AN ACT Relating to annexation for municipal purposes; amending RCW 35.13.020, 35.13.060, 35.13.125, 35.13.130, 35A.14.020, 35A.14.050, 35A.14.120, 35A.14.295, 35A.14.299, 35.21.790, and 35A.21.210; adding new sections to chapter 35.13 RCW; adding new sections to chapter 35A.14 RCW; repealing RCW 35.13.025; and declaring an emergency.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:

Sec. 1. Section 35.13.020, chapter 7, Laws of 1965 as last amended by section 3, chapter 332, Laws of 1981 and RCW 35.13.020 are each amended to read as follows:

A petition for an election to vote upon the annexation of a portion of a county to a contiguous city or town signed by qualified voters resident in the area equal in number to ((~~twenty~~)) ten percent of the votes cast at the last general state election may be filed in the office of the ((board of county commissioners: PROVIDED, That any such petition shall first be submitted to the prosecuting attorney who shall, within twenty-one days after submission, certify or refuse to certify the petition as set forth in RCW 35.13.025. If the prosecuting attorney certifies the petition, it)) county auditor of the county in which the area is located, and a copy also shall be filed with the legislative body of the city or town to which the annexation is proposed((~~, and such legislative body shall, by resolution entered within sixty days from the date of presentation,~~)). If the signatures on the petition are determined by the auditor to be sufficient, the auditor shall file with the legislative body of the city or town a certificate of sufficiency of the petition. Within sixty days thereafter, the legislative body of the city or town by resolution shall notify the petitioners, either by mail or by publication in the same manner notice of hearing is required by RCW 35.13.040 to be published, of its approval or rejection of the proposed action. The petition may also provide for the simultaneous creation of a community municipal corporation and election of community council members as provided for in RCW 35.14.010 through 35.14.060. In approving the proposed action, the legislative body may require that there also be submitted to the electorate of the territory to be annexed, a proposition that all property within the area to be annexed shall, upon annexation be assessed and taxed at the same rate and on the same basis as the property of such annexing city or town is assessed and taxed to pay for all or any portion of the then outstanding indebtedness of the city or town to which said area is annexed, approved by the voters, contracted, or incurred prior to, or existing at, the date of annexation. Only after the legislative body has completed preparation and filing of a comprehensive plan for the area to be annexed as provided for in RCW 35.13.177 and 35.13.178, the legislative body in approving the proposed action, may require that the comprehensive plan be simultaneously adopted upon approval of annexation by the electorate of the area to be annexed. The approval of the legislative body shall be a condition precedent to the filing of such petition with the board of county commissioners as hereinafter provided. The costs of conducting such election shall be a charge against the city or town concerned. The proposition or questions provided for in this section may be submitted to the voters either separately or as a single proposition.

Sec. 2. Section 35.13.060, chapter 7, Laws of 1965 as amended by section 6, chapter 164, Laws of 1973 1st ex. sess. and RCW 35.13.060 are each amended to read as follows:

Upon granting the petition under the ((~~twenty~~)) ten percent annexation petition under the election method, the ((~~board of county commissioners shall fix a date for the annexation election, which must be not less than thirty nor more than sixty days thereafter~~)) legislative body of the city or town shall indicate to the county legislative authority its preference for the date of the election on the annexation to be held, which shall be one of the dates for special elections provided under RCW 29.13.020 that is sixty or more days after the date the preference is indicated. The county legislative authority shall call the special election at the special election date indicated by the city or town.

Sec. 3. Section 35.13.125, chapter 7, Laws of 1965 as amended by section 11, chapter 164, Laws of 1973 1st ex. sess. and RCW 35.13.125 are each amended to read as follows:

Proceedings for the annexation of territory pursuant to RCW 35.13.130, 35.13.140, 35.13.150, 35.13.160 and 35.13.170 shall be commenced as provided in this section. Prior to the circulation of a petition for annexation, the initiating party or parties who, except as provided in RCW 28A.58.044, shall be either not less than ten percent of the residents of the area to be annexed or the owners of not less than ten percent in value, according to the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property for which annexation is petitioned, shall notify the legislative body of the city or town in writing of their intention to commence annexation proceedings. The legislative body shall set a date, not later than sixty days after the filing of the request, for a meeting with the initiating parties to determine whether the city or town will accept, reject, or geographically modify the proposed annexation, whether it shall require the simultaneous adoption of the comprehensive plan if such plan has been prepared and filed for the area to be annexed as provided for in RCW 35.13.177 and 35.13.178, and whether it shall require the assumption of all or of any portion of existing city or town indebtedness by the area to be annexed. If the legislative body requires the assumption ((~~[of]~~)) of all or of any portion of indebtedness and/or the adoption of a comprehensive plan, it shall record this action in its minutes and the petition for annexation shall be so drawn as to clearly indicate this fact. There shall be no appeal from the decision of the legislative body.

Sec. 4. Section 35.13.130, chapter 7, Laws of 1965 as last amended by section 1, chapter 66, Laws of 1981 and RCW 35.13.130 are each amended to read as follows:

A petition for annexation of an area contiguous to a city or town may be made in writing addressed to and filed with the legislative body of the municipality to which annexation is desired. Except where all the property sought to be annexed is property of a school district, and the school directors thereof file the petition for annexation as in RCW 28A.58.044 authorized, the petition must be signed by the owners of not less than ((~~seventy-five~~)) sixty percent in value according to the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property for which annexation is petitioned: PROVIDED, That a petition for annexation of an area contiguous to a city or town and defined by RCW 35A.14.295 as an unincorporated island must be signed by the owners of not less than fifty percent in value according to the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property for which the annexation is petitioned. In cities and towns with populations greater than one hundred sixty thousand located east of the Cascade mountains, the owner of tax exempt property may sign an annexation petition and have the tax exempt property annexed into the city or town, but the value of the tax exempt property shall not be used in calculating the sufficiency of the required property owner signatures unless only tax exempt property is proposed to be annexed into the city or town. The petition shall set forth a description of the property according to government legal subdivisions or legal plats which is in compliance with RCW 35.02.170, and shall be accompanied by a plat which outlines the boundaries of the property sought to be annexed. If the legislative body has required the assumption of all or of any portion of city or town indebtedness by the area annexed, and/or the adoption of a comprehensive plan for the area to be annexed, these facts, together with a quotation of the minute entry of such requirement or requirements shall be set forth in the petition.

Sec. 5. Section 35A.14.020, chapter 119, Laws of 1967 ex. sess. as last amended by section 6, chapter 332, Laws of 1981 and RCW 35A.14.020 are each amended to read as follows:

When a petition ((~~which~~)) is sufficient under the rules set forth in RCW 35A.01.040 ((~~is filed with the prosecuting attorney~~)), calling for an election to vote upon the annexation of unincorporated territory contiguous to a code city, describing the boundaries of the area proposed to be annexed, stating the number of voters therein as nearly as may be, and signed by qualified electors resident in such territory equal in number to ten percent of the votes cast at the last state general election therein, ((~~the prosecuting attorney shall, within twenty-one days after submission, certify or refuse to certify the petition as set forth in RCW 35.13.025. If the prosecuting attorney certifies the petition,~~)) it shall be ((~~transmitted to~~)) filed with the auditor of the county in which the territory is located, and a copy filed with the legislative body of the code city. If the signatures on the petition are determined by the ((~~city clerk~~)) auditor to be sufficient, the ((~~city clerk~~)) auditor shall file with the legislative body thereof a certificate of sufficiency of the petition. Within sixty days thereafter, the legislative body shall, by resolution, notify the petitioners, either by mail or by publication in the same manner notice of hearing is required by RCW 35A.14.040 to be published, of its approval or rejection of the proposed action. In approving the proposed action, the legislative body may require that there also be submitted to the electorate of the territory to be annexed, a proposition that all property within the area to be annexed shall, upon annexation, be assessed and taxed at the same rate and on the same basis as the property of such annexing city is assessed and taxed to pay for all or any portion of the then-outstanding indebtedness of the city to which said area is annexed, which indebtedness has been approved by the voters, contracted for, or incurred prior to, or existing at, the date of annexation. Only after the legislative body has completed preparation and filing of a proposed zoning regulation for the area to be annexed as provided for in RCW 35A.14.330 and 35A.14.340, the legislative body in approving the proposed action, may require that the proposed zoning regulation be simultaneously adopted upon the approval of annexation by the electorate of the area to be annexed. The approval of the legislative body shall be a condition precedent to further proceedings upon the petition. The costs of conducting the election called for in the petition shall be a charge against the city concerned.

Sec. 6. Section 35A.14.050, chapter 119, Laws of 1967 ex. sess. as last amended by section 30, chapter 234, Laws of 1986 and RCW 35A.14.050 are each amended to read as follows:

After consideration of the proposed annexation as provided in RCW 35A.14.200, the county annexation review board, within thirty days after the final day of hearing, shall take one of the following actions:

(1) Approval of the proposal as submitted.

(2) Subject to RCW 35.02.170, modification of the proposal by adjusting boundaries to include or exclude territory; except that any such inclusion of territory shall not increase the total area of territory proposed for annexation by an amount exceeding the original proposal by more than five percent: PROVIDED, That the county annexation review board shall not adjust boundaries to include territory not included in the original proposal without first affording to residents and property owners of the area affected by such adjustment of boundaries an opportunity to be heard as to the proposal.

(3) Disapproval of the proposal.

The written decision of the county annexation review board shall be filed with the board of county commissioners and with the legislative body of the city concerned. If the annexation proposal is modified by the county annexation review board, such modification shall be fully set forth in the written decision. If the decision of the boundary review board or the county annexation review board is favorable to the annexation proposal, or the proposal as modified by the review board, the ((~~board of county commissioners,~~)) legislative body of the city at its next regular meeting if to be held within thirty days after receipt of the decision of the boundary review board or the county annexation review board, or at a special meeting to be held within that period, shall ((~~set a~~)) indicate to the county legislative authority its preference for a special election date for submission of such annexation proposal, with any modifications made by the review board, to the voters of the territory proposed to be annexed. ((The question shall be submitted at a general election if one is to be held within ninety days, or at a special election called for that purpose not less than forty-five days nor more than ninety days after the filing of the decision of the review board with the board of county commissioners.)) The special election date that is so indicated shall be one of the dates for special elections provided under RCW 29.13.020 that is sixty or more days after the date the preference is indicated. The county legislative authority shall call the special election at the special election date so indicated by the city. If the boundary review board or the county annexation review board disapproves the annexation proposal, no further action shall be taken thereon, and no proposal for annexation of the same territory, or substantially the same as determined by the board, shall be initiated or considered for twelve months thereafter.

Sec. 7. Section 35A.14.120, chapter 119, Laws of 1967 ex. sess. as amended by section 8, chapter 124, Laws of 1979 ex. sess. and RCW 35A.14.120 are each amended to read as follows:

Proceedings for initiating annexation of unincorporated territory to a charter code city or noncharter code city may be commenced by the filing of a petition of property owners of the territory proposed to be annexed, in the following manner. This method of annexation shall be alternative to other methods provided in this chapter. Prior to the circulation of a petition for annexation, the initiating party or parties, who shall be the owners of not less than ten percent in value, according to the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property for which annexation is sought, shall notify the legislative body of the code city in writing of their intention to commence annexation proceedings. The legislative body shall set a date, not later than sixty days after the filing of the request, for a meeting with the initiating parties to determine whether the code city will accept, reject, or geographically modify the proposed annexation, whether it shall require the simultaneous adoption of a proposed zoning regulation, if such a proposal has been prepared and filed for the area to be annexed as provided for in RCW 35A.14.330 and 35A.14.340, and whether it shall require the assumption of all or of any portion of existing city indebtedness by the area to be annexed. If the legislative body requires the assumption of all or of any portion of indebtedness and/or the adoption of a proposed zoning regulation, it shall record this action in its minutes and the petition for annexation shall be so drawn as to clearly indicate these facts. Approval by the legislative body shall be a condition precedent to circulation of the petition. There shall be no appeal from the decision of the legislative body. A petition for annexation of an area contiguous to a code city may be filed with the legislative body of the municipality to which annexation is desired. It must be signed by the owners, as defined by RCW 35A.01.040 (9)(a) through (d), of not less than ((~~seventy-five~~)) sixty percent in value, according to the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property for which annexation is petitioned: PROVIDED, That a petition for annexation of an area contiguous to a code city and defined as an unincorporated island by RCW 35A.14.295 must be signed by the owners, as defined by RCW 35A.01.040(9)(a) through (d), of not less than fifty percent in value, according to the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property for which the annexation is petitioned. Such petition shall set forth a description of the property according to government legal subdivisions or legal plats and shall be accompanied by a map which outlines the boundaries of the property sought to be annexed. If the legislative body has required the assumption of all or any portion of city indebtedness by the area annexed or the adoption of a proposed zoning regulation, these facts, together with a quotation of the minute entry of such requirement, or requirements, shall also be set forth in the petition.

Sec. 8. Section 35A.14.295, chapter 119, Laws of 1967 ex. sess. and RCW 35A.14.295 are each amended to read as follows:

When there is, within a code city, unincorporated territory ((~~containing less than one hundred acres and~~)) having at least eighty percent of the boundaries of such area contiguous to the code city, the legislative body may resolve to annex such territory to the code city. The resolution shall describe the boundaries of the area to be annexed, state the number of voters residing therein as nearly as may be, and set a date for a public hearing on such resolution for annexation. Notice of the hearing shall be given by publication of the resolution at least once a week for two weeks prior to the date of the hearing, in one or more newspapers of general circulation within the code city and one or more newspapers of general circulation within the area to be annexed.

Sec. 9. Section 35A.14.299, chapter 119, Laws of 1967 ex. sess. and RCW 35A.14.299 are each amended to read as follows:

Such annexation ordinance as provided for in RCW 35A.14.297 shall be subject to referendum for forty-five days after the passage thereof. Upon the filing of a timely and sufficient referendum petition with the legislative body, signed by qualified electors in number equal to not less than ((~~ten~~)) forty percent of the votes cast in the last general state election in the area to be annexed, the question of annexation shall be submitted to the voters of such area in a general election if one is to be held within ninety days or at a special election called for that purpose at the next special election date specified under RCW 29.13.020 that occurs not less than forty-five days ((~~nor more than ninety days~~)) after the filing of the referendum petition. Notice of such election shall be given as provided in RCW 35A.14.070 and the election shall be conducted as provided in RCW 35A.14.060. The annexation shall be deemed approved by the voters unless a majority of the votes cast on the proposition are in opposition thereto.

After the expiration of the forty-fifth day from but excluding the date of passage of the annexation ordinance, if no timely and sufficient referendum petition has been filed, the area annexed shall become a part of the code city upon the date fixed in the ordinance of annexation. From and after such date, if the ordinance so provided, property in the annexed area shall be subject to the proposed zoning regulation prepared and filed for such area as provided in RCW 35A.14.330 and 35A.14.340. If the ordinance so provided, all property within the area annexed shall be assessed and taxed at the same rate and on the same basis as the property of such annexing code city is assessed and taxed to pay for any then outstanding indebtedness of such city contracted prior to, or existing at, the date of annexation.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 10. A new section is added to chapter 35.13 RCW to read as follows:

A city or town can provide factual public information on the effects of a pending annexation proposed for the city or town.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 11. A new section is added to chapter 35A.14 RCW to read as follows:

A code city can provide factual public information on the effects of pending annexation proposed for the code city.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 12. A new section is added to chapter 35.13 RCW to read as follows:

When there is, within a city or town, unincorporated territory having at least eighty percent of the boundaries of such area contiguous to the city or town, the legislative body may resolve to annex such territory to the city or town. The resolution shall describe the boundaries of the area to be annexed, state the number of voters residing therein as nearly as may be determined, and set a date for a public hearing on such resolution for annexation. Notice of the hearing shall be given by publication of the resolution at least once each week for two weeks prior to the date of the hearing in one or more newspapers of general circulation within the city or town and one or more newspapers of general circulation within the area to be annexed.

On the date set for hearing, residents or property owners of the area included in the resolution for annexation shall be afforded an opportunity to be heard. The legislative body may provide by ordinance for annexation of the territory described in the resolution, but the effective date of the ordinance shall be not less than forty-five days after the passage thereof. The legislative body shall cause notice of the proposed effective date of the annexation, together with a description of the property to be annexed, to be published at least once each week for two weeks subsequent to passage of the ordinance in one or more newspapers of general circulation within the city and in one or more newspapers of general circulation within the area to be annexed. If the annexation ordinance provides for assumption of indebtedness or adoption of a proposed zoning regulation, the notice shall include a statement of such requirements. Such annexation ordinance shall be subject to referendum forty-five days after the passage thereof. Upon the filing of a timely and sufficient referendum petition as provided below, a referendum election shall be held as provided below and the annexation shall be deemed approved by the voters unless a majority of the votes cast on the proposition are in opposition thereto. After the expiration of the forty-fifth day from, but excluding, the date of passage of the annexation ordinance if no timely and sufficient referendum petition has been filed as provided below, the area annexed shall become part of the city or town upon the date fixed in the ordinance of annexation.

Upon the filing of a timely and sufficient referendum petition with the legislative body, signed by qualified electors in number equal to not less than forty percent of the votes cast in the last general state election in the area to be annexed, the question of annexation shall be submitted to the voters of such area in a general election if one is to be held within ninety days or at a special election called for that purpose not less than forty-five days nor more than ninety days after the filing of the referendum petition. Notice of such election shall be given as provided in RCW 35.13.080 and the election shall be conducted as provided in RCW 35.13.070. The annexation shall be deemed approved by the voters unless a majority of the votes cast on the proposition are in opposition thereto.

If the annexation ordinance so provides, property in the annexed area shall be subject to the proposed zoning regulation prepared and filed for such area as provided in RCW 35.13.177 and 35.13.178. If the annexation ordinance so provides, all property within the area annexed shall be assessed and taxed at the same rate and on the same basis as the property of such annexing city or town is assessed and taxed to pay for any then outstanding indebtedness of such city or town contracted prior to, or existing at, the date of annexation.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 13. Section 1, chapter 332, Laws of 1981 and RCW 35.13.025 are each repealed.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 14. The purpose of sections 15 through 18 of this act is to establish a process to adjust existing or proposed city boundary lines to avoid a situation where a common boundary line is or would be located within a right of way of a public street, road, or highway, or a situation where two cities are separated or would be separated by only the right of way of a public street, road, or highway.

As used in sections 15 through 18 of this act, "city" includes every city or town in the state, including a city operating under Title 35A RCW.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 15. The boundary lines or proposed boundary lines of two cities shall be adjusted as provided in sections 16, 17, and 18 of this act whenever any of the following circumstances exist:

(1) Two cities have a portion of their boundaries separated only by all or part of the right of way of a public street, road, or highway;

(2) Two cities that are located immediately adjacent to each other share a common boundary within a right of way of a public street, road, or highway; or

(3) A proposed boundary change for a city, arising from a proposed annexation by the city or from a proposed incorporation of a city, would create a situation described in subsection (1) or (2) of this section.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 16. The councils of any two cities in a situation described in section 15 (1) or (2) of this act shall enter into an agreement to alter those portions of their boundaries that are necessary to eliminate the situation described and create a partial common boundary on either side of the right of way of the public street, road, or highway. An agreement made under this section shall include only boundary line adjustments between the two cities that are necessary to eliminate the situation described in section 15 (1) or (2) of this act.

The agreement must be made by December 31, 1988. Boundary line adjustments under such an agreement take effect on January 1, 1989.

Any two such cities that fail to reach an agreement by January 1, 1989, shall lose the authority to enter into such an agreement, and the legislative authority of the county within which the right of way is located shall adjust the boundaries by March 1, 1989.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 17. The councils of any two cities in a situation described in section 15(3) of this act as the result of a proposed annexation by one of the cities may enter into an agreement to adjust those portions of the annexation proposal and the boundaries of the city that is not proposing the annexation. Such an agreement shall not be effective unless the annexation is made.

The annexation proposal shall proceed if such an agreement is not made, but any resulting boundaries between the two cities that meet the descriptions of either section 15 (1) or (2) of this act shall be adjusted by agreement between the two cities within one hundred eighty days of the effective date of the annexation, or the county legislative authority shall adjust the boundaries within the sixty-day period immediately following the one hundred eightieth day.

An agreement or adjustment made by a county under this section shall include only boundary line adjustments between the two cities that are necessary to eliminate the situation described in section 15 (1) or (2) of this act.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 18. A boundary review board that reviews the boundaries of a proposed incorporation may enter into an agreement with the council of a city that is in a situation described in section 15(3) of this act as the result of a proposed incorporation of a city to adjust the boundary line of the city or those of the proposed incorporation to avoid a situation described in section 15(1) or (2) of this act if the incorporation were approved by the voters. Such an agreement shall not be effective unless the incorporation occurs.

The incorporation proposal shall proceed if such an agreement is not made, but any resulting boundaries between the two cities that meet the descriptions of either section 15 (1) or (2) of this act shall be adjusted by agreement between the two cities within one hundred eighty days of the official date of the incorporation, or the county legislative authority shall adjust the boundaries within the sixty-day period immediately following the one hundred eightieth day.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 19. A city or town may cause a proposition authorizing an area to be annexed to the city or town to be submitted in the same ballot proposition as the question to authorize an assumption of indebtedness. If the measures are combined, the annexation and the assumption of indebtedness shall be authorized only if the proposition is approved by at least three-fifths of the voters of the area proposed to be annexed voting on the proposition, and the number of persons voting on the proposition constitutes not less than forty percent of the total number of votes cast in the area at the last preceding general election.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 20. A new section is added to chapter 35A.14 RCW to read as follows:

A code city may cause a proposition authorizing an area to be annexed to the city to be submitted in the same ballot proposition as the question to authorize an assumption of indebtedness. If the measures are combined, the annexation and the assumption of indebtedness shall be authorized only if the proposition is approved by at least three-fifths of the voters of the area proposed to be annexed voting on the proposition, and the number of persons voting on the proposition constitutes not less than forty percent of the total number of votes cast in the area at the last preceding general election.

Sec. 21. Section 17, chapter 220, Laws of 1975 1st ex. sess. and RCW 35.21.790 are each amended to read as follows:

(1) The governing bodies of a county and any city or town located therein may by agreement revise any part of the corporate boundary of the city or town which coincides with the centerline, edge, or any portion of a public street, road or highway right of way by substituting therefor a right of way line of the same public street, road or highway so as fully to include or fully to exclude that segment of the public street, road or highway from the corporate limits of the city or town.

(2) The revision of a corporate boundary as authorized by this section shall become effective when approved by ordinance of the city or town council or commission and by ordinance or resolution of the board of county commissioners or county council.

Sec. 22. Section 18, chapter 220, Laws of 1975 1st ex. sess. and RCW 35A.21.210 are each amended to read as follows:

(1) The governing bodies of a county and any code city ((~~or town~~)) located therein may by agreement revise any part of the corporate boundary of the city ((~~or town~~)) which coincides with the centerline, edge, or any portion of a public street, road or highway right of way by substituting therefor a right of way line of the same public street, road or highway so as fully to include or fully to exclude that segment of the public street, road or highway from the corporate limits of the city ((~~or town~~)).

(2) The revision of a corporate boundary as authorized by this section shall become effective when approved by ordinance of the city ((~~or town~~)) council ((~~or commission~~)) and by ordinance or resolution of the board of county commissioners or county council.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 23. A new section is added to chapter 35.13 RCW to read as follows:

The portion of the boundaries of a city or town that is located on part of a right of way of a county road, that is not connected directly to other portions of the county road system, shall be extended to include the entire right of way of that part of the road as of the effective date of this act.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 24. A new section is added to chapter 35A.14 RCW to read as follows:

The portion of the boundaries of a code city that is located on part of a right of way of a county road, that is not connected directly to other portions of the county road system, shall be extended to include the entire right of way of that part of the road as of the effective date of this act.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 25. Sections 14 through 19 of this act are each added to chapter 35.13 RCW.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 26. If any provision of this act or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the act or the application of the provision to other persons or circumstances is not affected.

NEW SECTION. Sec. 27. This act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, and safety, the support of the state government and its existing public institutions, and shall take effect immediately.