The Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act.
A federal law known as the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA) prohibits certain legal actions against specific entities engaged in firearms-related commerce. Specifically, the law bars any civil action or proceeding, or an administrative proceeding, brought by any person against a manufacturer or seller of a qualifying firearm, ammunition, or component part shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, or a trade association, if the action or proceeding seeks damages, punitive damages, injunctive or declaratory relief, abatement, restitution, fines, or penalties, or other relief, that results from the criminal or unlawful misuse of a qualified product by the person or a third party.
The foregoing restriction is subject to several exceptions. Among other claims, PLCAA does not bar actions in which a manufacturer or seller of a qualified product knowingly violated a state or federal statute applicable to the sale or marketing of the product, if the violation was a proximate cause of the harm for which relief is sought.
Public Nuisance.
State law provides that public nuisance is actionable under both criminal and civil law. In relevant part, nuisance consists of unlawfully doing an act, or omitting to perform a duty, which act or omission either annoys, injures, or endangers the comfort, repose, health, or safety of others, or in any way renders other persons insecure in life, or in the use of property.
A nuisance rises to the level of a criminal public nuisance if it affects a considerable number of persons, even if the extent of damage is unequal. Committing, maintaining, or refusing to remove a public nuisance constitutes a misdemeanor. For civil purposes, a nuisance constitutes a public nuisance if it affects equally the rights of an entire community or neighborhood, although the extent of the damage may be unequal.
Authorized remedies against a public nuisance include criminal prosecution, a civil action, and abatement. Any private person may maintain a civil action for a public nuisance, if it is specially injurious to himself or herself, but not otherwise.
The Consumer Protection Act.
The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) prohibits unfair methods of competition, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in trade or commerce. If a person is injured in their business or property by a violation of the CPA, the person may bring a civil action to enjoin further violations and recover actual damages, costs, and reasonable attorney's fees. In addition, the court may award treble damages up to $25,000. The Attorney General may also bring an action in the name of the state or on behalf of persons residing in the state, against any person to enjoin violations of the CPA and obtain restitution. The Attorney General may also seek civil penalties up to the statutorily authorized maximums against any person who violates the CPA.
Firearm Industry Member Duties.
Firearm industry members are prohibited from engaging in certain acts:
Additionally, firearm industry members are required to establish specific controls and take specific precautions:
"Reasonable controls" means reasonable procedures, safeguards, and business practices, including but not limited to screening, security, and inventory practices, that are designed and implemented to: (1) prevent the sale or distribution of a firearm industry product to a straw purchaser, a firearm trafficker, a person prohibited from possessing a firearm under state or federal law, or a person who the firearm industry member has reasonable cause to believe is at substantial risk of using a firearm industry product to harm themselves or unlawfully harm another, or of unlawfully possessing or using a firearm industry product; (2) prevent the loss of a firearm industry product or theft of a firearm industry product from a firearm industry member; and (3) ensure that the firearm industry member complies with all provisions of state and federal law and does not otherwise promote the unlawful sale, manufacture, distribution, importing, possession, marketing, or use of a firearm industry product.
Public Nuisance.
A violation of the foregoing duties is classified as a public nuisance. A firearm industry member's conduct in violation of this act constitutes a proximate cause of the public nuisance if the harm is a reasonably foreseeable effect of the conduct, notwithstanding any intervening actions, including but not limited to criminal actions by third parties.
Consumer Protection Act.
The Legislature finds that the acts or practices covered by this section are matters vitally affecting the public interest for the purpose of applying the Consumer Protection Act (CPA). A violation of this act is not reasonable in relation to the development and preservation of business and is an unfair or deceptive act in trade or commerce and an unfair method of competition for the purpose of applying the CPA.
Investigation and Enforcement by the Attorney General.
Whenever the Attorney General believes a person may have information or knowledge relevant to an investigation of a possible violation of this act, the Attorney General may execute and serve a civil investigative demand requiring such person to produce documents, permit inspection and copying, answer written interrogatories, and give oral testimony, subject to the limits of the statute governing civil investigative demands.
Any person or entity that receives a civil investigative demand and objects to answering in whole or in part may file in Superior Court a petition to extend the time to respond or to modify or set aside a demand.
The Attorney General is prohibited from sharing with a law enforcement agency conducting a criminal investigation any materials or information obtained through a civil investigative demand, unless disclosure is required by a search warrant.
Whenever it appears to the Attorney General that a firearm industry member has violated the requirements of this act, the Attorney General may commence an action to seek and obtain any remedies available for violations of the state laws governing nuisance claims. Additionally, the Attorney General may seek and obtain punitive damages up to three times the actual damages sustained by the state, reasonable attorneys' fees, and the costs of the action.
Legal Actions.
To prevail in an action under this act, the party seeking relief is not required to demonstrate that the firearm industry member acted with the purpose to engage in a public nuisance or otherwise cause harm to the public.
The bill contains multiple savings clauses:
Defined Terms.
The bill defines a number of terms including the following:
The amended bill contains an additional savings clause noting the portions of the bill authorizing the Attorney General to investigate violations and bring legal actions should not be interpreted to deny, abrogate, limit, or impair private rights of action to enforce the bill's restrictions, either through a claim for nuisance or under the Consumer Protection Act. Additionally, the amendment modifies the bill's other savings clauses to use similar wording, and limits one of the savings clauses to the Attorney General.
(In support) This bill is an attempt to have participants in the firearm industry, including manufacturers and retailers, become significantly interested in reducing and preventing gun violence. It creates a duty to impose reasonable controls, including background checks, enforcing laws on prohibited purchasers and firearms, requirements to track inventory, taking basic steps to prevent sales to straw purchasers and those at risk of harming themself or others, and creating a tool for enforcement against industry members who fail to use reasonable controls. No single firearm safety measure will be completely effective but taken together a web of measures can help protect the entire community.
Public nuisance law has a long tradition in Washington going back to the territorial days. The idea of nuisance law is that those who produce or sell dangerous products have a responsibility to keep the community safe. The interaction of nuisance and firearms is longstanding. One of the earliest uses of public nuisance law was for gunpowder manufacture and storage. Gunpowder was fundamental to the exercise of the constitutional right to bear arms. There is a long and consistent history of the exercise of firearm rights imposing some risks to community safety that need to be balanced.
The experience of other states with similar laws, such as Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and California, shows that lawsuits are rare and firearm industry participants have not been wiped out. The firearm industry complies to ensure they are doing their part.
Parents of children killed by gun violence support the bill. Firearms are not toys. Industry members must take accountability and responsibility for the victims of gun violence. Guns are getting into the hands of people who are not licensed or who have mental health issues. There is a strong correlation between weak gun laws and more deaths, including homicides and accidental killing. This bill will help ensure firearm sales and marketing in Washington are in sync with the state's laws, ensure the gun industry complies with lawful business practices, and allow Washingtonians to hold gun industry members accountable for misconduct.
While most firearm industry members operate responsibly, they need to be held accountable when their practices allow firearms to get into unlawful hands. The firearms industry should be treated like any other whose products can be misused, such as industries that produce pharmaceuticals or toxic chemicals.
The Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act shields irresponsible individuals from accountability. But that law invites states to pass their own laws to regulate firearms. Lawsuits brought against manufacturers of weapons used in mass shootings seeking to hold the industry responsible for their reckless and irresponsible marketing have been dismissed because of the immunity granted by federal law and some state laws. These laws make it impossible to obtain discovery and investigate wrongdoing, and to hold industry members responsible for their negligence and recklessness. Immunity is inconsistent with the ideal that everyone should be able to have their day in court and hold corporations responsible. This immunity is unique to the gun industry, leaves the industry unchecked, and has contributed to violence and ruined lives. This bill will encourage the firearm industry to rethink its irresponsible sales and strategies.
This legislation could be strengthened. The House should restore a private right of action for individuals who suffer harm. People who have suffered harm should be able to seek justice against irresponsible industry members. There will be no tidal wave of litigation because most industry members comply with the law.
(Opposed) Firearm dealers operate lawfully, are very familiar with state and federal regulations, and teach responsible firearm use. Existing laws cover background checks, processing, and identifying purchasers. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives already strictly controls dealers, and does a good job of making sure dealers follow the laws.
The hunting community is responsible for a wildlife success story that makes Washington the envy of the world. Hunters contribute to ecosystem support, funding government, and supporting the local economy. Instead of acknowledging this success, the Legislature is discussing its destruction. This bill will crater the sporting community.
It is damaging, hurtful, and unfair to label industry members a public nuisance. Some industry members are active participants in their communities, donate to charities, promote firearm safety, care more about people than money, work towards suicide prevention and awareness, and provide firearm storage for any seeking it.
This bill will result in frivolous lawsuits against industry members, turn the law on its head, and hold the industry responsible for the illegal acts of others. Industry members cannot foresee how a weapon will be misused. When a child is tragically killed in a car accident, the state does not blame the car manufacturer or dealership; instead, the driver is held accountable.
The bill is directed at destroying the firearm industry and provides the Attorney General with the tools to conduct a witch hunt and force the industry out of existence. This law will allow the state to target and bankrupt firearm industry members with no evidence of wrongdoing or malice. This bill will decimate the industry, result in excessive liability insurance, and businesses outside the state will refuse to do business in Washington for fear of litigation. Without a firearm industry, Washingtonians will not have access to firearms.
This bill will increase costs for industry members, who will face increased insurance premiums. At least one dealer is already paying over $18,000 per year for insurance.
The recent rise in crime has resulted in many new customers, including women, shopping for self-defense.
This law is a blatant violation of the Constitution and federal law. Even setting aside the Supreme Court's decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen and the lack of any history of holding the firearm industry accountable for the acts of others, the Supreme Court has already rejected the argument that firearm rights can be balanced away in the interest of public safety. A similar law targeting the firearm industry in New Jersey has been enjoined. The legal threshold for obtaining a preliminary injunction is high, but it was granted. There is no advantage to the economic disruption this bill will cause when it will simply be found unconstitutional. The costs of litigation will merely be imposed on the taxpayers.
The practices this bill targets are already illegal. Making them unlawful again will not change anything. Current laws allow the state to address gun violence, but the Attorney General is choosing not to prosecute.
The majority opposes this bill. Gun owners are tired of the repeated infringements the Legislature has imposed on them year after year.