CERTIFICATION OF ENROLLMENT

ENGROSSED SUBSTITUTE SENATE BILL 5589

Chapter 20, Laws of 2024

68TH LEGISLATURE

2024 REGULAR SESSION

PROBATE—VARIOUS PROVISIONS

EFFECTIVE DATE: August 1, 2024

ENGROSSED SUBSTITUTE SENATE BILL 5589

BySenate Law & Justice (originally sponsored by Senator Stanford)

AN ACT Relating to probate; amending RCW 11.54.010, 11.54.030, 11.54.020, 11.54.040, 11.54.050, 11.54.060, 11.76.110, and 11.76.120; adding new sections to chapter 11.54 RCW; creating a new section; recodifying RCW 11.54.030; repealing RCW 11.54.070 and 11.54.080; and providing an effective date.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 1. A new section is added to chapter 11.54 RCW to read as follows:

(1) The purposes of this chapter are:

(a) To clarify the exemptions from attachment, execution, and forced sale that apply after a decedent's death;

(b) To establish a procedure for allocating the exempt property among claimants; and

(c) To establish a procedure by which the decedent's surviving spouse, surviving registered domestic partner, or surviving dependent children may request basic financial support during the pendency of any proceedings under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets.

(2) This chapter applies to probate and nonprobate assets.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 2. A new section is added to chapter 11.54 RCW to read as follows:

The definitions in this section apply throughout this chapter unless the context clearly requires otherwise.

(1) "Child" and "children," when used with reference to a decedent, means all persons who have a parent-child relationship, as defined in RCW 26.26A.100, as a child with the decedent, regardless of a person's age.

(2) "Claimant" means a person entitled to petition for an award under this chapter. If multiple parties are entitled to petition for an award, all of them are a "claimant."

(3) "Dependent," when used with reference to a decedent's child, means a person who received more than half of that person's support from the decedent during the 12 months preceding the decedent's death. For the purposes of this subsection, the term "support" does not include any public or governmental support.

(4) "Value," when used with reference to any property that may be exempt from the claims of creditors under this chapter or under the laws of another state and that is being purchased on contract or is subject to any encumbrance, means the value of the property net of the balance due on the contract and the amount of the encumbrance. Any property exempted from creditor's claims under section 3 of this act or awarded under RCW 11.54.010 will continue to be subject to any such contract or encumbrance.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 3. A new section is added to chapter 11.54 RCW to read as follows:

(1) Any homestead or other property exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale under Title 6 RCW immediately before a decedent's death remains exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale for the debts of the decedent and the debts of the community composed of the decedent and the decedent's spouse or registered domestic partner that arose before the decedent's death, up to the amount specified in RCW 11.54.020(1), except as otherwise provided in Title 6 RCW or in this chapter.

(2) If the decedent resided or was domiciled in the state of Washington when the decedent died, and either:

(a) No homestead or other property was exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale under Title 6 RCW immediately before the decedent's death; or

(b) The total value of the property exempted from the claims of creditors under subsection (1) of this section or under the laws of another state (together with the value of any separate property of the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner that is exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale for the debts of the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner) is less than the amount specified in RCW 11.54.020(1)(b);

then the court shall designate other property of the estate, either community or separate, that, when added to the value of: (i) The property exempted under subsection (1) of this section; (ii) the property exempted from attachment, execution, and forced sale under the laws of another state; and (iii) the separate property of the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner that is exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale for the debts of the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner, has an aggregate value that does not exceed the amount specified in RCW 11.54.020(1)(b). This additional designated property, together with any additional award that a court may grant for family support under RCW 11.54.040, shall also be exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale for the debts of the decedent and the debts of the community composed of the decedent and the decedent's spouse or registered domestic partner that arose before the decedent's death, except as otherwise provided in this chapter.

Sec. 4. RCW 11.54.010 and 2008 c 6 s 916 are each amended to read as follows:

(1) ((Subject to RCW 11.54.030, the surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner of a decedent may petition the court for an award from the property of the decedent.))Any one or more of a decedent's surviving spouse, surviving registered domestic partner, and dependent children may commence a judicial proceeding under chapter 11.96A RCW for an award from the decedent's separate property and from the community property of the decedent and the decedent's spouse or registered domestic partner that are exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale under section 3 of this act. The petition must:

(3) If the decedent is survived by one or more dependent children ((of the decedent who are not also the children of the surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner, on petition of such a child)), the court may divide the award between the surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner and all or any of ((such))the decedent's surviving dependent children as ((it))the court deems appropriate. ((If there is not a surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner, the minor children of the decedent may petition for an award.

(2)))(4) The ((award))awards under this chapter may be made ((from)) either from the community property of the decedent and the decedent's spouse or registered domestic partner or from the separate property of the decedent. ((Unless otherwise ordered by the court, the probate and nonprobate assets of the decedent abate in accordance with chapter 11.10 RCW in satisfaction of the award.

(3)))(5) Any and all homestead or other property exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale under Title 6 RCW immediately before the decedent's death shall be included in the basic award.

(6) The basic award may be made whether or not ((probate))any proceedings have been commenced ((in the state of Washington. The court may not make this award unless the petition for the award is filed before the earliest of:

(c) Six years from the date of the death of the decedent))under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets.

Sec. 5. RCW 11.54.030 and 2008 c 6 s 918 are each amended to read as follows:

(1) The court may not make an award ((unless the court finds that the funeral expenses, expenses of last sickness, and expenses of administration))to a claimant under this chapter until the expenses of administration, funeral expenses, expenses of last sickness, and wages due for labor performed within 60 days immediately preceding the decedent's death have been paid or provided for.

(2) The court may not make an award to ((a surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner or child))or for the benefit of any person who ((has participated, either as a principal or as an accessory before the fact, in the willful and unlawful killing))is a slayer or abuser as those terms are defined in RCW 11.84.010 of the decedent.

Sec. 6. RCW 11.54.020 and 2008 c 6 s 917 are each amended to read as follows:

(1) The amount of the basic award shall be the ((amount specified in RCW 6.13.030(2) with regard to lands.))greater of the following:

(2) If an award is divided ((between))among a surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner and the decedent's dependent children ((who are not the children of the surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner)), the aggregate amount awarded to all the claimants under this section shall be the amount specified in ((RCW 6.13.030(2) with respect to lands. The amount of the basic award may be increased or decreased in accordance with RCW 11.54.040 and 11.54.050))subsection (1) of this section.

(3) For 2024 and each calendar year thereafter, the amount of the basic award shall not be less than an amount that is calculated as follows: $125,000 multiplied by the inflation factor and then rounded to the nearest $1,000. The adjustment of the basic amount under this subsection shall be effective annually as of the first calendar day of the calendar year. The inflation factor is a fraction, the numerator of which is the consumer price index figure published for the most recent October preceding the effective date of the adjustment and the denominator of which is the consumer price index figure published for October 2021. No adjustment to the basic award shall be made under this subsection for a calendar year if the adjustment would result in the same or a lesser basic award than the basic award for the immediately preceding calendar year. For purposes of this subsection, "consumer price index" means the consumer price index for all urban consumers, all items in the Seattle area, not seasonally adjusted, as calculated by the bureau of labor statistics of the United States department of labor. For purposes of this subsection (3), "Seattle area" means the geographic area sample that includes Seattle and surrounding areas. In the event the bureau of labor statistics discontinues the use and publication of applicable averages, then the consumer price index to be used for the computation of the inflation factor shall be the consumer price average that was last published before the event that caused the inflation factor to be applied.

Sec. 7. RCW 11.54.040 and 2008 c 6 s 919 are each amended to read as follows:

(1) If ((it is demonstrated))a claimant demonstrates to the satisfaction of the court ((with clear, cogent, and convincing evidence)) that a claimant's present and reasonably anticipated future needs ((during the pendency of any probate proceedings in the state of Washington)) with respect to basic maintenance and support during the pendency of any proceedings under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets will not ((otherwise)) be provided ((for)) from other resources((,)) and that ((the))an increased award would not be inconsistent with the decedent's intentions or principles of equity and fairness, the amount of the award may be increased above the amount of the basic award in an amount that the court determines to be ((appropriate))needed for a claimant's present and reasonably anticipated future needs with respect to basic maintenance and support during the pendency of any proceedings under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets.

(2) In determining the needs of the claimant, the court shall consider, without limitation, the resources available to the claimant and the claimant's ((dependents))dependent children, and the resources reasonably expected to be available to the claimant and the claimant's ((dependents))dependent children during the pendency of ((the probate))any proceedings under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets, including income related to present or future employment and benefits flowing from the decedent's probate and nonprobate estate.

(3) In determining the intentions of the decedent, the court shall consider, without limitation:

(a) Provisions made for the claimant by the decedent under the terms of the decedent's will or otherwise;

(b) Provisions made for third parties or other entities under the decedent's will or otherwise that would be affected by an increased award;

(c) If the claimant is the surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner, the duration and status of the marriage or the state registered domestic partnership of the decedent to the claimant at the time of the decedent's death;

(d) The effect of any award on the availability of any other resources or benefits to the claimant;

(e) The size and nature of the decedent's probate and nonprobate estate; and

(f) Oral or written statements made by the decedent that are otherwise admissible as evidence.

The fact that the decedent has named beneficiaries other than the claimant as recipients of the decedent's estate is not of itself adequate to evidence such an intent as would prevent the award of an amount in excess of the basic award that is provided ((for)) in RCW ((6.13.030(2) with respect to lands))11.54.020(1).

(4)(a) ((A petition for))The court may only grant an increased award ((may only be made)) if a petition for ((an))a basic award has been granted under RCW 11.54.010. The request for an increased award may be made in conjunction with the petition for an award under RCW 11.54.010.

(b) Subject to (a) of this subsection (4), a request for an increased award may be made at any time during the pendency of ((the probate))any proceedings under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets. A request to modify an increased award may also be made at any time during the pendency of the probate proceedings by a person having an interest in the decedent's estate that will be directly affected by the requested modification.

Sec. 8. RCW 11.54.050 and 2008 c 6 s 920 are each amended to read as follows:

(((1))) The court may decrease the amount of the award below the amount provided in RCW 11.54.020(1) in the exercise of its discretion if ((the)):

(1) The recipient is entitled to receive probate or nonprobate property, including insurance, by reason of the death of the decedent. In such a case the award ((must))may not be decreased by ((no)) more than the value of ((such))the other property ((as))that is received by reason of the death of the decedent. The court shall consider the factors presented in RCW 11.54.040(2) in determining the propriety of the award and the proper amount of the award, if any((.

(2) An award to a surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner is also discretionary and the amount otherwise allowable may be reduced if: (a) The)); or

(2)(a) The decedent is survived by one or more dependent children who are not the children of the surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner and the award would decrease amounts otherwise distributable to ((such))those children; or (b) the award would have the effect of reducing amounts otherwise distributable to any of the decedent's ((minor))dependent children. In either ((case))of the cases specified in this subsection (2), the court ((shall))must consider the factors presented in RCW 11.54.040 (2) and (3) and section 9 of this act and whether the needs of the ((minor))dependent children with respect to basic maintenance and support are and will be adequately provided for, both during and after ((the pendency of)) any ((probate)) proceedings ((if such proceedings are pending))under this title relating to the decedent's probate or nonprobate assets, considering support from any source, including support from the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving registered domestic partner.

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 9. A new section is added to chapter 11.54 RCW to read as follows:

In exercising the discretion granted to the court under this chapter, the court shall consider without limitation:

(1) The exemptions from attachment, execution, or forced sale under Title 6 RCW and other applicable laws;

(2) Whether or not any separate property of the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner is exempted from attachment, execution, or forced sale under Title 6 RCW or other applicable laws before and after the decedent's death;

(3) Whether or not exemptions from attachment, execution, or forced sale have been granted to the decedent or the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner in another jurisdiction;

(4) How principles of equity and fairness would allocate the statutory exemptions from attachment, execution, and forced sale under Title 6 RCW and other applicable laws among the decedent's surviving spouse or surviving domestic partner and the decedent's surviving dependent children;

(5) How the laws of intestacy, if the decedent died intestate and without nonprobate assets, or the decedent's dispositive intent, if the decedent died testate or with nonprobate assets, would direct the decedent's property;

(6) The extent to which the claimant has other property that will satisfy the claimant's reasonable needs; and

(7) If the claimant is a child of the decedent, the child's ability or inability to meet the child's basic needs.

Sec. 10. RCW 11.54.060 and 1997 c 252 s 53 are each amended to read as follows:

(((1) The award has priority over all other claims made in the estate. In determining which assets must be made available to satisfy the award, the claimant is to be treated as a general creditor of the estate, and unless otherwise ordered by the court the assets shall abate in satisfaction of the award in accordance with chapter 11.10 RCW.

(2) If the property awarded is being purchased on contract or is subject to any encumbrance, for purposes of the award the property must be valued net of the balance due on the contract and the amount of the encumbrance. The property awarded will continue to be subject to any such contract or encumbrance, and any award in excess of the basic award under RCW 11.54.010, whether of community property or the decedent's separate property, is not immune from any lien for costs of medical expenses recoverable under RCW 43.20B.080.))Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter:

NEW SECTION.  Sec. 11. A new section is added to chapter 11.54 RCW to read as follows:

The decedent's separate property and the property of the community composed of the decedent and the decedent's spouse or registered domestic partner abates for awards of family allowance under this chapter in accordance with chapter 11.10 RCW; provided however, that gifts containing a homestead or other nonfungible property that is exempt from attachment, execution, and forced sale shall abate to the extent that the property is awarded to a claimant under this chapter, regardless of whether the gift would be classified as intestate, residuary, general, demonstrative, or specific, except as otherwise provided in RCW 11.10.010(2).

Sec. 12. RCW 11.76.110 and 2010 c 8 s 2068 are each amended to read as follows:

((After payment of costs of administration))Subject to federal preemption and the privileges and priorities allowed to encumbrances and liens under applicable law, the reasonable expenses of administration and the enforceable debts of the estate shall be paid in the following order:

(1) Expenses of administration.

(2) Funeral expenses in such amount as the court shall order or a personal representative with nonintervention powers shall determine to be reasonable.

(((2)))(3) Expenses of the last sickness, in such amount as the court shall order or a personal representative with nonintervention powers shall determine to be reasonable.

(((3)))(4) Wages due for labor performed within ((sixty))60 days immediately preceding the death of decedent.

(((4) Debts having preference by the laws of the United States.

(7)))(5) Exemptions and awards under chapter 11.54 RCW.

(6) All other enforceable demands against the estate.

Sec. 13. RCW 11.76.120 and 1965 c 145 s 11.76.120 are each amended to read as follows:

The preference given in RCW 11.76.110 to a mortgage ((or judgment)), deed of trust, perfected security interest, judgment lien, or other lien shall only extend to the proceeds of the property subject to the lien ((of such mortgage or judgment)).

(2) When a right is acquired, extinguished, or barred upon the expiration of a prescribed period of time which has commenced to run by the provisions of any statute in force before the effective date of this section, those provisions shall remain in force and be deemed a part of this act with respect to that right.

(3) The procedures in effect before the effective date of this section shall apply to any proceeding to the extent that in the opinion of the court the application of the procedures under this act would not be feasible or would work injustice.

(1) RCW 11.54.070 (Immunity of award from debts and claims of creditors) and 2008 c 6 s 921, 1998 c 292 s 201, & 1997 c 252 s 54; and

(2) RCW 11.54.080 (Exemption of additional assets from claims of creditors—Petition—Notice—Court order) and 1999 c 42 s 612 & 1997 c 252 s 55.

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