The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 7.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities.

Federal IDEA funding to support special education and early intervention services is primarily provided to state education agencies through formula grants. The largest part of the IDEA is Part B, Assistance for Education of all Children with Disabilities, which covers special education for children and youth with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21. Approximately 95 percent of total IDEA appropriations fund the two Part B programs: (1) the Section 611, grants-to-states program, for children ages 3-21; and (2) the Section 619, preschool grants program, for children ages 3-5.

The IDEA has two formulas for determining Part B grants to states: one for years when the appropriated amount available to states is greater than or equal to the amount available to states in the previous year and one for years when the amount available to states is less than the amount available to states the previous year. In years when the appropriated amount for Part B increases or remains the same, each state receives its base-year?FY1999?grant amount plus a share of the new money, for example, the amount above the FY1999 appropriation, based on the state?s share of the national child population and national population of children living in poverty. In years when the appropriated amount for Part B decreases, each state receives its base-year grant amount plus a share of the new money the state received the previous year, which has been ratably reduced in proportion to the total new money available for the current year.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Full Funding. According to a report issued by the Congressional Research Service in 2019, when Congress enacted the predecessor legislation to the IDEA in 1975 they strove to ensure that:  (1) states would provide every eligible child free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment; and (2) states would not take on an untenable financial burden by agreeing to provide special education and related services.

The report notes that, at the time, the available estimate of the cost of educating children with disabilities was twice the cost of educating other children, on average. A determination was made that the federal government would pay some of this additional or excess cost. The metric for determining this excess cost was the national average per-pupil expenditure (APPE). Congress?s final determination was the federal government would pay up to 40 percent of the excess cost of providing special education and related services. Today, a state's full funding level under the Part B grant-to-states program is 40 percent of APPE multiplied by the number of children with disabilities served and adjusted for each state's annual changes in child population and poverty rate.

According to the report, IDEA funding has fallen short of the full funding amount each year from the formula?s enactment. Appropriations levels were closest to full funding in FY2009, when the addition of federal stimulus dollars increased the amount to almost 35 percent of the APPE. In FY2019, when the report was written, the amount appropriated for Part B accounted for approximately 14.3 percent of the APPE.

A joint memorial requesting that Congress pass and the President sign federal legislation to fully fund 40 percent of the costs of the IDEA is transmitted to the President of the United States, the Secretary of the United States Department of Education, the President of the United States Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and each member of Congress from the State of Washington.