Railroad Classifications. There are more than 560 freight railroads in three classification levels that operate nationwide. The United States Department of Transportation's Surface Transportation Board classifies types of railroads by carrier operating revenue, annually adjusted for inflation. Most railroad lines are owned and managed by holding companies, however, some are stand-alone railroads, leased lines, or publicly owned by a state, public port, or local jurisdiction.
Class I railroads:
Class I railroads operating in Washington include Burlington Northern and Santa Fe—1400 miles, 44 percent of the rail system—and Union Pacific —500 miles, 16 percent.
Class II railroads:
There is one class II railroad operating in Washington which is located at the Spokane interchange.
Class III railroads, also known as short lines:
There are 27 short line railroads operating in Washington with over 1400 miles of track, which constitute approximately 40 percent of the rail system. Some railroads of this class operating in Washington are:
Washington State Short Line Rail Inventory and Needs Assessment. In 2015, the Legislature directed the Washington Department of Transportation to create an inventory and needs assessment on short line rail in the state. The report found that much of the existing short line rail system did not meet the state's current or future capacity and velocity needs for efficient operations. It was updated in 2021 with similar findings.
Federal and State Funding for Short Lines. The United States Department of Transportation offers several grant programs and one business tax credit worth over $176 billion, available to railroads, including short lines. The Legislature appropriated $19.54 million in the 2021-23 biennium for four freight rail improvement preservation projects that benefit short lines.
The Department of Transportation provides two programs to improve rail systems in the state. The Freight Rail Investment Bank provides loans for building new or improving existing rail infrastructure for the public sector only. A total of $5.08 million is available for loans in 2021-23 biennium. The Freight Rail Assistance Program provides grants to private and public sector railroads, rail shippers or receivers, and port districts for rehabilitation, infrastructure preservation, and economic development. For the 2021-23 biennium, a total of $7.04 million is available for grants.
However, for the 2021-23 biennium, requests for grants and loans in both programs have exceeded available moneys.
Business and Occupation Tax. Washington's major business tax is the business and occupation (B&O) tax. The B&O tax is imposed on the gross receipts of business activities conducted within the state, without any deduction for the costs of doing business. Revenues are deposited in the State General Fund. There are several rate categories, and a business may be subject to more than one B&O tax rate, depending on the types of activities conducted. Current law authorizes multiple exemptions, deductions, and credits to reduce the B&O tax liability for specific taxpayers and business industries.
Retail Sales and Use Tax. Retail sales taxes are imposed on retail sales of most articles of tangible personal property, digital products, and some services. A retail sale is a sale to the final consumer or end user of the property, digital product, or service. If retail sales taxes were not collected when the user acquired the property, digital products, or services, then use tax applies to the value of property, digital product, or service when used in this state. The state, all counties, and all cities levy retail sales and use taxes. Some other local government entities and special purpose districts also impose sales and use taxes for specific purposes. The state sales and use tax rate is 6.5 percent; local sales and use tax rates vary from 0.5 percent to 3.9 percent, depending on the location.
Public Utility Tax. The public utilities tax (PUT) is a tax on public service businesses, including businesses that engage in transportation, communications, and the supply of energy, natural gas, and water. The tax is in lieu of the B&O tax. There are different rates, depending on the specific utility activity. Railroads, railroad car companies, motor transportation, and all other public service businesses are taxed at 1.926 percent. Most of the funds are distributed into the State General Fund. A portion provides financial assistance to local governments for maintenance of public works facilities.
Tax Preferences. All new tax preference legislation is required to include a tax preference performance statement. The performance statement must clearly specify the public policy objectives of the tax preference, and the specific metrics and data that will be used by the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Committee to evaluate the efficacy of the tax preference. An automatic ten-year expiration date is applied to new tax preferences if an alternate expiration date is not provided in the new tax preference legislation.
Tax Credits. Credits against the B&O tax or PUT are allowed for certain costs related to railroad maintenance and modernization.
Class II and Class III Railroads. Class II and class III railroads, and other eligible taxpayers, are allowed a credit for expenses incurred on railroad construction, enhancements, or maintenance. The credit is equal to:
The credit for costs related to new rail development and railroad modernization and rehabilitation may not exceed $1 million per taxpayer each calendar year, and is limited to an annual total credit amount of $15 million each calendar year.
Credits may not be earned on expenditures used to generate a federal tax credit or expenditures funded by a state or federal grant
Eligible taxpayers include:
Class I. A class I railroad, or an owner of a railroad material recycling company, is allowed a credit equal to 50 percent of the fair market value of certain railroad materials donated to and used by a class II or class III railroad.
Eligible donated materials include rail, ties, tie plates, joint bars, fasteners, switches, ballast, or other equipment that are part of the rail infrastructure it has removed from use on the main railroad line to be installed on tracks used by class II and class III railroads.
The Department of Revenue (DOR) must provide in rule a standard for determining the fair market value of donated materials.
Other Provisions. Unused credits may be carried forward and claimed in against subsequent tax liability for a period of five years, starting the year immediately following the year in which the credit was initially earned. Taxpayers may transfer all or a portion of the unused credits to any taxpayer at any time for which the credit is eligible to be claimed.
Credits may no longer be earned after January 1, 2035.
Retail Sales and Use Tax Exemption. The retail sales and use tax does not apply to sales of materials for track maintenance when purchased by a class II or class III railroad, or other eligible taxpayer. Other eligible taxpayers include railroads or rail facilities owned by a port, city, county, or an owner or lessee of rail siding, industrial spur, or industry track located on or adjacent to a class II or III railroad in the state of Washington.
The exemption may not be used by class I railroads or short line railroads owned by a class I railroad or any of its subsidiaries.
The tax exemption expires January 1, 2035.
Tax Preference Performance Statement. The bill includes a tax preference performance statement that states it is the Legislature’s specific public policy to promote economic development and reduce impacts of freight transportation on roads and the environment.
The committee recommended a different version of the bill than what was heard. PRO: Port districts rely heavily on short line railroads. Tax credits like those contained in this bill are necessary to address the underfunding of short line railroads. This bill is necessary to enable clean energy development in this state. The modernization efforts in this bill improve rail safety and efficiency. It is in the state's best interest to have a viable rail infrastructure. Many other states provide short line tax incentives. Washington has an extensive rail service and continues to invest in the industry. This bill is meant to target the class II and class III railroads and help those railroads make critical infrastructure improvements. Short line railroads are essential to keeping supply chains moving. The state should have a balanced transportation policy and provide adequate revenue to ensure it is flexible, energy efficient, and safe. Railroads have been largely ignored in the state's transportation analysis and funding. The tax credits and exemptions in this bill are incentives to improving the state's rail system and will encourage the recycling of rail materials. This bill provides a financing mechanism for expanding economic development and creating the capacity to make statewide safety improvements. The bill will have a positive impact on the entire state but is particularly impactful to more rural areas.
PRO: A quarter of short line track is on steel that does not meet the necessary weight standards. Modernizing short line railroads is necessary to ensuring those railroads last for another hundred years. Investing in short line railroads improves safety and reduces carbon emissions and allows for the reusing and recycling of railroad materials. Short line railroads are essential to the function of port districts. This bill supports the state's clean energy siting goals and helps expand transportation access to future sites. The bill helps small railroads make necessary improvements, as well as increases safety and capacity. Short line railroads play a key role in moving goods across the state and country. Short line railroads help reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with freight transportation. This bill is about economic development and accelerating the short line rail infrastructure in Washington. The tax incentives have been narrowed to create good policy while maintaining a meaningful economic benefit for rail development.