code of professional responsibility for judiciary interpreters; and (3) the person with limited English proficiency can understand the interpreter. If the proposed interpreter does not meet these criteria, another interpreter must be used.
Courts must appoint a team of interpreters when required to do so by Supreme Court rule.
Costs.
In all legal proceedings and court-mandated classes in which the person with limited English proficiency is a party, is subpoenaed or summoned, are parents, guardians, or custodians of a juvenile, or is compelled to appear, the person with limited English proficiency is not responsible for the cost of the interpreter.
Subject to the availability of funds specifically appropriated for this purpose, the AOC must reimburse a participating state court for language access services costs in accordance with the terms of agreement established by the AOC and agreed to by the participating state court.
Waiver.
A request to waive the right to an interpreter must be made on the record. The waiver of the right to an interpreter does not preclude a person with limited English proficiency from exercising the right to an interpreter at a later time.
Language Plans.
Trial courts must develop and maintain a written language access plan to provide a framework for the provision of language access services. Courts may use a template developed by the AOC in developing their language access plan. The AOC must provide technical assistance to trial courts in developing language access plans.
Each language access plan must include procedures or processes for: identifying and providing for language needs; requesting and appointing interpreters; notifying court users of the right to an interpreter and the availability of interpreter services in five or more languages other than English that predominate in the jurisdiction; providing timely communication and effective access; evaluating translation needs; training judges, clerks, and staff; and evaluating and monitoring language access plans.
In developing a language access plan, courts must consult with court staff in addition to judges, administrators, clerks, interpreters, and community members.
Beginning on January 1, 2025, courts must submit their most recent language access plan to the AOC every two years. Each court must provide a copy of its language access plan in accordance with criteria established by the Interpreter and Language Access Commission for approval prior to receiving state reimbursement for interpreter costs.
Each court must make available on its website translated information regarding access to the court's language access services and programs, and such information must be provided in five or more languages other than English that predominate in the jurisdiction.
Defects and Omissions in the Law.
An interpreter statute identified in the 2023 letter from the Chief Justice of the Washington Supreme Court regarding defects and omissions in the law is amended to remove the following subsections that have been found unconstitutional by the courts: