PROPOSED RULES
Original Notice.
Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 97-10-092.
Title of Rule: Chapter 173-340 WAC, Model Toxics Control Act; chapter 173-321 WAC, Public participation grants; and chapter 173-322 WAC, Remedial action grants.
Purpose: Implement changes recommended by the Policy Advisory Committee in its December 1996 report to the legislature and ecology; comply with other laws and the governor's executive order on regulatory reform.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: Chapter 70.105D RCW.
Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 70.105D RCW.
Summary: Amend the rules for the Model Toxics Control Act, public participation grants, and remedial action grants to reduce confusion experienced by constituents wanting to cleanup contaminated property.
Reasons Supporting Proposal: Clarify, strengthen, and apply new methodologies and science that will create a more effective rule that is protective of human health and the environment.
Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Trish Akana, Olympia, (360) 407-7230; Implementation and Enforcement: Toxics Cleanup Program, state-wide, (360) 407-6000.
Name of Proponent: Washington State Department of Ecology, governmental.
Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.
Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: The rules will increase flexibility in varying parameters to define cleanup levels and remediation levels; defines objectives and framework for regulations on ecological risk assessment; clarifies remedy selection and streamlines the process; encourage cleanups through various approaches to area-wide contamination; allow early public involvement and technical assistance to communities; streamline the grants procedures; and replace interim guidance on total petroleum hydrocarbons.
Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules: The liable party could propose site-specific exposure assumptions; citizens will be assured of early notice and more effective participation in site cleanup decisions affecting the community's quality of life; if there are soil-based ecological resources on or nearby the site, the liable party can more easily evaluate the need for an ecological risk assessment; emphasis is added on evaluating the cost and reliability of institutional controls as part of remedy selection; area-wide solutions to contamination offer alternatives that will speed cleanup and expedite redevelopment; and if the site contains petroleum contamination, a new approach will be available to more accurately reflect the characteristics and risks of the contamination within the existing cleanup methods.
A small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW.
Draft Revisions to the Model Toxics Control Act, Chapter 173-340 WAC
Background: More than 8,119 sites in Washington are suspected or confirmed of being contaminated with hazardous substances. A variety of actions caused this contamination including accidental spills or releases, illegal dumping and waste handling practices that were once thought to be safe. To ensure these sites are cleaned up, Washington voters passed the Model Toxics Control Act (MTCA) in November 1988. This statute, subsequently codified as chapter 70.105D RCW, vested the Department of Ecology with the basic authority to oversee the cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous waste. Specifically, the MTCA statute granted ecology the power to:
(a) Investigate, provide for investigating, or require potentially liable persons to investigate any releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, including but not limited to inspecting, sampling, or testing to determine the nature or extent of any release or threatened release...;
(b) Conduct, provide for conducting, or require potentially liable persons to conduct remedial actions (including investigations under (a) of this subsection) to remedy releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances... In conducting, providing for, or requiring remedial action, the department shall give preference to permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable...;
(e) Classify substances as hazardous substances...;
(g) Enforce the application of permanent and effective institutional controls that are necessary for a remedial action to be protective of human health and the environment;
(h) Require holders to conduct remedial actions necessary to abate an imminent or substantial endangerment...;
(i) Provide informal advice and assistance to persons regarding the administrative and technical requirements of this chapter...; and
(j) Take any other actions necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter, including the power to adopt rules under chapter 34.05 RCW.
RCW 70.105D.030(1).
With regard to rule making, the MTCA further directed ecology to:
Publish and periodically update minimum cleanup standards for remedial actions at least as stringent as the cleanup standards under section 121 of the federal cleanup law, 42 U.S.C. 9621 and at least as stringent as all applicable state and federal laws, including health-based standards under state and federal law.
RCW 70.105D.030 (2)(e).
Ecology regulations implementing [the] MTCA - adopted in the early 1990s - have been very effective in moving sites through cleanup. As of October 1999, 45% of the more than 8,119 contaminated sites require no further action; the cleanup is in progress at 36% of the sites; and cleanup is pending at 19% of the sites. One measure of the progress achieved towards cleaning up sites is the more than 7 million pounds of toxic contaminants that were treated, removed, recycled or contained in 1998.1
Despite this success, certain aspects of the regulation are controversial. In response, the 1995 legislature adopted ESHB 1810 which directed ecology to establish a Policy Advisory Committee "to provide advice to the legislature and the department on administrative and legislative actions to more effectively implement the model toxics control act." (Sec. 1, HB 1810). The law specifically directed the Policy Advisory Committee to consider substantive regulatory changes in the following areas:
(1) Use of site-specific risk assessments.
(2) Evaluation of ecological cleanup standards and the need to establish and adopt levels to protect the environment.
(3) Delivery of enhanced technical assistance to liable persons thereby helping small business and others with the cleanup process.
(4) Methods to enhance public participation.
(5) Greater assurance about the quality of independent cleanups.
(6) Greater assurance of the successful use of institutional and engineering controls to protect people and the environment from hazardous substances left at a site.
(7) Increased initiatives to clean up area-wide sites that are commonly known as brownfields to reenter the market as productive, useable, tax-revenue generating and economically restored property.
(8) More understandable and usable regulations that reflect how cleanups are conducted under [the] MTCA.
(9) More options for addressing and resolving disputes between ecology and liable persons.
(10) Development of a short- and long-term strategy for dealing with the most prevalent contaminant, petroleum.
The Policy Advisory Committee submitted its final report on December 15, 1996. The final report contains numerous recommendations for regulatory changes to the act. Throughout its work, the Policy Advisory Committee clearly expected that its recommendations would form the basis of an ecology proposal to amend the current MTCA rule.
The Proposed Regulatory Revisions. The department is directed by the Model Toxics Control Act to provide grants to persons who may be adversely affected by a release or threatened release of hazardous substance and to not-for-profit public interest groups. These grants are to be used to facilitate public participation in the investigation and remediation of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance and to facilitate public participation in the implementation of the state's solid and hazardous waste management priorities. The purpose of chapter 173-321 WAC is to set forth eligibility criteria and funding requirements for ecology to follow in providing these grants. Because proposed amendments to this chapter do not affect small (or large) businesses, the proposed changes to this chapter will not have a disproportionate affect on small businesses.
The department is also proposing amendments to chapter 173-322 WAC. This chapter provides the department direction and authority to provide remedial action grants and loans to local governments for the purpose of addressing remedial actions. Because proposed amendments to this chapter do not affect small (or large) businesses, the proposed changes to this chapter will not have a disproportionate affect on small businesses.
After receiving the Policy Advisory Committee's report in December 1996, ecology began a three-year negotiated rule-making effort to craft revisions to the rules (chapter 173-340 WAC). This effort included the formation of an external advisory group and extensive discussions with stakeholders. In addition, a separate advisory group met to review the cleanup standards for sites contaminated with petroleum products. Ecology partnered with the Duwamish Coalition's Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) Project Oversight Group to develop a methodology for setting site-specific, risk-based cleanup levels at petroleum-contaminated sites. The result was the development of rules that will replace the department's interim TPH guidance. In addition, the agency worked extensively with its Science Advisory Board (SAB) to update the science for analyzing cross-media effects of contamination. Throughout this effort ecology worked to keep interested parties abreast of potential changes under consideration. Thus, the proposed amendments to the MTCA rule reflect the input of individuals both within and outside the department. In June 1998, the department employed the services of a professional mediator to go between constituents and ecology staff and facilitate solutions to outstanding issues.
While touching nearly every section of the current rule, the proposed amendments fall into three main categories. First, many of the proposed amendments simply revise current regulatory language to clarify existing cleanup requirements. State government has long recognized that some administrative rules are difficult to understand. The governor sought to address this problem by requiring agencies to review their regulations to ensure they were understandable to regulated parties. (Executive Order on regulatory improvement, No. 97-02.)
Ecology's review of the MTCA rule revealed that certain sections were less than clear. For example, the proposed amendments include language to better explain development of remediation levels and the remedy selection process. Current ecology policy recognizes and uses the concept of "remediation level" or "action level" (which is different from "cleanup level") during the remedy selection process. However, the concept is not defined and many PLPs are unaware of it. The proposed amendments would formally incorporate and recognize the role of "remediation levels" or "action levels" in the remedy selection process. The proposed amendments would also further explain the remedy selection process: (1) How to scope the feasibility study in order to narrow the focus of alternatives to be evaluated; (2) the criteria used to determine the minimum cleanup requirements, and; (3) the criteria used to determine the alternative that is "permanent to the maximum extent practicable." These types of changes would not establish new or alter current regulatory requirements. Rather, they make existing MTCA requirements more understandable to potentially liable persons (PLPs), lending institutions, ecology staff, and other interested parties.
The second category of proposed changes incorporate current ecology policy and guidance into the rule. Since adoption of the original MTCA rule, the department has made many policy decisions and issued many guidance documents on how to implement the rule. For example, current ecology policy on statistical methods for determining compliance is incorporated into the rule, as is ecology's current policy on delisting of sites. Another example where ecology policy has been included in the proposed rule amendments concerns prospective purchaser consent decrees and the 1997 legislative change in criteria.
The final category of proposed amendments would significantly change parts of the MTCA rules. These changes affect the process used to determine the remediation activity(s) and what ecology will accept as a protective remedy, affecting both PLPs and ecology. Examples of these changes include:
• | The proposed amendments clarify the use of a quantitative risk assessment in evaluating alternatives being considered during the feasibility study and in establishing cleanup levels (within specified constraints). Currently, ecology uses mostly qualitative assessment of the residual risk. While the effect of using quantitative risk assessment will depend on site specific circumstances, ecology generally anticipates higher levels of residual contamination. The amendments include a process for assessing risk to terrestrial ecological receptors and quantitatively estimating cross media effects of contamination in determining cleanup levels. |
• | The proposed amendments place more emphasis on ensuring the effectiveness of institutional controls. Institutional controls are measures at contaminated sites to ensure that the actual use to which such a site is put after cleanup is compatible with the level of cleanup completed. The proposal places added emphasis on ensuring that adequate funding is available to cover long-term site costs through financial assurances. This change should result in better long-term effectiveness (over the coming decades) of nonpermanent site remedies. |
• | The proposed amendments authorize ecology to develop model remedies as resources allow. This was recognized as an important measure for small business (see section on mitigation measures). Ecology anticipates that model remedies could be developed for common categories of facilities, types of contamination, types of media, or specific geographic areas. The availability of model remedies will encourage site cleanups for two reasons. First, PLPs could reduce the upfront costs of preparing feasibility studies. Second, PLPs would have more certainty of regulatory approval of an independent remediation. |
• | The proposed rule adds some new, and changes some existing, cleanup/contamination standards for various contaminants. For example, Method A cleanup levels for groundwater and soil would include standards for MTBE and Naphthalene. The Method A groundwater cleanup levels for some petroleum constituents, such as ethylbenzene, lead, toluene and xylenes, are proposed to be less stringent. For soil, the Method A values for petroleum constituents, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylenes, will become more stringent. |
Each rule proposed by ecology in response to legislative mandates must comply with the Administrative Procedure Act (RCW 34.05.328) and the Regulatory Fairness Act (chapter 19.85 RCW).
The Regulatory Fairness Act (act)2 requires state agencies to prepare a small business economic impact statement (SBEIS) prior to proposing to amend or adopt a regulation. The impetus for the legislation was a concern that regulatory mandates could "threaten the very existence of some small businesses." (RCW 19.85.011.) The act defines a small business as "any business entity, including a sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership, or other legal entity, that is owned and operated independently from all other businesses, that has the purpose of making a profit, and that has fifty or fewer employees." (RCW 19.85.020.)
Ecology used the following process to determine whether it should provide regulatory relief to small businesses in the proposed rule.
Step I | Determine the categories of businesses affected by the proposed regulations |
Step II | Determine the range of employment for each category of business |
Step III | Determine the "more than minor" cost threshold for each category of business |
Step IV | Determine whether the estimated cost exceeds the "more than minor" cost threshold for each category of business |
Step V | Determine whether the proposed regulations impose a disproportionate cost burden on small businesses |
Step VI | Determine whether regulatory relief for small businesses is legal and feasible |
Step VII | Describe the regulatory relief provided to small businesses |
Step VIII | Miscellaneous SBEIS requirements |
Step I: What Businesses are Affected by the Proposed Regulation? The proposed rule is somewhat unusual in that it does not directly regulate a specific category of businesses. Rather, it regulates the cleanup of contaminated land. An affected business is one that has in the past or will in the future, knowingly or unknowingly generates or arranges for disposal of hazardous substances or owns or operates a facility where hazardous substances have been released into the environment. Thus, virtually all businesses in the state could fall under this regulation. However, for most business or industrial categories, only a subset of entities will have a release that poses a threat to human health or the environment [that] will be affected by the proposed rule amendments.3
Ecology used its integrated site information system (ISIS) to identify the types of businesses that commonly have hazardous waste contamination problems and would be affected by the proposed rule. (Sites listed in the ISIS database have known or suspected hazardous waste contamination.) Through this effort, ecology identified twelve categories of businesses (identified by standard industrial code or SIC) with high numbers of contaminated sites:
Metal Mining
Miscellaneous Wood Products
Natural Gas Production and Distribution
Petroleum Refining
Petroleum Asphalt
Miscellaneous Petroleum Products
Electroplating
Agricultural Chemicals
Sanitary Sewage and Refuse Systems
Scrap Metal and Waste
Gasoline Service Stations
Automotive
While many businesses affected by the proposed rule fall outside these twelve categories, ecology believes they cover a sufficient range of activities to determine whether the proposed rule would impose disproportionate costs on small businesses.
Step II: What is the Employment Profile of Businesses Affected by the Proposed Regulation? To determine the employment profiles of businesses potentially affected by the proposed amendments, ecology turned to reports issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce.4 Table 1 presents state employment for each identified category of business. Most business categories have many more employers with fewer than fifty employees than those with more than fifty employees. However, since all but one category includes businesses with both more than fifty and less than fifty employees, the proposed regulation clearly has the potential to impose disproportionate costs on small businesses.
Step III: What are the "more than minor" Cost Thresholds for Businesses Affected by the Proposed Regulation? An SBEIS is required whenever a regulation imposes "more than minor" costs on a regulated business. The "more than minor" threshold ranges from $50 to $300 depending on what standard industrial code (SIC) category the business falls into.5 Given the number and range of businesses potentially affected by the proposed regulations, this SBEIS uses $50 as the benchmark between minor and "more than minor" costs.
Step IV: Do the Costs Imposed by the Proposed Rule Exceed the "more than minor" Cost Threshold? When calculating the cost of proposed amendments to existing regulations, it is very important to separate out and ignore the cost of the current regulations. While important to the liable parties, the costs of complying with the current requirements are not relevant to this analysis. The only cost issue for the SBEIS analysis is how much more or less businesses will pay to comply with the amended rule.
The wide scope of the proposed amendments to the rules implementing the Model Toxics Control Act will increase costs for some businesses and decrease costs for others. For example, the proposed changes to the Method "A" soil cleanup standards could increase costs for sites contaminated with benzene and lower the cleanup cost for sites with heating oil contamination. Similarly, if a person chooses to revise the default input parameters for calculating soil ingestion cleanup levels for sites contaminated with petroleum mixtures, then the revised parameters could raise or lower costs. The proposed amendments would make other changes that will raise cleanup costs at certain sites. Specifically, the addition of dermal and vapor exposure pathways when using site-specific risk assessments to develop soil cleanup standards may increase costs at sites that choose this option. Still other proposed changes could decrease cost such as the provisions expanding the use of quantitative risk assessment when selecting the cleanup remedy.
Employment Statistics of Business Categories Commonly Affected by the Proposed Amendments to Model Toxics Control Act Regulations*
SIC Code | Industry | Total Number of Establishments |
Number of Establishments by employment-size | Total
Number of Employees |
||
1 to 49 | 50+ | |||||
10 | Metal Mining | 28 | 27 | 1 | 351 | |
249 | Miscellaneous Wood Products | 94 | 82 | 12 | 1750 | |
287/5191 | Agricultural Chemicals | 29/398 | 25/387 | 4/11 | 799/4216 | |
291 | Petroleum Refining | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1719 | |
295 | Petroleum Asphalt | 17 | 13 | 4 | 554 | |
299 | Miscellaneous Petroleum Products | 4 | 4 | 0 | 63 | |
347 | Electroplating | 79 | 73 | 6 | 1429 | |
492 | Natural Gas Production and Distribution | 43 | 35 | 8 | 1791 | |
495 | Sanitary Sewerage and Refuse Systems | 150 | 136 | 14 | 9489 | |
5093 | Scrap Metal and Waste | 188 | 180 | 8 | 2141 | |
554 | Gasoline Service Stations | 1448 | 1443 | 5 | 12330 | |
753 | Automotive Repair | 3082 | 3076 | 6 | 14594 |
The estimated change in cleanup costs brought about by the proposed amendments will vary substantially among businesses both within and between industrial categories. Usually only a subset of businesses in any given category will have contributed to a contamination problem and therefore face cleanup costs. Moreover, the actual cleanup costs depend on many factors: The quantity and toxicity of chemicals used by the business; the type of ground underlying the contamination (e.g., rock, sand, silt or clay); the proximity of the contaminated land to residential areas; and, whether the contaminated land overlays an aquifer.
Another factor affecting business costs is whether the contamination was caused by more than one entity. In such cases, the cleanup costs can often be spread among several PLPs. Despite these factors, any business responsible for cleaning up even a small portion of a small area of low toxicity contamination will virtually always exceed the "more than minor" cost threshold. Therefore, ecology concludes that the proposed regulatory amendments will increase costs by more than the "more than minor" $50 cost threshold.
To provide an example of the likely cost impact of the proposed rule amendments on businesses, ecology considered their effect on gasoline refueling stations. Gasoline station owners where releases to the environment have occurred can choose one of two types of cleanup processes: Method A or Method B. Those choosing Method A may experience slightly higher costs under the proposed rule. The proposal would lower residual soil cleanup levels for several contaminants (e.g., gasoline, ethylbenzene and xylenes). Therefore, dependent on soil type and the extent of contaminates released to the environment, the consequence of this change may be that gas station owners would have to treat in-place or remove and haul away additional soil. This is also dependent on the remedy that will ultimately be selected. If additional contaminated soil needs to be removed, cleanup costs will be slightly higher.
The change in cost to gas station owners choosing Method B type cleanup will be less certain. The proposed rule amendments will increase the amount of precleanup planning, evaluating and testing. However, by basing the cleanup on site-specific parameters (e.g., the proximity of the site to people and ground water) the proposed rule would afford gas station owners the opportunity to lower the amount of soil removed and thereby reduce costs. Thus, the department did not predict the overall effect of the proposed rule amendments on gas station owners choosing Method B type of cleanup. Under the current rules, most gas station owners have chosen to follow a Method A type cleanup process. Given the potential for the proposed rule amendments to decrease the cost of Method B cleanups, the department expects that the number of gas stations choosing Method B will slightly increase under the proposed rule.
Step V: Does the Proposed Regulation Impose a Disproportionate Cost Burden on Small Businesses? To determine whether the proposed rule will disproportionately affect small businesses, the act requires a comparison of "the cost of compliance for small business with the cost of compliance for the ten percent of [the largest] businesses... using one or more of the following as a basis for comparing costs:
(a) Cost per employee;
(b) Cost per hour of labor; or
(c) Cost per $100 of sales." (RCW 19.85.040)
Of the alternative ways to compare costs, the preferable approach is "cost per $100 of sales." By providing a measure of the effect of the proposed rule on the profits of affected businesses, this approach best indicates the likelihood that the businesses will continue (or fail). Thus, this approach most directly addresses the legislature's concern of whether a proposed rule "...threaten[s] the very existence of some small businesses."
As stated above, the costs to clean up contaminated sites to MTCA standards are large and may vary widely depending on specific site and business circumstances. A small business economic impact statement prepared for the existing MTCA cleanup regulations found that "the draft regulation does have a disproportional impact on small business."6 For example, small businesses in the electric, gas and sanitary services industry faced costs up to one hundred times the cleanup costs (relative to sales) as their larger counterparts. The principal finding of that analysis was that cleanup costs are proportional to business size - larger businesses have a larger sales base over which to spread regulatory costs.
In this rule revision, more sophisticated methods are available to make risk assessment and risk management decisions, but these methods may not be as readily used by small business as large business because they are more complex and technical. As a result, ecology concludes that small businesses are more likely to face disproportionately higher costs than large businesses.
Step VI: Is Regulatory Relief for Small Businesses Legal and Feasible? When an agency finds disproportionate cost impacts, the act requires the agency to reduce the costs imposed by the rule on small businesses "where legal and feasible in meeting the stated objectives of the statutes upon which the rule is based" (RCW 19.85.030). Therefore, the next logical question is, can ecology provide relief?
The statute from which ecology derives its authority to issue these regulations describe overarching goals rather than specific regulatory requirements:
• | Each person has a fundamental and inalienable right to a healthful environment, and each person has a responsibility to preserve and enhance that right. The beneficial stewardship of the land, air, and waters of the state is a solemn obligation of the present generation for the benefit of future generations. (RCW 70.105D.010) |
• | It is in the public's interest to efficiently use our finite land base, to integrate our land use planning policies with our cleanup policies, and to clean up and reuse contaminated industrial properties in order to minimize industrial development pressures on undeveloped land and to make clean land available for future social use. (RCW 70.105D.010) |
• | ...the purpose of this chapter [is] to identify, eliminate, or minimize any threat or potential threat posed by hazardous substances to human health or the environment. (RCW 70.105D.020(21)) |
• | In conducting, providing for, or requiring remedial action, the department shall give preference to permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable and shall provide for or require adequate monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of the remedial action. (RCW 70.105D.030 (1)(b)) |
Step VII: The Regulatory Relief Provided to Small Businesses. The act provides some guidance for the provision of small business relief due to disproportionate cost impacts whereby methods to reduce the costs on small businesses may include:
(a) Reducing, modifying, or eliminating substantive regulatory requirements;
(b) Simplifying, reducing, or eliminating recordkeeping and reporting requirements;
(c) Reducing the frequency of inspections;
(d) Delaying compliance timetables;
(e) Reducing or modifying fine schedules for noncompliance; or
(f) Any other mitigation techniques. (RCW 19.85.030)
After carefully considering these approaches within the underlying statutory objectives, ecology included several elements in the MTCA rules to mitigate economic impacts. Many of these elements continue from the current MTCA rules while a few are new or expand on existing provisions to mitigate small business costs.
1. The proposed rule explicitly allows that a remediation level that leaves hazardous substances at the site in concentrations above cleanup levels may be considered protective of human health and the environment. Many small businesses have not been aware of this concept that has been allowed under the current rule. Explicitly defining and using it in the rule makes this option more available and "user friendly" to small business.
2. The proposed amendments would include provisions allowing the establishment of an off-property point of compliance for area-wide groundwater contamination by multiple sites. This provision was specifically requested by the Policy Advisory Committee to address small business concerns.
3. The proposed amendments expand the types of financial assurance mechanisms that ecology will accept. The current rule requires a trust fund or equivalent mechanism. The change provides more flexibility for businesses to choose an instrument that meets the particular needs of the business. Exceptions from the requirement for financial assurances that will most likely apply to small businesses include where the potentially liable persons for the site will have insufficient funds to conduct the cleanup or where requiring a financial assurance would force a potentially liable person for the site into bankruptcy or similar financial hardship.
4. Ecology will develop model remedies covering sites with similar types of facilities, types of contamination, types of media, or specific geographic areas. Typically, the type of cleanups for which ecology will develop model remedies will meet the following criteria: a) The site conditions including facilities and contamination that commonly occur; b) the remediation choices are obvious and limited; c) the selected remediation method has been proven capable of achieving the cleanup standards; and, d) ecology has experience with similar remediation efforts at other sites. Gasoline leaking from underground storage tanks is one example of the type of sites for which ecology is likely to develop a model remediation. When developed the streamlined procedures mitigate the economic costs of site remediation.
5. The proposed amendments include provisions providing for technical consultations and assistance for independent remedial actions. Experience has shown that most cleanups are done independently and that most of these are done by small businesses. Providing specific authorization and a process for technical assistance on these cleanups will primarily benefit small businesses. Ecology can waive fees for the technical assistance based on a person's ability to pay or when costs are de minimis. If the level of consultation a business (small or large) desires for its sites more in-depth or time consuming for ecology staff than that provided without charge, the business will have the option of continuing its consultation by entering into an agreement to reimburse ecology for its costs of providing the business assistance.
6. Provisions allow the use of site-specific risk assessment in setting cleanup levels, remediation levels, or in making remedial action decisions under [the] MTCA within certain limitations. This may result in an increase or decrease in cleanup levels and/or remediation levels (and subsequently costs) from the existing rule. To assist the small business, ecology has also provided specific procedures for conducting site-specific risk assessments. However, this method is optional and business may still choose to use Method A values rather than following the more complex methodology provided in Method B.
7. The state toxics control account can be used to help fund remediation efforts. Use of this financial resource is limited to situations where the additional funds will substantially expedite and enhance a remediation activity and prevent or mitigate unfair economic hardship. This funding source will help small business most since they generally have more difficulty raising the necessary funds to complete the remediation actions for which they are liable. Funding needs are evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and financial assistance can range from a partial subsidy to a complete subsidy for cleanup activities. Financial assistance is contingent upon the availability of funds within the model toxics control account.
8. Ecology can facilitate resource sharing during data collection activities related to monitoring. For example, ecology may be able to facilitate resource sharing among applicants in areas where there are several potentially liable parties in close proximity. Ecology can also provide data available from compliance monitoring programs.
9. Many sites have multiple sources of contamination or multiple potentially liable persons or both. Because liability under the MTCA is strict joint and several, the agency may choose to pursue one PLP or many PLPs at a site. One department consideration when deciding on which PLP(s) to pursue is the financial resource available for payment of remedial action costs. This flexibility can lessen the burden on small businesses to the extent that multiple parties share cleanup costs for a site.
10. Ecology has a provision establishing an administrative process for issuing agreed orders that will help to mitigate the impacts of the proposed rule on small businesses. As opposed to a consent decree or a unilateral order, an agreed order may be more desirable to potentially liable parties because of the relatively streamlined process associated with this kind of order (e.g., the assistance of an attorney is not necessarily required). Agreed orders may be used for any type of cleanup action. Because they represent a simplified means of complying with some of the requirements of the cleanup decision process, these legal tools are especially well suited for small businesses.
11. Interim actions provide a means of economic mitigation for small businesses. Interim cleanup of a site may be required to reduce threats from contamination while a complete investigation is being performed. Interim actions do not completely achieve cleanup standards at a site. This can be used in some situations to spread the costs of remediation over a period of time. However, the interim action must be consistent with the final cleanup action, or, if the cleanup action is not known, the interim action must not eliminate reasonable cleanup alternatives. To the extent that interim actions are taken to address problems before they become worse with time, this provision may also contribute to an overall reduction in the total cleanup cost that may be borne by small businesses.
12. The proposal for adding a citizen technical advisor within ecology should directly benefit small business by providing an information resource to increase understanding of the Model Toxics Control Act and cleanup issues. The citizen technical advisor may be available to citizens, citizens groups and businesses. The duties of the advisor will include:
• | As time allows, provide technical review of site-specific risk documents at the request of citizens or businesses, |
• | As time allows, review documents as requested by citizens or businesses, including background documents as necessary, |
• | Answer general questions from the public related to risk assessment, remedial actions, and site cleanup process, |
• | Translate technical terminology into nontechnical language, and |
• | Reviewing notices to the public relevant to risk and to provide comment on the effectiveness of communication and key risk issues, at the request of citizens or business. |
Step VIII: Miscellaneous SBEIS Requirements.
How did ecology involve affected businesses and other interested parties in the development of the rule? The department's proposal to amend chapter 173-340 WAC began with the legislature's adoption of HB 1810 in 1995. Ecology brought together a twenty-two member Policy Advisory Committee representing diverse views from the legislature, local government, large and small businesses, agriculture, environmental organizations, financial institutions, ports, ecology and the Department of Health. Through their affiliations with larger interest groups, Policy Advisory Committee members carried forward and represented information, interests and objectives of a much larger constituency. The eighteen month PAC process, resulted in a series of recommended changes to current MTCA regulations. These recommendations formed the starting point for ecology's process to develop the proposed regulatory amendments.
Ecology established an external advisory workgroup to review and advise the agency regarding rule development. The committee members participated in negotiating the proposal. The department also actively sought input from the regulated community, community leaders, environmental organizations and others on its proposals through mass mailings of meeting announcements and documents. Ecology distributed, for public comment, a discussion draft of potential regulatory amendments in December of 1998, and then held two public workshops, one held in Seattle and the other in Spokane, to take informal public comments. Ecology significantly revised the proposed amendment on the basis of the comments received from sixty-seven individuals providing their input.
1. What are the reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements? The proposed changes to the Model Toxics Control Act provide for reporting and recordkeeping; the required format that data or information must be submitted to ecology; and the length of time that records must be retained by the site owner/operator. Examples of these changes to sections within the MTCA include:
• | Changes to WAC 173-340-420 requires ecology to conduct periodic reviews of a site whenever ecology conducts a cleanup action plan or approves a cleanup action where in ecology's judgment, modification to the default equations or assumption using site-specific information would significantly increase the concentration of hazardous substances remaining at the site after cleanup. Additionally, ecology would conduct a periodic review at sites where there is uncertainty in the ecological evaluation or where the reliability of the cleanup action requires an assurance that long-term protection of human health and the environment is being achieved. Ecology believes that these requirements would primarily affect larger sites that choose to perform a site-specific risk assessment. |
• | Changes to WAC 173-340-440 require institutional controls whenever contaminated soil is left near the ground surface so that plants and animals could be affected by it. The purpose of institutional controls is to limit activities that may interfere with a cleanup taking place or resulting in exposure to hazardous substances at the site. |
• | Changes to WAC 173-340-840 will require sampling data to be submitted in both electronic and printed form. Most site owners/operators are currently required to do this now in accordance with department procedures. Therefore, this requirement only clarifies existing agency procedures and should not add additional cost to owner/operators. |
• | Changes to WAC 173-340-850 will require site cleanup records to be kept as long as institutional controls are in effect to ensure the remedial action is adequately carried out. Currently, site owners/operators are required to retain records for ten years. Experience has shown that some cleanups continue beyond a ten-year period. The cost of retaining these records for additional time should have minimal impact, since most owner/operator's records are kept for tax or real estate purposes anyway. |
Ecology also finds it unlikely that the proposed amendment will result in significantly higher prices. Businesses will be limited in their ability to pass through costs because the proposed amendments only affect a portion of the businesses in most industrial categories. In order to remain competitive, most businesses will have to hold the line on prices. The result is that ecology expects most cleanup expenditures to come out of business profits. Because the effect of the rule varies considerably from site to site, ecology is unable to predict with any certainty the overall effect on business profits.
One exception to this expectation is for gas stations. The department's experience suggests that most gas stations have had releases from their underground storage tank systems or from overfills; therefore, most gas stations will face cleanup costs at some point. Generally, the cleanup costs range from $10,000 to $100,000. Although the majority of cleanup sites do fall within this cost range, some sites are outside this bracket.
Ecology's toxics cleanup program generated "typical" cleanup site models after analyzing a group (informal sample) of sites on ecology's leaking underground storage tank list. The proposed rule amendments were applied to the model sites, and the resultant costs were then compared with cleanup costs of the model sites using the existing regulation. The modeling results demonstrate that there will be minimal additional cost caused by the implementation of the proposed rule amendment.
Assuming a $50,000 cost that is paid for over five years at an 8% rate of interest is an annual cost of $12,500. While the proposed rules may slightly increase this cost, ecology does not expect an increase of more than 20%, or $2,500 per year. Dividing this cost by the 50,000 gallons the typical gas station pumps each month results in an estimated additional per gallon cost of less than $0.01 per gallon. Therefore, the department anticipates that consumers would see minimal increase in the cost of gasoline as a result of the proposed rule.
3. What professional services is a small business likely to need in order to comply with the requirements of the proposed rule? A small business may need a variety of professional services to comply with the existing rule. The proposed rule should not change the need for a small business to obtain professional services. If the small business would have needed professional services to implement the existing rule, they will likely require professional services to implement the rule after the changes are in effect. In summary, to implement the existing rule or the proposed changes, a business may need to hire an accredited laboratory to extract and analyze samples and a consultant to interpret and report the results. Depending on the findings in the initial report, a business may need a consultant to prepare a remedial investigation and a feasibility study of cleanup alternatives. In this case the business may also have to hire a contractor to perform the actual cleanup. Finally, a business may likely retain legal counsel to help determine liability and to review decrees or orders and the cleanup action plan.
1 Model Toxics Control Account, 1999 Annual Report, Washington State Department of Ecology, No. 00-09-001.
2 The Regulatory Fairness Act is codified in chapter 19.85 RCW.
3 One exception to this general rule is gas stations. Virtually all gas stations have had a release; therefore, almost all businesses in this category are affected.
4 United States Department of Commerce, County Business Patterns, 1996, Washington, CBP/96-49, November 1998, Tables 1a, 1b, and 1c.
5 Facilitating Regulatory Fairness, Washington State Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development, Washington State Business Assistance Center, 1995.
6 "Small Business Economic Impact Statement, Model Toxics Control Act Cleanup Regulation, Chapter 173-340 WAC," Department of Ecology, October 1989.
A copy of the statement may be obtained by writing to Trish Akana, Rules Coordinator, Toxics Cleanup Program, P.O. Box 432, Olympia, WA 98504-7600, phone (360) 407-7230, fax (360) 407-7154.
The department has determined that the proposed amendments to chapters 173-321 and 173-322 WAC do not affect businesses and, therefore, the changes to those chapters will not have a disproportionate affect on small businesses.
RCW 34.05.328 does not apply to this rule adoption. These rules are significant under RCW 34.05.328 because they adopt new or make significant amendments to a policy or regulatory program. The agency has conducted the additional analysis required under RCW 34.05.328.
Hearing Location: On Wednesday, September 6, 2000, at 6:00 p.m., PDT Pinnacle Room, Mountaineers Building, 300 Third Avenue West, Seattle, WA; and on Thursday, September 7, 2000, at 6:00 p.m., PDT, Second Floor, Eastern Regional Office, Department of Ecology, North 4601 Monroe, Suite 100, Spokane, WA.
Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact agency by August 31, 2000, TDD (360) 407-7551.
Submit Written Comments to: Trish Akana, Rules Coordinator, Toxics Cleanup Program, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504-7600, fax (360) 407-7154, by September 15, 2000.
Date of Intended Adoption: November 22, 2000.
August 1, 2000
Daniel J. Silver
Deputy Director
OTS-3478.1
REMEDIAL ACTION GRANTS AND LOANS
Unless otherwise defined in this chapter, words and phrases used in this chapter shall be defined according to WAC 173-340-200.
"Act" means the "Model Toxics Control Act," chapter 70.105D RCW.
"Agreed order" means an order issued under WAC 173-340-530.
"Area-wide ground water contamination" means multiple adjacent properties with different ownership affected by hazardous substances from multiple sources that have resulted in commingled plumes of contaminated ground water that are not practicable to address separately.
"Cleanup action" means any remedial action, except interim actions, taken at a site to eliminate, render less toxic, stabilize, contain, immobilize, isolate, treat, destroy, or remove a hazardous substance that complies with cleanup standards, utilizes permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable, and includes adequate monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of the cleanup action.
"Consent order" means an order issued under chapter 90.48 or 70.105B RCW.
"Coordinated water system plan" means a plan for public water systems within a critical water supply service area which identifies the present and future water system concerns and sets forth a means for meeting those concerns in the most efficient manner possible pursuant to chapter 246-293 WAC.
"Decree" means a consent decree under WAC 173-340-520. "Consent decree" is synonymous with decree.
"Department" means the department of ecology.
"Disposal" means a remedial action which removes hazardous substances from the site and places the hazardous substances in an engineered, regulatory-complaint facility as a final destination.
"Enforcement order" means an order issued under WAC 173-340-540.
"Grant agreement" means a binding agreement between the local government and the department that authorizes the transfer of funds to the local government to reimburse it for a portion of expenditures in support of a specified scope of services.
"Hazard ranking" means the ranking for hazardous waste sites used by the department pursuant to chapter 70.105D RCW.
"Hazardous substances" means any substances as defined in WAC 173-340-200.
"Hazardous waste site" means any facility where there has been confirmation of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance that requires remedial action.
"Independent remedial actions" means remedial actions conducted without department oversight or approval and not under an order or decree.
"Interim action" means a remedial action conducted under WAC 173-340-430 that partially addresses the cleanup of a site.
"Local government" means any political subdivision, regional governmental unit, district, municipal or public corporation, including cities, towns, and counties. The term encompasses but does not refer specifically to the departments within a city, town, or county.
"Minimum functional standards" means the requirements of chapters 173-304 and 173-351 WAC, the minimum functional standards for solid waste handling.
"National Priorities List (NPL)" means a list of hazardous waste sites at which the United States Environmental Protection Agency intends to proceed with enforcement or cleanup action.
"No further action (NFA) determination" means an opinion issued by the department under WAC 173-340-515 (5)(b).
"Oversight costs" are remedial action costs of the department or the United States Environmental Protection Agency reasonably attributable to the administration of an order or decree for remedial action at a hazardous waste site.
"Pilot study" means an experiment in remedial action method, with the purpose of testing the suitability of a particular cleanup technology or process for remedial action at a particular site.
"Potentially liable person (PLP)" means any person whom the department finds, based on credible evidence, to be liable under RCW 70.105D.040.
"Public water system" means any system, excluding a system serving only one single-family residence and a system with four or fewer connections all of which serve residences on the same farm, providing piped water for human consumption, including any collection, treatment, storage, or distribution facilities under control of the purveyor and used primarily in connection with the system and collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under control of the purveyor but primarily used in connection with such system.
"Purveyor" means an agency or subdivision of the state or a municipal corporation, firm, company, mutual or cooperative association, institution, partnership, or person or any other entity that owns or operates a public water system, or the authorized agent of such entities.
"Recycling" means a remedial action which permanently removes hazardous substances from the site and successfully directs the material into a new product suitable for further industrial or consumer use.
"Remedial action" means any action or expenditure to identify, eliminate, or minimize any threat or potential threat posed by hazardous substances to human health or the environment including any investigative and monitoring activities with respect to any release or threatened release of a hazardous substance and any health assessments or health effects studies conducted in order to determine the risk or potential risk to human health.
"Remedial design (RD)" means an engineering study during which technical plans and specifications are developed to guide subsequent cleanup action at a hazardous waste site.
"Remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS)" means a study intended to collect, develop, and evaluate sufficient information regarding a site to enable the selection of a cleanup action.
"Safe drinking water" means water meeting drinking water quality standards set by chapter 246-290 WAC.
"Safe drinking water action" means an action by a local government purveyor or other purveyor to provide safe drinking water through public water systems to areas contaminated by or threatened by contamination from hazardous waste sites.
"Site hazard assessment" means a remedial action that consists of an investigation performed under WAC 173-340-320.
"Site study and remediation" means remedial investigation,
feasibility study, pilot study, remedial design, interim action
or cleanup action at hazardous waste sites ((at which a local
government is a potentially liable person (PLP) identified by the
department)).
"Treatment" means a remedial action which permanently destroys, detoxifies, or recycles hazardous substances.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-020, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-020, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) Nothing in this chapter shall influence, affect, or modify department programs, regulations, or enforcement of applicable laws relating to hazardous waste investigation and cleanup.
(2) Nothing in this chapter shall modify the legal
settlements and ((enforcement)) orders the department has secured
with potentially liable persons for remedial action. The
execution of remedies pursuant to court order or decree shall in
no way be contingent upon the availability of grant funding.
(3) All grants shall be subject to existing accounting and auditing requirements of state laws and regulations applicable to the issuance of grant funds.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-030, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-030, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) All applicants must be local governments as defined in this chapter.
(2) Site study and remediation grants. Eligibility for site study and remediation grants is limited to applicants that meet the following standards:
(a) The applicant must be a local government ((which)) that
is a potentially liable person (PLP) at a hazardous waste site;
or owns a site but is not a PLP; or applies for a remediation
grant for area-wide ground water contamination. The local
government may be the sole PLP, or there may be other PLPs at the
site.
(b) The local government must meet one of the following standards:
(i) The department must have required the local government
to perform some phase of remedial action, or have approved or
reviewed a completed remedial action. That requirement ((may)),
approval or review shall take ((any)) one of the following
forms((, hereinafter referred to as "order or decree")):
(A) A consent decree under chapter 70.105D or 70.105B RCW requiring remedial action at the site; or
(B) An enforcement order or an agreed order under chapter 70.105D or 70.105B RCW prior to March 1, 1989, requiring remedial action at the site; or
(C) An enforcement order ((or a)), consent order or consent
decree under chapter 90.48 RCW requiring remedial action at the
site or an amendment to such an order subsequent to March 1,
1989; or
(D) An underground storage tank (UST) compliance order; or
(E) A no further action (NFA) determination issued after completion of an independent remedial action.
(ii) The local government which is also a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) must have entered into a decree requiring remedial action at a hazardous waste site with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, provided that such agreement has been signed or acknowledged by the department in writing as a sufficient basis for remedial action grant funding.
(iii) The local government must have signed an agreement with the department requiring another PLP to perform remedial action at a landfill site and that agreement must take one of the forms specified in (b)(i) of this subsection. The local government must also have entered into an agreement with that PLP to reimburse the PLP for a portion of incurred remedial action costs with the sole purpose of providing relief to ratepayers and/or taxpayers from some remedial action costs.
(3) Safe drinking water action grants. Eligibility for safe drinking water action grants is limited to applicants who meet the following standards:
(a) The applicant must be a local government purveyor as defined in WAC 173-322-020 or be a local government applying on behalf of a purveyor.
(b) The subject water system must be in an area determined by the department of ecology to be a hazardous waste site or threatened by contamination from a hazardous waste site.
(c) The subject water system must exhibit levels of contamination which exceed the primary maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) set by WAC 246-290-310 or EPA standards as determined by the department of health, or exhibit levels of contamination which exceed the standards set by WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760 as determined by the department of ecology, or be certified by the state department of health that a contaminant threatens the safety and reliability of a public water system which cannot be remedied solely by operational solutions. Contaminants must include at least one hazardous substance. If the contaminant is a nitrate or a trihalomethane, it must be determined to have originated from a hazardous waste site.
(d) An order or decree must be issued to the identified potentially liable persons requiring that safe drinking water be provided to the contaminated area as part of a remedial action. The department may waive this requirement if it has determined that no viable potentially liable persons exist, or if public health would be threatened from unreasonable delays associated with the search for potentially liable persons, or the order or decree process.
(e) If water line extensions are included in the proposed projects, such extensions must be consistent with the coordinated water system plan and growth management plan for the geographic area containing the affected water supplies.
(f) The applicant must be in substantial compliance, as determined by the department of health, with applicable rules of the Washington state board of health or the department of health, as contained in chapter 246-290 WAC (Public water supplies), chapter 246-292 WAC (Water works operator certification), chapter 246-293 WAC (Water System Coordination Act), and chapter 246-294 WAC (Drinking water operating permits).
(4) Site hazard assessment grants. The purpose of site hazard assessment grants is to involve local health districts and departments in assessing the degree of contamination at suspected hazardous waste sites according to WAC 173-340-320. While enabling local health districts or departments to participate in the scoring and ranking process, the department retains the authority to review and verify the results of a site hazard assessment and to establish the hazard ranking of the site. Eligibility for site hazard assessment grants is limited to applications that meet the following standards:
(a) The applicant must be a local health district or department.
(b) The scope of work for a site hazard assessment must conform to WAC 173-340-320 and prescribed guidelines issued by the department.
(c) The assessment must be for sites agreed to by the department.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-040, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-040, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) Costs for site study and remediation.
(a) Eligible costs include reasonable costs, including sales tax, incurred in performing:
(i) Remedial investigations((.));
(ii) Feasibility studies((.));
(iii) Remedial designs((.));
(iv) Pilot studies((.));
(v) Interim actions((.));
(vi) Landfill closures as required by chapters 173-304 and
173-351 WAC if included in the order or decree for remedial
action((, and as limited by WAC 173-322-090.));
(vii) Other remedial action included in the order or decree
for remedial action((.)), or included as part of the independent
remedial action for which a no further action (NFA) determination
is issued;
(viii) Capital costs of long-term monitoring systems((.));
and
(ix) Operating and maintenance costs incurred during the first year of accomplishing the cleanup action after facilities and equipment have been installed or constructed.
(b) Ineligible costs:
(i) Retroactive costs except as limited by WAC 173-322-100((.));
(ii) Legal fees and penalties((.));
(iii) Oversight costs((.));
(iv) Operating and maintenance costs after the first year of
accomplishing the remedial action((.));
(v) Operating and maintenance costs of long-term
monitoring((.)); and
(vi) ((Costs incurred in conducting independent remedial
actions.
(vii))) At sites other than landfills, additional ineligible costs will include costs incurred to meet departmental requirements for source control and prevention.
(2) Costs for safe drinking water actions.
(a) Eligible costs include reasonable costs, including sales tax, incurred for:
(i) Water supply source development and replacement,
including pumping and storage facilities, source meters, and
reasonable appurtenances((.));
(ii) Transmission lines between major system components,
including inter-ties with other water systems((.));
(iii) Treatment equipment and facilities((.));
(iv) Distribution lines from major system components to
system customers or service connections((.));
(v) Fire hydrants((.));
(vi) Service meters((.));
(vii) Project inspection, engineering, and
administration((.));
(viii) Other costs identified by the state department of
health as necessary to provide a system that operates in
compliance with federal and state standards, or by the
coordinated water system plan as necessary to meet required
standards((.));
(ix) Other costs identified by the department of ecology as
necessary to protect a public water system from contamination
from a hazardous waste site or to determine the source of such
contamination((.));
(x) Individual service connections, including any fees and
charges, provided that property owners substantially participate
in financing the cost of such connections((.));
(xi) Drinking water well abandonment for wells identified by
the department as an environmental safety or health hazard
according to WAC 173-160-415((.)); and
(xii) Interim financing where necessary as a prerequisite to local government issuance of revenue bonds.
(b) Ineligible costs include:
(i) Legal fees and penalties((.));
(ii) Ecology oversight costs((.));
(iii) Operating and maintenance costs((.));
(iv) Retroactive costs except as limited by WAC 173-322-100;
(v) Natural resource damage assessment; and
(vi) Costs for source control or pollution prevention activities at sites other than landfills.
(3) Costs for site hazard assessments. Eligible costs include costs for activities performed pursuant to WAC 173-340-320 and enabling local health districts or departments to participate in the department's site ranking and priority-setting process.
(4) Costs must be eligible under this section and must be approved by the department in order to be eligible for reimbursement.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-050, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-050, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) Application period. The department shall determine appropriate application periods.
(2) Grant applications must:
(a) Include a commitment by the applicant for local funds to match grant funds according to the requirements of WAC 173-322-090.
(b) For site study and remediation projects include a scope of work which accomplishes the requirements of an order or decree.
(c) For safe drinking water action projects, include a scope of work necessary to provide safe drinking water to the area threatened or contaminated.
(d) For site hazard assessment projects, include a scope of work which conforms to the requirements of WAC 173-340-320(4).
(e) For independent remedial actions, include a description of the remedial action for which a no further action (NFA) determination was issued and include a copy of the NFA determination document.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-060, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-060, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) When pending grant applications or anticipated demand for
site study and remediation grants exceed the amount of funds
available, the department may prioritize applications or limit
grant awards based on ((criteria identified in grant guidelines,
including)) the following:
(a) Relative hazard ranking as determined by the department in accordance with WAC 173-340-330 or the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List ranking. Higher ranking sites will receive a higher funding priority.
(b) Evidence that the grant will expedite cleanup.
(c) Relative readiness of the applicant to proceed promptly to accomplish the scope of work.
(2) When pending grant applications or anticipated demand
for safe drinking water action grants exceed the amount of funds
available, the department may prioritize applications or limit
grant awards based on ((criteria identified in grant guidelines,
including)) the following:
(a) Relative risk to human health as jointly determined by the department of ecology, in accordance with WAC 173-340-330, and the department of health, in accordance with WAC 246-290-310. Sites with greater risk will receive higher funding priority.
(b) Relative readiness of the applicant to proceed promptly to accomplish the scope of work.
(c) Ownership of the water system to be extended or improved. Local government-owned systems will receive higher funding priority than other systems.
(d) Number of people served by the water system and per capita cost of remediation.
(3) When pending grant applications or anticipated demand
for site hazard assessment grants exceed the amount of funds
available, the department may prioritize applications or limit
grant awards based on ((criteria identified in grant guidelines,
including)) the following:
(a) Potential public health or environmental threat from the sites.
(b) Ownership of the sites. Publicly-owned sites will receive priority over privately-owned sites.
(c) Relative readiness of the applicant to proceed promptly to accomplish the scope of work.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-070, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-070, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, costs eligible
for site study and remediation and safe drinking water action
grants will be considered for grant funding at up to fifty
percent, except ((that local governments that do not qualify as
economically disadvantaged shall receive no more than five
hundred thousand dollars for the minimum landfill closure
requirements of chapter 173-304 WAC)) in the case of site study
and remediation grants with eligible costs of over two hundred
thousand dollars, local governments who utilize treatment,
recycling and/or disposal as part or all of the cleanup action
shall be eligible to receive an additional fifteen percent.
Independent remedial action grant funds are available only for
projects with eligible costs of less than two hundred thousand.
The additional fifteen percent funds do not apply to independent
remedial actions.
(2) Costs for site hazard assessments which are eligible
under WAC 173-322-050(3) will be considered for grant funding of
up to one hundred percent. ((No grant for site hazard assessment
shall exceed two hundred thousand dollars per health district or
department per biennium.))
(3) Costs for area-wide ground water contamination remediation grants will be considered for grant funding of more than fifty percent. Local governments shall be required to obtain partial reimbursement from PLPs. Reasonable measures shall be taken by local governments to maximize reimbursement. The amount of grant funds and how much to pay back will be determined by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(4) Grant funding for economically disadvantaged local governments.
(a) In addition to grant funding under subsection (1) of
this section, economically disadvantaged local governments may
apply for up to twenty-five percent supplemental funding((, not
to exceed seventy-five percent of eligible costs)). This
additional funding will be contingent on satisfactory
demonstration of extraordinary financial need.
(b) A local government is considered economically disadvantaged if it is a county, or a local government within a county, which meets both of the following criteria:
(i) Per capita income, as measured by the latest official estimate of the Washington state office of financial management, is in the lower twenty counties in the state; and
(ii) It is economically distressed as defined by chapter 43.165 RCW.
(c) The department will include a list of counties which are economically disadvantaged as defined herein in the guidelines for remedial action grants to be published on a biennial basis.
(((4))) (5) For applicants eligible for site study and
remediation grants, if a decree or order requires a potentially
liable person (PLP) other than a local government to conduct
remedial action, the financial contribution of that PLP will be
deducted from the amount eligible for grant funding to the local
government.
(((5))) (6) For applicants eligible for safe drinking water
action grants, funding from either the local government or the
PLP may be used to match remedial action grant funds.
(((6))) (7) As established by the Model Toxics Control Act,
chapter 70.105D RCW, and implementing regulations, the
potentially liable persons bear financial responsibility for
remedial action costs. The remedial action grant program may not
be used to circumvent the PLP responsibility.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-090, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-090, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) The department will establish reasonable costs for all grants, require applicants to manage projects in a cost effective manner, and ensure that all potentially liable persons (PLPs) assume responsibility for remedial action.
(2) The department retains the authority to issue grants which reimburse the recipient for less than the maximum percentage allowable under WAC 173-322-090.
(3) Cap on site funding. Except for independent remedial actions where a no further action (NFA) determination is issued after cleanup has been completed, after the remedial investigation and feasibility study have been completed and a final remedial action plan has been developed by an eligible applicant, the department and the applicant will establish a final cleanup budget and negotiate a grant agreement. The grant amount in this agreement will be the final department remedial action grant fund commitment for cleanup at that hazardous waste site. Grant agreements may be amended, but requests to increase the remedial action grant budget at that site will receive a lower priority than other applications.
(4) Retroactive funding. Grant funding of costs already
incurred prior to the date of the grant agreement may be allowed
to local governments ((PLPs)) where the order or decree with the
department, if any, postdates March 1, 1989, and under one or
more of the following circumstances:
(a) If the grant application period is closed when the order or decree becomes effective;
(b) If the department unreasonably delays the processing of a remedial action grant application;
(c) If there are inadequate funds in the local toxics control account to cover the entire scope of work required by decree or order; and/or
(d) If remedial actions not required by decree or order have proceeded, grants for this work may be made if the department later formally includes such work items in a decree or order, or for independent remedial actions conducted no earlier than five years before the date of application if a no further action (NFA) determination is given for that independent remedial action.
(5) Reimbursement of grant funds. If the department awards
remedial action funds to a local government that successfully
pursues a ((successful settlement)) private right of action
against a PLP who has not settled with the department or
successfully pursues a claim for insurance proceeds, then the
department shall be reimbursed for a proportional share of the
((settlement)) moneys received, after the local government's
legal fees in pursuing such ((contribution)) actions have been
deducted.
(6) Repayment of grant funds. Where the department provides a remediation grant for area-wide ground water contamination to a local government, the grant amount shall be partially repaid to the department where ownership of property affected by the grant is held by private parties. The terms and amount of repayment will be included in the grant agreement between the local government and the department.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-100, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-100, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(1) Local governments will be periodically informed of the availability of remedial action grant funding.
(2) A grant application package will be sent to all parties expressing interest in remedial action grants and to all local governments that have been required by decree or order to perform remedial actions. Grant application packages will include grant guidelines and application forms.
(3) Application must be made within sixty days after the date that a decree or order becomes effective or for independent remedial actions, within sixty days of receipt of a no further action (NFA) determination.
(4) The department will prepare a guidance manual on a biennial basis to assist grant applicants and to facilitate compliance with this regulation.
(5) Appropriation and allocation of funds. Grants will be awarded within the limits of available funds. The obligation of the department to make grant payments is contingent upon the availability of funds through legislative appropriation and allotment, and such other conditions not reasonably foreseeable by the department rendering performance impossible. When the grant crosses over bienniums, the obligation of the department is contingent upon the legislative appropriation of funds for the next biennium.
(6) Remedial action grants shall be used to supplement local government funding and funding from other sources to carry out required remedial action.
(7) The department may fund all or portions of eligible grant applications.
(8) To the extent that the Constitution and laws of the state of Washington permit, the grantee shall indemnify and hold the department harmless, from and against, any liability for any or all injuries to persons or property arising from the negligent act or omission of the grantee arising out of a grant contract.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080. 93-24-047, § 173-322-110, filed 11/23/93, effective 12/24/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-110, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
(((1)
Local governments will be periodically informed of the
availability of remedial action grant funding.
(2) A grant application package will be sent to all parties expressing interest in remedial action grants and to all local governments that have been required by decree or order to perform remedial actions. Grant application packages will include grant guidelines and application forms.
(3) Application must be made within sixty days after the date that a decree or order becomes effective, or within sixty days of the effective date of this rule for local governments which meet the requirements of WAC 173-322-050, but which have not submitted an application for remedial action grant funding.
(4) The department will prepare a guidance manual on a biennial basis to assist grant applicants and to facilitate compliance with this regulation.)) The department may award a loan or combination loan and grant to a grant applicant. Loan terms and the repayment provisions of a loan shall be established on a case-by-case basis under an agreement between the local government and the department.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-10-057 (Order 89-45), § 173-322-120, filed 5/1/90, effective 6/1/90.]
OTS-3477.2
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 89-26, filed 10/17/89,
effective 11/17/89)
WAC 173-321-010
Purpose and authority.
(1) The department
is directed by the Model Toxics Control Act to provide grants up
to ((fifty)) sixty thousand dollars to persons who may be
adversely affected by a release or threatened release of a
hazardous substance and to not-for-profit public interest groups.
These grants shall be used to facilitate public participation in
the investigation and remediation of a release or threatened
release of a hazardous substance and to facilitate public
participation in the implementation of the state's solid and
hazardous waste management priorities.
(2) The purpose of this chapter is to set forth eligibility criteria and funding requirements for grant projects.
[Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-010, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
As used in this chapter:
(1) "Department" means the department of ecology.
(2) "Director" means the director of the department of ecology or such person authorized to act for the director.
(3) "Emergency" means an occurrence warranting public participation which occurs after the deadline for grant applications and before the opening of a new grant application period, such as:
(a) An unforeseen release of a hazardous substance at an existing site or a newly discovered site;
(b) An unanticipated decision by the department concerning remedial action at a site or publication of a remedial investigation, feasibility study or risk assessment; or
(c) Discovery of a technical assistance need which could not have been foreseen before the grant application deadline.
(4) "Emergency grant" means a public participation grant in the hazardous substance release category for an emergency as defined in this section.
(5) "Expendable personal property" means all tangible personal property other than nonexpendable personal property.
(((4))) (6) "Facility" means:
(a) Any building, structure, installation, equipment, pipe or pipeline (including any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned treatment works), well, pit, waste pile, pond, lagoon, impoundment, ditch, landfill, tank, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, vessel, or aircraft; or
(b) Any site or area where a hazardous substance, other than a consumer product in consumer use, has been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed, or otherwise come to be located.
(((5))) (7) "Grant applicant" means any person requesting a
public participation grant.
(((6))) (8) "Hazardous substance" means:
(a) Any dangerous or extremely hazardous waste as defined in RCW 70.105.010 (5) and (6) or any dangerous or extremely hazardous waste designated by rule pursuant to chapter 70.105 RCW;
(b) Any hazardous substance as defined in RCW 70.105.010(14) or any hazardous substance as defined by rule pursuant to chapter 70.105 RCW;
(c) Any substance that, on March 1, 1989, is a hazardous substance under 101(14) of the Federal Cleanup Law, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 960(14);
(d) Petroleum or petroleum products; and
(e) Any substance or category of substances including solid waste decomposition products, determined by the director by rule to present a threat to human health or the environment if released into the environment. Except that:
The term hazardous substance does not include any of the following when contained in an underground storage tank from which there is not a release: Crude oil or any fraction thereof or petroleum, if the tank is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws.
(((7))) (9) "Hazardous waste management priorities" as
defined in RCW 70.105.150 are the priorities in the management of
hazardous waste which should be followed in descending order as
applicable:
(a) Waste reduction;
(b) Waste recycling;
(c) Physical, chemical, and biological treatment;
(d) Incineration;
(e) Solidification/stabilization treatment;
(f) Landfill.
(((8))) (10) "Nonexpendable personal property" means
tangible personal property having a useful life of more than one
year and an acquisition cost of three hundred dollars or more per
unit.
(((9))) (11) "Not-for-profit public interest organization"
means any corporation, trust, association, cooperative, or other
organization which:
(a) Is operated primarily for scientific, educational, service, charitable, or similar purposes in the public interest;
(b) Is not organized primarily for profit; and
(c) Uses its net proceeds to maintain, improve, and/or expand its operations.
(((10))) (12) "Owner/operator" means((:
(a) Any person with any ownership interest in the facility or who exercises any control over the facility; or
(b) In the case of an abandoned facility, any person who had owned, operated, or exercised control over the facility any time before its abandonment;
The term does not include:
(i) An agency of the state or unit of local government which acquired ownership or control involuntarily through bankruptcy, tax delinquency, abandonment, or other circumstances in which the government involuntarily acquires title, unless that agency of the state or unit of local government has caused or contributed to the release or threatened release of hazardous substances from the facility; or
(ii) A person who, without participation in the management of a facility, holds identification of ownership primarily to protect the person's security interest in the facility)) any person defined as an owner or operator under RCW 70.105D.020(12).
(((11))) (13) "Person" means an individual, firm,
corporation, association, partnership, consortium, joint venture,
commercial entity, state government agency, unit of local
government, federal government agency, or Indian tribe.
(((12))) (14) "Personal property" means property of any kind
except real property. It may be tangible (having physical
existence) or intangible (having no physical existence), such as
patents, inventions, and copyrights.
(((13))) (15) "Potentially liable person" means any person
whom the department finds, based on credible evidence, to be
liable under ((section 4 of the Model Toxics Control Act)) RCW 70.105D.040. The department shall give notice to any such person
and allow an opportunity for comment before making the finding,
unless an emergency requires otherwise.
(((14))) (16) "Real property" means land, land improvements,
structures, and appurtenances thereto, excluding moveable
machinery and equipment.
(((15))) (17) "Release" means any intentional or
unintentional entry of any hazardous substance into the
environment, including but not limited to the abandonment or
disposal of containers of hazardous substances.
(((16))) (18) "Remedy, remediation, or remedial action"
means any action or expenditure consistent with the purposes of
this chapter to identify, eliminate, or minimize any threat or
potential threat posed by hazardous substances to human health or
the environment including any investigative and monitoring
activities with respect to any release or threatened release of a
hazardous substance and any health assessments or health effects
studies conducted in order to determine the risk or potential
risk to human health.
(((17))) (19) "Solid waste management priorities" as defined
in chapter 70.95 RCW are the priorities in the management of
solid waste which should be followed in order of descending
priority as applicable:
(a) Waste reduction;
(b) Recycling with source separation of recyclable materials as the preferred method;
(c) Energy recovery, incineration, or landfill of separated waste;
(d) Energy recovery, incineration, or landfill of mixed waste.
[Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-020, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
(1) Public participation grants may only be awarded to groups of three or more unrelated persons or to not-for-profit public interest organizations.
(2) All applicants must demonstrate their ability to appropriately administer grant funds.
(3) Applications for a hazardous substance release grant, including emergency grants, must include information on:
(a) The nature of the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance;
(b) The location of the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance;
(c) How the applicant group may be adversely affected by the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance;
(d) How the applicant group will promote public participation in the investigation or remediation of the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance;
(e) A complete project description;
(f) How the applicant group represents the environmental, health, and economic interests of individuals affected by the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance;
(g) The applicant group's history and experience, if any, in conducting activities similar to those described in the grant application;
(h) For emergency grants, a description of why an emergency exists, as defined in WAC 173-321-020(3); and
(i) Any other information specified by the department as needed to award a grant.
(4) Applications for a waste management priorities grant must include information on:
(a) How the applicant group will promote or implement the state solid or hazardous waste management priorities;
(b) How the applicant group will promote public participation in the grant project described in the application;
(c) A complete project description;
(d) The applicant group's history and experience, if any, in conducting activities similar to those described in the grant application;
(e) Any other information specified by the department as needed to award a grant.
(5) The following persons or groups of persons shall be ineligible for grant funding:
(a) Any person potentially liable, as defined under RCW 70.105D.040;
(b) Local governments including any political subdivision, regional governmental unit, district, municipal or public corporation, including cities, towns, and counties. The term encompasses but does not refer specifically to the departments within a city, town, or county;
(c) Federal and state governments, or agencies thereof;
(d) Federally recognized Indian tribes, as a governing body. Individual tribe members of three or more persons are eligible to apply for a public participation grant;
(e) Organizations sustained by public funding;
(f) Public and private universities; and
(g) Any organization located outside of Washington state boundaries.
(6) Grant applications failing to qualify may be resubmitted.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080 and chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-18-065 (Order 90-20), § 173-321-040, filed 9/4/90, effective 10/5/90. Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-040, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
(1) Except for emergency grants which will be reviewed and evaluated by the department within twenty working days of receipt of the application, all other grant applications received will be reviewed and evaluated by the department within thirty working days after the close of the regular grant application period. Incomplete applications will not be evaluated. Applications will be ranked according to how each application meets the criteria set forth below. Grants will be awarded, within the limits of available funds, to the highest ranking applications. The department may fund all or portions of eligible grant applications.
(2) Priority consideration for public participation grant funding will be given to:
(a) Applicants requesting a hazardous substance release grant;
(b) New applicants; and
(c) Applicants that demonstrate the ability to provide accurate technical information on complex waste management issues.
(3) General criteria. All public participation grants will be evaluated against the following criteria:
(a) The type and extent of the applicant group's past history and experience conducting activities similar to those described in the grant application;
(b) The group's basic funding, with consideration given to groups with limited resources;
(c) The group's ability to appropriately manage grant funds;
(d) Except for emergency grants, if more than one group is interested in the same project, priority consideration will be given to groups who consolidate;
(e) Availability of funding sources for the project;
(f) Past performance under a public participation grant;
(g) The group's ability to define the environmental issue and identify what changes will occur in the problem as a result of the project; and
(h) Demonstration of the use of Bennett's hierarchy or similar methodology with a focus on outcome and clear commitment to follow through to end results.
(4) Special criteria.
(a) Hazardous substance release grants. Hazardous substance release grants, including emergency grants, will be evaluated against the following criteria:
(i) The degree to which the applicant group may be adversely or potentially adversely impacted by the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance, including but not limited to adverse or potential adverse impacts to surface and drinking waters, soils, flora or fauna, species diversity, air quality, property values, marketability of agricultural crops, and recreational areas;
(ii) The degree to which the applicant group represents the environmental, health, and economic interests of individual group members;
(iii) The degree to which the proposed project will promote public participation in the investigation or remediation of the release or threatened release of the hazardous substance.
(b) Waste management priorities grants. Waste management priorities grants will be evaluated against the following criteria:
(i) The degree to which the proposed public participation activity will promote or implement the state solid or hazardous waste management priorities;
(ii) The degree to which the proposed project will facilitate public understanding of the state solid and hazardous waste management priorities;
(iii) The degree to which the proposed public participation activities are consistent with or improve upon existing solid or hazardous waste management plans.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080 and chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-18-065 (Order 90-20), § 173-321-050, filed 9/4/90, effective 10/5/90. Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-050, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
(1) Eligible project costs for substance release grants shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Hiring technical assistants to review and interpret documents;
(b) Public involvement and public education activities;
(c) Reviewing specific plans for environmental testing and analysis, reviewing reports summarizing the results of such plans and making recommendations for modifications to such plans.
(d) Expendable personal property;
(e) Other public participation activities as determined by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(2) Eligible project costs for waste management priority grants shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Assisting in developing and implementing programs that promote or improve state or local solid or hazardous waste management plans;
(b) Assisting in developing programs or activities that promote and are consistent with the state solid or hazardous waste management priorities;
(c) Expendable personal property;
(d) Other public participation activities as determined by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(3) Ineligible projects and grant costs shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Independently collecting or analyzing samples at facility sites;
(b) Hiring attorneys for legal actions against potentially liable persons, facility owners, or the department. Applicants who receive a grant award shall notify the department if legal action is intended or taken on the subject of the grant project or application;
(c) Legislative lobbying activities;
(d) Real property;
(e) Nonexpendable personal property.
[Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-060, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
(1) The department may fund up to one hundred percent of eligible project costs.
(2) The maximum grant allowance shall be ((fifty)) sixty
thousand dollars.
(3) Public participation grants may be renewed annually. A
new grant application must be submitted ((each year)) to be
evaluated and ranked for additional funding.
(4) The department reserves the right to refuse funding to any and all applications failing to meet the grant eligibility criteria and may reopen the application period for additional applications.
[Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-070, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
(1) The department shall establish grant application funding cycles each year.
(2) Public notice of application funding cycles shall be published state-wide.
(3) A grant application package will be sent to all persons interested in applying for public participation grants. Grant application packages will include notice of grant application deadlines, grant guidelines, and application forms.
(4) Grant applications will be evaluated by the department. To be funded, applications must include all required elements as outlined in the guidelines.
(5) The obligation of the department to make grant payments is contingent upon the availability of funds through legislative appropriation, and such other conditions not reasonably foreseeable which may preclude awarding such grants.
(6) The department, on at least a biennial basis, will determine the amount of funding available for public participation grants and establish an application and funding cycle. The minimum amount of money available for public participation grants established by the Model Toxics Control Act shall be one percent of the moneys deposited into the state and the local toxics control accounts.
(7) The department shall not be held responsible for payment of salaries, consultant fees, or other costs related to a contract of the grantee.
(8) To the extent that the Constitution and laws of the state of Washington permit, the grantee shall indemnify and hold the department harmless, from and against, any liability for any or all injuries to persons or property arising from the negligent act or omission of the grantee arising out of a grant contract.
(9) All grants under this chapter shall be consistent with
((the provisions of "Financial Guidelines for Grant Management"
WDOE 80-6, May 1980, Reprinted March 1982, or such subsequent
guidelines)) "Administrative Requirements for Ecology Grants and
Loans" WDOE publication No. 91-18, revised July 1995.
[Statutory Authority: 1989 c 2. 89-21-072 (Order 89-26), § 173-321-080, filed 10/17/89, effective 11/17/89.]
OTS-3344.6
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 90-08-086, filed 4/3/90,
effective 5/4/90)
WAC 173-340-100
Purpose.
This chapter is promulgated under the Model Toxics Control Act. It establishes administrative processes and standards to identify, investigate, and clean up facilities where hazardous substances have come to be located. It defines the role of the department and encourages public involvement in decision making at these facilities.
The goal of this chapter is to implement the policy declared by chapter 70.105D RCW. This chapter provides a workable process to accomplish effective and expeditious cleanups in a manner that protects human health and the environment. This chapter is primarily intended to address releases of hazardous substances caused by past activities although its provisions may be applied to potential and ongoing releases of hazardous substances from current activities.
Note:
All materials incorporated by reference in this chapter are available for inspection at the Department of Ecology's
Toxics Cleanup Program, 300 Desmond Drive, Lacey, Washington, 98503.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-100, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. This section provides an overview of the cleanup process that typically will occur at a site where a release of a hazardous substance has been discovered with an emphasis on sites being cleaned up under order or consent decree. If there are any inconsistencies between this section and any specifically referenced sections, the referenced section shall govern.
(2) Site discovery. Site discovery includes:
(a) Release reporting. ((A reporting program is established
to help identify potential hazardous waste sites.)) An owner((s
and)) or operator((s)) who knows of or discovers a release of a
hazardous substance due to past activities must report the
release to the department ((within ninety days of discovery,
under)) as described in WAC 173-340-300. Most current releases
of hazardous substances must be reported to the department under
the state's hazardous waste, underground storage tank, or water
quality laws. The term "hazardous substance" includes a broad
range of substances as defined by chapter 70.105D RCW.
(b) Initial investigation. Within ninety days of learning
of a hazardous substance release, the department will conduct an
initial investigation of the site under WAC 173-340-310. For
sites that may need further remedial action, the department will
send an early notice letter ((will be sent)) to the owner
((and)), operator, and other potentially liable persons known to
the department, informing them of the department's decision.
(3) Site priorities. ((Priorities)) Sites are prioritized
for further remedial action ((are set)) by the following process:
(a) Site hazard assessment. Based on the results of the
initial investigation, a site hazard assessment will be performed
if necessary, ((under)) as described in WAC 173-340-320. The
purpose of the site hazard assessment is to gather information to
confirm whether a release has occurred and to enable the
department to evaluate the relative potential hazard posed by the
release. If the department decides that no further action is
required, it will notify the public of that decision through the
Site Register.
(b) Hazardous sites list. The department will maintain a
list of sites ((that require)) known as the "hazardous sites
list" where further remedial action is required. ((Sites will be
listed)) The department will add sites to this list after the
completion of a site hazard assessment. Sites placed on the list
will be ranked using the department's hazard ranking method. The
department ((may)) will remove a site from the hazardous sites
list if the ((cleanup action at the site has achieved the cleanup
standards and all remedial actions except confirmational
monitoring have been completed. See)) site meets the
requirements for removal described in WAC 173-340-330.
(c) Biennial program report. Every even-numbered year, the department will prepare a biennial program report for the legislature. The hazard ranking, along with other factors, will be used in this report to identify the projects and expenditures recommended for appropriation. See WAC 173-340-340.
(4) Detailed site investigations and cleanup decisions. The following steps will be taken to ensure that the proper method of cleanup is chosen for the site.
(a) Remedial investigation ((and feasibility study)). A
((state)) remedial investigation((/feasibility study)) will be
performed at ranked sites under WAC 173-340-350. The ((state))
purpose of the remedial investigation((/feasibility study)) is to
collect data and information necessary to define((s)) the extent
of ((the problems at the site and evaluates alternative cleanup
actions)) contamination and to characterize the site.
(b) ((Selection of cleanup action.)) Feasibility study. A
feasibility study will be conducted at ranked sites under WAC 173-340-350. The purpose of the feasibility study is to develop
and evaluate alternative cleanup actions. The department will
evaluate the remedial investigation/feasibility study, establish
cleanup levels and the point or points at which they must be
complied with in accordance with the procedures provided for in
WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760 and select a cleanup action
that ((will)) protects human health and the environment and
((meet the other)) is based on the remedy selection criteria and
requirements ((of)) in WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-350 through
173-340-390. ((At some sites, restrictions on the use of the
land and resources ()) WAC 173-340-440 sets forth the
circumstances in which institutional controls(())) will be
required to ((insure)) ensure continued protection of human
health and the environment. ((See WAC 173-340-440.))
(c) Cleanup action plan. The cleanup action will be set
forth in a draft cleanup action plan that addresses cleanup
requirements for hazardous substances at the site. After public
comment on the draft plan, a final cleanup action plan will be
issued by the department. (((See WAC 173-340-700 for additional
overview discussion of these requirements.)))
(5) Site cleanup. Once the appropriate cleanup action has been selected for the site, the actual cleanup will be performed.
(a) Cleanup actions. WAC 173-340-400 describes the design and construction requirements for implementing the cleanup action plan.
(b) Compliance monitoring and review. The cleanup action must include compliance monitoring under WAC 173-340-410 and in some cases periodic review under WAC 173-340-420 to ensure the long-term effectiveness of the cleanup action.
(6) Interim actions. Under certain conditions it may be
appropriate to take early actions at a site ((prior to)) before
completing the process described in subsections (2) through (5)
of this section. WAC 173-340-430 describes when it is
appropriate to take these early or interim actions and the
requirements for such actions.
(7) Leaking underground storage tanks. Underground storage
tank (UST) owners and underground storage tank operators
regulated under chapter 90.76 RCW are required to perform
specific actions in addition to what other site owners and
operators would do under this chapter. ((Such additional actions
include reporting of a confirmed release within twenty-four
hours, follow-up investigation, free product removal and
immediate assessment of the threat to human health and the
environment at the site. A written report describing the site
and the actions taken must be submitted within ninety days of
release confirmation. Depending on the results of these actions,
additional remedial actions may be required.)) WAC 173-340-450
describes ((these and other)) the requirements for leaking
underground storage tanks.
(8) Procedures for conducting remedial actions.
(a) Remedial action agreements. The department has authority to take remedial actions or to order persons to conduct remedial actions under WAC 173-340-510 and 173-340-540. However, the department encourages agreements for investigations and cleanups in appropriate cases. These agreements can be agreed orders or consent degrees reached under the procedures of WAC 173-340-520 and 173-340-530.
(b) Independent remedial actions. Persons may ((decide to
perform)) conduct investigations and cleanups without department
approval under this chapter. The department will use the
appropriate requirements ((contained herein in its evaluation
of)) in this chapter when evaluating the adequacy of any
independent remedial action((s performed)). Except as limited by
WAC 173-340-515(2), nothing in this chapter prohibits persons
from ((performing)) conducting such actions before the department
is ready to act at the site; however, all interim and cleanup
actions must be reported to the department under WAC
((173-340-300)) 173-340-515. Furthermore, independent remedial
actions are ((done)) conducted at the potentially liable person's
own risk and the department may take or require additional
remedial actions at these sites at any time. (See WAC
((173-340-510)) 173-340-515 and 173-340-545.)
(((c))) (9) Public participation. At sites where the
department is conducting the cleanup or overseeing the cleanup
under an order or decree, the public will receive notice and an
opportunity to comment on most of the steps in the cleanup
process. At many sites, a public participation plan will be
prepared to provide opportunities for more extensive public
involvement in the cleanup process.
These and other requirements are described in WAC 173-340-600.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-120, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-120, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1)
Introduction. The department shall conduct or require remedial
actions consistent with the provisions of this section((, as
typically defined by the subsequent sections)).
(2) Information sharing. It is the policy of the department
to make ((available)) information about releases or threatened
releases ((with property)) available to owners, operators or
other persons with potential liability for a site in order to
encourage them to conduct prompt remedial action. It is also the
policy of the department to make the same information available
to interested members of the general public so they can follow
the progress of site cleanup in the state.
(3) Information exchange.
(((a) Technical assistance.)) All persons are encouraged to
contact the department and seek assistance on the general
administrative and technical requirements of this chapter. Through its technical consultation program described in WAC 173-340-515, the department may also provide informal advice and
assistance to ((potentially liable)) persons conducting or
proposing remedial actions at a specific site at any time
((during the development of a remedial action)). Unless the
department is providing formal guidance for the implementation of
an order or decree, any comments by the department or its agents
are advisory and not commitments or approvals binding on the
department. A person may not represent this advice as an
approval of a remedial action. If the person requesting the
advice is seeking binding commitments or approvals, then an order
or consent decree shall be used. ((The department advises
persons requiring site-specific legal or technical assistance to
hire an attorney or engineering consultant with the appropriate
environmental expertise.
(b) Response to requests. If the department believes that responding to a request for technical assistance would involve substantial time or resources or would not be in the public interest, the department may decline to provide the requested assistance. The department shall inform the requester of its response. The department may require one or more of the following before devoting time to the request:
(i) A proposed schedule;
(ii) Payment, in advance, for its costs in responding to the request;
(iii) Other assurances that the requester is serious about carrying out the provisions of this chapter; or
(iv) Other information.))
(4) Scope of public participation. The department seeks to encourage public participation in all steps of the cleanup process. The department shall encourage a level of participation appropriate to the conditions at a facility and the level of the public's interest in the site.
(5) Scope of information. It is the department's intention
that adequate information ((will)) be gathered at a site to
enable decisions on appropriate actions. It is also the
department's intention that decisions be made and cleanups
proceed expeditiously once adequate information is obtained. Studies can be performed and submittals made at varying levels of
detail appropriate to the conditions at the site. ((For example,
the department might decide that a study of a small site with
minimal ground water impacts need not include as detailed an
analysis of the ground water flow system as for a study of a
geologically more complex site.)) Also, steps in the cleanup
process may be combined to facilitate quicker cleanups, where
appropriate. Flexibility in the scope of investigations and in
combining steps may be particularly appropriate for routine
cleanup actions. Once ((the department has)) adequate
information ((it will make cleanup)) has been obtained, decisions
shall be made within the framework provided in this chapter and
in site-specific orders or decrees.
(6) ((Combining steps. Several steps in the cleanup process
may be combined into fewer steps, when appropriate. For example,
the department and a potentially liable person may agree that
conditions at a site are such that the remedial
investigation/feasibility study and remedial design and
implementation steps could be combined into a single step.
(7) Routine cleanup actions. Flexibility in the scope of investigations and in combining steps may be particularly appropriate for routine cleanup actions. For example, the department may decide to approve a routine cleanup action based upon a single investigation that includes a site hazard assessment and a simplified state remedial investigation/feasibility study and engineering design plan.
(a) A cleanup action may be considered routine if the following criteria are met:
(i) It involves an obvious and limited choice among cleanup methods;
(ii) It uses a cleanup method that is reliable and has proven capable of accomplishing cleanup standards;
(iii) Cleanup standards for each hazardous substance addressed by the cleanup are obvious and undisputed, and allow an adequate margin of safety for protection of human health and the environment;
(iv) The department has experience with similar actions; and
(v) The action does not require an environmental impact statement.
(b) Routine cleanup actions consist of or are comparable to one or more of the following remedial actions:
(i) Cleanup of above-ground structures;
(ii) Cleanup of below-ground structures;
(iii) Cleanup of contaminated soils where the action would restore the site to cleanup levels; or
(iv) Cleanup of solid wastes, including containers.
(c) Cleanup of ground water will not normally be considered a routine cleanup action.
(d) A routine cleanup action may be conducted under any of the procedures described in WAC 173-340-510. However, the department will attempt to ensure that all routine cleanup action decisions are consistent with this chapter.
(8))) Preparation of documents. Except for the initial investigation, any of the studies, reports, or plans used in the cleanup process can be prepared by either the department or the potentially liable person. The department retains all authority to review and verify the documents submitted and to make decisions based on the documents and other relevant information.
(((9))) (7) Inter-agency coordination.
(a) If the department is conducting remedial actions or
requiring remedial actions under an order or decree, the
department shall ensure appropriate local, state, and federal
agencies and tribal ((organizations)) governments are kept
informed and, as appropriate, involved in the development and
implementation of remedial actions. The department may require a
potentially liable person to undertake this responsibility. If
the potentially liable person demonstrates that they are unable
to obtain adequate involvement to allow the remedial action to
proceed by a particular government agency or tribe, the
department shall request the involvement of the agency or tribe.
(b) The nature and degree of coordination and consultation
shall be commensurate with the other agencies and tribes
interests and needs at the site. Interested agencies and tribes
shall also be included in the mailing list for public notices
under WAC 173-340-600. To facilitate coordination, it is
important ((for the)) that agencies and tribes ((to)) provide
specific comments, including the identification of additional
information needed or mitigating measures that are necessary or
desirable to satisfy their concerns.
(c) In order to provide for expeditious cleanup actions, all
federal, state, ((and)) local agencies, and tribes are encouraged
to coordinate when providing notices, holding meetings and
hearings, and preparing documents. Whenever reasonable, the
department shall coordinate and combine its activities with other
agencies and tribes to minimize the duplication of notices,
hearings and preparation of documents, unless otherwise
prohibited.
(((10))) (8) State Environmental Policy Act. See chapter 197-11 WAC for the State Environmental Policy Act requirements
pertaining to the implementation of the Model Toxics Control Act.
(9) Appeals. Unless otherwise indicated all department decisions made under this chapter are remedial decisions and may be appealed only as provided for in RCW 70.105D.060.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-130, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. It is the
department's intent to move sites through the cleanup process as
expeditiously as possible. However, the department is limited by
the amount of personnel and funds it can expend in any given
fiscal year. This section is intended to establish reasonable
deadlines for remedying releases within these constraints. The
((procedure)) department's process for ranking and setting site
priorities is described in WAC 173-340-330 and 173-340-340,
respectively.
(2) Initial investigation. Within ninety days of learning of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance, the department shall complete an initial investigation under WAC 173-340-310.
(3) Further investigation. At least twice a year, the
department ((will)) shall determine which sites with completed
initial investigations are a high priority for further
investigation. At that time, the department ((will)) shall
schedule high priority sites for further investigations to
((commence)) begin within six months. This determination will be
based on the best professional judgment of ((department))
departmental staff. Sites may be scheduled for further
investigation at any time if the department determines that the
site warrants expedited action.
(4) Site assessment and ranking. For high priority sites,
the department shall complete the site hazard assessment and
hazard ranking ((on high priority sites)) within one hundred
eighty days of the scheduled start date. These sites ((will))
shall be identified in the department's Site Register. Sites not
designated as a high priority ((will)) shall be scheduled for
future investigations and listed in the biennial report to the
legislature (WAC 173-340-340). The department ((will)) shall
conduct at least thirty-five site hazard assessments each fiscal
year until the number of sites needing site hazard assessments
are reduced below this number.
(5) Site investigation. Within thirty days of ranking, the
department shall designate which sites are a high priority for a
((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study and which
sites are a lower priority where further action can be delayed. The department shall review these lower priority sites and
provide an opportunity for public comment as part of the biennial
report to the legislature (WAC 173-340-340).
(6) Remedial investigation/feasibility study. For all sites
designated as a high priority, the ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study shall be completed under WAC 173-340-350 within eighteen months of signing the order or
decree. The department may extend the deadline up to twelve
months if the circumstances at the site merit a longer time
frame. The department shall provide the public an opportunity to
comment on any extension. The department shall initiate a
((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study on at least
ten sites per fiscal year.
(7) Cleanup action. The department shall select the cleanup
action under WAC 173-340-360 and file a consent decree or issue
an order for cleanup action for all designated high priority
sites within six months of the completion of the ((state))
remedial investigation/feasibility study. The department may
extend the deadline for up to four months for consent decree and
order discussions. The department shall provide the public with
an opportunity to comment on any deadline extension.
(8) Site schedules. The department ((will)) shall publish
site schedules for designated high priority sites in the Site
Register ((under)) according to WAC 173-340-600(6).
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-140, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
For the purpose of this
chapter, the following definitions ((shall)) apply:
(("Act" means the same as the "Model Toxics Control Act" and
"chapter 70.105D RCW."))
"Acute toxicity" means the ability of a hazardous substance to cause injury or death to an organism as a result of a short-term exposure to a hazardous substance.
"Agreed order" means an order issued by the department under WAC 173-340-530 with which the potentially liable person receiving the order agrees to comply. An agreed order may be used to require or approve any cleanup or other remedial actions but it is not a settlement under RCW 70.105D.040(4) and shall not contain a covenant not to sue, or provide protection from claims for contribution, or provide eligibility for public funding of remedial actions under RCW 70.105D.070 (2)(d)(xi).
"Aliphatic hydrocarbons" or "aliphatics" means organic compounds that are characterized by a straight, branched, or cyclic (nonbenzene ring) arrangement of carbon atoms. See also "aromatic hydrocarbons."
"All practicable methods of treatment" means all technologies and/or methods currently available and demonstrated to work under similar site circumstances or through pilot studies, and applicable to the site at reasonable cost. These include "all known available and reasonable methods of treatment" (AKART) for discharges or potential discharges to waters of the state, and "best available control technologies" for releases of hazardous substances into the air resulting from cleanup actions.
"Applicable state and federal laws" means all legally applicable requirements and those requirements that the department determines, based on the criteria in WAC 173-340-710(3), are relevant and appropriate requirements.
"Area background" means the concentrations of hazardous substances that are consistently present in the environment in the vicinity of a site which are the result of human activities unrelated to releases from that site.
"Aromatic hydrocarbons" or "aromatics" means organic compounds that are characterized by one or more benzene rings, with or without aliphatic hydrocarbon substitutions of hydrogen atoms on the rings. See also "aliphatic hydrocarbons."
"Bioconcentration factor" means the ratio of the concentration of a hazardous substance in the tissue of an aquatic organism divided by the hazardous substance concentration in the ambient water in which the organism resides.
"Carcinogen" means any substance or agent that produces or
tends to produce cancer in humans. For implementation of this
chapter, the term carcinogen ((will apply)) applies to substances
on the United States Environmental Protection Agency lists of A
(known human) and B (probable human) carcinogens, and any
substance ((which)) that causes a significant increased incidence
of benign or malignant tumors in a single, well conducted animal
bioassay, consistent with the weight of evidence approach
specified in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's
Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment as set forth in 51 FR
33992 et seq. ((as presently published or as subsequently amended
or republished.))
"Carcinogenic potency factor" or "CPF" means the upper 95th percentile confidence limit of the slope of the dose-response curve and is expressed in units of (mg/kg-day)-1. When derived from human epidemiological data, the carcinogenic potency factor may be a maximum likelihood estimate.
"Chronic reference dose" means an estimate (with an uncertainty spanning an order of magnitude or more) of a daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse effects during a lifetime.
"Chronic toxicity" means the ability of a hazardous substance to cause injury or death to an organism resulting from repeated or constant exposure to the hazardous substance over an extended period of time.
"Cleanup" means the implementation of a cleanup action or interim action.
"Cleanup action" means any remedial action, except interim
actions, taken at a site to eliminate, render less toxic,
stabilize, contain, immobilize, isolate, treat, destroy, or
remove a hazardous substance that complies with WAC
((173-340-360)) 173-340-350 through 173-340-390.
"Cleanup action alternative" means one or more treatment technology, containment action, removal action, engineered control, institutional control or other type of remedial action ("cleanup action components") that, individually or, in combination, achieves a cleanup action at a site.
"Cleanup action plan" means the document prepared by the
department under WAC ((173-340-360 which)) 173-340-380 that
selects the cleanup action and specifies cleanup standards and
other requirements for the cleanup action.
"Cleanup level" means the concentration of a hazardous substance in soil, water, air, or sediment that is determined to be protective of human health and the environment under specified exposure conditions.
(("Cleanup process" means the process for identifying,
investigating, and cleaning up hazardous waste sites under
chapter 70.105D RCW.))
"Cleanup standards" means the standards ((promulgated))
adopted under RCW 70.105D.030 (2)(d). Establishing cleanup
standards requires specification of the following:
Hazardous substance concentrations that protect human health and the environment ("cleanup levels");
The location on the site where those cleanup levels must be attained ("points of compliance"); and
Additional regulatory requirements that apply to a cleanup
action because of the type of action and/or the location of the
site. These requirements are specified in applicable state and
federal laws and are generally established ((following)) in
conjunction with the selection of a specific cleanup action.
(("Closure site assessment" means a site assessment required
for closure of an underground storage tank pursuant to rules
adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW.)) "Cohen's method" means the
maximum likelihood estimate of the mean and standard deviation
accounting for data below the method detection limit or practical
quantitation limit using the method described in the following
publications:
• Cohen, A.C., 1959. "Simplified estimators for the normal distribution when samples are singly censored or truncated." Technometrics. Volume 1, pages 217-237.
• Cohen, A.C., 1961. "Tables for maximum likelihood estimates: Singly truncated and singly censored samples." Technometrics. Volume 3, pages 535-541.
"Compliance monitoring" means a remedial action that consists of monitoring as described in WAC 173-340-410.
"Conceptual site model" means a conceptual understanding of a site that identifies potential or suspected sources of hazardous substances, types and concentrations of hazardous substances, potentially contaminated media, and actual and potential exposure pathways and receptors. This model is typically initially developed during the scoping of the remedial investigation and further refined as additional information is collected on the site. It is a tool used to assist in making decisions at a site.
"Conducting land use planning under chapter 36.70A RCW" as used in the definition of "industrial properties," means having adopted a comprehensive plan and development regulations for the site under chapter 36.70A RCW.
"Containment" means a container, vessel, barrier, or
structure, whether natural or constructed, ((which)) that
confines a hazardous substance within a defined boundary and
prevents or minimizes its release into the environment.
"Contaminant" means any hazardous substance that does not occur naturally or occurs at greater than natural background levels.
"Curie" means the measure of radioactivity defined as that quantity of radioactive material which decays at the rate of 3.70 x 1010 transformations per second. This decay rate is nearly equivalent to that exhibited by 1 gram of radium in equilibrium with its disintegration products.
"Day" means calendar day; however, any document due on the weekend or a holiday may be submitted on the first working day after the weekend or holiday.
"Decree" means consent decree under WAC 173-340-520. "Consent decree" is synonymous with decree.
"Degradation by-products" or "decomposition by-products" means the secondary product of biological or chemical processes that break down chemicals into other chemicals. The decomposition by-products may be more or less toxic than the parent compound.
"Department" means the department of ecology.
"Developmental reference dose" means an estimate (with an uncertainty of an order of magnitude or more) of an exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of developmental effects.
"Direct contact" means exposure to hazardous substances through ingestion and/or dermal contact.
"Director" means the director of ecology or the director's designee.
"Drinking water fraction" means the fraction of drinking water that is obtained or has the potential to be obtained from the site.
"Engineered controls" means treatment and containment. For examples of engineered controls see WAC 173-340-440.
"Environment" means any plant, animal, natural resource, surface water (including underlying sediments), ground water, drinking water supply, land surface (including tidelands and shorelands) or subsurface strata, or ambient air within the state of Washington or under the jurisdiction of the state of Washington.
"Equivalent carbon number" or "EC" means a value assigned to a fraction of a petroleum mixture, empirically derived from the boiling point of the fraction normalized to the boiling point of n-alkanes or the retention time of n-alkanes in a boiling point gas chromatography column.
"Exposure" means subjection of an organism to the action,
influence, or effect of a hazardous substance (chemical agent) or
physical agent. ((Exposure is quantified as the amount of the
agent available at the exchange boundaries (e.g., skin, lungs,
gut) and available for absorption.))
"Exposure parameters" means those parameters used to derive an estimate of the exposure to a hazardous substance.
"Exposure pathway" means the path a hazardous substance takes or could take from a source to an exposed organism. An exposure pathway describes the mechanism by which an individual or population is exposed or has the potential to be exposed to hazardous substances at or originating from a site. Each exposure pathway includes an actual or potential source or release from a source, an exposure point, and an exposure route. If the exposure point differs from the source of the hazardous substance, the exposure pathway also includes a transport/exposure medium.
"Facility" means ((any building, structure, installation,
equipment, pipe or pipeline (including any pipe into a sewer or
publicly owned treatment works), well, pit, pond, lagoon,
impoundment, ditch, landfill, storage container, motor vehicle,
rolling stock, vessel, or aircraft; or any site or area where a
hazardous substance, other than a consumer product in consumer
use, has been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed, or
otherwise come to be located.)) the same as "site."
"Federal cleanup law" means the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended by
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, 42
U.S.C. 9601 et seq.((, as presently promulgated or as
subsequently amended or repromulgated.))
"Fish diet fraction" means the percentage of the total fish or shellfish in an individual's diet that is obtained or has the potential to be obtained from the site.
"Food crop" means any domestic plant ((which)) that is
produced for the purpose of, or may be used in whole or in part
for, consumption by people or livestock. This shall include
nursery, root, or seedstock to be used for the production of food
crops.
"Free product" means a hazardous substance that is present as a nonaqueous phase liquid (that is, liquid not dissolved in water). The term includes both light and dense nonaqueous phase liquid.
"Gastrointestinal absorption fraction" means the fraction of a substance transported across the gastrointestinal lining and taken up systemically into the body.
"Ground water" means water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface of land or below a surface water.
"Hazard index" means the sum of two or more hazard quotients for multiple hazardous substances and/or multiple exposure pathways.
"Hazardous sites list" means the list of hazardous waste sites maintained under WAC 173-340-330.
"Hazardous substance" means any dangerous or extremely hazardous waste as defined in RCW 70.105.010 (5) and (6), or any dangerous or extremely dangerous waste as designated by rule under chapter 70.105 RCW; any hazardous substance as defined in RCW 70.105.010(14) or any hazardous substance as defined by rule under chapter 70.105 RCW; any substance that, on the effective date of this section, is a hazardous substance under section 101(14) of the federal cleanup law, 42 U.S.C., Sec. 9601(14); petroleum or petroleum products; and any substance or category of substances, including solid waste decomposition products, determined by the director by rule to present a threat to human health or the environment if released into the environment.
The term hazardous substance does not include any of the following when contained in an underground storage tank from which there is not a release: Crude oil or any fraction thereof or petroleum, if the tank is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local law.
"Hazardous waste site" means any facility where there has been confirmation of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance that requires remedial action.
"Hazard quotient" or "HQ" means the ratio of the dose of a single hazardous substance over a specified time period to a reference dose for that hazardous substance derived for a similar exposure period.
"Health effects assessment summary tables" or "HEAST" means a data base developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that provides a summary of information on the toxicity of hazardous substances.
"Henry's law constant" means the ratio of a hazardous substance's concentration in the air to its concentration in water. Henry's law constant can vary significantly with temperature for some hazardous substances. The dimensionless form of this constant is used in the default equations in this chapter.
"Highest beneficial use" means the beneficial use of a resource generally requiring the highest quality in the resource. For example, for many hazardous substances, providing protection for the beneficial use of drinking water will generally also provide protection for a great variety of other existing and future beneficial uses of ground water.
"Independent remedial actions" means remedial actions conducted without department oversight or approval and not under an order, agreed order, or consent decree.
"Indicator hazardous substances" means the subset of hazardous substances present at a site selected under WAC 173-340-708 for monitoring and analysis during any phase of remedial action for the purpose of characterizing the site or establishing cleanup requirements for that site.
"Industrial properties" means properties that are or have been characterized by, or are to be committed to, traditional industrial uses such as processing or manufacturing of materials, marine terminal and transportation areas and facilities, fabrication, assembly, treatment, or distribution of manufactured products, or storage of bulk materials, that are either:
• | Zoned for industrial use by a city or county conducting
land use planning under chapter 36.70A RCW (Growth
Management Act); or |
• | For counties not planning under chapter 36.70A RCW (Growth Management Act) and the cities within them, zoned for industrial use and adjacent to properties currently used or designated for industrial purposes. |
"Inhalation correction factor" means a multiplier that is
used to adjust exposure estimates based on ingestion of drinking
water to take into account exposure to hazardous substances
((which)) that are volatilized and inhaled during use of the
water.
"Initial investigation" means a remedial action that
consists of an investigation under WAC 173-340-310 ((to determine
that a release or threatened release may have occurred that
warrants further action under this chapter)).
"Institutional controls" means ((a)) measures undertaken to
limit or prohibit activities that may interfere with the
integrity of an interim action or a cleanup action or result in
exposure to hazardous substances at the site. For examples of
institutional controls see WAC 173-340-440(1).
"Integrated risk information system" or "IRIS" means a data
base developed by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency ((which)) that provides a summary of information on hazard
identification and dose-response assessment for specific
hazardous substances.
"Interim action" means a remedial action conducted under WAC 173-340-430 that partially addresses the cleanup of a site.
"Interspecies scaling factor" means the conversion factor used to take into account differences between animals and humans.
"Land's method" means the method for calculating an upper confidence limit for the mean of a lognormal distribution, described in the following publications:
• Land, C.E., 1971. "Confidence intervals for linear functions of the normal mean and variance." Annals of Mathematics and Statistics. Volume 42, pages 1187-1205.
• Land, C.E., 1975. "Tables of confidence limits for linear functions of the normal mean and variance." In: Selected Tables in Mathematical Statistics, Volume III, pages 385-419. American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island.
"Legally applicable requirements" means those cleanup
standards, standards of control, and other human health and
environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations
((promulgated)) adopted under state or federal law that
specifically address a hazardous substance, cleanup action,
location, or other circumstances at the site.
"Lowest observed adverse effect level" or "LOAEL" means the lowest concentration of a hazardous substance at which there is a statistically or biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of an adverse effect between a population and a control group.
"Mail" means delivery through the United States Postal Service or an equivalent method of delivery or transmittal, including private mail carriers, or personal delivery.
"Maximum contaminant level" or "MCL" means the maximum
concentration of a contaminant established by either the
Washington state board of health or the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Safe Drinking
Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.) and published in chapter 248-54 WAC or 40 C.F.R. 141 ((as presently promulgated or
subsequently amended or repromulgated)).
"Maximum contaminant level goal" or "MCLG" means the maximum
concentration of a contaminant established by either the
Washington state board of health or the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Safe Drinking
Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.) and published in chapter 248-54 WAC or 40 C.F.R. 141 ((as presently promulgated or
subsequently amended or repromulgated,)) for which no known or
anticipated adverse effects on human health occur, including an
adequate margin of safety.
"Method detection limit" or "MDL" means the minimum concentration of a compound that can be measured and reported with ninety-nine percent (99%) confidence that the value is greater than zero.
"Millirem" or "mrem" means the measure of the dose of any radiation to body tissue in terms of its estimated biological effect relative to a dose received from an exposure to one roentgen (R) of x-rays. One millirem equals 0.001 rem.
"Mixed funding" means any funding provided to potentially liable persons from the state toxics control account under WAC 173-340-560.
"Model Toxics Control Act" or "act" means ((the act approved
by the voters at the November 1988 general election, also known
as Initiative 97 ())chapter 70.105D RCW(())), first passed by the
voters in the November 1988 general election as Initiative 97 and
as since amended by the legislature.
"Natural attenuation" means a variety of physical, chemical or biological processes that, under favorable conditions, act without human intervention to reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of hazardous substances in the environment. These in situ processes include: Natural biodegradation; dispersion; dilution; sorption; volatilization; and, chemical or biological stabilization, transformation, or destruction of hazardous substances. Natural attenuation is not an active remedial measure.
"Natural background" means the concentration of hazardous
substance consistently present in the environment ((which)) that
has not been influenced by localized human activities. For
example, several metals and radionuclides naturally occur in the
bedrock, sediments, and soils of Washington state due solely to
the geologic processes that formed these materials and the
concentration of these ((metals)) hazardous substances would be
considered natural background. Also, low concentrations of some
particularly persistent organic compounds such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) can be found in surficial soils and sediment
throughout much of the state due to global ((use)) distribution
of these hazardous substances. These low concentrations would be
considered natural background. Similarly, concentrations of
various radionuclides ((which)) that are present at low
concentrations throughout the state due to global distribution of
fallout from bomb testing and nuclear accidents would be
considered natural background.
"Natural biodegradation" means in-situ biological processes such as aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and co-metabolism, that occur without human intervention and that break down hazardous substances into other compounds or elements. The process is typically a multiple step process and may or may not result in organic compounds being completely broken down or mineralized to carbon dioxide and water.
"Natural person" means any unincorporated individual or group of individuals. The term "individual" is synonymous with "natural person."
"Nonaqueous phase liquid" or "NAPL" means the same as "free product."
"No observed adverse effect level" or "NOAEL" means the exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control; some effects may be produced at this level, but they are not considered to be adverse, nor precursors to specific adverse effects.
"Nonpotable" means not a current or potential source of drinking water. See WAC 173-340-720 and 173-340-730 for criteria for determining if ground water or surface water is a current or potential source of drinking water.
"Null hypothesis" means an assumption about hazardous
substance concentrations at a site when evaluating compliance
with cleanup levels established under this chapter. The null
hypothesis is that the site is contaminated at concentrations
((which)) that exceed cleanup levels. This shall not apply to
cleanup levels based on background concentrations where other
appropriate statistical methods supported by a power analysis
would be more appropriate to use.
"Order" means an enforcement order issued under WAC 173-340-540 or an agreed order issued under WAC 173-340-530.
"Owner or operator" means any person ((with any ownership
interest in the facility or who exercises any control over the
facility; or in the case of an abandoned facility, any person who
had owned, or operated, or exercised control over the facility
any time before its abandonment. The term does not include:
An agency of the state or unit of local government which acquired ownership or control involuntarily through bankruptcy, tax delinquency, abandonment, or circumstances in which the government involuntarily acquires title. This exclusion does not apply to an agency of the state or unit of local government which has caused or contributed to the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance from the facility; or
A person who, without participating in the management of a facility, holds indicia of ownership primarily to protect the person's security interest in the facility)) that meets the definition of this term in RCW 70.105D.020(12).
"PAHs (carcinogenic)" or "cPAHs" means those polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons substances, PAHs ((substances)), identified
as A (known human) or B (probable human) carcinogens by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency. These include
benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and
indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.
"Permanent solution" or "permanent cleanup action" means a cleanup action in which cleanup standards of WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760 can be met without further action being required at the site being cleaned up or any other site involved with the cleanup action, other than the approved disposal of any residue from the treatment of hazardous substances.
"Person" means an individual, firm, corporation, association, partnership, consortium, joint venture, commercial entity, state government agency, unit of local government, federal government agency, or Indian tribe.
"Picocurie" or "pCi" means 10-12 curie.
"Point of compliance" means the point or points where cleanup levels established in accordance with WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760 shall be attained. This term includes both standard and conditional points of compliance. A conditional point of compliance is only available for ground water (see WAC 173-340-720(8)) and for soil based on ecological considerations (see WAC 173-340-740 (6)(e) and 173-340-7490(4)).
"Polychlorinated biphenyls" or "PCB mixtures" means those aromatic compounds containing two benzene nuclei with two or more substituted chlorine atoms. For the purposes of this chapter, PCB includes those congeners which are identified using the appropriate analytical methods as specified in WAC 173-340-830.
"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" or "PAH" means those hydrocarbon molecules composed of two or more fused benzene rings. For the purpose of this chapter, PAH includes those compounds which are identified and quantified using the appropriate analytical methods as specified in WAC 173-340-830. The specific compounds generally included are acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, naphthalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene.
"Potentially liable person" means any person ((whom)) who
the department finds, based on credible evidence, to be liable
under RCW 70.105D.040.
"Practicable" means (((except when used in the phrase
"permanent to the maximum extent practicable" which is defined in
WAC 173-340-360(5)))) capable of being designed, constructed and
implemented in a reliable and effective manner including
consideration of cost. When considering cost under this
analysis, an alternative shall not be considered practicable if
the incremental costs of the alternative ((is substantial and))
are disproportionate to the incremental degree of ((protection))
benefits provided by the alternative over other lower cost
alternatives.
"Practical quantitation limit" or "PQL" means the lowest concentration that can be reliably measured within specified limits of precision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, and comparability during routine laboratory operating conditions, using department approved methods.
"Probabilistic risk assessment" means a mathematical technique for assessing the variability and uncertainty in risk calculations. This is done by using distributions for model input parameters, rather than point values, where sufficient data exists to justify the distribution. These distributions are then used to compute various simulations using tools such as Monte Carlo analysis to examine the probability that a given outcome will result (such as a level of risk being exceeded). When using probabilistic techniques under this chapter for human health risk assessment, distributions shall not be used to represent dose response relationships (reference dose, reference concentration, cancer potency factor).
"Public notice" means, at a minimum, adequate notice mailed to all persons who have made a timely request of the department and to persons residing in the potentially affected vicinity of the proposed action; mailed to appropriate news media; published in the newspaper of largest circulation in the city or county of the proposed action; and opportunity for interested persons to comment.
"Public participation plan" means a plan prepared under WAC 173-340-600 to encourage coordinated and effective public involvement tailored to the public's needs at a particular site.
"Rad" means that quantity of ionizing radiation that results in the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of irradiated material, regardless of the source of radiation.
"Radionuclide" means a type of atom ((which)) that
spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay. Radionuclides are
hazardous substances under the act.
(("Recovery by-products" means any hazardous substance,
water, sludge or other materials collected in the free product
removal process in response to a release from an underground
storage tank.))
"Reasonable maximum exposure" means the highest exposure that can be reasonably expected to occur for a human or other living organisms at a site under current and potential future site use.
"Reference dose" or "RFD" means a benchmark dose, derived from the NOAEL or LOAEL for a hazardous substance by consistent application of uncertainty factors used to estimate acceptable daily intake doses and an additional modifying factor, which is based on professional judgment when considering all available data about a substance, expressed in units of milligrams per kilogram body weight per day. This includes chronic reference doses, subchronic reference doses, and developmental reference doses.
(("Regional office" means one of the regional offices of the
department of ecology.))
"Release" means any intentional or unintentional entry of any hazardous substance into the environment, including but not limited to the abandonment or disposal of containers of hazardous substances.
"Relevant and appropriate requirements" means those cleanup standards, standards of control, and other human health and environmental requirements, criteria, or limitations established under state and federal law that, while not legally applicable to the hazardous substance, cleanup action, location, or other circumstance at a site, the department determines address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the site that their use is well suited to the particular site. The criteria specified in WAC 173-340-710(3) shall be used to determine if a requirement is relevant and appropriate.
"Rem" means the unit of radiation dose equivalent that is the dosage in rads multiplied by a factor representing the different biological effects of various types of radiation.
"Remediation level (REL)" means a concentration (or other method of identification) of a hazardous substance in soil, water, air, or sediment above which a particular cleanup action component will be required as part of a cleanup action at a site. Other methods of identification include physical appearance or location. A cleanup action selected in accordance with WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390 that includes remediation levels constitutes a cleanup action which is protective of human health and the environment. See WAC 173-340-355 for a description of the purpose of remediation levels and the requirements and procedures for developing a cleanup action alternative that includes remediation levels.
"Remedy" or "remedial action" means any action or expenditure consistent with the purposes of chapter 70.105D RCW to identify, eliminate, or minimize any threat posed by hazardous substances to human health or the environment including any investigative and monitoring activities with respect to any release or threatened release of a hazardous substance and any health assessments or health effects studies conducted in order to determine the risk or potential risk to human health.
"Restoration time frame" means the period of time needed to achieve the required cleanup levels at the points of compliance established for the site.
"Risk" means the probability that a hazardous substance, when released into the environment, will cause an adverse effect in exposed humans or other living organisms.
"Routine cleanup action" means a remedial action ((that
consists of a cleanup action meeting the requirements in WAC 173-340-130(7))) meeting all of the following criteria:
• Cleanup standards for each hazardous substance addressed by the cleanup are obvious and undisputed, and allow for an adequate margin of safety for protection of human health and the environment;
• It involves an obvious and limited choice among cleanup action alternatives and uses an alternative that is reliable, has proven capable of accomplishing cleanup standards, and with which the department has experience;
• The cleanup action does not require preparation of an environmental impact statement; and
• The site qualifies under WAC 173-340-7491 for an exclusion from conducting a simplified or site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation, or if the site qualifies for a simplified ecological evaluation, the evaluation is ended under WAC 173-340-7492(2) or the values in Table 749-2 are used.
Routine cleanup actions consist of, or are comparable to, one or more of the following remedial actions:
• Cleanup of above-ground structures;
• Cleanup of below-ground structures;
• Cleanup of contaminated soils where the action would restore the site to cleanup levels; or
• Cleanup of solid wastes, including containers.
"Safety and health plan" means a plan prepared under WAC 173-340-810.
(("Sample mean" means the arithmetic mean or the average of
a set of measurements. The arithmetic mean is defined as the sum
of all measurements divided by the number of measurements.))
"Sampling and analysis plan" means a plan prepared under WAC 173-340-820.
"Saturated zone" means the area below the water table in which all interstices are filled with water.
"Schools" means preschools, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and similar facilities, both public and private, used primarily for the instruction of minors.
"Science advisory board" means the advisory board established by the department under RCW 70.105D.030(4).
"Secondary maximum contaminant level" means the maximum
concentration of a secondary contaminant in water established by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.) and
published in 40 C.F.R. 143 ((as presently promulgated or as
subsequently amended or repromulgated)).
"Sensitive environment" means an area of particular environmental value, where a release could pose a greater threat than in other areas including: Wetlands; critical habitat for endangered or threatened species; national or state wildlife refuge; critical habitat, breeding or feeding area for fish or shellfish; wild or scenic river; rookery; riparian area; big game winter range.
"Site" means ((the same as facility.
"Site characterization report" means a written report describing the site and nature of a release from an underground storage tank, as described in WAC 173-340-450 (4)(b).
"Site check" means the investigation conducted pursuant to rules adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW in order to confirm a release from an underground storage tank)) any building, structure, installation, equipment, pipe or pipeline (including any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned treatment works), well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment, ditch, landfill, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, vessel, or aircraft; or any site or area where a hazardous substance, other than a consumer product in consumer use, has been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed, or otherwise come to be located.
"Site hazard assessment" means a remedial action that consists of an investigation performed under WAC 173-340-320.
(("Site register" means the public information document
described in WAC 173-340-600.))
"Soil" means a mixture of organic and inorganic solids, air,
water, and biota ((which)) that exists on the earth's surface
above bedrock, including materials of anthropogenic sources such
as slag, sludge, etc.
(("State remedial investigation/feasibility study" means a
remedial action that consists of activities performed under WAC 173-340-350 to collect, develop, and evaluate sufficient
information regarding a site to enable the selection of a cleanup
plan under WAC 173-340-360.
"Status report" means a written or verbal report on the status of the interim actions taken in response to a release from an underground storage tank, as described in WAC 173-340-450 (4)(b).)) "Soil biota" means invertebrate multicellular animals that live in the soil or in close contact with the soil.
"Subchronic reference dose" means an estimate (with an uncertainty of an order of magnitude or more) of a daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse effects during a portion of a lifetime.
"Surface water" means lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, inland waters, salt waters, and all other surface waters and water courses within the state of Washington or under the jurisdiction of the state of Washington.
"Technically possible" means capable of being designed, constructed and implemented in a reliable and effective manner, regardless of cost.
"Terrestrial ecological receptors" means plants and animals that live primarily or entirely on land.
"Threatened or endangered species" means species listed as threatened or endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act 16 U.S.C. Section 1533, or classified as threatened or endangered by the state fish and wildlife commission under WAC 232-12-011(1) and 232-12-014.
"Total excess cancer risk" means the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk associated with exposure to multiple hazardous substances and multiple exposure pathways.
"Total petroleum hydrocarbons" or "TPH" means any fraction
of crude oil that is contained in plant condensate, crankcase
motor oil, gasoline, aviation fuels, kerosene, diesel motor fuel,
benzol, fuel oil, and other products derived from the refining of
crude oil. For the purposes of this chapter, TPH will generally
mean those fractions of the above products that are ((quantified
by EPA Methods 8015 or 418.1)) the total of all hydrocarbons
quantified by analytical methods NWTPH-Gx; NWTPH-Dx; volatile
petroleum hydrocarbons (VPH) for volatile aliphatic and volatile
aromatic petroleum fractions; and extractable petroleum
hydrocarbons (EPH) for nonvolatile aliphatic and nonvolatile
aromatic petroleum fractions, as appropriate, or other test
methods approved by the department.
"Type I error" means the error made when it is concluded that an area of a site is below cleanup levels when it actually exceeds cleanup levels. This is the rejection of a true null hypothesis.
"Underground storage tank" or "UST" means an underground storage tank and connected underground piping as defined in the rules adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW.
(("Underground storage tank operator" means any underground
storage tank operator as defined in the rules adopted under
chapter 90.76 RCW.
"Underground storage tank owner" means any underground storage tank owner as defined in the rules adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW.
"Underground storage tank release" means a confirmed release from an underground storage tank pursuant to the rules adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW.))
"Unrestricted site use conditions" means restrictions on the use of the site or natural resources affected by releases of hazardous substances from the site are not required to ensure continued protection of human health and the environment.
"Upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk of one in
one hundred thousand" means the upper ((95th)) ninety-fifth
percent confidence limit on the estimated risk of one additional
cancer above the background cancer rate per one hundred thousand
individuals.
"Upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk of one in one million" means the upper 95th percent confidence limit on the estimated risk of one additional cancer above the background cancer rate per one million individuals.
"Volatile organic compound" means those carbon-based
compounds listed in EPA methods 502.2, 524.2, 551, 601, 602, 603,
624, ((8010, 8015, 8020, 8030, 8240, 502.1, 502.2, 503.1, 524.1,
524.2)) 1624C, 1666, 1671, 8011, 8015B, 8021B, 8031, 8032A, 8033,
8260B, and those with similar vapor pressures or boiling points.
See WAC 173-340-830(3) for references describing these methods.
For petroleum, volatile means aliphatic and aromatic constituents
up to and including EC12, plus naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene
and 2-methylnaphthalene.
"Wastewater facility" means all structures and equipment required to collect, transport, treat, reclaim, or dispose of domestic, industrial, or combined domestic/industrial wastewaters.
"Wetlands" means lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. For the purposes of this classification, wetlands must have one or more of the following attributes at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes; the substrate is predominately undrained hydric soil; and the substrate is nonsoil and saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season each year.
"Wildlife" means any nonhuman vertebrate animal other than fish.
"Zoned for (a specified) use" means the use is allowed as a permitted or conditional use under the local jurisdiction's land use zoning ordinances. A land use that is inconsistent with the current zoning but allowed to continue as a nonconforming use or through a comparable designation is not considered to be zoned for that use.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-200, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 91-04-019, § 173-340-200, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-200, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 91-04-019, filed 1/28/91,
effective 2/28/91)
WAC 173-340-210
Usage.
For the purposes of this chapter, the following shall apply:
(1) Unless the context clearly requires otherwise the use of the singular shall include the plural and conversely.
(2) The terms "applicable," "appropriate," "relevant," "unless otherwise directed by the department" and similar terms implying discretion mean as determined by the department, with the burden of proof on other persons to demonstrate that the requirements are or are not necessary.
(3) "Approved" means for department conducted or ordered remedial actions, or for potentially liable person conducted cleanups agreed to by the department in an agreed order or decree governing remedial actions at the site.
(4) "Conduct" means to perform or undertake whether directly or through an agent or contractor, unless this chapter expressly provides otherwise.
(5) "Include" means included but not limited to.
(6) "May" or "should" means the provision is optional and permissive, and does not impose a requirement.
(7) "Shall," "must," or "will" means the provision is mandatory.
(8) "Threat" means threat or potential threat.
(9) "Under" means pursuant to, subject to, required by, established by, in accordance with, and similar expressions of legislative or administrative authorization or direction.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-210, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-210, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose.
As part of a program to identify hazardous waste sites, this
section sets forth the requirements for reporting a release of a
hazardous substance due to past activities, whether discovered
before or after the effective date of this regulation. It also
sets forth the requirements for reporting independent ((cleanup))
remedial actions. The department may take any other actions it
deems appropriate to identify potential hazardous waste sites
consistent with chapter 70.105D RCW.
(2) Release report.
(a) Any owner or operator who has information that a
hazardous substance has been released to the environment at the
owner or operator's facility and may be a threat to human health
or the environment shall report such information to the
department ((by June 1, 1990, or for discovery of releases after
this date,)) within ninety days of discovery. Releases from
underground storage tanks ((as described in the rules adopted
under chapter 90.76 RCW must)) shall be reported by the owner or
operator of the underground storage tank within twenty-four hours
of release confirmation, in accordance with WAC 173-340-450. To
the extent known, the report shall include:
(i) The identification and location of the hazardous
substance((,));
(ii) Circumstances of the release and the discovery((,));
and
(iii) Any remedial actions planned, completed, or underway. All other persons are encouraged to report such information to the department.
(b) Persons should use best professional judgment in deciding whether a release of a hazardous substance may be a threat or potential threat to human health or the environment. The following, which is not an exhaustive list, are examples of situations that generally should be reported under this section:
(i) Contamination in a water supply well.
(ii) Contaminated seeps, sediment or surface water.
(iii) Vapors in a building, utility vault or other structure that appear to be entering the structure from nearby contaminated soil or ground water.
(iv) Free product such as petroleum product or other organic liquids on the surface of the ground or in the ground water.
(v) Any contaminated soil or unpermitted disposal of waste materials that would be classified as a hazardous waste under federal or state law.
(vi) Any abandoned containers such as drums or tanks, above ground or buried, still containing more than trace residuals of hazardous substances.
(vii) Sites where unpermitted industrial waste disposal has occurred.
(viii) Sites where hazardous substances have leaked or been dumped on the ground.
(ix) Leaking underground petroleum storage tanks not already reported under WAC 173-340-450.
(3) Exemptions. The following releases are exempt from these notification requirements:
(a) Application of pesticides and fertilizers for their intended purposes and according to label instructions;
(b) Lawful and nonnegligent use of hazardous substances by a natural person for personal or domestic purposes;
(c) A release in accordance with a permit that authorizes the release;
(d) A release previously reported to the department in fulfillment of a reporting requirement in this chapter or in another law or regulation;
(e) A release previously reported to the United States Environmental Protection Agency under CERCLA, Section 103(c) (42 U.S.C. Sec. 9603(c));
(f) Except for releases under subsection (2)(b)(iii) of this section, a release to the air;
(g) Releases discovered in public water systems regulated by the department of health; or
(h) A release to a permitted wastewater facility.
An exemption from ((these)) the notification requirements in
this section does not imply a release from liability ((in future
actions by the department)) under this chapter.
(4) Report of independent remedial actions.
(((a) Report. Any person who conducts an independent
interim action or cleanup action shall submit a written report to
the department within ninety days of the completion of the
action. For the purposes of this section, the department will
consider an interim action or cleanup action complete if no
remedial action other than compliance monitoring has occurred at
the site for ninety days. This is not intended to preclude
earlier reporting of such actions. See WAC 173-340-450 for
additional requirements for reporting independent interim actions
for releases from underground storage tanks.
(b) Contents. The report shall include the information in subsection (2) of this section if not already reported, and results of all site investigations, cleanup actions and compliance monitoring planned or underway. The department may require additional reports on the work performed.
(c) Combined reports. If the independent interim action or cleanup action is completed within ninety days of discovery, a single written report may be submitted on both the release and the action taken. The reports shall contain the information specified in subsections (2) and (4) of this section and shall be submitted within ninety days of completion of the interim action or cleanup action.
(d) Notification. The department shall publish a notice of all reports on independent interim actions and cleanup actions received under this section in the site register.)) See WAC 173-340-515 for additional reporting requirements for independent remedial actions. See WAC 173-340-450 for reporting requirements for independent remedial actions for releases from underground storage tanks.
(5) Department response. Within ninety days of ((receipt
of)) receiving information under this section, the department
shall ((respond)) conduct an initial investigation in accordance
with WAC 173-340-310. ((Receipt of information regarding an
independent interim action or cleanup action under subsection (3)
or (4) of this section shall not obligate the department to take
any action beyond that prescribed in WAC 173-340-310 and
subsection (4)(d) of this section. Neither submission of
information on independent interim action and cleanup actions nor
any response by the department shall release the person
submitting the report or any other person from liability. The
department reserves all rights to pursue any subsequent action it
deems appropriate.)) For sites on the hazardous sites list, the
department shall, as resources permit, review reports that
document independent cleanup actions. The review shall include
an evaluation of whether the site qualifies for removal from the
hazardous sites list or whether further remedial action is
required.
(6) Other obligations. Nothing in this section shall eliminate any obligations to comply with reporting requirements that may exist in a permit or under other laws.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-300, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-300, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. An
initial investigation is an inspection of a suspected site by the
department and documentation of conditions observed during that
site inspection. The purpose of the initial investigation is to
determine whether ((or not)) a release or threatened release of a
hazardous substance may have occurred that warrants further
action under this chapter.
(((a))) (2) Applicability and timing. Whenever the
department receives information and has a reasonable basis to
believe that there may be a release or a threatened release of a
hazardous substance that may pose a threat to human health or the
environment, the department shall conduct an initial
investigation within ninety days.
(((b))) (3) Exemptions. The department shall not be
required to conduct an initial investigation when:
(((i))) (a) The circumstances associated with the release or
threatened release are known to the department and have
previously been or currently are being evaluated by the
department or other government agency; ((or
(ii))) (b) The release is permitted; or
(c) The release is exempt from reporting under WAC 173-340-300(3).
(((2) Contents. The initial investigation shall include at
a minimum: A site visit and documentation of conditions
observed.
(3))) (4) Department deferral to others. The department may rely on another government agency or a contractor to the department to conduct an initial investigation on its behalf, provided the department determines such an agency or contractor is not suspected to have contributed to the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance and that no conflict of interest exists.
(((4))) (5) Department decision. Based on the information
obtained about the site, the department shall within thirty days
of completion of the initial investigation make one or more of
the following decisions:
(a) A site hazard assessment is required;
(b) Emergency remedial action is required;
(c) Interim action is required; or
(d) The site requires no further action under this chapter at this time because either:
(i) There has been no release or threatened release of a hazardous substance; or
(ii) A release or threatened release of a hazardous substance has occurred, but in the department's judgment, does not pose a threat to human health or the environment; or
(iii) Action under another authority is appropriate.
A decision for a particular follow-up action does not preclude the department from requiring some other action in the future based on reevaluation of the site or additional information.
(((5) Early notice letter.
(a))) (6) Notification.
(a) Sites requiring an emergency remedial action or interim action. If the department determines that an emergency remedial action or interim action is required, then notification of the threat to the potentially affected vicinity may be required by the department. The method and nature of the notification shall be determined on a case-by-case basis. Such notification shall be the responsibility of the site owner or operator if required in writing by the department.
(b) Sites requiring further remedial action. For sites
requiring further remedial action under chapter 70.105D RCW, the
department ((will)) shall notify the owner, operator, and any
potentially liable person known to the department of its
decision. This notification shall be a letter (Early Notice
Letter) mailed to the person which includes:
(i) The basis for the department's decision;
(ii) Information on the cleanup process provided for in this chapter;
(iii) A statement that it is the department's policy to work cooperatively with persons to accomplish prompt and effective cleanups;
(iv) A person or office of the department to contact regarding the contents of the letter; and
(v) A statement that the letter is not a determination of liability and that cooperating with the department in planning or conducting a remedial action is not an admission of guilt or liability.
(c) Sites not requiring further remedial action. For sites
requiring no further remedial action under chapter 70.105D RCW,
if requested by the owner or operator, the department shall
notify the owner or operator of the department's conclusion.
This notification shall be in writing and may be combined with
the ((notice)) determination of status letter in WAC 173-340-500.
(((b) The notification shall be a letter mailed to the
person which includes:
(i) The basis for the department's decision;
(ii) Information on the cleanup process provided for in this chapter;
(iii) A statement that it is the department's policy to work cooperatively with persons to accomplish prompt and effective cleanups;
(iv) A person or office of the department to contact regarding the contents of the letter; and
(v) A statement that the letter is not a determination of liability and that cooperating with the department in planning or conducting a remedial action is not an admission of guilt or liability.))
(7) Reservation of rights. Nothing in this section shall preclude the department from taking or requiring appropriate remedial action at any time.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-310, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. The purpose of the site hazard assessment is to provide sufficient sampling data and other information for the department to:
(a) Confirm or rule out that a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance has occurred;
(b) ((To)) Identify the hazardous substance and provide some
information regarding the extent and concentration of the
substance;
(c) Identify site characteristics that could result in the hazardous substance entering and moving through the environment;
(d) Evaluate the potential for the threat to human health and the environment; and
(e) Determine the hazard ranking of the site under WAC 173-340-330, if appropriate.
(2) Timing. ((Unless otherwise directed by the department))
Generally, a site hazard assessment shall be completed before
proceeding to any subsequent phase of remedial action, other than
an emergency or interim action.
(3) Administrative options. The site hazard assessment may be conducted under any of the procedures described in WAC 173-340-510.
(4) Scope and content. A site hazard assessment is an early
study to provide preliminary data regarding the relative
potential hazard of the site. A site hazard assessment is not
intended to be a detailed site characterization((,)); however, it
shall include sufficient sampling, site observations, maps, and
other information needed to meet the purposes specified in
subsection (1) of this section. To fulfill this requirement, a
site hazard assessment shall include, as appropriate, the
following information:
(a) Identification of hazardous substances, including what was released and is threatened to be released and/or, if known, what products of decomposition, recombination, or chemical reaction are currently present on site, and an estimate of their quantities and concentrations;
(b) Evidence confirming a release or threatened release of hazardous substances to the environment;
(c) Description of facilities containing releases, if any, and their condition;
(d) Identification of the location of all areas where a hazardous substance is known or suspected to be, indicated on a site map;
(e) Consideration of surface water run-on and run-off and the hazardous substances leaching potential;
(f) Preliminary characterization of the subsurface and ground water actually or potentially affected by the release, including vertical depth to ground water and distance to nearby wells, bodies of surface water, and drinking water intakes;
(g) Preliminary evaluation of receptors, including: Human population, food crops, recreation areas, parks, sensitive environments, irrigated areas, and aquatic resources currently or potentially affected by ground water, air, or surface water containing the release of hazardous substances at the site, including distances to these receptors; and
(h) Any other physical factors which may be significant in estimating the potential or current exposure to sensitive biota.
(5) Guidance. The department shall make available guidance for how to conduct a site hazard assessment to meet the requirements of this section. Persons are encouraged to contact the department to obtain a copy of the latest guidance.
(6) Department decision. Based on the results of the site hazard assessment and other available information about the site, the department shall either determine the site warrants no further action using the criteria in WAC 173-340-310 (5)(d) or proceed with ranking and placing the site on the hazardous sites list under WAC 173-340-330.
(7) Notification. The department shall make available the results of the site hazard assessment to the site's owner and operator and any person who has received a potentially liable person status letter under WAC 173-340-500 regarding the site. If the department finds after a site hazard assessment that the site requires no further action, it shall publish this decision in the Site Register.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-320, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. The department shall maintain a list of
sites where remedial action has been determined by the department
to be necessary. This list, called the hazardous sites list,
shall fulfill the department's responsibilities under RCW 70.105D.030 (2)(b) and (3). From this list, the department shall
select those sites where action is anticipated and include those
in the biennial program report((. (See)) under WAC 173-340-340.(()))
(2) Hazard ranking.
(a) The department shall give a hazard ranking to sites
placed on the list ((shall be given a hazard ranking)). The
purpose of hazard ranking is to estimate, based on the
information compiled during the site hazard assessment, the
relative potential risk posed by the site to human health and the
environment. This assessment considers air, ground water, and
surface water migration pathways, human and nonhuman exposure
targets, properties of the substances present, and the
interaction of these variables.
(((a))) (b) The department shall evaluate each site on a
consistent basis using the procedure described in the "Washington
Ranking Method Scoring Manual," ((and all revisions and additions
thereto)) publication number 90-14, dated April 1992. The
sediment component of a site shall be scored using the procedures
described in "Sediment Ranking System," publication number
97-106, dated January 1990, and "Status Report: Technical Basis
for SEDRANK Modifications," publication number 97-107, dated June
1991. The ranking procedure and major amendments to the manual
shall be reviewed by the science advisory board established under
chapter 70.105D RCW. Information obtained in the site hazard
assessment, plus any additional data specified in ((the manual))
these publications, shall be included in the hazard ranking
evaluation.
(((b))) (3) Site Register. The department shall
periodically provide notification of the results of hazard
ranking in the Site Register ((established under WAC 173-340-600)). The department shall make available hazard
ranking results for each site to the site owner and operator and
any potentially liable person known to the department ((prior to
publishing)) before publication in the Site Register.
(((c))) (4) Reranking. The department may at its discretion
re-rank a site if, ((prior to)) before the initiation of state
action at the site, the department receives additional
information within the scope of the evaluation criteria which
indicates that a significant change in rank may result.
(((3))) (5) Listing.
(((a))) Sites shall be ranked and placed on the hazardous
sites list if, after the completion of a site hazard assessment,
the department ((has determined)) determines that further action
is required at the site. The list shall be updated at least once
per year. Placement of a site on the hazardous sites list does
not, by itself, imply that persons associated with the site are
liable under chapter 70.105D RCW.
(((b))) (6) Site status. The hazardous sites list shall
((also)) reflect the current status of remedial action at each
site. The department may change a site's status to reflect
current conditions. The status for each site shall be identified
as one of the following:
(((i))) (a) Sites awaiting further remedial action;
(((ii))) (b) Sites with remedial action in progress;
(((iii))) (c) Sites where a cleanup action has been
conducted but confirmational monitoring is underway;
(((iv))) (d) Sites with independent remedial actions; or
(((v))) (e) Other categories established by the department.
(((4))) (7) Removing sites from the list.
(a) The department may remove a site from the list only after it has determined that:
(i) For sites where the selected cleanup action does not
include containment, all remedial actions except confirmational
monitoring have been completed and compliance with the cleanup
standards has been achieved at the site; ((or))
(ii) The listing was erroneous; or
(iii) For sites where the selected cleanup action includes containment, if all of the following conditions have been met:
(A) All construction and operation of remedial actions have been adequately completed and only passive maintenance activities such as monitoring, inspections and periodic repairs remain;
(B) Sufficient confirmational monitoring has been done to demonstrate that the remedy has effectively contained the hazardous substances of concern at the site;
(C) All required performance monitoring has been completed;
(D) Any required institutional controls are in place and have been demonstrated to be effective in protecting public health and the environment from exposure to hazardous substances and protecting the integrity of the cleanup action;
(E) Written documentation is present in the department files that describes what hazardous substances have been left on site, where they are located, and the long term monitoring and maintenance obligations at the site;
(F) When required under WAC 173-340-440, financial assurances are in place;
(G) For sites with releases to ground water, it has been demonstrated the site meets ground water cleanup levels at the designated point of compliance.
(b) A site owner, operator, or potentially liable person may
request that a site be removed from the list by submitting a
petition to the department. The petition shall include thorough
documentation of all investigations performed, all cleanup
actions taken, and ((of)) adequate compliance monitoring to
demonstrate to the department's satisfaction that one of the
conditions in (a) of this subsection has been met. The
department may require payment of costs incurred, including an
advance deposit, for review and verification of the work
performed. The department shall review such petitions; however,
the timing of the review shall be at its discretion and as
resources may allow.
(((c))) (8) Record of sites. The department ((will)) shall
maintain a record of sites that have been removed from the list
under (((a)(i) of this)) subsection (7) of this section. The
record shall identify which sites have institutional controls
under WAC 173-340-440 and which sites are subject to periodic
review under WAC 173-340-420. This record will be made available
to the public upon request.
(((5))) (9) Relisting of sites. The department may relist a
site ((which)) that has previously been removed if it determines
that the site requires further remedial action.
(((6))) (10) Notice. The department shall provide public
notice and an opportunity to comment when the department proposes
to remove a site from the list. Additions to the list, changes
in site status, and removal from the list shall be published in
the Site Register.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-330, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Timing. Before November 1 of each even-numbered year, the department shall prepare a biennial program report for the legislature containing its plan for conducting remedial actions for the following two fiscal years. This report shall identify the projects and expenditures recommended for appropriation from both the state and local toxics control accounts. In determining which sites the department shall consider for planned action, emphasis shall be given to sites posing the highest risk to human health and the environment, as indicated by a site's hazard ranking. The department may also consider other factors in setting site priorities. After legislative action and any revisions, this report shall become the department's biennial program plan.
(2) Public notice. The department shall provide public notice and a hearing on the proposed plan. For purposes of this subsection only, public notice shall consist of mailings to all persons who have made a timely request and to the appropriate news media, and publication in the state register. Notice shall also be provided in the Site Register. The public comment period on the proposed plan shall run for at least thirty days from the date of the publication in the Site Register.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-340, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. The purpose of a ((state))
remedial investigation/feasibility study is to collect, develop,
and evaluate sufficient information regarding a site to ((enable
the selection of)) select a cleanup action under WAC
((173-340-360)) 173-340-360 through 173-340-390.
(2) Timing. Unless otherwise directed by the department, a
((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study shall be
completed before selecting a cleanup action under WAC
((173-340-360)) 173-340-360 through 173-340-390, except for an
emergency or interim action.
(3) Administrative options. A ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study may be conducted under any of the
procedures described in WAC 173-340-510 and 173-340-515.
(4) Submittal requirements. For a remedial action conducted by the department or under a decree or order, a report shall be prepared at the completion of the remedial investigation/feasibility study. Additionally, the department may require reports to be submitted for discrete elements of the remedial investigation/feasibility study. Reports prepared under this section and under an order or decree shall be submitted to the department for review and approval. See also subsection (7)(c)(iv) of this section for information on the sampling and analysis plan and the safety and health plan. See WAC 173-340-515(4) for submittal requirements for independent remedial actions.
(5) Public participation. Public participation will be accomplished in a manner consistent with WAC 173-340-600.
(((5))) (6) Scope. The scope of a ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study ((will depend)) varies from site
to site, depending on the informational and analytical needs of
the specific facility. This requires that the process remain
flexible((, with the scope of the state remedial
investigation/feasibility study varying from site to site)) and
be streamlined when possible to avoid the collection and
evaluation of unnecessary information so that the cleanup can
proceed in a timely manner. Where information required in
subsections (7)(c) and (8)(c) of this section is available in
other documents for the site, that information may be
incorporated by reference to avoid unnecessary duplication.
However, in all cases sufficient information must be collected,
developed, and evaluated to enable the selection of a cleanup
action under WAC 173-340-360 through 173-340-390. In addition,
for facilities on the federal national priorities list, ((the
state)) a remedial investigation/feasibility study shall comply
with federal requirements.
(((6) Contents.)) (7) Procedures for conducting a remedial
investigation.
(a) Purpose. The purpose of the remedial investigation is to collect data necessary to adequately characterize the site for the purpose of developing and evaluating cleanup action alternatives. Site characterization may be conducted in one or more phases to focus sampling efforts and increase the efficiency of the remedial investigation. Site characterization activities may be integrated with the development and evaluation of alternatives in the feasibility study, as appropriate.
(b) Scoping activities. To focus the collection of data and to assist the department in making the preliminary evaluation required under the State Environmental Policy Act (see WAC 197-11-256), the following scoping activities may be taken before conducting a remedial investigation:
(i) Assemble and evaluate existing data on the site, including the results of any interim or emergency actions, initial investigations, site hazard assessments, and other site inspections;
(ii) Develop a preliminary conceptual site model as defined in WAC 173-340-200;
(iii) Begin to identify likely cleanup levels for the site;
(iv) Begin to identify likely cleanup action components that may address the releases at the site;
(v) Consider the type, quality and quantity of data necessary to support selection of a cleanup action; and
(vi) Begin to identify likely applicable state and federal laws under WAC 173-340-710.
(c) Content. A ((state)) remedial
investigation((/feasibility study)) shall include the following
information as appropriate:
(((a))) (i) General facility information. General
information, including: Project title; name, address, and phone
number of project coordinator; legal description of the facility
location; dimensions of the facility; present owner and operator;
chronological listing of past owners and operators and
operational history; and other pertinent information.
(((b))) (ii) Site conditions map. An existing site
conditions map ((which)) that illustrates relevant current site
features such as((:)) property boundaries((;)), proposed facility
boundaries((;)), surface topography((;)), surface and subsurface
structures((;)), utility lines((;)), well locations((;)), and
other pertinent information.
(((c))) (iii) Field investigations. Sufficient
investigations to characterize the distribution of hazardous
substances present at the site, and threat to human health and
the environment. Where applicable to the site, these
investigations ((will need to)) shall address the following:
(((i))) (A) Surface water and sediments. Investigations of
surface water and sediments to characterize significant
hydrologic features such as: Surface drainage patterns and
quantities, areas of erosion and sediment deposition, surface
waters, floodplains, and actual or potential hazardous substance
migration routes towards and within these features. Sufficient
surface water and sediment sampling shall be performed to
adequately characterize the areal and vertical distribution and
concentrations of hazardous substances. Properties of surface
and subsurface sediments ((which)) that are likely to influence
the type and rate of hazardous substance migration, or are likely
to affect the ability to implement alternative cleanup actions
shall be characterized.
(((ii))) (B) Soils. Investigations to adequately
characterize the areal and vertical distribution and
concentrations of hazardous substances in the soil due to the
((facility)) release. Properties of surface and subsurface soils
((which)) that are likely to influence the type and rate of
hazardous substance migration, or which are likely to affect the
ability to implement alternative cleanup actions shall be
characterized.
(((iii))) (C) Geology and ground water system
characteristics. Investigations of site geology and hydrogeology
to adequately characterize the areal and vertical distribution
and concentrations of hazardous substances in the ground water
and those features which affect the fate and transport of these
hazardous substances. This shall include, as appropriate, the
description, physical properties and distribution of bedrock and
unconsolidated materials; ground water flow rate and gradient for
affected and potentially affected ground waters; ground water
divides; areas of ground water recharge and discharge; location
of public and private production wells; and ground water quality
data.
(((iv))) (D) Air. An evaluation of air quality impacts,
including sampling, where appropriate, and information regarding
local and regional climatological characteristics which are
likely to affect the hazardous substance migration such as((:))
seasonal patterns of rainfall((;)), the magnitude and frequency
of significant storm events((;)), temperature extremes((;)),
prevailing wind direction((;)), variations in barometric
pressure, and wind velocity.
(((v))) (E) Land use. Information regarding present and
proposed land and resource uses and zoning for the site and
potentially affected areas and information characterizing human
and ecological populations that are reasonably likely to be
exposed or potentially exposed to the ((hazardous substance
released from the facility and present and proposed land uses and
zoning for the site and potentially affected areas)) release
based on such use.
(((vi) Natural resources and ecology.)) (F) Natural
resources and ecological receptors.
(I) Information to determine the impact or potential impact
of the hazardous substance from the facility on ((the)) natural
resources and ((ecology of the area such as: Sensitive
environment, plant and animal species, and other environmental))
ecological receptors, including any information needed to conduct
a terrestrial ecological evaluation, under WAC 173-340-7492 or
173-340-7493, or to establish an exclusion under WAC 173-340-7491.
(((vii))) (II) Where appropriate, a terrestrial ecological
evaluation may be conducted so as to avoid duplicative studies of
soil contamination that will be remediated to address other
concerns, such as protection of human health. This may be
accomplished by evaluating residual threats to the environment
after cleanup action alternatives for human health protection
have been developed. If this approach is used, the remedial
investigation may be phased. Examples of sites where this
approach may not be appropriate include: A site contaminated
with a hazardous substance that is primarily an ecological
concern and will not obviously be addressed by the cleanup action
for the protection of human health, such as zinc; or a site where
the development of a human health based remedy is expected to be
a lengthy process, and postponing the terrestrial ecological
evaluation would cause further harm to the environment.
(III) If it is determined that a simplified or site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation is not required under WAC 173-340-7491, the basis for this determination shall be included in the remedial investigation report.
(G) Hazardous substance sources. A description of and
sufficient sampling to define the location, quantity, areal and
vertical extent, concentration within and sources of ((waste
disposal areas)) releases. Where relevant, information on the
physical and chemical characteristics, and the biological effects
of hazardous substances shall be provided.
(((viii))) (H) Regulatory classifications. Regulatory
designations classifying affected air, surface water and ground
water, if any.
(((d) Risk assessment. A risk assessment characterizing the
current and potential threats to human health and the environment
that may be posed by hazardous substances. This assessment may
not be required when the department determines that proposed
cleanup standards are obvious and undisputed and allow an
adequate margin of safety for protection of human health and the
environment.
(e) Cleanup action alternatives. An evaluation of alternative cleanup actions that protect human health and the environment by eliminating, reducing, or otherwise controlling risks posed through each exposure pathway and migration route, shall be required. The number and types of alternatives to be evaluated shall take into account the characteristics and complexity of the facility. A phased approach for evaluation of alternatives may be required for certain facilities, including an initial screening of alternatives to reduce the number of potential remedies for the final detailed evaluation. The final evaluation of cleanup action alternatives that pass the initial screening shall be evaluated for compliance with the requirements in WAC 173-340-360.
(f) Work plans. A sampling and analysis plan, and a safety and health plan shall be prepared as part of state remedial investigation/feasibility study activities. These plans shall conform to the requirements specified in this chapter.
(g))) (iv) Workplans. A safety and health plan and a sampling and analysis plan shall be prepared as part of the remedial investigation/feasibility study. These plans shall conform to the requirements specified in WAC 173-340-810 and 173-340-820.
(v) Other information. Other information may be required by the department.
(8) Procedures for conducting a feasibility study.
(a) Purpose. The purpose of the feasibility study is to develop and evaluate cleanup action alternatives to enable a cleanup action to be selected for the site. If concentrations of hazardous substances do not exceed the cleanup level at a standard point of compliance, no further action is necessary.
(b) Screening of alternatives. An initial screening of alternatives to reduce the number of alternatives for the final detailed evaluation may be appropriate. The person conducting the feasibility study may initially propose cleanup action alternatives or components to be screened from detailed evaluation. The department shall make the final determination of which alternatives must be evaluated in the feasibility study. The following cleanup action alternatives or components may be eliminated from the feasibility study:
(i) Alternatives that, based on a preliminary analysis, the department determines so clearly do not meet the minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360 that a more detailed analysis is unnecessary. This includes those alternatives for which costs are clearly disproportionate under WAC 173-340-360 (3)(e); and
(ii) Alternatives or components that are not technically possible at the site.
(c) Content. A feasibility study shall include the following information as appropriate.
(i) General requirements.
(A) The feasibility study shall include cleanup action alternatives that protect human health and the environment by eliminating, reducing, or otherwise controlling risks posed through each exposure pathway and migration route.
(B) A reasonable number and type of alternatives shall be evaluated, taking into account the characteristics and complexity of the facility, including current site conditions and physical constraints. Alternatives for protection of aquatic ecological receptors, terrestrial ecological receptors and human health shall be developed as appropriate to the site.
(C) Each alternative may consist of one or more cleanup action components, including, but not limited to, components that reuse or recycle the hazardous substances, destroy or detoxify the hazardous substances, immobilize or solidify the hazardous substances, provide for on-site or off-site disposal of the hazardous substances in an engineered, lined and monitored facility, on-site isolation or containment of the hazardous substances with attendant engineering controls, and institutional controls and monitoring.
(D) Alternatives may, as appropriate, include remediation levels to define when particular cleanup action components will be used. Alternatives may also include different remediation levels for the same component. For example, alternatives that excavate and treat soils at varying concentrations may be appropriate to evaluate. See WAC 173-340-355 for detailed information on establishing potential remediation levels to be evaluated in the feasibility study.
(E) If necessary, evaluate the residual threats that would accompany each alternative and determine if remedies that are protective of human health will also be protective of ecological receptors. See subsection (7)(c)(iii)(F) of this section.
(F) The feasibility study shall include alternatives with the standard point of compliance for each environmental media containing hazardous substances, unless those alternatives have been eliminated under (b) of this subsection, and may include, as appropriate, alternatives with conditional points of compliance.
(G) Each alternative shall be evaluated on the basis of the requirements and the criteria specified in WAC 173-340-360.
(H) A preferred cleanup action may be identified in the feasibility study, where appropriate.
(I) Other information may be required by the department.
(ii) Permanent alternatives.
(A) Except as provided in (c)(ii)(B) of this subsection, the feasibility study shall include at least one permanent cleanup action alternative, as defined in WAC 173-340-200, to serve as a baseline against which other alternatives shall be evaluated for the purpose of determining whether the cleanup action selected is permanent to the maximum extent practicable. The most practicable permanent cleanup action alternative shall be included.
(B) The feasibility study does not need to include a permanent cleanup action alternative under any of the following circumstances:
(I) Where a model remedy is the selected cleanup action;
(II) Where a permanent cleanup action alternative is not technically possible; or
(III) Where the cost of the most practicable permanent cleanup action alternative is so clearly disproportionate that a more detailed analysis is not necessary, as determined through the screening process in (b)(i) of this subsection.
(9) Additional requirements.
(a) Cleanup levels. Unless otherwise specified under this chapter, cleanup levels shall be established for hazardous substances in each media and for each pathway where a release has occurred, using WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760. These are typically initially established during the scoping of the remedial investigation and may be further refined during the remedial investigation and/or feasibility study.
(b) Compliance with other laws. The department may require that a remedial investigation/feasibility study include additional information or analyses to comply with the State Environmental Policy Act or other applicable laws. This includes information necessary to make a threshold determination (see WAC 197-11-335(1)), or information necessary to integrate the remedial investigation/feasibility study with an environmental impact statement (see WAC 197-11-262).
(c) Treatability studies. The department may require treatability studies as necessary to provide sufficient information to develop and evaluate cleanup action alternatives for a site.
(((h) Any information needed to fulfill the applicable
requirements of the State Environmental Policy Act.
(i))) (d) Other information ((as)). Other information may
be required by the department.
(((7) In appropriate cases the department may allow
departure from the requirements of subsection (6) of this section
and will allow information to be incorporated by reference to
avoid unnecessary duplication.
(8) Report. A report shall be prepared at the completion of the remedial investigation/feasibility study. Additionally, the department may require reports to be submitted following discrete elements of the remedial investigation/feasibility study. Reports prepared under this section and under an order or decree shall be submitted to the department for review and approval.))
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-350, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-350, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. A cleanup action selected for a site will often involve a combination of cleanup action components, such as treatment of some soil contamination and containment of the remainder. Remediation levels are used to identify the concentrations (or other methods of identification) of hazardous substances at which different cleanup action components will be used. (See the definition of remediation level in WAC 173-340-200.) Remediation levels are used at sites where a combination of cleanup action components are used to achieve cleanup levels at the point of compliance (see the example in subsection (3)(a) of this section) and at sites where achieving cleanup levels at the point of compliance is not practicable (see the example in subsection (3)(b) of this section).
(2) Relationship to cleanup levels and cleanup standards. Remediation levels are not the same as cleanup levels. A cleanup level defines the concentration of hazardous substances above which a contaminated media (e.g., soil) must be remediated in some manner (e.g., treatment, containment, institutional controls). A remediation level, on the other hand, defines the concentration (or other method of identification) of a hazardous substance in a particular media above or below which a particular cleanup action component (e.g., soil treatment or containment) will be used. Remediation levels, by definition, exceed cleanup levels.
Cleanup levels must be established for every site. Remediation levels, on the other hand, may not be necessary at a site. Whether remediation levels are necessary depends on the cleanup action selected. For example, remediation levels would not be necessary if the selected cleanup action removes for off-site disposal all soil that exceeds the cleanup level at the applicable points of compliance.
A cleanup action that uses remediation levels must meet each of the minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360, including the requirement that all cleanup actions must comply with cleanup standards. Compliance with cleanup standards requires, in part, that cleanup levels are met at the applicable points of compliance. Where a cleanup action involves containment of soils with hazardous substance concentrations exceeding cleanup levels at the point of compliance, the cleanup action may be determined to comply with cleanup standards, provided the requirements specified in WAC 173-340-740 (6)(f) are met.
(3) Examples. The following examples of cleanup actions that use remediation levels are for illustrative purposes only. All cleanup action alternatives in a feasibility study, including those with proposed remediation levels, must be evaluated to determine whether they meet each of the minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360 (see WAC 173-340-360 (2)(h)). This evaluation requires, in part, a determination that a more permanent cleanup action is not practicable, based on the disproportionate cost analysis in WAC 173-340-360 (3)(e).
(a) Example of a site meeting cleanup levels at the point of compliance. Assume that the soil cleanup level at a site is 20 ppm. Further assume that the cleanup action alternative determined to comply with the minimum requirements in WAC 173-340-360 and selected for the site consists of soil treatment and removal and a remediation level of 100 ppm to define when those two components are used. Under the cleanup standard, any soil that exceeds the 20 ppm cleanup level at the applicable point of compliance must be remediated in some manner. Under the selected cleanup action, any soil that exceeds the 100 ppm remediation level must be removed and treated. Any soil that does not exceed the 100 ppm remediation level, but exceeds the 20 ppm cleanup level, must be removed and landfilled. The cleanup action may be determined to comply with the cleanup standard because the cleanup level is met at the applicable point of compliance.
(b) Example of a site not meeting cleanup levels at the point of compliance. Assume that the soil cleanup level at a site is 20 ppm. Further assume that the cleanup action alternative determined to comply with the minimum requirements in WAC 173-340-360 and selected for the site consists of soil treatment and containment and a remediation level of 100 ppm to define when those two components are used. Under the cleanup standard, any soil that exceeds the 20 ppm cleanup level at the applicable point of compliance must be remediated in some manner. Under the selected cleanup action, any soil that exceeds the 100 ppm remediation level must be treated. Any soil that does not exceed the 100 ppm remediation level, but exceeds the 20 ppm cleanup level, must be contained. Residual contamination above the cleanup level will remain at the site. However, assuming the cleanup action meets the requirements specified in WAC 173-340-740 (6)(f) for soil containment actions, the cleanup action may be determined to comply with cleanup standards.
(4) General requirements. Potential remediation levels may be developed as part of the cleanup action alternatives to be considered during the feasibility study (see WAC 173-340-350 (8)(c)(i)(D)). These potential remediation levels may be defined as either a concentration or other method of identification of a hazardous substance. Other methods of identification include physical appearance or location (e.g., all of the green sludge will be removed from the northern area of the site). Quantitative or qualitative methods may be used to develop these potential remediation levels. These methods may include a human health risk assessment or an ecological risk assessment. These methods may also consider fate and transport issues. These methods may be simple or complex, as appropriate to the site. Where a quantitative risk assessment is used, see WAC 173-340-357. All cleanup action alternatives in a feasibility study, including those with proposed remediation levels, must still be evaluated to determine whether they meet each of the minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360 (see WAC 173-340-360 (2)(h)).
[]
(1) Purpose. A quantitative site-specific risk assessment may be conducted to help determine whether cleanup action alternatives, including those using a remediation level, engineered control and/or institutional control, are protective of human health and the environment. If a quantitative site-specific risk assessment is used, then other considerations may also be needed in evaluating the protectiveness of the overall cleanup action. Methods other than a quantitative site-specific risk assessment may also be used to determine if a cleanup action alternative is protective of human health and the environment.
(2) Relationship to selection of cleanup actions. Selecting a cleanup action requires a determination that each of the requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360 is met, including the requirement that the cleanup action is protective of human health and the environment. A quantitative risk assessment conducted under this section may be used to help determine whether a particular cleanup action alternative meets this requirement. A determination that a cleanup action alternative evaluated is protective of human health and the environment does not mean that the other minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360 have been met.
(3) Protection of human health. A quantitative site-specific human health risk assessment may be conducted to help determine whether cleanup action alternatives, including those using a remediation level, engineered control and/or institutional control, are protective of human health. For the purpose of this assessment, the default assumptions in the standard Method B and C equations in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 may be modified as provided for under modified Method B and C. In addition to those modifications, adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions may also be made. See WAC 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(a) Reasonable maximum exposure. Standard reasonable maximum exposures and corresponding Method B and C equations in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 may be modified as provided under WAC 173-340-708 (3)(d). For example, land uses other than residential and industrial may be used as the basis for an alternative reasonable maximum exposure scenario for the purpose of assessing the protectiveness of a cleanup action alternative that uses a remediation level, engineered control, and/or institutional control.
(b) Exposure parameters. Exposure parameters for the standard Method B and C equations in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 may be modified as provided in WAC 173-340-708(10).
(c) Acceptable risk level. The acceptable risk level for remediation levels shall be the same as that used for the cleanup level.
(d) Soil to ground water pathway. The methods specified in WAC 173-340-747 to develop soil concentrations that are protective of ground water beneficial uses may also be used during remedy selection to help assess the protectiveness to human health of a cleanup action alternative that uses a remediation level, engineered control, and/or institutional control.
(e) Burden of proof, new science, and quality of information. Any modification of the default assumptions in the standard Method B and C equations, including modification of the standard reasonable maximum exposures and exposure parameters, or any modification of default assumptions or methods specified in WAC 173-340-747 requires compliance with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(f) Commercial gas station scenario.
(i) At active commercial gas stations, where there are retail sales of gasoline and/or diesel, Equations 740-3 and 740-5 may be used with the exposure frequency reduced to 0.25 to demonstrate when a cap is protective of the soil ingestion and dermal pathways. This scenario is intended to be a conservative estimate of a child trespasser scenario at a commercial gas station where contaminated soil has been excavated and stockpiled or soil is otherwise accessible. Sites using remediation levels must also use institutional controls to prevent uses that could result in a higher level of exposure and assess the protectiveness for other exposure pathways (e.g., soil vapors and soil to ground water).
(ii) Equations 740-3 and 740-5 may also be modified on a site-specific basis as described in WAC 173-340-740 (3)(c).
(4) Protection of the environment. A quantitative site-specific ecological risk assessment may be conducted to help determine whether cleanup action alternatives, including those using a remediation level, engineered control and/or institutional control, are protective of the environment.
[]
(1) Purpose.
(((a) This section describes the requirements for selecting
cleanup actions. It specifies the criteria for approving cleanup
actions, the order of preference for cleanup technologies,
policies for permanent solutions, the application of these
criteria to particular situations, and the process for making
these decisions. This section is intended to be used in
conjunction with the cleanup standards defined in WAC 173-340-700
through 173-340-760 and the administrative principles for the
overall cleanup process (WAC 173-340-130).
(b) Because cleanup actions will often involve the use of several cleanup technologies or methods at a single site, the overall cleanup action shall meet the requirements of this section.
(2) Threshold requirements.
All cleanup actions conducted under this chapter shall protect human health and the environment; shall comply with cleanup standards (see WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760); shall comply with applicable state and federal laws (see WAC 173-340-710); and shall provide for compliance monitoring (see WAC 173-340-410).
(3) Other requirements. In addition, the cleanup action conducted shall:
(a) Use permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable (see WAC 173-340-360 (4), (5), (7), and (8));
(b) Provide for a reasonable restoration time frame (see WAC 173-340-360(6)); and
(c) Consider public concerns raised during public comment on the draft cleanup action plan (see WAC 173-340-360 (10) through (13)).
(4) Cleanup technologies.
(a) Cleanup of hazardous waste sites shall be conducted using technologies which minimize the amount of untreated hazardous substances remaining at a site. Toward that end, the following technologies for addressing specific hazardous substances or pathways shall be considered in order of descending preference:
(i) Reuse or recycling;
(ii) Destruction or detoxification;
(iii) Separation or volume reduction followed by reuse, recycling, destruction, or detoxification of the residual hazardous substance;
(iv) Immobilization of hazardous substances;
(v) On-site or off-site disposal at an engineered facility designed to minimize the future release of hazardous substances and in accordance with applicable state and federal laws;
(vi) Isolation or containment with attendant engineering controls; and
(vii) Institutional controls and monitoring.
(b) A combination of technologies from more than one of the categories under (a) of this subsection may be used at a specific site. For example, the source of the hazardous substance may be recovered and recycled or destroyed, while containment is used to stop the migration of hazardous substances that have reached the ground water.
(c) Since cleanup actions will often involve a combination of technologies, cleanup action alternatives shall maximize the use of higher preference technologies.
(d) Ecology does not expect that one type of technology will be used for all sites. The adoption of the technology preferences in this subsection is designed to make it more difficult to select a cleanup action with a low preference without careful explanation of why technologies above it have not been used. As noted in subsection (9) of this section, ecology expects that lower options will be appropriate for some sites.
(5) Permanent solutions.
(a) When selecting a cleanup action, preference shall be given to permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable.
(b) A permanent solution is one in which cleanup standards can be met without further action being required at the original site or any other site involved with the cleanup action, other than the approved disposal of any residue from preferred treatment technologies under subsection (4)(a)(i) through (iii) of this section.
(c) In general, technologies which reuse, recycle, destroy, or detoxify hazardous substances will result in permanent solutions if residual hazardous substance concentrations are below cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760. Containment of hazardous substances and/or institutional controls alone are not permanent solutions. Other technologies, such as immobilization of hazardous substances, may provide permanent solutions under some conditions.
(d) Ecology recognizes that permanent solutions may not be practicable for all sites. A determination that a cleanup action satisfies the requirement to use permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable is based upon consideration of a number of factors. The following criteria shall be used to determine whether a cleanup action is "permanent to the maximum extent practicable":
(i) Overall protectiveness of human health and the environment including the degree to which existing risks are reduced, time required to reduce risk at the facility and attain cleanup standards, on-site and off-site risks resulting from implementing the alternative, the degree the cleanup action may perform to a higher level than specific standards in WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760, and improvement of the overall environmental quality;
(ii) Long-term effectiveness including degree of certainty that the alternative will be successful, long-term reliability, magnitude of residual risk, and effectiveness of controls required to manage treatment residues or remaining wastes;
(iii) Short-term effectiveness including protection of human health and the environment during construction and implementation of the alternative, and the degree of risk to human health and the environment prior to attainment of cleanup standards;
(iv) Permanent reduction of toxicity, mobility and volume of the hazardous substance including adequacy of the alternative in destroying the hazardous substances, reduction or elimination of hazardous substance releases and sources of releases, degree of irreversibility of waste treatment process, and the characteristics and quantity of treatment residuals generated;
(v) Ability to be implemented including consideration of whether the alternative is technically possible, availability of necessary off-site facilities, services and materials, administrative and regulatory requirements, scheduling, size, complexity, monitoring requirements, access for construction, operations and monitoring, and integration with existing facility operations and other current or potential remedial actions;
(vi) Cleanup costs. A cleanup action shall not be considered practicable if the incremental cost of the cleanup action is substantial and disproportionate to the incremental degree of protection it would achieve over a lower preference cleanup action. When selecting from among two or more cleanup action alternatives which have an equivalent level of preference under subsection (4) of this section, preference may be given to the least cost alternative. In performing this evaluation, the top three preferences in subsection (4) of this section shall be considered equivalent unless there are overriding public concerns or technical uncertainties;
(vii) The degree to which community concerns are addressed.
(e) To ensure a bias toward permanent solutions, cleanup actions conducted under this chapter including consideration of prior actions at the site shall comply with the following requirements:
(i) The cleanup action shall prevent or minimize present and future releases and migration of hazardous substances in the environment;
(ii) The cleanup action shall provide for a net reduction in the amount of a hazardous substance being released from the source area;
(iii) The cleanup action shall not rely primarily on dilution and dispersion of the hazardous substance if active remedial measures are technically possible;
(iv) A cleanup action relying primarily on institutional controls and monitoring shall not be used where it is technically possible to implement a cleanup action alternative that utilizes a higher preference cleanup technology for all or a portion of the site; and
(v) A cleanup action involving off-site transport and disposal of hazardous substances without treatment shall not be used if a treatment technology or method exists which will attain cleanup standards and is practicable.
(6) Restoration time frame.
(a) The cleanup action selected shall provide for a reasonable restoration time frame. The factors to be considered when establishing a reasonable restoration time frame shall include:
(i) Potential risks posed by the site to human health and the environment;
(ii) Practicability of achieving a shorter restoration time frame;
(iii) Current use of the site, surrounding areas, and associated resources that are, or may be, affected by releases from the site;
(iv) Potential future use of the site, surrounding areas, and associated resources that are, or may be, affected by releases from the site;
(v) Availability of alternative water supplies;
(vi) Likely effectiveness and reliability of institutional controls;
(vii) Ability to control and monitor migration of hazardous substances from the site;
(viii) Toxicity of the hazardous substances at the site; and
(ix) Natural processes which reduce concentrations of hazardous substances and have been documented to occur at the site or under similar site conditions.
(b) A longer period of time may be used for the restoration time frame for a site to achieve cleanup levels at the point of compliance if higher preference cleanup technologies in accordance with subsections (4) and (5) of this section are selected instead of on-site or off-site disposal, isolation, or containment options.
(c) When area background concentrations would result in recontamination of the site to levels which exceed cleanup levels, that portion of the cleanup action which addresses cleanup below area background concentrations may be delayed until the off-site sources of hazardous substances are controlled. In these cases the remedial action shall be considered an interim action until cleanup levels are attained.
(d) Where cleanup levels determined under method C in WAC 173-340-707 are below technically possible concentrations, concentrations that are technically possible to achieve shall be met within a reasonable time frame considering the factors in (a) of this subsection. In these cases the remedial action shall be considered an interim action until cleanup levels are attained.
(e) Extending the restoration time frame shall not be used as a substitute for active cleanup actions, when such actions are practicable.
(7) Ground water restoration.
(a) Ground water treatment to achieve the levels in WAC 173-340-720 throughout the ground water at and beyond the point of compliance shall be required where such treatment is practicable or where such treatment is not practicable, but deemed by the department to be in the public interest.
(b) When ground water treatment to achieve the cleanup levels at or beyond the point of compliance within an existing ground water plume is not practicable the following measures shall be taken:
(i) Treatment shall be used to reduce the levels to the maximum extent practicable;
(ii) Ground water containment, including barriers or hydraulic control through ground water pumping or both, shall be implemented to the maximum extent practicable to avoid lateral and vertical expansion of the ground water volume affected by the hazardous substance;
(iii) Source control measures shall be implemented to prevent or minimize additional releases to the ground water;
(iv) Adequate ground water monitoring to demonstrate control and containment of the hazardous substance shall be conducted;
(v) The potentially liable person shall provide an alternative water supply or treatment for persons with water supplies rendered unusable by the release; and
(vi) The practicability of achieving ground water cleanup levels by treating the ground water affected by the release shall be reevaluated during the periodic review under WAC 173-340-420.
(c) Appropriate restrictions on the use of ground water shall be placed under WAC 173-340-440 until cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720 are achieved.
(d) The integrity and continued operation of any treatment or containment system shall be assured in accordance with WAC 173-340-440.
(8) Containment actions.
(a) A cleanup action which relies primarily on on-site disposal, isolation, or containment of hazardous substances shall not be conducted if it is practicable to reuse, destroy, or detoxify those substances in a manner that remaining concentrations are below cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760.
(b) Long-term monitoring (WAC 173-340-410) and institutional controls (WAC 173-340-440) shall be required if on-site disposal, isolation, or containment is the selected cleanup action for a site or a portion of a site. Such measures shall be required until residual hazardous substance concentrations no longer exceed site cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760.
(c) If the proposed cleanup action involves on-site containment, the draft cleanup action plan shall specify the types, levels, and amounts of hazardous substances remaining on-site and the measures that will be utilized to prevent migration and contact with those substances.
(9) Expectations. Ecology has the following expectations for cleanup actions conducted under this chapter. The department recognizes that there may be sites where these expectations are not appropriate:
(a) Ecology expects that treatment technologies will be used wherever practicable. Use of treatment technologies should be emphasized at sites containing liquid wastes, areas contaminated with high concentrations of hazardous substances, highly mobile materials, and/or discrete areas of hazardous substances which lend themselves to treatment;
(b) To minimize the need for long-term management of contaminated materials, ecology expects that hazardous substances will be totally destroyed, detoxified, and/or removed to concentrations below cleanup levels throughout sites containing small volumes of hazardous substances;
(c) Ecology recognizes the need to use engineering controls, such as containment, for sites or portions of sites that contain large volumes of materials with relatively low levels of hazardous substances where treatment is impracticable;
(d) Ecology expects institutional controls, such as water use restrictions and deed restrictions, will be used to supplement engineering controls in order to prevent or limit exposure to hazardous substances and protect the integrity of the cleanup action;
(e) Ecology expects that cleanup actions will return useable ground waters to their beneficial uses wherever practicable, within a reasonable time frame. When restoration of ground water to beneficial uses is not practicable, ecology expects to require measures to minimize/prevent further migration, minimize ongoing releases, prevent exposure to contaminated water, and other appropriate measures (see WAC 173-340-360(7));
(f) In order to minimize the potential for migration of hazardous substances, ecology expects that active measures will be taken to prevent precipitation and subsequent runoff from coming into contact with contaminated soils and waste materials. When such measures are impracticable, such as during active cleanup, ecology expects that site runoff will be contained and treated prior to release from the site;
(g) Ecology expects that when hazardous substances remain on-site at concentrations which exceed cleanup levels, those hazardous substances will be consolidated to the maximum extent practicable where needed to minimize the potential for direct contact and migration of hazardous substances;
(h) Ecology expects that, for facilities adjacent to a surface water body, active measures will be taken to prevent/minimize releases to surface water via surface runoff and ground water discharges. Ecology expects that dilution will not be the sole method for demonstrating compliance with cleanup standards; and
(i) Ecology expects that cleanup actions conducted under this chapter will not result in a significantly greater overall threat to human health and the environment than other alternatives.
(10) Draft cleanup action plan. The department shall issue a draft cleanup action plan for cleanup actions conducted by the department or conducted by a potentially liable person under an order or decree. The level of detail in the draft cleanup action plan shall be commensurate with the complexity of the site and proposed cleanup action.
(a) The draft cleanup action plan shall include the following:
(i) A general description of the proposed cleanup action including compliance monitoring;
(ii) A brief summary of other alternative cleanup actions evaluated in the state remedial investigation/feasibility study or comparable documents;
(iii) Site cleanup levels and points of compliance for each hazardous substance and for each media of concern;
(iv) The schedule for implementation of the cleanup action plan including, if known, restoration time frame;
(v) Required institutional controls and site use restrictions, if any, for the proposed cleanup action;
(vi) Justification for selecting a cleanup action that uses cleanup technologies that have a lower preference than higher representative cleanup technologies listed in subsection (4)(a) of this section;
(vii) Applicable state and federal laws for the proposed cleanup action, when these are known at this step in the cleanup process (this does not preclude subsequent identification of applicable state and federal laws);
(viii) A preliminary determination by the department that the proposed cleanup action will comply with subsections (2) and (3) of this section; and
(ix) Where the cleanup action involves on-site containment, specification of the types, levels, and amounts of hazardous substances remaining on site and the measures that will be utilized to prevent migration and contact with those substances.
(b) For routine actions the department may use an order or decree to fulfill the requirements of a cleanup action plan, provided that the information in (a) of this subsection is included therein. The scope of detail for the required information shall be commensurate with the complexity of the site and proposed cleanup action.
(11) Public participation. The department will provide public notice and opportunity for comment on the draft cleanup plan as described in WAC 173-340-600.
(12) Final plan. Upon completion of the public comment period the department, after review and consideration of the comments received, shall issue a final cleanup action plan and publish its availability in the site register and by other appropriate methods. If the department determines, following the implementation of the preferred alternative, that the cleanup levels established in the cleanup action plan cannot be achieved, the department shall issue public notice of this determination.
(13) Federal cleanup sites. A record of decision or order or consent decree prepared under the Federal Cleanup Law that provides for a cleanup action may be used by the department to meet the requirements of this section provided:
(a) The cleanup action meets the requirements in subsections (2) and (3) of this section;
(b) The state has concurred with the cleanup action; and
(c) An opportunity was provided for the public to comment on the cleanup action.)) This section describes the minimum requirements and procedures for selecting cleanup actions. This section is intended to be used in conjunction with the administrative principles for the overall cleanup process in WAC 173-340-130; the requirements and procedures in WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-357 and WAC 173-340-370 through 173-340-390; and the cleanup standards defined in WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760.
(2) Minimum requirements for cleanup actions. All cleanup actions shall meet the following requirements. Because cleanup actions will often involve the use of several cleanup action components at a single site, the overall cleanup action shall meet the requirements of this section. The department recognizes that some of the requirements contain flexibility and will require the use of professional judgment in determining how to apply them at particular sites.
(a) Threshold requirements. The cleanup action shall:
(i) Protect human health and the environment;
(ii) Comply with cleanup standards (see WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760);
(iii) Comply with applicable state and federal laws (see WAC 173-340-710); and
(iv) Provide for compliance monitoring (see WAC 173-340-410 and 173-340-720 through 173-340-760).
(b) Other requirements. When selecting from cleanup action alternatives that fulfill the threshold requirements, the selected action shall:
(i) Use permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable (see subsection (3) of this section);
(ii) Provide for a reasonable restoration time frame (see subsection (4) of this section); and
(iii) Consider public concerns (see WAC 173-340-600).
(c) Ground water cleanup actions.
(i) Permanent ground water cleanup actions. A permanent cleanup action shall be used to achieve the cleanup levels for ground water in WAC 173-340-720 at the standard point(s) of compliance (see WAC 173-340-720(8)) where a permanent cleanup action is practicable or determined by the department to be in the public interest.
(ii) Nonpermanent ground water cleanup actions. Where a permanent cleanup action is not required under (c)(i) of this subsection, the following measures shall be taken:
(A) Treatment or removal of the source of the release shall be conducted for liquid wastes, areas contaminated with high concentrations of hazardous substances, highly mobile hazardous substances, or hazardous substances that cannot be reliably contained. This includes removal of petroleum and other light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) from the ground water using normally accepted engineering practices. Source containment may be appropriate when a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) cannot be recovered after reasonable efforts have been made.
(B) Ground water containment, including barriers or hydraulic control through ground water pumping, or both, shall be implemented to the maximum extent practicable to avoid lateral and vertical expansion of the ground water volume affected by the hazardous substance.
(d) Cleanup actions for soils at current or potential future residential areas and for soils at schools and child care centers. For current or potential future residential areas and for schools and child care centers, soils with hazardous substance concentrations that exceed soil cleanup levels must be treated, removed, or contained. Property qualifies as a current or potential residential area if:
(i) The property is currently used for residential use; or
(ii) The property has a potential to serve as a future residential area based on the consideration of zoning, statutory and regulatory restrictions, comprehensive plans, historical use, adjacent land uses, and other relevant factors.
(e) Institutional controls.
(i) Cleanup actions shall use institutional controls and financial assurances as required under WAC 173-340-440.
(ii) Cleanup actions that use institutional controls shall meet each of the minimum requirements specified in this section, just as any other cleanup action. Institutional controls should demonstrably reduce risks to ensure a protective remedy. This demonstration should be based on a quantitative scientific analysis where appropriate.
(iii) In addition to meeting each of the minimum requirements specified in this section, cleanup actions shall not rely primarily on institutional controls and monitoring where it is technically possible to implement a more permanent cleanup action for all or a portion of the site.
(f) Releases and migration. Cleanup actions shall prevent or minimize present and future releases and migration of hazardous substances in the environment.
(g) Dilution and dispersion. Cleanup actions shall not rely primarily on dilution and dispersion unless the incremental costs of any active remedial measures over the costs of dilution and dispersion grossly exceed the incremental degree of benefits of active remedial measures over the benefits of dilution and dispersion.
(h) Remediation levels. Cleanup actions that use remediation levels shall meet each of the minimum requirements specified in this section, just as any other cleanup action.
(i) Selection of a cleanup action alternative that uses remediation levels requires, in part, a determination that a more permanent cleanup action is not practicable, based on the disproportionate cost analysis (see subsections (2)(b)(i) and (3) of this section).
(ii) Selection of a cleanup action alternative that uses remediation levels also requires a determination that the alternative meets each of the other minimum requirements specified in this section, including a determination that the alternative is protective of human health and the environment.
(3) Determining whether a cleanup action uses permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable.
(a) Purpose. This subsection describes the requirements and procedures for determining whether a cleanup action uses permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable, as required under subsection (2)(b)(i) of this section. A determination that a cleanup action meets this one requirement does not mean that the other minimum requirements specified in subsection (2) of this section have been met. To select a cleanup action for a site, a cleanup action must meet each of the minimum requirements specified in subsection (2) of this section.
(b) General requirements. When selecting a cleanup action, preference shall be given to permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable. To determine whether a cleanup action uses permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable, the disproportionate cost analysis specified in (e) of this subsection shall be used. The analysis shall compare the costs and benefits of the cleanup action alternatives evaluated in the feasibility study. The costs and benefits to be compared are the evaluation criteria identified in (f) of this subsection.
(c) Permanent cleanup action defined. A permanent cleanup action or permanent solution is defined in WAC 173-340-200.
(d) Selection of a permanent cleanup action. A disproportionate cost analysis shall not be required if the department and the potentially liable persons agree to a permanent cleanup action that will be identified by the department as the proposed cleanup action in the draft cleanup action plan.
(e) Disproportionate cost analysis.
(i) Test. Costs are disproportionate to benefits if the incremental costs of the alternative over that of a lower cost alternative exceed the incremental degree of benefits achieved by the alternative over that of the lower cost alternative.
(ii) Procedure.
(A) The alternatives evaluated in the feasibility study shall be ranked from most to least permanent, based on the evaluation of the alternatives under (f) of this subsection and the definition of permanent solution in (c) of this subsection.
(B) The most practicable permanent solution evaluated in the feasibility study shall be the baseline cleanup action alternative against which cleanup action alternatives are compared. If no permanent solution has been evaluated in the feasibility study, the cleanup action alternative evaluated in the feasibility study that provides the greatest degree of permanence shall be the baseline cleanup action alternative.
(C) The comparison of benefits and costs may be quantitative, but will often be qualitative and require the use of best professional judgment. In particular, the department has the discretion to favor or disfavor qualitative benefits and use that information in selecting a cleanup action. Where two or more alternatives are equal in benefits, the department shall select the less costly alternative provided the requirements of subsection (2) of this section are met.
(f) Evaluation criteria. The following criteria shall be used to evaluate and compare each cleanup action alternative when conducting a disproportionate cost analysis under (e) of this subsection to determine whether a cleanup action is permanent to the maximum extent practicable.
(i) Protectiveness. Overall protectiveness of human health and the environment, including the degree to which existing risks are reduced, time required to reduce risk at the facility and attain cleanup standards, on-site and off-site risks resulting from implementing the alternative, and improvement of the overall environmental quality.
(ii) Permanence. The degree to which the alternative permanently reduces the toxicity, mobility or volume of hazardous substances, including the adequacy of the alternative in destroying the hazardous substances, the reduction or elimination of hazardous substance releases and sources of releases, the degree of irreversibility of waste treatment processes, and the characteristics and quantity of treatment residuals generated.
(iii) Cost. The cost to implement the alternative, including the cost of construction, the net present value of any long-term costs, and agency oversight costs that are cost recoverable. Long-term costs include operation and maintenance costs, monitoring costs, equipment replacement costs, and the cost of maintaining institutional controls. Cost estimates for treatment technologies shall describe pretreatment, analytical, labor, and waste management costs. The design life of the cleanup action shall be estimated and the cost of replacement or repair of major elements shall be included in the cost estimate.
(iv) Effectiveness over the long term. Long-term effectiveness includes the degree of certainty that the alternative will be successful, the long-term reliability of the alternative ("long-term" means as long as hazardous substances that exceed the cleanup levels are estimated to remain on-site), the magnitude of residual risk with the alternative in place, and the effectiveness of controls required to manage treatment residues or remaining wastes. The following types of cleanup action components may be used as a guide, in descending order, when assessing the relative degree of long-term effectiveness: Reuse or recycling; destruction or detoxification; immobilization or solidification; on-site or off-site disposal in an engineered, lined and monitored facility; on-site isolation or containment with attendant engineering controls; and institutional controls and monitoring.
(v) Management of short-term risks. The risk to human health and the environment associated with the alternative during construction and implementation, and the effectiveness of measures that will be taken to manage such risks.
(vi) Technical and administrative implementability. Ability to be implemented including consideration of whether the alternative is technically possible, availability of necessary off-site facilities, services and materials, administrative and regulatory requirements, scheduling, size, complexity, monitoring requirements, access for construction operations and monitoring, and integration with existing facility operations and other current or potential remedial actions.
(vii) Consideration of public concerns. Whether the community has concerns regarding the alternative and, if so, the extent to which the alternative addresses those concerns. This process includes concerns from individuals, community groups, local governments, tribes, federal and state agencies, or any other organization that may have an interest in or knowledge of the site.
(4) Determining whether a cleanup action provides for a reasonable restoration time frame.
(a) Purpose. This subsection describes the requirements and procedures for determining whether a cleanup action provides for a reasonable restoration time frame, as required under subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section. A determination that a cleanup action meets this one requirement does not mean that the other minimum requirements specified in subsection (2) of this section have been met. To select a cleanup action for a site, a cleanup action must meet each of the minimum requirements specified in subsection (2) of this section.
(b) Factors. To determine whether a cleanup action provides for a reasonable restoration time frame, the factors to be considered include the following:
(i) Potential risks posed by the site to human health and the environment;
(ii) Practicability of achieving a shorter restoration time frame;
(iii) Current use of the site, surrounding areas, and associated resources that are, or may be, affected by releases from the site;
(iv) Potential future use of the site, surrounding areas, and associated resources that are, or may be, affected by releases from the site;
(v) Availability of alternative water supplies;
(vi) Likely effectiveness and reliability of institutional controls;
(vii) Ability to control and monitor migration of hazardous substances from the site;
(viii) Toxicity of the hazardous substances at the site; and
(ix) Natural processes that reduce concentrations of hazardous substances and have been documented to occur at the site or under similar site conditions.
(c) A longer period of time may be used for the restoration time frame for a site to achieve cleanup levels at the point of compliance if the cleanup action selected has a greater degree of long-term effectiveness than on-site or off-site disposal, isolation, or containment options.
(d) When area background concentrations (see WAC 173-340-200 for definition) would result in recontamination of the site to levels that exceed cleanup levels, that portion of the cleanup action which addresses cleanup below area background concentrations may be delayed until the off-site sources of hazardous substances are controlled. In these cases the remedial action shall be considered an interim action until cleanup levels are attained.
(e) Where cleanup levels determined under Method C in WAC 173-340-706 are below technically possible concentrations, concentrations that are technically possible to achieve shall be met within a reasonable time frame considering the factors in subsection (b) of this section. In these cases the remedial action shall be considered an interim action until cleanup levels are attained.
(f) Extending the restoration time frame shall not be used as a substitute for active remedial measures, when such actions are practicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-360, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-360, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
The department has the following expectations for the development of cleanup action alternatives under WAC 173-340-350 and the selection of cleanup actions under WAC 173-340-360. The department recognizes that there may be some sites where these expectations are not appropriate.
(1) The department expects that treatment technologies will be emphasized at sites containing liquid wastes, areas contaminated with high concentrations of hazardous substances, highly mobile materials, and/or discrete areas of hazardous substances that lend themselves to treatment.
(2) To minimize the need for long-term management of contaminated materials, the department expects that all hazardous substances will be destroyed, detoxified, and/or removed to concentrations below cleanup levels throughout sites containing small volumes of hazardous substances.
(3) The department recognizes the need to use engineering controls, such as containment, for sites or portions of sites that contain large volumes of materials with relatively low levels of hazardous substances where treatment is impracticable.
(4) In order to minimize the potential for migration of hazardous substances, the department expects that active measures will be taken to prevent precipitation and subsequent runoff from coming into contact with contaminated soils and waste materials. When such measures are impracticable, such as during active cleanup, the department expects that site runoff will be contained and treated prior to release from the site.
(5) The department expects that when hazardous substances remain on-site at concentrations which exceed cleanup levels, those hazardous substances will be consolidated to the maximum extent practicable where needed to minimize the potential for direct contact and migration of hazardous substances;
(6) The department expects that, for facilities adjacent to a surface water body, active measures will be taken to prevent/minimize releases to surface water via surface runoff and ground water discharges in excess of cleanup levels. The department expects that dilution will not be the sole method for demonstrating compliance with cleanup standards in these instances.
(7) The department expects that natural attenuation of hazardous substances may be appropriate at sites where:
(a) Source control has been conducted to the maximum extent practicable;
(b) Leaving contaminants on-site during the restoration time frame does not pose an unacceptable threat to human health or the environment;
(c) There is evidence that natural attenuation is occurring and will continue to occur at a reasonable rate at the site; and
(d) Appropriate monitoring requirements are adopted to ensure that the natural attenuation process is taking place and that human health and the environment are protected.
(8) The department expects that cleanup actions conducted under this chapter will not result in a significantly greater overall threat to human health and the environment than other alternatives.
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(1) Draft cleanup action plan. The department shall issue a draft cleanup action plan for a cleanup action to be conducted by the department or by a potentially liable person under an order or decree. The level of detail in the draft cleanup action plan shall be commensurate with the complexity of the site and proposed cleanup action.
(a) The draft cleanup action plan shall include the following:
(i) A general description of the proposed cleanup action developed in accordance with WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390.
(ii) A summary of the rationale for selecting the proposed alternative.
(iii) A brief summary of other cleanup action alternatives evaluated in the remedial investigation/feasibility study.
(iv) Cleanup standards and, where applicable, remediation levels, for each hazardous substance and for each medium of concern at the site.
(v) The schedule for implementation of the cleanup action plan including, if known, restoration time frame.
(vi) Institutional controls, if any, required as part of the proposed cleanup action.
(vii) Applicable state and federal laws, if any, for the proposed cleanup action, when these are known at this step in the cleanup process (this does not preclude subsequent identification of applicable state and federal laws).
(viii) A preliminary determination by the department that the proposed cleanup action will comply with WAC 173-340-360.
(ix) Where the cleanup action involves on-site containment, specification of the types, levels, and amounts of hazardous substances remaining on site and the measures that will be used to prevent migration and contact with those substances.
(b) For routine actions the department may use an order or decree to fulfill the requirements of a cleanup action plan, provided that the information in (a) of this subsection is included in an order or decree. The scope of detail for the required information shall be commensurate with the complexity of the site and proposed cleanup action.
(2) Public participation. The department will provide public notice and opportunity for comment on the draft cleanup plan, as required in WAC 173-340-600(13).
(3) Final cleanup action plan. After review and consideration of the comments received during the public comment period, the department shall issue a final cleanup action plan and publish its availability in the Site Register and by other appropriate methods. If the department determines, following the implementation of the preferred alternative, that the cleanup standards or, where applicable, remediation levels established in the cleanup action plan cannot be achieved, the department shall issue public notice of this determination.
(4) Federal cleanup sites. For federal cleanup sites, a record of decision or order or consent decree prepared under the federal cleanup law may be used by the department to meet the requirements of this section provided:
(a) The cleanup action meets the requirements under WAC 173-340-360;
(b) The state has concurred with the cleanup action; and
(c) An opportunity was provided for the public to comment on the cleanup action.
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(1) Purpose. The purpose of model remedies is to streamline and accelerate the selection of cleanup actions that protect human health and the environment, with a preference for permanent solutions to the maximum extent practicable.
(2) Circumstances. The department may, from time to time, identify model remedies for common categories of facilities, types of contamination, types of media, and geographic areas. In identifying a model remedy, the department shall identify the circumstances for which application of the model remedy meets the requirements under WAC 173-340-360.
(3) Effect. Where a site meets the circumstances identified by the department under subsection (2) of this section, the components of the model remedy may be selected as the cleanup action, or portion of the cleanup action. At such sites, it shall not be necessary to conduct a feasibility study under WAC 173-340-350(8) or a disproportionate cost analysis under WAC 173-340-360(3) for those components or portions of the site to which a model remedy applies.
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((Unless otherwise directed by the department, cleanup actions
shall comply with this section except for emergencies or interim
actions.))
(1) Purpose. Unless otherwise directed by the department,
cleanup actions shall comply with this section except for
emergencies or interim actions. The purpose of this section is
to ensure that the cleanup action is designed, constructed, and
operated in a manner ((which)) that is consistent with:
(a) The cleanup action plan;
(b) Accepted engineering practices; and
(c) The requirements ((of)) specified in WAC 173-340-360
(((1) and (2))).
(2) Administrative options. A cleanup action may be conducted under any of the procedures described in WAC 173-340-510 and 173-340-515.
(3) Public participation. During cleanup action implementation, public participation shall be accomplished in a manner consistent with the requirements of WAC 173-340-600.
(4) Plans describing the cleanup action. Design,
construction, and operation of the cleanup action shall be
consistent with the purposes of this section and shall consider
relevant information provided by the ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study. For most cleanups, to ensure
this is done it will be necessary to prepare the ((following))
engineering documents described in this section. The scope and
level of detail in these documents may vary from site to site
depending on the site-specific conditions and nature and
complexity of the proposed cleanup action. In ((some)) many
cases, such as routine cleanups and cleanups at leaking
underground storage tanks, it ((may be)) is appropriate to
combine the information in these various documents into one
report to avoid unnecessary duplication. Where the information
is contained in other documents it may be appropriate to
incorporate those documents by reference to avoid duplication.
Any document prepared in order to implement a cleanup may be used
to satisfy these requirements provided they contain the required
information. In addition, for facilities on the national
priorities list the plans prepared for the cleanup action shall
also comply with federal requirements.
(a) Engineering design report. The engineering design report shall include sufficient information for the development and review of construction plans and specifications. It shall document engineering concepts and design criteria used for design of the cleanup action. The following information shall be included in the engineering design report, as appropriate:
(i) Goals of the cleanup action including specific cleanup or performance requirements;
(ii) General information on the facility including a summary
of information in the ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study updated as necessary to reflect
the current conditions;
(iii) Identification of who will own, operate, and maintain the cleanup action during and following construction;
(iv) Facility maps showing existing site conditions and proposed location of the cleanup action;
(v) Characteristics, quantity, and location of materials to be treated or otherwise managed, including ground water containing hazardous substances;
(vi) A schedule for final design and construction;
(vii) A description and conceptual plan of the actions, treatment units, facilities, and processes required to implement the cleanup action including flow diagrams;
(viii) Engineering justification for design and operation parameters, including:
(A) Design criteria, assumptions and calculations for all components of the cleanup action;
(B) Expected treatment, destruction, immobilization, or containment efficiencies and documentation on how that degree of effectiveness is determined; and
(C) Demonstration that the cleanup action will achieve compliance with cleanup requirements by citing pilot or treatability test data, results from similar operations, or scientific evidence from the literature;
(ix) Design features for control of hazardous materials spills and accidental discharges (for example, containment structures, leak detection devices, run-on and run-off controls);
(x) Design features to assure long-term safety of workers and local residences (for example, hazardous substances monitoring devices, pressure valves, bypass systems, safety cutoffs);
(xi) A discussion of methods for management or disposal of any treatment residual and other waste materials containing hazardous substances generated as a result of the cleanup action;
(xii) Facility specific characteristics ((which)) that may
affect design, construction, or operation of the selected cleanup
action, including:
(A) Relationship of the proposed cleanup action to existing facility operations;
(B) Probability of flooding, probability of seismic activity, temperature extremes, local planning and development issues; and
(C) Soil characteristics and ground water system characteristics;
(xiii) A general description of construction testing
((which)) that will be used to demonstrate adequate quality
control;
(xiv) A general description of compliance monitoring
((which)) that will be performed during and after construction to
meet the requirements of WAC 173-340-410;
(xv) A general description of construction procedures proposed to assure that the safety and health requirements of WAC 173-340-810 are met;
(xvi) Any information not provided in the ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study needed to fulfill the applicable
requirements of the State Environmental Policy Act (chapter 43.21C RCW);
(xvii) Any additional information needed to address the
applicable state, federal and local requirements including the
substantive requirements for any exempted permits; and property
access issues which need to be resolved to implement the cleanup
action; ((and))
(xviii) For sites requiring financial assurance and where not already incorporated into the order or decree or other previously submitted document, preliminary cost calculations and financial information describing the basis for the amount and form of financial assurance and, a draft financial assurance document;
(xix) For sites using institutional controls as part of the cleanup action and where not already incorporated into the order or decree or other previously submitted documents, copies of draft restrictive covenants and/or other draft documents establishing these institutional controls; and
(xx) Other information as required by the department.
(b) Construction plans and specifications. Construction plans and specifications shall detail the cleanup actions to be performed. The plans and specifications shall be prepared in conformance with currently accepted engineering practices and techniques and shall include the following information as applicable:
(i) A general description of the work to be performed and a summary of the engineering design criteria from the engineering design report;
(ii) General location map and existing facility conditions map;
(iii) A copy of any permits and approvals;
(iv) Detailed plans ((and procedural)), procedures and
material specifications necessary for construction of the cleanup
action;
(v) Specific quality control tests to be performed to document the construction, including specifications for the testing or reference to specific testing methods, frequency of testing, acceptable results, and other documentation methods;
(vi) Startup procedures and criteria to demonstrate the cleanup action is prepared for routine operation;
(vii) Additional information to address applicable state, federal, and local requirements including the substantive requirements for any exempted permits;
(viii) A compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410 describing monitoring to be performed during construction, and a sampling and analysis plan meeting the requirements of WAC 173-340-820;
(ix) Provisions to assure safety and health requirements of WAC 173-340-810 are met; and
(x) Other information as required by the department.
(c) Operation and maintenance plan. An operation and
maintenance plan ((which)) that presents technical guidance and
regulatory requirements to assure effective operations under both
normal and emergency conditions. The operation and maintenance
plan shall include the following elements, as appropriate:
(i) Name and phone number of the responsible individuals;
(ii) Process description and operating principles;
(iii) Design criteria and operating parameters and limits;
(iv) General operating procedures, including startup, normal operations, operation at less than design loading, shutdown, and emergency or contingency procedures;
(v) A discussion of the detailed operation of individual treatment units, including a description of various controls, recommended operating parameters, safety features, and any other relevant information;
(vi) Procedures and sample forms for collection and management of operating and maintenance records;
(vii) Spare part inventory, addresses of suppliers of spare parts, equipment warranties, and appropriate equipment catalogues;
(viii) Equipment maintenance schedules incorporating manufacturers recommendations;
(ix) Contingency procedures for spills, releases, and personnel accidents;
(x) A compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410 describing monitoring to be performed during operation and maintenance, and a sampling and analysis plan meeting the requirements of WAC 173-340-820;
(xi) Description of procedures which ((assure)) ensure that
the safety and health requirements of WAC 173-340-810 are met,
including specification of contaminant action levels and
contingency plans, as appropriate;
(xii) Procedures for the maintenance of the facility after completion of the cleanup action, including provisions for removal of unneeded appurtenances, and the maintenance of covers, caps, containment structures, and monitoring devices; and
(xiii) Other information as required by the department.
(5) ((In appropriate cases the department may authorize
departure from the requirements of subsection (4) of this
section, and may allow information to be incorporated by
reference to avoid unnecessary duplication.
(6))) Permits. Permits and approvals and any substantive
requirements for exempted permits, if required for construction
or to otherwise implement the cleanup action, shall be identified
and where possible, resolved ((prior to)) before, or during, the
design phase to avoid delays during construction and
implementation of the cleanup action.
(((7))) (6) Construction. Construction of the cleanup
action shall be conducted in accordance with the construction
plans and specifications, and other plans prepared under this
section.
(a) Department inspections.
(i) The department may perform site inspections and
construction oversight. The department may require that
construction activities be halted at a site if construction or
any supporting activities((:)) are not consistent with approved
plans; are not in compliance with environmental regulations or
accepted construction procedures; or endanger human health or the
environment.
(ii) The department may conduct a formal inspection of the
site following construction and an initial operational shake down
period to ensure satisfactory completion of the construction. If
such an inspection is performed, the construction documentation
report and engineer's opinion specified in (b)(ii) of this
subsection shall be available ((prior to)) before the inspection.
(b) Construction documentation.
(i) Except as provided for in (b)(iii) of this subsection,
all aspects of construction shall be performed under the
((supervision)) oversight of a professional engineer registered
in the state of Washington or a qualified technician under the
direct supervision of a professional engineer registered in the
state of Washington or as otherwise provided for in RCW 18.43.130. During construction, detailed records shall be kept
of all aspects of the work performed including construction
techniques and materials used, items installed, and tests and
measurements performed.
(ii) As built reports. At the completion of construction
the engineer responsible for the ((supervision)) oversight of
construction shall prepare as built drawings and a report
documenting all aspects of facility construction. The report
shall also contain an opinion from the engineer, based on testing
results and inspections, as to whether the cleanup action has
been constructed in substantial compliance with the plans and
specifications and related documents.
(iii) For leaking underground storage tanks, the
construction oversight and documentation report may be conducted
by an underground storage tank provider certified under chapter 173-360 WAC. Removal of above ground abandoned drums, tanks and
similar above ground containers and associated minor soil
contamination may be overseen and documented by an experienced
environmental professional. In other appropriate cases the
department may authorize departure from the requirements of this
subsection ((and may allow information to be incorporated by
reference to avoid unnecessary duplication)).
(c) Financial assurance and institutional control documentation. As part of the as-built documentation for the site cleanup, where the following information has not already been submitted under an order or decree or as part of another previously submitted document, the following information shall be included in the as-built report:
(i) For sites requiring financial assurance, a copy of the financial assurance document and any procedures for periodic adjustment to the value of the financial assurance mechanism;
(ii) For sites using institutional controls as part of the cleanup action, copies of recorded deed restrictions (with proof of recording) and other documents establishing these institutional controls.
(d) Plan modifications. Changes in the design or construction of the cleanup action performed under an order or decree shall be approved by the department.
(((8))) (7) Opportunity for public comment. If the
department determines that any plans prepared under this section
represent a substantial change from the cleanup action plan, the
department shall provide public notice and opportunity for
comment under WAC 173-340-600.
(((9))) (8) Plans and reports. Plans or reports prepared
under this section and under an order or decree shall be
submitted to the department for review and approval. For
independent remedial actions, the plans and reports shall be
submitted as required under WAC 173-340-515.
(((10) Waste management.)) (9) Requirements for managing
waste generated by site cleanup. Any waste contaminated by a
hazardous substance generated during cleanup activities and
requiring off-site treatment, storage or disposal, shall be
transported to a facility permitted or approved to handle these
wastes.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-400, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. There are three types of compliance monitoring: Protection, performance, and conformational monitoring. The purposes of these three types of compliance monitoring and evaluation of the data are to:
(a) Protection monitoring. Confirm that human health and the environment are adequately protected during construction and the operation and maintenance period of an interim action or cleanup action as described in the safety and health plan;
(b) Performance monitoring. Confirm that the interim action or cleanup action has attained cleanup standards and, if appropriate, remediation levels or other performance standards such as construction quality control measurements or monitoring necessary to demonstrate compliance with a permit or, where a permit exemption applies, the substantive requirements of other laws;
(c) Confirmational monitoring. Confirm the long-term effectiveness of the interim action or cleanup action once cleanup standards and, if appropriate, remediation levels or other performance standards have been attained.
(2) General requirements. Compliance monitoring shall be
required for all cleanup actions, and may be required for interim
and emergency actions((, performed)) conducted under this
chapter. Unless otherwise directed by the department, a
compliance monitoring plan shall be prepared.
(((3) Compliance monitoring plans. A compliance monitoring
plan shall be prepared for all cleanup actions and may be
required for interim and emergency actions unless otherwise
directed by the department.)) Plans prepared under this section
and under an order or decree shall be submitted to the department
for review and approval. Protection monitoring may be addressed
in the safety and health plan. Performance and confirmational
monitoring may be addressed in separate plans ((and)) or may be
combined with other plans or submittals, such as those in WAC 173-340-400 and 173-340-820.
(3) Contents of a monitoring plan. Compliance monitoring plans may include monitoring for chemical constituents, biological testing, and physical parameters as appropriate for the site. Where the cleanup action includes engineered controls or institutional controls, the monitoring may need to include not only measurements but also documentation of observations on the performance of these controls. Long-term monitoring shall be required if on-site disposal, isolation, or containment is the selected cleanup action for a site or a portion of a site. Such measures shall be required until residual hazardous substance concentrations no longer exceed site cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760. Compliance monitoring plans shall be specific for the media being tested and shall contain the following elements:
(a) A sampling and analysis plan meeting the requirements of
WAC 173-340-820 which shall explain in the statement of
objectives how the purposes of ((WAC 173-340-410(2))) subsection
(1) of this section are met;
(b) Data analysis and evaluation procedures used, to demonstrate and confirm compliance and justification for these procedures, including:
(i) A description of any statistical method to be employed; or
(ii) If sufficient data is not available ((prior to)) before
writing the plan to propose a reliable statistical method to
demonstrate and confirm compliance, a contingency plan proposing
one or more reliable statistical methods to demonstrate and
confirm compliance, and the conditions under which the methods
would be used at the facility; and
(c) Other information as required by the department.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-410, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) ((If the department
selects or approves a cleanup action that results in hazardous
substances remaining at a site at concentrations which exceed
method A or method B cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760 or if conditional points of
compliance have been established, the department shall review the
cleanup action no less frequently than every five years after the
initiation of such cleanup action to assure that human health and
the environment are being protected.
(2))) Purpose. A periodic review consists of a review by the department of post-cleanup site conditions and monitoring data to assure that human health and the environment are being protected.
(2) Applicability. The department shall conduct periodic reviews of a site whenever the department conducts a cleanup action; approves a cleanup action under an order, agreed order or consent decree; or issues a no further action opinion as resources permit; and one of the following conditions exists, at the site:
(a) Where an institutional control and/or financial assurance is required as part of the cleanup action;
(b) Where the cleanup level is based on a practical quantitation limit as provided for under WAC 173-340-707; and
(c) Where, in the department's judgment, modifications to the default equations or assumptions using site-specific information would significantly increase the concentration of hazardous substances remaining at the site after cleanup or the uncertainty in the ecological evaluation or the reliability of the cleanup action is such that additional review is necessary to assure long-term protection of human health and the environment.
(3) General requirements. If a periodic review is required under subsection (2) of this section, a review shall be conducted by the department at least every five years after the initiation of a cleanup action. The department may require potentially liable persons to submit information required by the department to conduct a periodic review.
(4) Review criteria. When evaluating whether human health
and the environment are being protected, the factors the
department shall consider ((shall)) include:
(a) The effectiveness of ongoing or completed cleanup actions, including the effectiveness of engineered controls and institutional controls in limiting exposure to hazardous substances remaining at the site;
(b) New scientific information for individual hazardous substances or mixtures present at the site;
(c) New applicable state and federal laws for hazardous substances present at the site;
(d) Current and projected site and resource uses;
(e) The availability and practicability of ((higher
preference technologies as defined in WAC 173-340-360(4))) more
permanent remedies; and
(f) The availability of improved analytical techniques to evaluate compliance with cleanup levels.
(((3))) (5) Notice and public comment. The department shall
publish a notice of all periodic reviews in the Site Register and
provide an opportunity for public comment. The department shall
also notify all potentially liable persons known to the
department of the results of the periodic review.
(((4))) (6) Determination of whether amendment of the
cleanup action plan required. When the department determines
that substantial changes in the cleanup action are necessary to
protect human health and the environment at the site, a revised
cleanup action plan shall be prepared. The department shall
provide opportunities for public review and comment on the draft
cleanup action plan ((consistent with the requirements)) in
accordance with WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-380 and 173-340-600.
(7) Determination of whether future periodic reviews required. In conducting a periodic review under this section, the department shall determine whether additional reviews are necessary, taking into consideration the factors in subsection (4) of this section. Sites with institutional controls shall remain subject to periodic reviews as long as the institutional controls are required.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-420, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-420, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. ((The
purpose of this section is to describe how certain interim
actions can occur prior to the selection and completion of a
cleanup action.)) An interim action is distinguished from a
cleanup action in that an interim action only partially addresses
the cleanup of a site. An interim action is:
(a) ((An)) A remedial action that is technically necessary
to reduce a threat to human health or the environment by
eliminating or substantially reducing one or more pathways for
exposure to a hazardous substance at a facility; ((or))
(b) ((An)) A remedial action that corrects a problem that
may become substantially worse or cost substantially more to
address if the remedial action is delayed; or
(c) ((An)) A remedial action needed to provide for
completion of a site hazard assessment, ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study or design of a cleanup action.
Example. A site is identified where oil-based wood
preservative has leaked from a tank and is puddled on the ground
and is floating on the water table. Run-off from adjacent
properties passes through the site. Neighborhood children have
been seen on the site. In this case, several interim actions
would be appropriate ((prior to)) before fully defining the
extent of the distribution of hazardous substances at the site
and selecting a cleanup action. These interim actions might
consist of removing the tank, fencing the site, rerouting
run-off, and removing the product puddled on the ground and
floating on the water table. Further studies would then
determine what additional soil and ground water cleanup would be
needed.
(2) General requirements.
(((a))) Interim actions may:
(((i))) (a) Achieve cleanup standards for a portion of the
site; ((or
(ii))) (b) Provide a partial cleanup, that is, clean up hazardous substances from all or part of the site, but not achieve cleanup standards; or
(((iii))) (c) Provide a partial cleanup of hazardous
substances and not achieve cleanup standards, but provide
information on how to achieve cleanup standards for a cleanup. For example, demonstration of an unproven cleanup ((method))
technology.
(((b))) (3) Relationship to the cleanup action((:)).
(((i))) (a) If the cleanup action is known, the interim
action shall be consistent with the cleanup action.
(((ii))) (b) If the cleanup action is not known, the interim
action shall not foreclose reasonable alternatives for the
cleanup action. This is not meant to preclude the destruction or
removal of hazardous substances.
(((3))) (4) Timing.
(a) Interim actions may occur anytime during the cleanup
process. Interim actions shall not be used to delay or supplant
the cleanup process. An interim action may be done ((prior to))
before or in conjunction with a site hazard assessment and hazard
ranking. However, sufficient technical information must be
available regarding the facility to ensure the interim action is
appropriate and warranted.
(b) Interim actions shall be followed by additional remedial actions unless compliance with cleanup standards has been confirmed at the site.
(c) The department shall set appropriate deadlines commensurate with the actions taken for completion of the interim action.
(((4))) (5) Administrative options. ((Except as provided in
WAC 173-340-530,)) Interim cleanup actions may be conducted under
any of the procedures described in WAC 173-340-510 and
173-340-515.
(((5))) (6) Public participation. Public participation will
be accomplished in a manner consistent with WAC 173-340-600.
(((6))) (7) Submittal requirements. Unless otherwise
directed by the department and except for underground storage
tank releases being addressed under WAC 173-340-450 and
emergencies, a report shall be prepared ((prior to)) before
conducting an interim action. Reports prepared under an order or
decree shall be submitted to the department for review and
approval. Reports for independent remedial actions shall be
submitted as required by WAC 173-340-515. Reports shall be of a
scope and detail commensurate with the work performed and
site-specific characteristics, and shall include, as appropriate:
(a) A description of the interim action and how it will meet
the criteria identified in subsections (1) ((and)), (2) and (3)
of this section;
(b) Information from the applicable subsections of the
remedial investigation/feasibility study of WAC 173-340-350,
including at a minimum((;)):
(i) A description of existing site conditions and a summary of all available data related to the interim action; and
(ii) Alternative interim actions considered and an explanation why the proposed alternative was selected;
(c) Information from the applicable subsections of the design and construction requirements of WAC 173-340-400; and
(d) A compliance monitoring plan meeting the applicable requirements of WAC 173-340-410;
(e) A safety and health plan meeting the requirements of WAC 173-340-810; and
(f) A sampling and analysis plan meeting the requirements of WAC 173-340-820.
(((7))) (8) Construction. Construction of the interim
action shall be in conformance with WAC 173-340-400(7).
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-430, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-430, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. Institutional controls are measures undertaken to limit or
prohibit activities that may interfere with the integrity of an
interim action or cleanup action or that may result in exposure
to hazardous substances at a site. ((Such measures))
Institutional controls include:
(a) Physical measures such as fences;
(b) Use restrictions such as limitations on the use of property or resources; or requirements that cleanup action occur if existing structures or pavement are disturbed or removed;
(c) Maintenance requirements for engineered controls such as the inspection and repair of monitoring wells, treatment systems, caps or ground water barrier systems;
(d) Educational programs such as signs, postings, public notices, health advisories, mailings, and similar measures that educate the public and/or employees about site contamination and ways to limit exposure; and
(e) Financial assurances (see subsection (11) of this section).
(2) Relationship to engineered controls. The term institutional controls refers to nonengineered measures while the term engineered controls refers to treatment and containment systems. Examples of engineered controls include a layer of clean soil, asphalt or concrete paving or other materials placed over contaminated soils to limit contact with contamination; a ground water flow barrier such as a bentonite slurry trench; ground water gradient control systems such as French drains or pump and treat systems; and vapor control systems.
(3) Applicability. This section applies to remedial actions being conducted at sites under any of the administrative options in WAC 173-340-510 and 173-340-515.
(4) Circumstances required. Institutional controls shall be required to assure both the continued protection of human health and the environment and the integrity of an interim action or cleanup action in the following circumstances:
(a) ((Where a)) The cleanup ((action results in residual
concentrations of)) level is established using Method A or B and
hazardous substances ((which exceed method A or method B cleanup
levels, as applicable, established under WAC 173-340-700 through
173-340-760)) remain at the site at concentrations that exceed
the applicable cleanup level; ((or))
(b) ((If)) The cleanup level is established using Method C;
(c) An industrial soil cleanup level is established under WAC 173-340-745;
(d) A ground water cleanup level is established using a site-specific risk assessment under WAC 173-340-720 (6)(c) and exceeds the potable ground water cleanup level;
(e) A conditional point((s)) of compliance ((have been)) is
established as the basis for measuring compliance at the site;
((or
(c) When the)) (f) Any time an institutional control is required under WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494; or
(g) The department determines such controls are required to assure the continued protection of human health and the environment or the integrity of the cleanup action.
(((2) Institutional controls shall not be used as a
substitute for cleanup actions that would otherwise be
technically possible.
(3) Institutional controls include:
(a) Physical measures, such as fences and signs, to limit activities that may interfere with the cleanup action or result in exposure to hazardous substances at the site; and
(b) Legal and administrative mechanisms to limit site use or activities and/or to ensure that any physical measures are maintained over time. Examples of limits on site use activities include restricting the use of a property for industrial or commercial purposes or other specified land uses, or placing restrictions on activities such as disturbing a cap or using the ground water. Examples of maintenance activities include, inspection and repair of monitoring wells, treatment systems, caps or ground water barrier systems.
(4))) (5) Minimum requirements. Cleanup actions that use institutional controls shall meet each of the minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360, just as any other cleanup action. Institutional controls should demonstrably reduce risks to ensure a protective remedy. This demonstration should be based on a quantitative, scientific analysis where appropriate.
(6) Requirement for primary reliance. In addition to meeting each of the minimum requirements specified in WAC 173-340-360, cleanup actions shall not rely primarily on institutional controls and monitoring where it is technically possible to implement a more permanent cleanup action for all or a portion of the site.
(7) Periodic review. The department shall review compliance with institutional control requirements as part of periodic reviews under WAC 173-340-420.
(8) Format.
(a) For properties owned by a person who has been named as a potentially liable person or who has not been named a potentially liable person by the department but meets the criteria in RCW 70.105D.040 for being named a potentially liable person, appropriate institutional controls shall be described in a restrictive covenant on the property. The covenant shall be executed by the property owner and recorded with the register of deeds for the county in which the site is located. This restrictive covenant shall run with the land, and be binding on the owner's successors and assigns.
(b) For properties owned by a local, state, or federal government entity, a restrictive covenant may not be required if that entity demonstrates to the department that:
(i) It does not routinely file with the county recording officer records relating to the type of interest in real property that it has in the site; and
(ii) It will implement an effective alternative system to meet the requirements of subsection (9) of this section.
The department shall require the government entity to implement the alternative system as part of the cleanup action plan. If a government entity meets these criteria, and if it subsequently transfers its ownership in any portion of the property, then the government entity must file a restrictive covenant upon transfer if any of the conditions in subsection (4) of this section still exist.
(c) For properties containing hazardous substances where the
owner does not meet the criteria in RCW 70.105D.040 for being a
potentially liable person, the department may approve cleanup
actions ((which)) that include restrictive covenants or other
legal and/or administrative mechanisms. The use of legal or
administrative mechanisms ((which)) that do not include
restrictive covenants is intended to apply to situations where
the release has affected properties near the source of the
release not owned by a person potentially liable under the act.
A potentially liable person must make a good faith effort to
obtain a restrictive covenant before using other legal or
administrative mechanisms. Examples of such mechanisms include
zoning overlays, placing notices in local zoning or building
department records or state lands records, public notices and
educational mailings.
(((5))) (9) Restrictive covenants. Where required, the
restrictive covenant shall:
(a) Prohibit activities on the site that may interfere with a cleanup action, operation and maintenance, monitoring, or other measures necessary to assure the integrity of the cleanup action and continued protection of human health and the environment;
(b) Prohibit activities that may result in the release of a
hazardous substance ((which)) that was contained as a part of the
cleanup action;
(c) Require notice to the department of the owner's intent to convey any interest in the site. No conveyance of title, easement, lease, or other interest in the property shall be consummated by the property owner without adequate and complete provision for the continued operation, maintenance and monitoring of the cleanup action, and for continued compliance with this subsection;
(d) Require the land owner to restrict leases to uses and activities consistent with the restrictive covenant and notify all lessees of the restrictions on the use of the property. This requirement applies only to restrictive covenants imposed after February 1, 1996;
(e) Require the owner to include in any instrument conveying any interest in any portion of the property, notice of the restrictive covenant under this section;
(f) Require notice and approval by the department of any
proposal to use the site in a manner ((which)) that is
inconsistent with the restrictive covenant. If the department,
after public notice and comment approves the proposed change, the
restrictive covenant shall be amended to reflect the change; and
(((f))) (g) Grant the department and its designated
representatives the right to enter the property at reasonable
times for the purpose of evaluating compliance with the cleanup
action plan and other required plans, including the right to take
samples, inspect any remedial actions taken at the site, and to
inspect records.
(((6))) (10) Local government notification. ((Prior to))
Before a restrictive covenant being established under this
chapter, the department shall notify and seek comment from a city
or county department with land use planning authority for real
property subject to the restrictive covenant. Once a restrictive
covenant has been executed, this same department shall be
notified and sent a copy of the restrictive covenant. For
independent cleanups ((using)) reviewed by the department under
WAC 173-340-515 that use restrictive covenants, the person
conducting the cleanup shall be responsible for these
notifications.
(((7))) (11) Financial assurances. The department ((may))
shall, as appropriate, require ((the potentially liable person to
provide)) financial assurance((s, through a trust fund or
equivalent financial)) mechanisms ((approved by the department,
sufficient to cover all costs of operation and maintenance
including compliance monitoring and undertaking appropriate
corrective measures. It is the department's expectation that
such assurances will be required wherever the cleanup action
includes containment and in other appropriate circumstances)) at
sites where the cleanup action selected includes engineered
and/or institutional controls. It is presumed that financial
assurance mechanisms will be required unless the PLP can
demonstrate that sufficient financial resources are available and
in place to provide for the long-term effectiveness of engineered
and institutional controls adopted. Financial assurances shall
be of sufficient amount to cover all costs associated with the
operation and maintenance of the cleanup action, including
institutional controls, compliance monitoring, and corrective
measures.
(a) Mechanisms. Financial assurance mechanisms may include one or more of the following: A trust fund, a surety bond, a letter of credit, financial test, guarantee, standby trust fund, local government bond rating test, local government financial test, local government guarantee, local government fund, or financial assurance mechanisms required under another law (for example, requirements for solid waste landfills or treatment, storage, and disposal facilities) that meets the requirements of this section.
(b) Exemption from requirement. The department shall not require financial assurances if persons conducting the cleanup can demonstrate that requiring financial assurances will result in the PLPs for the site having insufficient funds to conduct the cleanup or being forced into bankruptcy or similar financial hardship.
(((8))) (12) Removal of restrictions. If the ((residual
hazardous substances remaining at the site are subsequently
reduced in concentration such that the method A or method B
cleanup levels, as applicable, established under WAC 173-340-700
through 173-340-760 are met without a conditional point of
compliance)) conditions at the site requiring an institutional
control under subsection (4) of this section no longer exist,
then the owner may submit a request to the department that the
restrictive covenant or other restrictions be eliminated. The
restrictive covenant or other restrictions shall be removed, if
the department, after public notice and opportunity for comment,
concurs.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-440, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 91-04-019, § 173-340-440, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Purpose. The purpose of this section is to set forth the
requirements for addressing releases ((which)) that may pose a
threat to human health or the environment from ((USTs defined))
an underground storage tank (UST) regulated under chapter 90.76 RCW ((and rules adopted therein, including heating oil USTs of
greater than 1,100 gallons capacity)).
(a) Releases from USTs exempted under chapter 90.76 RCW and rules adopted therein are still subject to all other requirements of this chapter.
(b) Unless the department requires otherwise, UST owners and
UST operators regulated under chapter 90.76 RCW shall comply with
the requirements in this section after confirmation of an UST
release ((which)) that may pose a threat to human health or the
environment.
(2) Initial response. Within twenty-four hours of ((the))
confirmation of an UST release, the UST owner or the UST operator
shall perform the following actions:
(a) Report the UST release to the department and other authorities with jurisdiction, in accordance with rules adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW and any other applicable law;
(b) Remove as much of the hazardous substance from the UST as is possible and necessary to prevent further release to the environment;
(c) Eliminate or reduce any fire, explosion or vapor hazards in such a way as to minimize any release of hazardous substances to surface water and ground water; and
(d) Visually inspect any aboveground releases or exposed belowground releases and prevent the hazardous substance from spreading into surrounding soils, ground water and surface water.
(3) Interim actions.
(a) As soon as possible but no later than twenty days following confirmation of an UST release, the UST owner or the UST operator shall perform the following interim actions:
(i) Continue to monitor and mitigate any additional fire and
safety hazards posed by vapors or free product ((which)) that may
have migrated from the UST into structures in the vicinity of the
site, such as sewers or basements;
(ii) Reduce the threat to human health and the environment posed by contaminated soils that are excavated or discovered as a result of investigation or cleanup activities. Treatment, storage and disposal of soils must be carried out in compliance with all applicable federal, state and local requirements;
(iii) Test for hazardous substances in the environment where
they are most likely to be present. Such testing shall be done
in accordance with a sampling and analysis plan prepared under
WAC 173-340-820. The sample types, sample locations, and
measurement methods shall be based on the nature of the stored
substance, type of subsurface soils, depth to ground water and
other factors as appropriate for identifying the presence and
source of the release. If contaminated soil is found in contact
with the ground water or soil contamination appears to extend
below the lowest soil sampling depth, then testing shall include
the installation of ground water monitoring wells to test for the
presence of possible ground water contamination. Information
gathered for the site check or closure site assessment conducted
((pursuant to)) under rules adopted under chapter 90.76 RCW,
which sufficiently characterizes the releases at the site, may be
substituted for the testing required under this paragraph;
(iv) The testing performed under (a)(iii) of this subsection shall use the analytical methods specified in WAC 173-340-830 and include, at a minimum, the following:
(A) ((Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, lead, and
total petroleum hydrocarbons where leaded gasoline may be
present;
(B) Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total petroleum hydrocarbons where unleaded gasoline may be present;
(C) Total petroleum hydrocarbons and other appropriate indicator hazardous substances where any petroleum product other than gasoline may be present;
(D))) For petroleum product releases, the concentration(s) of hazardous substances potentially present at the site, as appropriate for the type of petroleum product(s) released. The minimum testing requirements are specified in table 830-1.
(B) The hazardous substance stored and any likely decomposition by-products where a hazardous substance other than petroleum may be present; and
(((E))) (C) Any other tests required by the department; and
(v) Investigate for the presence of free product.
(((b))) (4) Free product removal. At sites where
investigations indicate free product is present, the UST owner or
the UST operator shall conduct, as soon as possible after
discovery, an interim action to remove the free product while
continuing, as necessary, any other actions required under this
section. To accomplish this the UST owner or UST operator shall:
(((i))) (a) Conduct free product removal to the maximum
extent practicable and in a manner ((which)) that minimizes the
spread of hazardous substances, by using recovery and disposal
techniques appropriate to the hydrogeologic conditions at the
site. The objective of free product removal system must be, at a
minimum, to stop the free product migration;
(((ii))) (b) Properly treat, discharge, or dispose of
((recovery by-products)) any hazardous substance, water, sludge
or any other materials collected in the free product removal
process in compliance with all applicable local, state, and
federal regulations and permits; and
(((iii))) (c) Handle all flammable products safely to
prevent fires and explosions.
(((4))) (5) Reporting requirements. The following reports
are required to be submitted to the department:
(a) Status report. Within twenty days after an UST release, the UST owner or UST operator shall submit a status report to the department. The status report shall identify if known, the types, amounts, and locations of hazardous substances released, how the release occurred, evidence confirming the release, actions taken under subsections (2) and (3) of this section, any planned remedial actions, and any results of work done up to the time of the report. This report may be provided verbally to the department.
(b) Site characterization reports. Within ninety days after release confirmation, unless directed to do otherwise by the department, the UST owner or UST operator shall submit a report to the department about the site and nature of the release. This report shall be submitted to the department in writing and may be combined with the twenty-day status report, if the information required is available at that time. The site characterization report shall include, at a minimum, the following information:
(i) The information required for the status report under (a) of this subsection;
(ii) A site conditions map indicating approximate boundaries of the property, all areas where hazardous substances are known or suspected to be located, and sampling locations. This map may consist of a sketch of the site at a scale sufficient to illustrate this information;
(iii) Available data regarding surrounding populations, surface and ground water quality, use and approximate location of wells potentially affected by the release, subsurface soil conditions, depth to ground water, direction of ground water flow, proximity to and potential for affecting surface water, locations of sewers and other potential conduits for vapor or free product migration, surrounding land use, and proximity to sensitive environments;
(iv) Results of tests for hazardous substances performed under subsection (3)(a)(iii) and (iv) of this section;
(v) Results of the free product investigation required under subsection (3)(a)(v) of this section;
(vi) Results of all completed site investigations, interim
actions and cleanup actions and a description of any remaining
investigations, cleanup actions and compliance monitoring
((which)) that are planned or underway; and
(vii) Information on the free product removal efforts at sites where investigations indicate free product is present. This shall include, at a minimum, the following information:
(A) Name of the person responsible for implementing the free product removal measures;
(B) The estimated quantity, type, and thickness of free product observed or measured in wells, boreholes and excavations;
(C) The type of free product recovery system used;
(D) The location of any on-site or off-site discharge during the recovery operation;
(E) The type of treatment applied to, and the effluent quality expected from, any discharge;
(F) The steps taken and planned to obtain necessary permits for any discharge;
(G) Disposition of recovered free product; and
(viii) Any other information required by the department.
(((5) State)) (6) Remedial investigation and feasibility
study.
(a) If the initial cleanup actions taken at an UST site do
not achieve cleanup levels throughout the site, a remedial
investigation and feasibility study may need to be conducted in
accordance with WAC 173-340-350. The scope of a ((state))
remedial investigation and feasibility study ((under this
chapter)) will depend on the informational needs at ((a specific
site and will vary from site to site to avoid the collection of
unnecessary information. For sites with UST releases, a state
remedial investigation and feasibility study must at a minimum
address the elements in WAC 173-340-350 (6)(a), (b), (c)(ii),
(c)(iii), (c)(v) through (c)(vii) and (e). The department may
require additional information when needed to select a cleanup
action)) the site. UST owners and operators shall conduct a
((state)) remedial investigation and feasibility study for sites
where the following conditions exist:
(i) There is evidence that the release has caused hazardous
substances to be present in the ground water in excess of the
ground water standards ((promulgated)) adopted under chapter 90.48 RCW or cleanup levels in WAC 173-340-720 (Table 720-1);
(ii) Free product is found; or
(iii) Where otherwise required by the department.
(b) UST owners and UST operators shall submit the
information collected for the ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study to the department as soon as
practicable. The information may be included with other reports
submitted under this section.
(((6))) (c) If the department determines, based on the
results of the remedial investigation/feasibility study or other
information, that additional remedial action is required, the
department may require the UST owner or the UST operator to
submit engineering documents as described in WAC 173-340-400.
(7) Cleanup actions. Unless directed to do otherwise by the
department, cleanup actions performed by UST owners or UST
operators shall comply with the cleanup standards((,)) described
in WAC 173-340-700 through ((173-340-750)) 173-340-760 and the
requirements for the selection of cleanup actions((,)) in WAC
((173-340-360)) 173-340-350 through 173-340-390.
(8) Independent cleanup actions. In addition to work performed under subsections (2) through (5), and (7) of this section, UST owners or UST operators performing independent cleanup actions shall:
(a) Notify the department of their intention to begin cleanup. This can be included with other reports under this section;
(b) Comply with any conditions imposed by the department to assure adequate protection of human health and the environment; and
(c) Within ninety days of completion of the cleanup action, submit the results of all investigations, interim and cleanup actions and compliance monitoring not previously submitted to the department.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-450, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Policy. It is the responsibility of each and every
liable person to conduct remedial action so that sites are
cleaned up well and expeditiously where a release or threatened
release of a hazardous substance requires remedial action. Potentially liable persons are encouraged to initiate discussions
and negotiations with the department and the office of the
attorney general ((which)) that may lead to an agreement on the
remedial action to be conducted with the state of Washington. The department may provide informal advice and assistance on the
development of proposals for remedial action, as provided by WAC
((173-340-130)) 173-340-515. Any approval by the department or
the state of remedial action shall occur by one of the means
described in subsections (2) and (3) of this section.
(2) Actions initiated by the potentially liable person. Potentially liable persons may initiate a remedial action, as follows:
(a) A person may initiate negotiations for a consent decree by submitting a letter under WAC 173-340-520(1).
(b) A person may request an agreed order by submitting a letter under WAC 173-340-530.
(3) Action initiated by the department. The department may initiate remedial action by:
(a) Issuing a letter inviting negotiations on a consent decree under WAC 173-340-520(2); or
(b) Requesting an agreed order under WAC 173-340-530; or
(c) Issuing an enforcement order under WAC 173-340-540.
(4) Department remedial action. Nothing in this chapter
shall preclude the department from taking appropriate remedial
action on its own at any time. Except for emergency actions and
initial investigations, reasonable effort will be made to notify
potentially liable persons ((prior to)) before the department
((taking)) takes remedial actions for which the recovery of
public funds can be sought under RCW 70.105D.050(3).
(((5) Independent remedial action. Nothing in this chapter
shall preclude potentially liable persons from taking independent
remedial action without oversight or approval from the department
at sites not in discussions or negotiations for, or under, an
order or decree. A potentially liable person may not take
independent remedial actions after commencing discussions or
negotiations for an agreed order or consent decree unless:
(a) Such action does not foreclose or preempt the remedial actions under discussion or negotiations and such action does not foreclose the selection of cleanup action; or
(b) If the potentially liable person has provided reasonable notice to the department and the department does not object to such action.
The department will use the appropriate requirements contained herein to evaluate the adequacy of any independent remedial action performed. Persons performing independent remedial actions do so at their own risk and may be required to take additional remedial actions if the department deems such actions necessary. In such circumstances, the department reserves all of its rights to take actions authorized by law.))
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-510, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. An independent remedial action is a remedial action conducted without department oversight or approval and not under an order, agreed order or consent decree. This section describes the procedures and requirements for independent remedial actions. See WAC 173-340-545 for additional requirements pertaining to independent remedial actions anticipated to be part of a private right of action.
(2) Applicability. Nothing in this chapter shall preclude potentially liable persons from conducting independent remedial actions at sites not in discussions or negotiations for, or under, an order or decree. However, a potentially liable person may not conduct independent remedial actions after commencing discussions or negotiations for an agreed order or consent decree unless:
(a) Such action does not foreclose or preempt the remedial actions under discussion or negotiation and such action does not foreclose the selection of a cleanup action; or
(b) The potentially liable person has provided reasonable notice to the department and the department does not object to such action.
(3) Standards.
(a) In reviewing independent remedial actions, the department shall determine whether the remedial actions meet the substantive requirements of this chapter and/or whether further remedial action is necessary at the site. Persons conducting independent remedial actions do so at their own risk, and may be required to take additional remedial actions if the department determines such actions are necessary. In such circumstances, the department reserves all of its rights to take actions authorized by law.
(b) When this chapter requires a consultation with, or an approval or determination by the department, such a consultation, approval or determination is not necessary in order to conduct an independent remedial action. However, independent remedial actions must still meet the substantive requirements of this chapter.
(c) If a restrictive covenant is used, it must meet the requirements specified in WAC 173-340-440(9). When specific documents are required in WAC 173-340-350, 173-340-355, 173-340-357, 173-340-360, 173-340-380, 173-340-400, 173-340-410, 173-340-430, 173-340-450, 173-340-700 through 173-340-760, and 173-340-810 through 173-340-850, the documents prepared for independent remedial actions need not be the same in title or format. Other documents can be used in place of the documents specified in these sections as long as sufficient information is included to serve the same purpose.
(4) Reports to the department.
(a) Any person who conducts an independent interim action or cleanup action for a release that is required to be reported under WAC 173-340-300 shall submit a written report to the department within ninety days of the completion of the action. For the purposes of this section, the department will consider an interim action or cleanup action complete if no remedial action other than compliance monitoring has occurred at the site for ninety days. This does not preclude earlier reporting of such actions or reporting of site investigations. See WAC 173-340-450 for additional requirements for reporting independent remedial actions for releases from underground storage tanks.
(b) The report shall include the information in WAC 173-340-300(2) if not already reported, and the results of all site investigations, cleanup actions and compliance monitoring planned or under-way. The department may require additional reports on the work conducted.
(c) If the independent interim action or cleanup action is completed within ninety days of discovery, a single written report may be submitted on both the release and the action taken. The report shall contain the information specified in provision (b) of this subsection and shall be submitted within ninety days of completion of the remedial action.
(d) The department shall publish in the Site Register a notice of all reports on independent interim actions and cleanup actions received under this section. If deemed necessary, the department shall also conduct an initial investigation under WAC 173-340-310. Neither submission of information on an independent remedial action nor any response by the department shall release the person submitting the report or any other person from liability. The department reserves all rights to pursue any subsequent action it deems appropriate.
(5) Technical consultations. The department may provide informal advice and assistance (technical consultations) on the administrative and technical requirements of this chapter to persons conducting or otherwise interested in an independent remedial action. Such advice or assistance is advisory only and not binding on the department. This advice may include written opinions. These written opinions shall be limited to whether the independent remedial actions or proposals for those actions meet the substantive requirements of this chapter and/or whether the department believes further remedial action is necessary at the facility. Upon completing the review of an independent remedial action report or proposal that is voluntarily submitted for ecology's review and opinion, the department will:
(a) Provide a written opinion regarding the remedial actions performed or proposed at the site;
(b) Provide a written opinion regarding the remedial actions performed at the site and remove the site or a portion of the site from the hazardous sites list if the department has sufficient information to show that the independent remedial actions are appropriate to characterize and address contamination at the site, as provided for in WAC 173-340-330 (4)(b); or
(c) Provide a written opinion describing the deficiencies with the remedial action or proposal for a remedial action at the site.
It is the department's policy, in conducting reviews under this subsection, to promote independent remedial actions by delisting sites or portions of sites whenever petitions and supporting documents show that the actions taken are appropriate to characterize and address the contamination at the site.
(6) Cost of technical consultations. For information on the payment of remedial action costs, see WAC 173-340-550(6).
[]
(1) Procedures for consent decrees initiated by potentially liable persons. To request a consent decree a person shall submit a letter to the department and office of the attorney general via certified mail, return receipt requested, or by personal delivery.
(a) Request. The letter shall describe, based on available information:
(i) The proposed remedial action, including the schedule for the work;
(ii) Information which demonstrates that the settlement will lead to a more expeditious cleanup, be consistent with cleanup standards if the remedial action is a cleanup action, and be consistent with any previous orders;
(iii) The facility, including location and boundaries;
(iv) The environmental problems to be addressed including a description of the releases at the facility and the potential impact of those releases to human health and the environment;
(v) A summary of the relevant historical use or conditions at the facility;
(vi) The date on which the potentially liable person will be ready to submit a detailed proposal;
(vii) Any special scheduling considerations for implementing the remedial actions;
(viii) Names of other persons who the person has reason to believe may be potentially liable persons at the facility; and
(ix) A proposed public participation plan. This proposed plan shall be commensurate with the nature of the proposal and site and shall include the elements listed in WAC 173-340-600(8).
(b) The letter may include:
(i) A waiver of the procedural requirements of WAC 173-340-500 and acceptance, for purposes of settlement, of potentially liable person status.
(ii) The contents of detailed proposal under (((f))) (g) of
this subsection.
(c) A prospective purchaser consent decree is a particular type of consent decree entered into with a person not currently liable for remedial action at the site who proposes to purchase, redevelop, or reuse the site. RCW 70.105D.040(5) contains specific statutory requirements for this type of decree. In addition to the information in (a) and (b) of this subsection, a request for a prospective purchaser consent decree shall include:
(i) Identification of all persons proposing to enter into the consent decree and information which demonstrates that those persons are not currently liable for remedial action at the site;
(ii) Information which demonstrates that the settlement will yield substantial new resources to facilitate cleanup;
(iii) A general description of the proposed continued use or redevelopment or reuse of the site, including the proposed schedule for purchase, redevelopment, or reuse; and
(iv) Information describing whether and how the proposed settlement will provide a substantial public benefit.
(d) Recognizing that the steps of the cleanup process may be
combined and may vary by site, the information in the request
shall be at the level of detail appropriate to the steps in the
process for which the consent decree is requested. For example,
a request for a consent decree for a ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study should generally include the
level of information needed for a site hazard assessment, if not
already done by the department, so that the department and the
public can evaluate the proposed scope of work and relative
priority of the site.
(((d))) (e) The department may waive part of the letter
requirements of (a) of this subsection if the requirements have
already been met.
(((e))) (f) Response. The department shall respond to the
request within sixty days, unless the department needs additional
time to determine potentially liable person status under WAC 173-340-500. This determination will be based in part on a
preliminary finding by the department that any resulting consent
decree would be in accordance with RCW 70.105D.040 (4)(a). The
department may:
(i) Request additional information;
(ii) Accept the request and require the person to submit a detailed written proposal by a specified date; or
(iii) Provide written reasons for denying the request.
(((f))) (g) Contents of detailed proposal. The proposal
shall contain:
(i) A proposed technical scope of work describing the remedial action to be conducted;
(ii) The data, studies, or any other information upon which the settlement proposal is based;
(iii) A statement describing the potentially liable person's
ability to conduct or finance the remedial action as described in
the proposed scope of work; ((and))
(iv) A schedule for proposed negotiations and implementation of the proposed remedial actions; and
(v) Any additional information requested by the department.
(h) In addition to the information in (g) of this subsection, the detailed proposal for a prospective purchaser consent decree shall include the following:
(i) Information showing a legal commitment to purchase, redevelop or reuse the site;
(ii) A detailed description including a plan of the proposed continued use, redevelopment, or reuse of the site, including, if necessary, an updated schedule for purchase, redevelopment or reuse;
(iii) Information which demonstrates that the redevelopment or reuse of the site is not likely to contribute to the existing or threatened releases at the site, interfere with remedial actions that may be needed at the site, or increase health risks to persons at or in the vicinity of the site; and
(iv) If the requestor does not propose to conduct the entire cleanup of the site, available information about potentially liable persons who are expected to conduct the remainder of the cleanup.
(((g))) (i) The department and the office of the attorney
general shall determine whether the proposal provides a
sufficient basis for negotiations, and shall deliver to the
potentially liable person within sixty days following receipt of
their proposal a written notice indicating whether or not the
proposal is sufficient to proceed with negotiations.
(((h))) (j) Prepayment agreement. Unless otherwise
determined by the department, any person who requests a
prospective purchaser agreement and receives a notice accepting
the request under (f) of this subsection shall enter into a
prepayment agreement with the department consistent with WAC 173-340-550(7) before negotiations will begin.
(k) Time limits for negotiations. The department shall set
the time period and starting date for negotiations. The
department and the office of the attorney general shall then
negotiate with those potentially liable persons who have received
a notice under (((e))) (f) of this subsection that their proposal
was sufficient to proceed with negotiations. Negotiations may
address one or more phases of remedial action. The length of the
negotiation period specified by the department shall be no less
than that proposed by the potentially liable person provided it
does not conflict with the deadlines established under WAC 173-340-140.
(((i))) (l) Enforcement stay. For consent decrees that are
not prospective purchaser agreements, unless an emergency exists,
the department will stay any enforcement action under chapter 70.105D RCW, but the duration of such stay shall not exceed one
hundred twenty days from the date negotiations begin. The
department can withdraw from negotiations if it determines that:
(i) Reasonable progress is not being made toward a consent decree acceptable to the department; or
(ii) The proposal is inappropriate based on new information or changed circumstances.
The department may ((commence with)) begin an enforcement
action after notifying the potentially liable person, in writing,
of its intent to withdraw from negotiations.
(2) ((State-initiated)) Procedures for consent decrees
initiated by the department. When the department believes that a
consent decree will be a more expeditious method to achieve
remedial action at a facility, it may initiate the procedures set
forth in this subsection by sending a letter to the potentially
liable person. The letter shall be sent via certified mail,
return receipt requested, or by personal service.
(a) The letters may be delivered with potentially liable person status letters issued under WAC 173-340-500. The period for negotiation shall not commence until the thirty-day comment period required by WAC 173-340-500 has expired or the person expressly waives the procedural requirements of WAC 173-340-500.
(b) Contents of letter. The letter shall:
(i) Inform potentially liable person(s) that the department and the attorney general want to begin negotiations which may lead to a consent decree providing for remedial action;
(ii) Propose a draft consent decree and scope of work;
(iii) Define the negotiation process and schedule which shall not exceed ninety days;
(iv) Reference the department's finding under WAC 173-340-500;
(v) Request a written statement of the potentially liable person's willingness to proceed with the negotiation process defined in the letter; and
(vi) Request the names of other persons whom the person has reason to believe may be potentially liable persons at the facility.
(c) The letter may request the potentially liable person to
respond, in writing, to the proposed draft consent decree and
scope of work ((prior to initiating)) before beginning the
negotiation phase.
(d) Negotiations. The department and the office of the attorney general shall negotiate with potentially liable persons who have indicated to the department a willingness to proceed with the negotiations. The negotiation time frame shall begin from the date the potentially liable person receives the letter under (a) of this subsection unless modified by the department. Negotiations may address one or more phases of remedial action.
(e) Enforcement stay. Unless an emergency exists, the department will stay any enforcement action under chapter 70.105D RCW, but the duration of the stay shall not exceed ninety days from the date negotiations begin. The department can withdraw from negotiations if it determines that:
(i) Reasonable progress is not being made toward a consent decree acceptable to the department; or
(ii) The proposal is inappropriate based on new information or changed circumstances. The department may commence with enforcement action after notifying the potentially liable person, in writing, of its intent to withdraw from negotiations.
(f) Deadline extensions. The department may, at its discretion, extend the deadline for negotiations established in (b) of this subsection, provided the extension does not exceed thirty days.
(3) Filing a decree. After satisfying the public comment and hearing requirements, the department shall determine whether the proposed settlement negotiated under subsection (1) or (2) of this section, is more expeditious and consistent with cleanup standards established and in compliance with any order issued by the department relevant to the remedial action. After making the requisite findings, the department shall forward the proposed consent decree with the findings required by RCW 70.105D.040(4), to the office of the attorney general. If agreed to by the office of the attorney general, the consent decree will be filed by that office with the appropriate superior court or the federal court having jurisdiction over the matter.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-520, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. Agreed orders
may be used for all remedial actions. ((Since an agreed order is
not a settlement, an agreed order shall not provide for mixed
funding, a covenant not to sue, or protection from claims for
contribution.)) An agreed order means that the potentially
liable person agrees to perform remedial actions at the site in
accordance with the provisions of the agreed order and that the
department will not take additional enforcement action against
the potentially liable person to require those remedial actions
specified in the agreed order so long as the potentially liable
person complies with the provisions of the order. Since an
agreed order is not a settlement, an agreed order shall not
provide for mixed funding, a covenant not to sue, or protection
from claims for contribution. The department may require
additional remedial actions should it deem such actions
necessary.
(2) ((Request.)) Procedures for agreed orders initiated by a
potentially liable person.
(a) To request an agreed order, a person shall submit a letter to the department based on available information, describing:
(i) The proposed remedial action including a schedule for the work;
(ii) The facility, including location and boundaries;
(iii) The environmental problems to be addressed, including the releases at the facility and the potential impact of those releases to human health and the environment;
(iv) A summary of the relevant historical use or conditions at the facility;
(v) Names of other persons whom the person has reason to believe may be potentially liable persons at the facility; and
(vi) A proposed public participation plan. This proposed plan shall be commensurate with the nature of the proposal and site and shall include, at a minimum, the elements listed in WAC 173-340-600(8).
(b) The letter may include a waiver of the procedural requirements of WAC 173-340-500, and acceptance, for purposes of the agreed order, of potentially liable person status.
(c) Recognizing that the basic steps of the cleanup process
may be combined and may vary by site, the information in the
request shall be at the level of detail appropriate to the step
in the process for which the order is requested. For example, a
request for an agreed order for a ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study should generally include the
level of information needed for a site hazard assessment, so that
the department and the public can evaluate the proposed scope of
work and relative priority of the site.
(d) The department may waive part of the letter requirements of (a) of this subsection if the requirements have already been met.
(3) ((Response.)) Department response to PLP-initiated
request. The department shall respond to the request within
sixty days, unless the department needs additional time to
determine potentially liable person status under WAC 173-340-500.
The department may:
(a) Request additional information;
(b) Proceed with discussions, if the department believes it is in the public interest to do so; or
(c) Provide written reasons for denying the request.
(4) Procedures for agreed orders initiated by the department. When the department believes that an agreed order is an appropriate method to achieve remedial action at a facility, it may initiate the request for an agreed order.
(5) Duration of discussions. Discussions on the agreed order shall not exceed sixty days unless the department decides continued discussions are in the public interest.
(6) Enforcement. Unless an emergency exists, the department will stay any enforcement action under chapter 70.105D RCW; however, the duration of such stay shall not exceed sixty days from the date discussions begin. Furthermore, the department can withdraw from discussions if it determines that:
(a) Reasonable progress is not being made toward an agreed order acceptable to the department; or
(b) The agreed order is inappropriate based on new information or changed circumstances.
The department may ((commence with)) begin an enforcement
action after notifying the potentially liable person in writing
of its intent to withdraw from discussions.
(((5))) (7) Focus of discussions. The focus of discussions
for the agreed order shall ordinarily be the technical scope of
work and work schedule. This subsection is not intended to
preclude discussion on any item. It is intended to convey the
expectation that the scope of work and work schedule will be the
primary topics of discussion in ((formulating)) developing agreed
orders.
(((6))) (8) Public participation.
(a) When issuing an agreed order, the department shall
provide appropriate public participation opportunities under WAC 173-340-600. ((If the agreed order is for a routine cleanup
action and any person requests judicial review, then the
applicable consent decree procedures under WAC 173-340-520 will
be initiated.
(7) Revisions.)) (b) If the department and the potentially liable person signing the order agree to substantial changes in the order, the department shall provide appropriate additional public notice and opportunity to comment.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-530, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 90-08-086, § 173-340-530, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. A private right of action is a legal claim authorized by RCW 70.105D.080 under which a person may recover costs of remedial action from other persons liable under the act. RCW 70.105D.080 limits recovery of remedial action costs to those remedial actions that, when evaluated as a whole, are the substantial equivalent of a department-conducted or department-supervised remedial action. The purpose of this section is to facilitate private rights of action and minimize department staff involvement in these actions by providing guidance to potentially liable persons and the court on what remedial actions the department would consider the substantial equivalent of a department-conducted or department-supervised remedial action. In determining substantial equivalence, the department anticipates the requirements in this section will be evaluated as a whole and that a claim would not be disallowed due to omissions that do not diminish the overall effectiveness of the remedial action.
(2) Substantial equivalent. For the purposes of this section, the department considers the following remedial actions to be the substantial equivalent of a department-conducted or department-supervised remedial action.
(a) A remedial action conducted by the department;
(b) A remedial action that has been or is being conducted under an order or decree and the remedial requirements of the order or decree have been satisfied for those portions of the remedial action for which the private right of action is being sought; or
(c) A remedial action that has been conducted as an independent remedial action that includes the following elements:
(i) Information on the site and remedial actions conducted has been reported to the department in accordance with WAC 173-340-300, 173-340-450 and 173-340-515, as applicable;
(ii) The department has not objected to the remedial action being conducted or any such objection has been cured as determined by the court;
(iii) Except for emergency remedial actions, before conducting an interim action or cleanup action, reasonable steps have been taken to provide advance public notice;
(iv) The remedial actions have been conducted substantially equivalent with the technical standards and evaluation criteria described in subsection (4) of this section; and
(v) For facilities where hazardous substances have been disposed of as part of the remedial action, documentation is available indicating where these substances were disposed of and that this disposal was in compliance with applicable state and federal laws. It is not the intent of this provision to require extensive documentation. For example, if the remedial action results in solid wastes being transported off-site for disposal, it would be sufficient to have records indicating the wastes have been disposed of at a permitted solid waste or hazardous waste landfill.
(3) Public notice requirements. This subsection shall be used to determine if reasonable steps have been taken to provide advance public notice under subsection (2)(c)(iii) of this section. These public notice procedures apply only to interim actions or cleanup actions conducted as independent remedial actions after December 25, 1993. The notice may be combined with any notices under another law. For interim actions or cleanup actions conducted as independent remedial actions before December 25, 1993, the department recognizes little or no public notification typically occurred because there were no department-specified requirements other than the reporting requirements in this chapter. For these actions, this chapter contains no other specific public notice requirements or guidance, and the court will need to determine such requirements, if any, on a case-by-case basis. For independent remedial actions consisting of site investigations and studies, it is anticipated that public notice would not normally be done since often these early phases of work are to determine if a release even requires an interim action or cleanup action. For the purposes of this section only, unless the court determines other notice procedures are adequate for the site-specific circumstances, the following constitutes adequate public notice for independent remedial actions and supersedes the requirements in WAC 173-340-600:
(a) Except for emergency remedial actions, written notification has been mailed at least fifteen days before beginning construction of the interim action or cleanup action to the last known address of the following persons:
(i) The department (which shall publish a summary of the notice in the Site Register);
(ii) The local jurisdictional health department/district;
(iii) The town, city or county with land use jurisdiction;
(iv) The land owners identified by the tax assessor at the time the action is begun for that portion of the facility where the interim action or cleanup action is being conducted; and
(v) Persons potentially liable under RCW 70.105D.040 known to the person conducting the interim action or cleanup action. In identifying persons potentially liable under RCW 70.105D.040 who are to be noticed under this provision, the person conducting the remedial action need only make a reasonable effort to review information currently readily available. Where the interim action or cleanup action is complex, written notification before beginning detailed design is recommended but not required. For emergency remedial actions, written notice should be provided as soon as practicable;
(b) The written notification includes: A brief statement describing the releases being remedied and the interim actions or cleanup actions expected to be conducted; the schedule for these interim actions or cleanup actions; and, for persons potentially liable under RCW 70.105D.040 known to the person conducting the interim actions or cleanup actions, a statement that they could be held liable for the costs of remedial actions being conducted; and
(c) Posting a sign at the site at a location visible to the general public indicating what interim actions or cleanup actions are being conducted and identifying a person to contact for more information. Except for emergency remedial actions this sign should be posted not later than the beginning of construction of any interim action or cleanup action and should remain posted for the duration of the construction. For emergency remedial actions posting of a sign should be done as soon as practicable;
(4) Technical standards and evaluation criteria. This subsection shall be used to determine if the remedial actions have been conducted substantially equivalent with the technical standards and evaluation criteria contained in this chapter. For the purposes of this section, remedial actions shall be deemed to comply with subsection (2)(c)(iv) of this section if they have been conducted substantially equivalent with the technical standards and evaluation criteria contained in the following sections, where applicable. Except for a restrictive covenant under WAC 173-340-440, where documents are required by the following sections, the documents prepared need not be the same in title or format. Other documents can be used in place of the documents specified in these sections as long as sufficient information is included in the record to serve the same purpose. When using the following sections to determine substantial equivalence it should be recognized that there are often many alternative methods for cleanup of a facility that would comply with these provisions. When this chapter requires a consultation with, or an approval or determination by the department, such a consultation, approval or determination is not necessary for remedial actions to meet the substantial equivalence requirement under this section; however, the remedial action must still be conducted substantially equivalent with the substantive requirements of those provisions. In applying these sections, reference should be made to the other applicable sections of this chapter, with particular attention to WAC 173-340-130 (Administrative principles), WAC 173-340-200 (Definitions), and WAC 173-340-210 (Usage).
(a) WAC 173-340-350 (Remedial investigation/feasibility study);
(b) WAC 173-340-355 (Development of cleanup action alternatives that include remediation levels);
(c) WAC 173-340-357 (Quantitative risk assessment of cleanup action alternatives);
(d) WAC 173-340-360 (Selection of cleanup actions);
(e) WAC 173-340-380 (Cleanup action plan);
(f) WAC 173-340-400 (Cleanup actions);
(g) WAC 173-340-410 (Compliance monitoring requirements);
(h) WAC 173-340-430 (Interim actions);
(i) WAC 173-340-440 (Institutional controls);
(j) WAC 173-340-450 (Releases from underground storage tanks);
(k) WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760 (Cleanup standards); and
(l) WAC 173-340-810 through 173-340-850 (General provisions).
[]
(1)
Policy. RCW 70.105D.050(3) requires that the state seek to
recover the amounts spent by the department for investigative and
remedial actions and orders. It is the department's intention to
recover those costs which are reasonably attributable to ((the))
individual sites. Timing of cost recovery for individual sites
will be considered on a case-by-case basis, however, the
department may demand, and generally requires, payment of costs
as they are incurred.
(2) Costs. Each person who is liable under chapter 70.105D RCW is liable for remedial action costs incurred by the department. Remedial action costs are costs reasonably attributable to the site and may include costs of direct activities, support costs of direct activities, and interest charges for delayed payments. The department may send its request for payment to all potentially liable persons who are under an order or decree for the remedial action costs at the site. The department shall charge an hourly rate based on direct staff costs plus support costs. It is the department's intention that the resulting hourly rate charged be less than the hourly rate typically charged by a comparably sized consulting firm providing similar services. The department shall use the following formula for computing hourly rates:
Hourly Rate = DSC + DSC(ASCM) + DSC(PSCM), where:
DSC = Direct Staff Costs defined in (a) of this
subsection((,)).
ASCM = Agency Support Cost Multiplier defined in (b) of
this subsection((, and)).
PSCM = Program Support Cost Multiplier defined in (c) of this subsection.
(a) Costs of direct activities are direct staff costs and other direct costs. Direct staff costs (DSC) are the costs of hours worked directly on a contaminated site, including salaries, retirement plan benefits, Social Security benefits, health care benefits, leave and holiday benefits, and other benefits required by law to be paid to, or on behalf of, employees. Other direct costs are costs incurred as a direct result of department staff working on a contaminated site including, for example, costs of: Travel related to the site, printing and publishing of documents about the site, purchase or rental of equipment used for the site, and contracted work for the site.
(b) Agency support costs are the costs of facilities, communications, personnel, fiscal, and other state-wide and agency-wide services. The agency support cost multiplier (ASCM) used shall be the agency indirect rate approved by the agency's federal cognizant agency (which, as of July 1, 1993, was the United States Department of the Interior) for each fiscal year.
(c) Program support costs are the costs of administrative time spent by site managers and other staff who work directly on sites and a portion of the cost of management, clerical, policy, computer, financial, citizen technical advisor, and other support provided by other program staff to site managers and other staff who work directly on sites. Other activities of the toxics cleanup program not included in program support costs include, for example, community relations not related to a specific site, policy development, and a portion of the cost of nonsite management, clerical, policy, computer, financial, and other support staff. The program support cost multiplier (PSCM) used shall be calculated by dividing actual program support costs by the direct staff costs of all hours charged to site related work. This multiplier shall be evaluated at least biennially and any changes published in at least two publications of the Site Register. The calculation and source documents used in any revision shall be audited by either the state auditor's office or a private accounting firm. Audit results shall be available for public review. This multiplier shall not exceed 1.0 (one).
(d) The citizen technical advisor cost multiplier is based on the direct costs and agency support costs associated with the citizen technical advisor office within the department.
(3) Request for payment. When the department requests payment of remedial action costs it shall provide an itemized statement documenting the costs incurred.
(4) Interest charges. A ((minimum)) charge of twelve
percent interest (annual percentage rate, compounded monthly)
shall accrue on all remedial action costs not paid within ninety
days of the billing date, or within another longer time period
designated by the department.
(5) ((Private rights of action. The purpose of this
subsection is to facilitate private rights of action and minimize
department staff involvement in these actions by providing
guidance to potentially liable persons and the court on what
remedial actions the department would consider the substantial
equivalent of a department-conducted or department-supervised
remedial action. In determining substantial equivalence, the
department anticipates the requirements in this section will be
evaluated as a whole and that a claim would not be disallowed due
to omissions that do not diminish the overall effectiveness of
the remedial action. For the purposes of this section, the
department would consider the following remedial actions to be
the substantial equivalent of a department-conducted or
department-supervised remedial action.
(a) A remedial action conducted by the department;
(b) A remedial action that has been or is being conducted under an order or decree and the remedial requirements of the order or decree have been satisfied for those portions of the remedial action for which the private right of action is being sought; or
(c) A remedial action that has been conducted as an independent remedial action that includes the following elements:
(i) Information on the site and remedial actions conducted has been reported to the department in accordance with WAC 173-340-300 and 173-340-450, as applicable;
(ii) The department has not objected to the remedial action being conducted or any such objection has been cured as determined by the court;
(iii) Except for emergency remedial actions, prior to conducting an interim action or cleanup action, reasonable steps have been taken to provide advance public notice. The notice may be combined with any notices under another law. These public notice procedures apply only to interim actions or cleanup actions conducted as independent remedial actions after the effective date of this section. For interim actions or cleanup actions conducted as independent remedial actions prior to the effective date of this section, the department recognizes little or no public notification typically occurred because there were no department-specified requirements other than the reporting requirements in this chapter. For these actions, this chapter contains no other specific public notice requirements or guidance, and the court will need to determine such requirements, if any, on a case-by-case basis. For independent remedial actions consisting of site investigations and studies, it is anticipated that public notice would not normally be done since often these early phases of work are to determine if a release even requires an interim action or cleanup action. For the purposes of this subsection only, unless the court determines other notice procedures are adequate for the site-specific circumstances, the following constitutes adequate public notice and supersedes the requirements in WAC 173-340-600:
(A) Except for emergency remedial actions, written notification has been mailed at least fifteen days prior to beginning construction of the interim action or cleanup action to the last known address of the following persons: The department which shall publish a summary of the notice in the Site Register; the local jurisdictional health department/district; the town, city or county with land use jurisdiction; the land owners identified by the tax assessor at the time the action is commenced for that portion of the facility where the interim action or cleanup action is being conducted; and persons potentially liable under RCW 70.105D.040 known to the person conducting the interim action or cleanup action. In identifying other potentially liable persons who are to be noticed under this provision, the person doing the remedial action need only make a reasonable effort to review information currently readily available. Where the interim action or cleanup action is complex, notification prior to beginning detailed design is recommended but not required. For emergency remedial actions, written notice should be provided as soon as practicable;
(B) The notice includes: A brief statement describing the releases being remedied and the interim actions or cleanup actions expected to be conducted; the schedule for these interim actions or cleanup actions; and, for persons potentially liable under RCW 70.105D.040 known to the person conducting the interim actions or cleanup actions, a statement that they could be held liable for the costs of remedial actions being conducted; and
(C) Posting a sign at the site at a location visible to the general public indicating what interim actions or cleanup actions are being conducted and identifying a person to contact for more information. Except for emergency remedial actions this sign should be posted not later than the beginning of construction of any interim action or cleanup action and should remain posted for the duration of the construction. For emergency remedial actions posting of a sign should be done as soon as practicable;
(iv) The remedial actions have been conducted substantially equivalent with the technical standards and evaluation criteria contained in the following sections, where applicable. Where documents are required by the following sections, the documents prepared need not be the same in title or format. Other documents can be used in place of the documents specified in these sections as long as sufficient information is included in the record to serve the same purpose. When using these sections to determine substantial equivalence it should be recognized that there are often many alternative methods for cleanup of a facility that would comply with these provisions. In applying these sections, reference should be made to the other applicable sections of this chapter, with particular attention to WAC 173-340-130 (Administrative principles), WAC 173-340-200 (Definitions) and WAC 173-340-210 (Usage):
(A) WAC 173-340-350 (State remedial investigation and feasibility study);
(B) WAC 173-340-360 (Selection of cleanup actions);
(C) WAC 173-340-400 (Cleanup actions);
(D) WAC 173-340-410 (Compliance monitoring requirements);
(E) WAC 173-340-430 (Interim actions);
(F) WAC 173-340-440 (Institutional controls);
(G) WAC 173-340-450 (Releases from underground storage tanks);
(H) WAC 173-340-700 through WAC 173-340-760 (Cleanup standards); and
(I) WAC 173-340-810 through WAC 173-340-850 (General provisions); and
(v) For facilities where hazardous substances have been disposed of as part of the remedial action, documentation is available indicating where these substances were disposed of and that this disposal was in compliance with applicable state and federal laws. It is not the intent of this provision to require extensive documentation. For example, if the remedial action results in solid wastes being transported off-site for disposal, it would be sufficient to have records indicating the wastes have been disposed of at a permitted solid waste or hazardous waste landfill.
(6))) Natural resource damages. Nothing in this section shall affect the authority of the department and the office of attorney general to recover natural resource damages.
(((7))) (6) Independent remedial actions.
(a) ((The department has established a mechanism to recover
the direct and support costs associated with the review and
evaluation of independent remedial action reports submitted under
WAC 173-340-300(4). This enables the department to evaluate
independent cleanups and facilitates the return of property to
productive use. Participation in this program is voluntary, and
ecology will recover only the costs of review under the
independent remedial action program from those persons requesting
the department's review of an independent remedial action report.
Ecology shall recover its costs of providing the review of
independent remedial action reports, including:
(i) Providing a written determination regarding the adequacy of the remedial actions performed at a site;
(ii) Providing a written determination regarding the adequacy of the remedial actions performed at a site and removing sites or portions of sites from the hazardous sites list if the department has sufficient information to show that the independent remedial efforts are appropriate to characterize and address contamination at the site, as provided for in WAC 173-340-330 (4)(b); or
(iii) Providing a written determination describing the deficiencies with the report or remedial action conducted at the site.
(b) The mechanism used to recover ecology's costs shall be evaluated in June 1994, and, if necessary, adjusted. The mechanism used to recover ecology's costs of review shall be evaluated every other year thereafter.
(c) It is the department's policy, in conducting reviews under this subsection, to promote independent remedial actions by delisting sites or portions of sites whenever petitions and supporting documents show that the actions taken are appropriate to characterize and address the contamination at the site.
(8))) The department may collect, from persons requesting a site-specific technical consultation under WAC 173-340-515, the costs incurred by the department in providing such advice and assistance.
(b) For situations where the department has decided to collect its costs, a refundable deposit of a reasonable amount will be required. The department's hourly costs shall be determined based on the method in WAC 173-340-550(2).
(c) The department's Toxics Cleanup Program manager or designee may make a discretionary, nonappealable decision on whether a person is eligible for a waiver of fees based on that person's ability to pay.
(d) The department shall waive collection of its costs, where appropriate, in providing technical assistance in support of an appropriate level of public participation or where the department's time in responding to the request is de minimis.
(7) Prepayment of costs.
(a) Persons potentially liable under this chapter or seeking a prospective purchaser agreement may request the department's oversight of remedial actions through a prepayment agreement. The purpose of such an agreement is to enable department oversight of remedial actions at lower priority sites. The department shall make a determination that such an agreement is in the public interest. A prepayment agreement requires a person to pay the department's remedial action costs, in advance, allowing the department to increase staff for the unanticipated workload. Agreements may cover one or more facilities. Whether the department can respond favorably to a request for a prepayment agreement will depend, in part, on the department and attorney general receiving authorization for the staffing necessary to implement the agreement. Persons interested in such an agreement are encouraged to contact the department early on to informally discuss the potential for using such an agreement at a facility.
(b) Prepayment agreements do not replace an order or decree but are preliminary to or work in conjunction with such documents. Persons entering into a prepayment agreement shall enter into good faith negotiations on an agreed order or consent decree governing remedial actions at the facility in accordance with the procedures described in WAC 173-340-520(1) or 173-340-530(2). Failure to successfully conclude such negotiations may result in the department withdrawing from the prepayment agreement or initiating enforcement action.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 70.105D.030 (1)(f), 70.105D.040(2) and SB 5404. 93-24-064, § 173-340-550, filed 11/24/93, effective 12/25/93. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-550, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1)
Purpose. Public participation is an integral part of the
department's responsibilities under the Model Toxics Control Act.
The department's goal is to provide the public with timely
information and meaningful opportunities for participation
((which)) that are commensurate with each site. The department
will meet this goal through a public participation program that
includes: The early planning and development of a site-specific
public participation plan; the provision of public notices; a
site register; public meetings or hearings; and the participation
of regional citizens' advisory committees.
(2) Other requirements. In addition to the requirements in this section, other sections of this chapter contain specific notice requirements that must also be followed. See WAC 173-340-720 for notice requirements on an off-property conditional point of compliance and cleanup levels for ground water flowing into nearby surface water; WAC 173-340-545 for public notice requirements for private rights of action; WAC 173-340-440 for local government notification requirements for restrictive covenants; and WAC 173-340-310 for public notice requirements for emergency or interim actions required by the department as a result of an initial investigation.
(3) Criteria. In order to promote effective and meaningful public participation, the department may determine that public participation opportunities in addition to those specifically required by chapter 70.105D RCW, or this chapter, are appropriate and should be provided. In making this determination, the department may consider:
(a) Known or potential risks to human health and the environment that could be avoided or reduced by providing information to the public;
(b) Public concerns about the facility;
(c) The need to contact the public in order to gather information about the facility;
(d) The extent to which the public's opportunity to affect subsequent departmental decisions at the facility may be limited or foreclosed in the future;
(e) The need to prevent disclosure of confidential, unverified, or enforcement-sensitive information;
(f) The routine nature of the contemplated remedial action; and
(g) Any other factors as determined by the department.
(((3))) (4) Public notice. Whenever public notice is
required by chapter 70.105D RCW, the department shall, at a
minimum, provide or require notice as described in this section
except as specified for the biennial report in WAC 173-340-340.
(a) Request for notice. Notice shall be mailed to persons
who have made a timely request. A request for notice is timely
if received ((prior to)) before or during the public comment
period for the current phase of remedial action at the facility. However, the receipt of a request for notice shall not require
the department to extend the comment period associated with the
notice.
(b) Mail. Notice shall be mailed to persons who reside
within the potentially affected vicinity of the proposed action. The potentially affected vicinity shall include all property
((adjoining)) within and contiguous to the site and any other
area that the department determines to be directly affected by
the proposed action.
(c) Newspaper publication. Notice of the proposed action shall be published in the newspaper of largest circulation in the city or county of the proposed action, by one or more of the following methods: Display ad; legal notice; or any other appropriate format, as determined by the department.
(d) Other news media. Notice of the proposed action shall
be mailed to any other news media ((which)) that the department
determines to be appropriate. The department may consider how a
medium compares with the newspaper of largest circulation in
terms of: Audience reached; timeliness; adequacy in conveying
the particular information in the notice; cost; or other relevant
factors.
(e) Comment periods. All public notices shall indicate the public comment period on the proposed action. Unless stated otherwise, comment periods shall be for thirty days at a minimum. The department may extend the public comment period, as appropriate.
(f) Combining public comment requirements. Whenever reasonable, the department shall consolidate public notice and opportunities for public comment under this chapter with public notice and comment requirements under other laws and regulations.
(((4))) (g) Site-specific risk assessment. For public
notices describing cleanup plans that use site-specific risk
assessment or would restrict future site or resource use, the
public notice shall specifically identify the restrictions and
invite comments on these elements of the cleanup plan. This
notice shall also include a statement indicating the availability
of public participation grants and of the department's Citizen
Technical Advisor for providing technical assistance to citizens
on site-specific risk assessment and other issues related to site
remediation.
(5) Public meetings. During any comment period announced by a public notice issued under this chapter, if ten or more persons request a public meeting on the subject of the public notice, the department shall hold a public meeting for the purpose of receiving comments.
(((5))) (6) Additional methods. In addition to "public
notice" required by chapter 70.105D RCW, or this chapter, the
department may use any of the following methods to provide
information to the public:
(a) Press releases;
(b) Fact sheets;
(c) Public meetings;
(d) Publications;
(e) Personal contact by department employees;
(f) Posting signs at the facility;
(g) Notice in the Site Register;
(h) Any other methods as determined by the department.
(((6))) (7) Site Register. The department shall regularly
publish, make available electronically, and maintain a
publication called the Site Register, ((giving)) which provides
notice of the following:
(a) Determinations of no further action under WAC 173-340-320;
(b) Results of site hazard rankings;
(c) Availability of annual and biennial reports;
(d) Issuance of enforcement orders, agreed orders, or proposed consent decrees;
(e) Public meetings or hearings;
(f) Scoping notice of department-conducted ((state))
remedial investigation/feasibility study;
(g) Availability of ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study reports and draft and final
cleanup plans;
(h) Change in site status or placing sites on or removing sites from the hazardous sites list under WAC 173-340-330;
(i) Availability of engineering design reports under WAC 173-340-400;
(j) Schedules developed under WAC 173-340-140;
(k) Reports of independent cleanup actions received under WAC 173-340-300;
(l) ((Commencement)) Beginning of negotiations or
discussions under WAC 173-340-520 and 173-340-530;
(m) Deadline extensions or missed deadlines under WAC 173-340-140; ((and))
(n) A summary of any notices received under WAC 173-340-545 for cleanup actions and interim actions being conducted where a private right of action is anticipated;
(o) A list of available department publications, including guidance, technical reports and policies pertinent to remedial actions;
(p) The results of department review of reports on independent remedial actions submitted under WAC 173-340-515; and
(q) Any other notice that the department ((deems)) considers
appropriate for inclusion.
(((7))) (8) Evaluation. As part of requiring or conducting
a remedial action at any facility, the department shall evaluate
public participation needs at the facility((, including)). The
evaluation shall include an identification of the potentially
affected vicinity for the remedial action. For sites where
site-specific risk assessment is used, the department shall also
evaluate public interest in the site, significant public concerns
regarding future site use, and public values to be addressed
through the public participation plan.
(((8))) (9) Public participation plans.
(a) Scope. The public participation plans required by this section are intended to encourage a coordinated and effective public involvement tailored to the public's needs at a particular facility. The scope of a plan shall be commensurate with the nature of the proposed remedial actions; the level of public concern; and the risks posed by the facility.
(b) Early planning encouraged. In order to develop an appropriate plan, the department or potentially liable person (if submitting a plan to the department) should engage in an early planning process to assess the public participation needs at the facility. This process may include identifying and conferring with individuals, community groups, local governments, tribes, public agencies, or any other organizations that may have an interest in or knowledge of the facility.
(c) Plan development. The department shall develop the
plan, or work with the potentially liable person to develop the
plan. If a plan already exists for a facility, the department
shall consider whether the existing plan is still appropriate or
whether the plan should be amended. For example, a plan
originally developed to address a ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study may need to be amended to address
implementation phases.
(d) Plans required. As part of requiring or conducting a
remedial action, except emergency actions, at any site that has
been assigned a hazard ranking score, the department shall ensure
that a public participation plan is developed and implemented. The department may also require the development of a public
participation plan ((for facilities which have not been assigned
a hazard ranking score)) as part of an agreed order (see WAC 173-340-530) or consent decree ((with a potentially liable
person)) (see WAC 173-340-520) for facilities that have not been
assigned a hazard ranking score.
(e) The department shall determine if the variables proposed to be modified in a site-specific risk assessment or alternative reasonable maximum exposure scenario may affect the significant public concerns regarding future land uses and exposure scenarios. If the department finds that those concerns may be affected, then ecology shall assure appropriate public involvement and comment opportunities will occur as identified in the public participation plan.
(f) Plan as part of order or decree. A potentially liable person will ordinarily be required to submit a proposed public participation plan as part of its request for an agreed order or a consent decree. If a plan already exists for the facility, the potentially liable person may either resubmit the existing plan with any proposed amendments or submit an entirely new proposed plan. The proposed plan may be revised during the course of discussions or negotiations on the agreed order (see WAC 173-340-530) or consent decree (see WAC 173-340-520).
The final public participation plan may become part of the agreed order or consent decree.
(((f))) (g) Contents. The public participation plan shall
include the following:
(i) Applicable public notice requirements and how these will be met, including: When public notice will occur; the length of the comment periods accompanying each notice; the potentially affected vicinity and any other areas to be provided notice, to the extent known.
(ii) Information repositories. The plan should identify at least one location where the public can review information about the remedial action. Multiple locations may be appropriate.
(iii) Methods of identifying the public's concerns. Such
methods may include: Interviews; questionnaires; meetings;
contacts with community groups or other organizations ((which))
that have an interest in the site; establishing citizen advisory
groups for sites; or obtaining advice from the appropriate
regional citizens' advisory committee.
(iv) Methods of addressing the public's concerns and
conveying information to the public. These may include any of
the methods listed in subsection (((5))) (6) of this section.
(v) Coordination of public participation requirements. The plan should identify any public participation requirements of other applicable federal, state or local laws, and address how such requirements can be coordinated. For example, if Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) applies to the proposed action, the plan should explain how CERCLA and this chapter's public comment periods will be coordinated.
(vi) Amendments to the plan. The plan should outline the process for amending the plan. Any amendments must be approved by the department.
(vii) Citizen technical advisor: A statement indicating the availability of the department's citizen technical advisor for providing technical assistance to citizens on issues related to the investigation and cleanup of the site.
(viii) Any other elements that the department determines to be appropriate for inclusion in the final public participation plan.
(((g))) (h) Implementation. The department shall retain
approval authority over the actions taken by a potentially liable
person to implement the plan.
(((9))) (10) Consent decrees. In addition to any other
applicable public participation requirements, the following shall
be required for consent decrees.
(a) Public participation plan. A ((public participation))
plan ((which meets)) meeting the requirements of subsection
(((8))) (9) of this section shall be developed when required by
subsection (((8))) (9)(d) of this section.
(b) Notice of negotiations. When the department decides to
proceed with negotiations it shall place a notice in the Site
Register advising the public that negotiations have ((commenced))
begun. This notice shall include the name of the facility, a
general description of the subject of the ((order)) consent
decree and the deadlines for negotiations.
(c) Notice of proposed decree. The department shall provide or require public notice of proposed consent decree. The notice may be combined with notice of other documents under this chapter, such as a cleanup action plan, or under other laws. The notice shall briefly:
(i) Identify and generally describe the facility;
(ii) Identify the person(s) who are parties to the consent decree;
(iii) Generally describe the remedial action proposed in the proposed consent decree, including substantive permit requirements and institutional controls;
(iv) Indicate the date, place, and time of the public hearing on the proposed consent decree. Where a public hearing is not planned, indicate that a public hearing will only be held if at least ten persons request one and the procedures for requesting a public hearing; and
(v) Invite the public to comment at the public hearing (if applicable) or in writing. The public comment period shall run for at least thirty days from the date of the issuance of the notice.
(d) Public hearing. The department shall hold a public hearing on the proposed consent decree for the purpose of providing the public with an opportunity to comment whenever ten or more persons request a public hearing or whenever the department determines a public hearing is necessary.
(e) Revisions. If the state and the potentially liable person agree to substantial changes to the proposed consent decree, the department shall provide additional public notice and opportunity to comment.
(f) Extensions. The department shall publish in the next Site Register the extension of deadlines for designated high priority sites.
(((10))) (11) Agreed orders. In addition to any other
applicable public participation requirements, the following shall
be required for agreed orders under WAC 173-340-530.
(a) Public participation plan. A plan meeting the
requirements of subsection (((8))) (9) of this section shall be
developed when required by subsection (((8))) (9)(d) of this
section.
(b) Notice of discussions. When the department decides to proceed with discussions it shall place a notice in the Site Register advising the public that discussions have commenced. This notice shall include the name of the facility, a general description of the subject of the order and the deadlines for discussions.
(c) Notice of agreed orders. Public notice shall be
provided by the department for any agreed order. For all agreed
orders, notice shall be mailed no later than three days after the
issuance of the agreed order. For all agreed orders ((covering a
state remedial investigation/feasibility study)), the comment
period shall be at least thirty days ((and shall be completed
before the agreed order becomes effective)). ((For other agreed
orders,)) The agreed order may be effective before the comment
period is over, unless the department determines it is in the
public interest to complete the public comment period ((prior
to)) before the effective date of the agreed order. The
department may determine that it is in the public interest to
provide public notice ((prior to)) before the effective date of
any agreed order or to hold a public meeting or hearing on the
agreed order. ((This)) Notice of agreed orders shall briefly:
(i) Identify and generally describe the facility;
(ii) Identify the person(s) who are parties to the agreed order;
(iii) Generally describe the remedial action proposed in the proposed agreed order, including substantive permit requirements and institutional controls; and
(iv) Invite the public to comment on the proposed agreed order.
(d) Revisions. If the department and the potentially liable person agree to substantial changes to the proposed agreed order, the department shall provide additional public notice and opportunity to comment.
(e) Extensions. The department shall publish in the next Site Register the extension of deadlines for designated high priority sites.
(((11))) (12) Enforcement orders. In addition to any other
applicable public participation requirements, the department
shall provide public notice of all enforcement orders. Except in
the case of emergencies, notice shall be mailed no later than
three days after the date of the issuance of the order. In
emergencies, notice shall be mailed no later than ten days after
the issuance of the order.
(a) Contents of notice. All notices shall briefly:
(i) Identify and generally describe the facility;
(ii) Identify the person(s) who are parties to the order;
(iii) Generally describe the terms of the proposed order, including substantive permit requirements and institutional controls; and
(iv) Invite the public to comment on the proposed order.
(b) The department may amend the order on the basis of public comments. The department shall provide additional public notice and opportunity to comment if the order is substantially changed.
(((12) State)) (13) Remedial investigation/feasibility
study. In addition to any other applicable public participation
requirements, the following shall be required during a ((state))
remedial investigation/feasibility study.
(a) Scoping. When the department elects to perform a
((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study, the
department shall provide public notice and an opportunity to
comment on the scope of the ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study ((will be provided)).
(b) Extensions. The department shall publish in the next Site Register the extension of deadlines for designated high priority sites.
(c) Report. The department shall provide or require public
notice of ((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study
reports prepared under WAC 173-340-350. This public notice may
be combined with public notice of the draft cleanup action plan. At a minimum, public notice shall briefly:
(i) Describe the site and ((state)) remedial
investigation/feasibility study results;
(ii) If available, identify the department's ((selected))
proposed cleanup action and provide an explanation for its
selection;
(iii) Invite public comment on the report. The public comment period shall extend for at least thirty days from the date of mailing of the notice.
(((13))) (14) Selection of cleanup actions. In addition to
any other applicable public participation requirements, the
department shall:
(a) Provide a notice of availability of draft or final cleanup action plans and a brief description of the proposed or selected alternative in the Site Register;
(b) Provide public notice of the draft cleanup action plan. A notice of a draft cleanup plan may be combined with notice on
the ((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study. Notice
of a draft cleanup action plan may be combined with notice on a
draft consent decree or on an order. At a minimum, public notice
shall briefly:
(i) Describe the site;
(ii) Identify the department's proposed cleanup action and provide an explanation for its selection;
(iii) Invite public comment on the draft cleanup action
plan. The public comment period shall run for at least thirty
days from the date of ((issuance)) publication of the public
notice.
(((14))) (c) Whenever the cleanup action plan proposes a
restrictive covenant as part of the draft cleanup plan, provide
notice to and seek comments from the city or county department
with land use planning authority for real property subject to the
restrictive covenant. The purpose of this notification is to
solicit comment on whether the proposed restrictive covenant is
consistent with any current or proposed land use plans.
(15) Cleanup action implementation. In addition to any other applicable public participation requirements, the following shall be required during cleanup action implementation.
(a) Public notice and opportunity to comment on any plans prepared under WAC 173-340-400 that represent a substantial change from the cleanup action plan.
(b) When the department conducts a cleanup action, public notice and an opportunity to comment shall be provided on the engineering design report and notice shall be given in the Site Register.
(((15))) (16) Routine cleanup and interim actions. In
addition to any other applicable public participation
requirements, the following will be required for routine cleanup
actions and interim actions.
(a) Public notice shall be provided for any proposed routine
cleanup or interim actions ((under WAC 173-340-130 or
173-340-430)). This public notice shall be combined with public
notice of an order or settlement whenever practicable.
(b) At a minimum, public notice shall briefly:
(i) Describe the site;
(ii) Identify the proposed action, including proposed permit exemptions and institutional controls;
(iii) Identify the likely or planned schedule for the action;
(iv) Reference any planning documents prepared for the action;
(v) Identify department staff who may be contacted for further information; and
(vi) Invite public comment on the routine cleanup or interim action. The public comment period shall extend for at least thirty days from the date of the mailing of notice.
(17) Public participation grants. RCW 70.105D.070(4) requires funds be allocated for public participation grants to persons, including groups who may be adversely affected by a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. Persons interested in applying for such grants are encouraged to contact the department to learn about available funding, grant application procedures and deadlines. See chapter 173-321 WAC for additional information on public participation grants.
(18) Technical assistance. There is created within the department a citizen technical advisor office to provide independent technical assistance to citizens concerning the Model Toxics Control Act and remedial actions occurring under the act. This office will be established upon the effective date of this rule revision and continue for three years. Before the end of the three-year period, the department will work with citizen and business representatives to evaluate the effectiveness of this office and to determine whether the office should continue. The costs of this office shall be recovered by the department as provided for in WAC 173-340-550.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-600, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) The department shall establish regional citizens' advisory committees as part of a public participation program. The regional citizens' advisory committees are intended to promote meaningful and effective public involvement in the department's remedial action program under chapter 70.105D RCW. The committees will advise the department as to the concerns of citizens locally and regionally regarding the remedial actions within each committee's region, with emphasis on issues that affect the region as a whole, rather than site-specific concerns.
(2) Location. There shall be a regional citizens' advisory committee representing each geographic region of the state served by a regional office of the department.
(3) Membership. At any time, each committee shall have no fewer than five and no more than twelve members. The director shall, no later than July 1, 1990, appoint five members to each committee to represent citizens' interests in the region. These members shall serve three-year terms that may be renewed at the director's discretion. These members should represent citizen interests in the region.
(a) The director may appoint up to seven additional members to represent communities that may be affected by the remedial actions within each region. These members shall serve two-year terms that may be renewed at the director's discretion.
(b) At no time shall more than twenty-five percent of the membership of any committee consist of persons who are elected or appointed public officials or their representatives.
(c) The department shall advise the public as to whether any vacancies exist on the committees, and shall accept applications from interested citizens.
(d) The following persons shall not be eligible to serve on any committee:
(i) Persons whom the department has found are potentially liable persons under WAC 173-340-500 with regard to any facility that is currently the subject of department investigative, remedial or enforcement actions, not including compliance monitoring;
(ii) Agents or employees of such potentially liable persons as described in (d)(i) of this subsection; and
(iii) Agents or employees of the department.
(e) A member shall refrain from participating in a committee matter if that member for any reason cannot act fairly and in the public interest with regard to that matter.
(f) The director may dismiss a member for cause in accordance with the terms of the regional citizens' advisory committee charter.
(4) Meetings. The committees shall meet at least twice a year at the regional offices or elsewhere as agreed upon by a committee and the department. Appropriate department staff may attend these meetings. The department shall brief the committees on the program's major planned and ongoing activities for the year.
(a) The department and the committees may agree to additional meetings.
(b) Each committee will designate one of its members to serve as chair. The committee chairs shall meet every year with the program manager or his/her designee.
(c) All committee meetings shall be open to the public. The department shall inform the public of committee meetings.
(5) Resources ((to be)) allocated to the committees.
(a) The department shall determine, after consulting with the committees, the amount of staff time and other department resources that shall be available to the committees for each biennium.
(b) The department shall designate staff to work with the committees.
(c) Members shall be reimbursed for travel expenses (as provided for in chapter 43.03 RCW) for any meetings approved by the department.
(6) Responsibilities. The committees are directed to:
(a) Meet at least twice annually;
(b) Inform citizens within each region as to the existence of the committees and their availability as a resource;
(c) Review the department's biennial program priorities, and advise the department of citizen concerns regarding the program priorities;
(d) Advise the department ((on a timely basis of citizen
concerns regarding investigative or remedial activities within
each region, and where possible, suggest ways in which the
department can address those concerns)) of community concerns
about the cleanup program's activities and develop proposals for
addressing these concerns. Committees may use issues at specific
sites as a foundation for understanding regional issues;
(e) Annually prepare a brief report to the department describing:
(i) Major citizen concerns that have been brought to the committee's attention during the past year;
(ii) Any committee proposals or recommendations to address these concerns;
(iii) The committee's plans for the coming year; and
(iv) Any other information or issues which the committee believes appropriate for inclusion.
(((7))) (f) The committees are encouraged to work with the
department and the public to develop additional committee goals
or responsibilities.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-610, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
PART VII--CLEANUP STANDARDS(1) Purpose. This section provides an overview of the methods for establishing cleanup standards that apply to a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance at a site. If there are any inconsistencies between this section and any specifically referenced section, the referenced section shall govern.
(2) ((Cleanup standards versus selection of cleanup
actions.)) Explanation of term "cleanup level." A cleanup level
is the concentration of a hazardous substance in soil, water, air
or sediment that is determined to be protective of human health
and the environment under specified exposure conditions. Cleanup
levels, in combination with points of compliance, typically
define the area or volume of soil, water, air or sediment at a
site that must be addressed by the cleanup action.
(3) Explanation of term "cleanup standards." Cleanup standards consist of the following:
(a) Cleanup levels for hazardous substances present at the site;
(b) The location where these cleanup levels must be met (point of compliance); and
(c) Other regulatory requirements that apply to the site because of the type of action and/or location of the site ("applicable state and federal laws").
(4) Relationship between cleanup standards and cleanup actions.
(a) Cleanup standards are identified for the particular
hazardous substances at a site and the specific areas or
pathways, such as land or water, where humans and the environment
can become exposed to these substances. This part provides
uniform methods state-wide for identifying cleanup standards and
requires that all cleanups under the act meet these standards. The actual degree of cleanup may vary from site to site and will
be determined by the cleanup action alternative selected under
WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-350 through 173-340-390. ((Establishing cleanup standards for individual sites requires
the specification of the following:
(i) Hazardous substance concentrations that protect human health and the environment ("cleanup levels");
(ii) The location on the site where those cleanup levels must be attained ("points of compliance"); and
(iii) Additional regulatory requirements that apply to a cleanup action because of the type of action and/or the location of the site. These requirements are specified in applicable state and federal laws and are generally established in conjunction with the selection of a specific cleanup action.))
(b) For most sites, there are several cleanup technologies
or combinations of cleanup technologies ("cleanup action
alternatives") that may be used to comply with cleanup standards
at individual sites. Other parts of this rule govern the process
for planning and deciding on the cleanup action to be taken at a
site. ((For example,)) This may include establishing
"remediation levels" or the concentrations of hazardous
substances above which a particular cleanup technology will be
applied. See WAC 173-340-350 (((State remedial investigation and
feasibility study) (RI/FS) specifies the studies that are
prepared to define the nature and extent of contamination ("RI")
and to identify and evaluate cleanup action alternatives ("FS"). WAC 173-340-360 (Selection of cleanup actions) specifies the
criteria for selecting the preferred alternative)) through
173-340-390. WAC 173-340-355 contains detailed information on
establishing remediation levels. WAC 173-340-410 specifies the
monitoring required to ((assure)) ensure that the remedy is
effective.
(c) ((The department recognizes that cleanup actions
selected under WAC 173-340-360 may involve)) Where a cleanup
action involves containment of soils with hazardous substances((.
In these cases)) above cleanup levels, the cleanup action may be
determined to comply with cleanup standards, provided the
compliance monitoring program is designed to ensure the long-term
integrity of the containment system, and the other requirements
for containment ((technologies in WAC 173-340-360(8))) in this
chapter are met.
(((3) Three basic methods for establishing cleanup levels.))
(5) Methods for setting cleanup levels. The first step in
setting cleanup levels is to identify the nature of the
contamination, the potentially contaminated media, the current
and potential pathways of exposure, the current and potential
receptors, and the current and potential land and resource uses.
A conceptual site model may be developed as part of this scoping
process. Cleanup levels may then be established for each media.
Both the conceptual site model and cleanup levels may be refined
as additional information is collected during the remedial
investigation/feasibility study. These rules provide three
approaches for establishing cleanup levels:
(a) Method A: ARARs and Tables. On some sites, the cleanup
action may be routine (WAC ((173-340-130)) 173-340-200) or may
involve relatively few hazardous substances. Under Method A,
cleanup levels ((for hazardous substances are established)) at
these sites are set at concentrations at least as stringent as
concentrations specified in applicable state and federal laws and
Tables ((1, 2, or 3)) 720-1, 740-1, and 745-1 of this chapter.
Method A cleanup levels for hazardous substances not
addressed under applicable state and federal laws or Tables ((1,
2, or 3)) 720-1, 740-1, and 745-1 are established at
concentrations which do not exceed the natural background
concentration or the practical quantitation limit for the
substance in question.
For soil contamination, the Method A cleanup level must not result in any significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of terrestrial ecological receptors. This determination must be made in accordance with the requirements and procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494. Specifically, either an exclusion must be established for the site under WAC 173-340-7491 or a terrestrial ecological evaluation must be conducted under WAC 173-340-7492 or 173-340-7493. If the Method A cleanup level is not protective of terrestrial ecological receptors, then a Method B or Method C soil cleanup level, as appropriate for the site, must be established.
Except where institutional controls are required by WAC 173-340-440(4), site cleanups that achieve Method A cleanup levels may be used without future restrictions on the property due to residual levels of contamination.
(b) Method B: ((Standard)) Universal method. Method B is
the ((standard)) universal method for determining cleanup levels
for ((ground water, surface water, soil, and air)) all media at
all sites. Under Method B, cleanup levels for individual
hazardous substances are established using applicable state and
federal laws ((or)) and the risk equations and other requirements
specified in WAC 173-340-720 through ((173-340-750)) 173-340-760.
Method B is divided into two tiers: Standard and modified. Standard Method B uses generic default assumptions to calculate cleanup levels. Modified Method B provides for the use of chemical-specific or site-specific information to change selected default assumptions, within the limitations allowed in WAC 173-340-708. Modified Method B may be used to establish cleanup levels.
Modified Method B may also be used in a quantitative risk assessment to help assess the protectiveness of a remedy by modifying input parameters as described in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 or by using other modifications that meet the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708. See WAC 173-340-355 and 173-340-357 for more information on remediation levels and quantitative risk assessment.
For individual carcinogens, both standard and modified Method B cleanup levels are based upon the upper bound of the estimated excess lifetime cancer risk of one in one million (1 x 10-6).
For individual noncarcinogenic substances, both standard and
modified Method B cleanup levels are set at concentrations which
are anticipated to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on
human health ((and the environment)) (that is, hazard quotient of
one (1) or less) and no significant adverse effects on the
propagation of aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Where a hazardous waste site involves multiple hazardous
substances and/or multiple pathways of exposure, then standard
and modified Method B cleanup levels for individual substances
must be ((modified)) adjusted downward for additive health
effects in accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-708((. Under this method,)) if the total excess lifetime cancer risk for
a site ((shall not)) exceeds one in one hundred thousand (1 x
10-5) ((and)) or the hazard index for substances with similar
noncarcinogenic toxic effects ((shall not)) exceeds one (1).
For soil contamination, the Method B cleanup level must not result in any significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of terrestrial ecological receptors. This determination must be made in accordance with the requirements and procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494. Specifically, either an exclusion must be established for the site under WAC 173-340-7491 or a terrestrial ecological evaluation must be conducted under WAC 173-340-7492 or 173-340-7493. The terrestrial ecological evaluation may result in a more stringent Method B soil cleanup level for the site than is required to protect human health.
Except where institutional controls are required by WAC 173-340-440(4), site cleanups that achieve Method B cleanup levels may be used without future restrictions on the property due to residual levels of contamination.
(c) Method C: Conditional method. Compliance with cleanup
levels developed under ((the)) Method A or B may be impossible to
achieve or may cause greater environmental harm. In those
situations, Method C cleanup levels for individual hazardous
substances may be established ((on the basis of applicable state
and federal laws and a site-specific risk assessment)) for
surface water, ground water, and air. Method C industrial soil
and air cleanup levels may also be established at industrial
properties ((which)) that meet the criteria in WAC 173-340-745.
Under Method C, cleanup levels for individual hazardous substances are established using applicable state and federal laws and the risk equations and other requirements specified in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760. Method C is divided into two tiers: Standard and modified. Standard Method C uses generic default assumptions to calculate cleanup levels. Modified Method C provides for the use of chemical-specific or site-specific information to change selected default assumptions, within the limitations allowed in WAC 173-340-708. Modified Method C may be used to establish cleanup levels.
Modified Method C may also be used in a quantitative risk assessment to help assess the protectiveness of a remedy by modifying input parameters as described in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 or by using other modifications that meet the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708. See WAC 173-340-355 and 173-340-357 for more information on remediation levels and quantitative risk assessment.
For individual carcinogens, both standard and modified Method C cleanup levels are based upon the upper bound of the estimated lifetime cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
For individual noncarcinogenic substances, both standard and modified Method C cleanup levels are set at concentrations which are anticipated to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on human health (that is, hazard quotient of one (1) or less) and no significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Where a hazardous waste site involves multiple hazardous
substances and/or multiple pathways of exposure, then both
standard and modified Method C cleanup levels for individual
substances must be ((modified)) adjusted downward for additive
health effects in accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-708((. Under this method,)) if the total excess lifetime
cancer risk for a site ((shall not)) exceeds one in one hundred
thousand (1 x 10-5) ((and)) or the hazard index for substances
with similar noncarcinogenic toxic effects ((shall not)) exceeds
one (1).
(((4) Additional)) For soil contamination, the Method C
cleanup level must not result in any significant adverse effects
on the protection and propagation of terrestrial ecological
receptors. This determination must be made in accordance with
the requirements and procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490
through 173-340-7494. Specifically, either an exclusion must be
established for the site under WAC 173-340-7491 or a terrestrial
ecological evaluation must be conducted under WAC 173-340-7492 or
173-340-7493. The terrestrial ecological evaluation may result
in a more stringent Method C soil cleanup level for the site than
is required to protect human health.
Site cleanups establishing Method C cleanup levels must have restrictions placed on the property (institutional controls) to ensure future protection of human health and the environment.
(6) Requirements for setting cleanup levels. Several
requirements apply to cleanups under any of the three ((basic))
methods. Some of these requirements, such as the identification
of applicable state and federal laws, describe analyses used
along with Methods A, B or C in order to set cleanup levels for
particular substances at a site. Others describe the technical
procedures to be used.
(a) Applicable state and federal laws. RCW 70.105D.030 (2)(d) requires the cleanup standards in these rules to be "at least as stringent as all applicable state and federal laws." In addition to establishing minimum requirements for cleanup standards, applicable state and federal laws may also impose certain technical and procedural requirements for performing cleanup actions. These requirements are described in WAC 173-340-710 and are similar to the "ARAR" (applicable, relevant and appropriate requirements) approach of the federal superfund law. Sites that are cleaned up under an order or decree may be exempt from obtaining a permit under certain other laws but they must still meet the substantive requirements of these other laws. (See WAC 173-340-710(9).)
(b) Cross-media contamination. In some situations,
migration of hazardous substances from one medium may cause
contamination in a second media. For example, the release of
hazardous substances in soil may cause ground water
contamination. Under Methods A, B, and C, cleanup levels must be
established at concentrations ((which)) that prevent violations
of cleanup levels for other media ((following implementation of
the cleanup action)).
(c) Risk assessment procedures. The analyses performed
under Methods B and C use several factors for defining cleanup
levels for carcinogens and noncarcinogens. The individual
factors and procedures for modifying these factors based on ((new
scientific)) site-specific information are specified in WAC 173-340-708 and 173-340-720 through 173-340-750. WAC 173-340-708
also provides rules for use of indicator hazardous substances.
The standards for review of new scientific information are
described in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(d) Natural background and analytical considerations. ((Cleanup levels shall not exceed concentrations established
under methods A, B, or C except where the natural background
concentration is greater than the cleanup level established under
those methods. In such)) In some cases, cleanup levels
calculated using the methods specified in this chapter are less
than natural background levels or levels that can be reliably
measured. In those situations, the cleanup level shall be
established at a concentration equal to the practical
quantitation limit or natural background concentration, whichever
is higher. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional
information.
(((5) Threshold criteria for all cleanup actions. WAC 173-340-360 specifies that all cleanup actions conducted under
this chapter shall protect human health and the environment,
comply with cleanup standards and applicable state and federal
laws, and provide for compliance monitoring. These are the
threshold criteria and all cleanup actions must meet these
criteria regardless of other factors such as cost or technical
limitations.
(6) Measuring compliance.)) (7) Procedures for demonstrating
compliance with cleanup standards. Setting cleanup standards
also involves being able to demonstrate that they have been met. This involves specifying where on the site the cleanup levels
must be met ("points of compliance"), how long it takes for a
site to meet cleanup levels ("restoration time frame"), and
conducting sufficient monitoring to demonstrate that the cleanup
standards have been met and will continue to be met in the
future. The provisions for establishing points of compliance are
in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750. The provisions for
establishing restoration time frames are in WAC 173-340-360. The
compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410
specifies precisely how these are measured for each site. ((Where cleanup levels are below the practical quantitation
limit, compliance with cleanup standards will be based upon the
practical quantitation limit.
(7) Administrative principles for cleanup standards.
(a) Remedial actions under this chapter shall be conducted in a manner that is consistent with this section. This section shall be used in combination with WAC 173-340-130, the more specific sections in Part VII of this chapter and WAC 173-340-360.
(b) Establishing cleanup standards and selecting an appropriate cleanup action involves many technical and public policy decisions. This chapter is intended to constrain the range of decisions needed to be made on individual sites to promote expeditious cleanups.
(c) The act contains policies which state, in part, each person has a fundamental and inalienable right to a healthful environment and it is essential that sites be cleaned up well. Consistent with these policies, cleanup standards under this chapter shall be established which provide conservative estimates of human health and environmental risks which protect susceptible individuals as well as the general population.
(d) Cleanup standards under this chapter shall be established which protect human health and the environment for current and potential future site and resource uses.
(e) Cleanup actions that achieve cleanup levels under methods A, B or C (as applicable) and comply with applicable state and federal laws shall be presumed to be protective of human health and the environment.
(f) Except as provided for in applicable state and federal laws, cost shall not be a factor in determining what cleanup level is protective of human health and the environment. In addition, where specifically provided for in this chapter, cost may be appropriate for certain other determinations related to cleanup standards such as point of compliance. Cost shall, however, be considered when selecting an appropriate cleanup action.
(g) At most sites, there is more than one hazardous substance and more than one pathway for hazardous substances to get into the environment. For many sites there is more than one technology that could address each of these. When evaluating cleanup action alternatives it is appropriate to consider a representative range of technologies that could address each of these as well as different combinations of these technologies to accomplish the overall site cleanup.
(h) The cleanup of a particular media of a site will often affect other media at the site. These cross-media impacts shall be considered when establishing cleanup standards and selecting a cleanup action. Cleanup actions conducted under this chapter shall use appropriate engineering controls or other measures to minimize these cross-media impacts.
(i) In general, cleanup levels must be met throughout a site before the site will be considered to be clean. A remedy that leaves hazardous substances on a site in excess of cleanup levels may qualify as a cleanup action as long as the remedy is protective of human health and the environment, meets cleanup levels at specified points of compliance, complies with applicable state and federal laws, provides for adequate monitoring, and incorporates appropriate institutional controls. However, these rules are intended to promote thorough cleanups rather than long-term partial cleanups or containment measures.)) At sites where remediation levels are used, the compliance monitoring plan will also need to describe the performance monitoring to be conducted to demonstrate the remediation levels have been achieved.
(8) Specific procedures for setting cleanup levels at petroleum contaminated sites. In addition to the other requirements in this section, this chapter provides for the following specific procedures to establish cleanup levels at sites where there has been a release of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and hazardous substances associated with a release of TPH.
(a) For soil contamination, the soil cleanup level must not result in any significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of terrestrial ecological receptors. This determination must be made in accordance with the requirements and procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494. Specifically, either an exclusion must be established for the site under WAC 173-340-7491 or a terrestrial ecological evaluation must be conducted under WAC 173-340-7492 or 173-340-7493. The terrestrial ecological evaluation may result in a more stringent soil cleanup level than is required to protect human health. If the Method A cleanup level is not protective of terrestrial ecological receptors, then a Method B or Method C soil cleanup level, as appropriate for the site, must be established.
(b) It is necessary to analyze for and evaluate certain carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hazardous substances that may be associated with a release of TPH. These are identified in Table 830-1. In cases where the cleanup level for one or more of these associated hazardous substances is exceeded but the TPH cleanup level is not, the cleanup level shall be based on the associated hazardous substance.
(i) Method A. Method A may be used to establish cleanup levels for TPH and associated hazardous substances at qualifying sites (see WAC 173-340-704). At these sites, the presence, location and concentration of TPH may be established by using the NWTPH method described under Method 7 (see WAC 173-340-830 (3)(a)(vii)). The NWTPH method is a simplified, and relatively inexpensive, analytical method for evaluating TPH. Method A cleanup levels have been determined for four common petroleum mixtures: Gasoline range organics (GRO), diesel range organics (DRO), heavy oils, and electrical insulating mineral oil, as well as many hazardous substances that may be associated with the TPH. A site owner may decide to use Method A for some substances or media and Method B or C for others, depending upon site conditions and qualifications.
(ii) Method B and Method C tiered approach. This chapter provides for a three-tiered approach for establishing Method B and Method C cleanup levels at sites that involve a release of TPH. These tiers are not required to be approached sequentially (that is, the process may be started at any tier). The tiered process allows one to calculate different cleanup levels for TPH and associated hazardous substances using progressively more complex and site-specific information, and also allows for basing the cleanup levels on the presence or absence of exposure pathways, determined as part of the conceptual site model. In establishing a TPH cleanup level using the tiered process, it is still necessary to comply with other requirements and procedures under WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760.
(A) Conceptual site model. The first step in setting Method B or C cleanup levels for TPH is to identify the nature of the contamination, the potentially contaminated media, the current and potential pathways of exposure, the current and potential receptors, and the current and potential land and resource uses. A conceptual site model should be developed as part of this scoping process.
(B) General description of the three tiers.
(I) Tier 1 consists of the standard Method B and Method C formulas and requirements under WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 for each applicable pathway identified by the conceptual site model, including specific requirements set forth in those sections for petroleum mixtures.
(II) Tier 2 consists of the site-specific use of modified Method B and Method C formulas and requirements under WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-750 for each applicable exposure pathway identified by the conceptual site model; and inclusion and development of additional, site-specific exposure pathways not addressed in Method A or Tier 1. Consideration of current and future site uses may be considered in establishing remediation levels.
(III) Tier 3 consists of the site-specific use of standard or modified Method B and Method C formulas and requirements for each applicable exposure pathway identified by the conceptual site model and the use of new scientific information to establish a cleanup level as provided under WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16). It is considered a more complex evaluation in terms of technical sophistication (such as the use of new fate and transport models), data needs, cost and time. Consideration of current and future site uses may be considered in establishing remediation levels.
(IV) A single tier may be used for all exposure pathways or more than one tier may be used when there are multiple exposure pathways.
(C) Fractionated approach. Method B and Method C cleanup levels for TPH are determined using the fractionated analytical approach for petroleum as described under Method 7 (see WAC 173-340-830 (3)(a)(vii)). This approach divides the TPH mixture into equivalent carbon numbers. Use of the fractionated approach requires testing or knowledge to define product composition as described under subsection (8)(b)(ii)(D) of this section ("Determination of product composition"). For direct contact with contaminated media, cleanup levels are calculated using reference doses that have been determined by the department for each fraction. Cleanup levels can also be calculated based on the measured or predicted ability of the fractions to migrate from one medium to other media. The most conservative of the calculated cleanup levels are to be used, depending on the results of the conceptual site model.
(D) Determination of product composition. Product composition may be determined by analyzing each sample in accordance with the VPH/EPH method described under Method 7 (see WAC 173-340-830 (3)(a)(vii)). Alternatively, product composition may be determined by one of the following methods:
(I) Correlation. Where WTPH or NWTPH methods described in Method 7 are used to collect and analyze the presence, location and concentration of TPH, knowledge of the fraction-specific composition of the petroleum released at the site may be based on analysis and correlation of a portion of the site samples with both the VPH/EPH and WTPH/NWTPH methods.
(II) Retrofitting. Where WTPH or NWTPH methods were used to collect and analyze the presence, location and concentration of TPH before the effective date of this provision, knowledge of the fraction-specific composition of the petroleum released at the site may be based on the fraction-specific composition assumptions used by the department to calculate Method A cleanup levels, which the department shall publish in guidance. If the identity of the petroleum product released at the site is not known, or is a mixture of products, retrofitting under this provision shall be based on the composition that yields the lowest TPH cleanup level.
(E) Consultation with the department. Because of the complexity of the development of site-specific Method B and Method C petroleum cleanup levels using the second or third tiers described above, or the use of correlated or retrofitted data, persons planning on using these methods are encouraged to contact the department to obtain appropriate technical guidance.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-700, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 91-04-019, § 173-340-700, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-700, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. This
section defines the general policies and principles that ((the
department)) shall ((utilize to ensure that cleanup standards
under this chapter are established and implemented in a
scientifically and technically sound manner)) be followed when
establishing and implementing cleanup standards. This section
shall be used in combination with other sections of this chapter.
(2) Policy on expediting cleanups. Establishing cleanup standards and selecting an appropriate cleanup action involves many technical and public policy decisions. This chapter is intended to constrain the range of decisions made on individual sites to promote expeditious cleanups.
(3) Goal for cleanups. The Model Toxics Control Act contains policies that state, in part, each person has a fundamental and inalienable right to a healthful environment and it is essential that sites be cleaned up well. Consistent with these policies, cleanup standards and cleanup actions selected under this chapter shall be established that provide conservative estimates of human health and environmental risks that protect susceptible individuals as well as the general population.
(4) Current and potential site and resource uses. Cleanup standards and cleanup actions selected under this chapter shall be established that protect human health and the environment for current and potential future site and resource uses.
(5) Presumption for cleanup actions. Cleanup actions that achieve cleanup levels at the applicable point of compliance under Methods A, B, or C (as applicable) and comply with applicable state and federal laws shall be presumed to be protective of human health and the environment.
(6) Cost considerations. Except as provided for in applicable state and federal laws, cost shall not be a factor in determining what cleanup level is protective of human health and the environment. In addition, where specifically provided for in this chapter, cost may be appropriate for certain other determinations related to cleanup standards such as point of compliance. Cost shall, however, be considered when selecting an appropriate cleanup action.
(7) Cleanup action alternatives. At most sites, there is more than one hazardous substance and more than one pathway for hazardous substances to get into the environment. For many sites there is more than one method of cleanup (cleanup action component) that could address each of these. When evaluating cleanup action alternatives it is appropriate to consider a representative range of cleanup action components that could address each of these as well as different combinations of these components to accomplish the overall site cleanup.
(8) Cross-media impacts. The cleanup of a particular medium at a site will often affect other media at the site. These cross-media impacts shall be considered when establishing cleanup standards and selecting a cleanup action. Cleanup actions conducted under this chapter shall use appropriate engineering controls or other measures to minimize these cross-media impacts.
(9) Relationship between cleanup levels and cleanup actions. In general, cleanup levels must be met throughout a site before the site will be considered clean. A cleanup action that leaves hazardous substances on a site in excess of cleanup levels may be acceptable as long as the cleanup action complies with WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390. However, these rules are intended to promote thorough cleanups rather than long-term partial cleanups or containment measures.
(((2))) (10) Relationship to federal cleanup law. When
evaluating cleanup actions performed under the federal cleanup
law, the department shall consider WAC 173-340-350, 173-340-355,
173-340-357, 173-340-360 ((and)), 173-340-410, 173-340-420,
173-340-440, 173-340-450, 173-340-700 through 173-340-760, and
173-340-830 to be ((a)) legally applicable requirements under
Section 121(d) of the Federal Cleanup Law.
(((3) Regulation update.)) (11) Reviewing and updating
cleanup standards. The department shall review and, as
appropriate, update WAC 173-340-700 through 173-340-760 ((no less
frequently than)) at least once every five years.
(((4))) (12) Applicability of new cleanup levels.
(a) For cleanup actions conducted by the department, or under an order or decree, the department shall determine the cleanup level that applies to a release based on the rules in effect under this chapter at the time the department issues a final cleanup action plan for that release.
(b) In reviewing the adequacy of independent remedial actions, the department shall determine the cleanup level that applies to a release based on the rules in effect at the time the final cleanup action for that release began or in effect when the department reviews the cleanup action, whichever is less stringent.
(c) A release cleaned up under the cleanup levels determined in (a) or (b) of this subsection shall not be subject to further cleanup action due solely to subsequent amendments to the provisions in this chapter on cleanup levels, unless the department determines, on a case-by-case basis, that the previous cleanup action is no longer sufficiently protective of human health and the environment.
(d) Nothing in this subsection constitutes a settlement or release of liability under the Model Toxics Control Act.
(13) Institutional controls. Institutional controls ((under
WAC 173-340-440)) shall be required whenever ((a cleanup action
results in residual concentrations of hazardous substances which
exceed method A or method B cleanup levels, as applicable, or
conditional points of compliance are approved by the department
under WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760. Institutional
controls shall also be required when cleanup levels are
established under WAC 173-340-745)) any of the circumstances
identified in WAC 173-340-440(4) are present at a site.
(((5))) (14) Burden of proof. Any person responsible for
undertaking a cleanup action under this chapter who proposes to:
(a) Use a reasonable maximum exposure scenario other than the default provided for each medium;
(b) Use assumptions other than the default values provided for in this chapter;
(c) Establish a cleanup level under Method C; or
(d) Use a conditional point of compliance, shall have the
burden of demonstrating to the department that requirements in
this ((part)) chapter have been met to ((assure)) ensure
protection of human health and the environment. The department
shall only approve ((cleanup levels under method C or conditional
points of compliance)) of such proposals when it determines that
((that the person undertaking the cleanup actions met)) this
burden of proof is met.
(((6))) (15) New scientific information. The department
shall consider new scientific information when establishing
cleanup levels and remediation levels for individual sites. In
making a determination on how to use this new information, the
department shall, as appropriate, consult with the science
advisory board, the department of health, and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Any proposal to use new
scientific information shall meet the quality of information
requirements in subsection (16) of this section. To minimize
delay in cleanups, any proposal to use new scientific information
should be introduced as early in the cleanup process as possible.
Proposals to use new scientific information may be considered up
to the time of issuance of the final cleanup action plan
governing the cleanup action for a site unless triggered as part
of a periodic review under WAC 173-340-420 or through a reopener
under RCW 70.105D.040 (4)(c).
(16) Criteria for quality of information.
(a) The intent of this subsection is to establish minimum criteria to be considered when evaluating information used by or submitted to the department proposing to modify the default methods or assumptions specified in this chapter or proposing methods or assumptions not specified in this chapter for calculating cleanup levels and remediation levels. This subsection does not establish a burden of proof or alter the burden of proof provided for elsewhere in this chapter.
(b) When deciding whether to approve or require modifications to the default methods or assumptions specified in this chapter for establishing cleanup levels and remediation levels or when deciding whether to approve or require alternative or additional methods or factors, the department shall consider information submitted by all interested persons and the quality of that information. When evaluating the quality of the information the department shall consider the following factors, as appropriate for the type of information submitted:
(i) Whether the information is based on a theory or technique that has widespread acceptance within the relevant scientific community;
(ii) Whether the information was derived using standard testing methods or other widely accepted scientific methods;
(iii) Whether a review of relevant available information, both in support of and not in support of the proposed modification, has been provided along with the rationale explaining the reasons for the proposed modification;
(iv) Whether the assumptions used in applying the information to the facility are valid and would ensure the proposed modification would err on behalf of protection of human health and the environment;
(v) Whether the information adequately addresses populations that are more highly exposed than the population as a whole and are reasonably likely to be present at the site; and
(vi) Whether adequate quality assurance and quality control procedures have been used, any significant anomalies are adequately explained, the limitations of the information are identified, and the known or potential rate of error is acceptable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-702, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Applicability. Method A may be used to establish cleanup levels at the following types of sites:
(a) Sites undergoing routine cleanup actions as defined in
WAC ((173-340-130)) 173-340-200; or
(b) Sites where numerical standards are available in this
chapter or applicable state and federal laws for all indicator
hazardous substances in ((all)) the media ((of concern)) for
which the Method A cleanup level is being used.
(c) In addition, sites using Method A must meet the following conditions:
(i) The site has few hazardous substances; and
(ii) For establishing soil cleanup levels only, the site qualifies under WAC 173-340-7491 for an exclusion from conducting a simplified or site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation, or it can be demonstrated using a terrestrial ecological evaluation under WAC 173-340-7492 or 173-340-7493 that the Method A soil cleanup levels are ecologically protective for the site.
(2) Procedures. Method A cleanup levels shall be established in accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760. Method A cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(a) Concentrations of individual hazardous substances listed
in ((the)) Tables ((in WAC 173-340-720, 173-340-740, or
173-340-745)) 720-1, 740-1, or 745-1 in this chapter;
(b) Concentrations of individual hazardous substances established under applicable state and federal laws; and
(c) For individual hazardous substances deemed indicator hazardous substances for the medium of concern under WAC 173-340-708(2) and not addressed under (a) and (b) of this subsection, concentrations that do not exceed natural background levels or the practical quantitation limit for the substance in question.
(3) More stringent cleanup levels. The department may establish Method A cleanup levels more stringent than those required by subsection (2) of this section, when based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment. Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708.
(4) ((Caution on misusing method A tables. Method A tables
have been developed for specific purposes. They are intended to
provide conservative cleanup levels for sites undergoing routine
cleanup actions or those sites with relatively few hazardous
substances. The tables may not be appropriate for defining
cleanup levels at other sites. For these reasons, the values in
these tables should not automatically be used to define cleanup
levels that must be met for financial, real estate, insurance
coverage or placement, or similar transactions or purposes. Exceedances of the values in these tables do not necessarily
trigger requirements for cleanup action under this chapter.))
Remediation levels. Under Method A, the Method B formulas may be
modified for the purpose of using a human health risk assessment
to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. WAC 173-340-708 (3)
and (10) describe the adjustments that can be made to the Method
B formulas. Also see WAC 173-340-355 and 173-340-357 for more
detailed information on remediation levels and quantitative risk
assessment.
(5) Inconsistencies. If there are any inconsistencies between this section and any specifically referenced sections, the referenced section shall govern.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-704, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Applicability.
Method B is applicable to all sites. It shall be used to develop
cleanup levels unless one or more of the conditions for using
Method A or Method C are demonstrated to exist and the person
conducting the cleanup action elects to ((utilize)) use that
method.
(2) Cleanup levels. Method B consists of two approaches, standard and modified. Standard Method B uses default formulas, assumptions, and procedures to develop cleanup levels. Under modified Method B chemical-specific or site-specific information may be used to change certain assumptions to calculate different cleanup levels. When the term "Method B" is used in this chapter, it means both standard and modified Method B. Method B cleanup levels shall be established in accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760. Method B cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(a) Concentrations of individual hazardous substances established under applicable state and federal laws;
(b) Concentrations ((which)) that are estimated to result in
no adverse effects on the protection and propagation of aquatic
((and terrestrial)) life, and no significant adverse effects on
terrestrial ecological receptors using the procedures specified
in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494;
(c) For hazardous substances for which sufficiently
protective, health-based criteria or standards have not been
established under applicable state and federal laws, those
concentrations which protect human health ((and the environment))
as determined by the following methods:
(i) Concentrations ((which)) that are estimated to result in
no acute or chronic toxic effects on human health as determined
using a hazard quotient of one (1) and the procedures specified
in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760;
(ii) For known or suspected carcinogens, concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to one in one million (1 x 10-6) as determined using the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760; and
(iii) Concentrations ((which)) that eliminate or minimize
the potential for food chain contamination((; and)) as necessary
to protect human health.
(3) More stringent cleanup levels. The department may establish Method B cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required by subsection (2) of this section, when based upon a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment. Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708.
(4) Multiple hazardous substances or pathways.
Concentrations of individual hazardous substances established
under subsections (2) and (3) of this section, including those
based on applicable state and federal laws, shall be adjusted
downward to take into account exposure to multiple hazardous
substances and/or exposure resulting from more than one pathway
of exposure. These adjustments need to be made only if, without
these adjustments, the hazard index would exceed one (1) or the
total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand
(1 x 10-5). These adjustments shall be made in accordance with the
procedures in WAC 173-340-708 (5) and (6). In making these
adjustments, the hazard index shall not exceed one (1) and the
total excess cancer risk shall not exceed one in one hundred
thousand (1 x 10-5). ((These overall limits on the hazard index
and total excess cancer risk shall also apply to sites where
there is exposure to a single hazardous substance by one exposure
pathway, including cleanup levels based on applicable state and
federal laws.))
(5) Adjustments to cleanup levels based on applicable laws. Where a cleanup level is based on an applicable state or federal law, and the level of risk upon which the applicable state and federal law is based exceeds an excess cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a hazard index of one (1), the cleanup level must be adjusted downward so that the total excess cancer risk and hazard index at the site does not exceed the limits established in subsection (4) of this section.
(6) Limitation on adjustments. Cleanup levels determined using Method B, including cleanup levels adjusted under subsections (4) and (5) of this section, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional requirements on practical quantitation limits and natural background.
(7) Remediation levels. Method B formulas may be modified for the purpose of using a human health risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. WAC 173-340-708 (3) and (10) describe the adjustments that can be made to the Method B formulas. Also see WAC 173-340-355 and 173-340-357 for more detailed information on remediation levels and quantitative risk assessment.
(8) Inconsistencies. If there are any inconsistencies between this section and any specifically referenced sections, the referenced section shall govern.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-705, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Applicability.
Method C cleanup levels represent concentrations ((which)) that
are protective of human health and the environment for specified
site uses and conditions. A site (or portion of a site) that
qualifies for a Method C cleanup level for one medium does not
necessarily qualify for a Method C cleanup level in other media. Each medium must be evaluated separately using the criteria
applicable to that medium. Method C cleanup levels may be used
in the following situations:
(a) For surface water, ground water and air, Method C
cleanup levels may be established where the person conducting the
cleanup action can demonstrate that such levels comply with
applicable state and federal laws, that all practicable methods
of treatment are ((utilized)) used, that institutional controls
are implemented in accordance with WAC 173-340-440, and that one
or more of the following conditions exist:
(i) Where Method A or B cleanup levels are below area
background concentrations, Method C cleanup levels may be
established at concentrations that are equal to area background
concentrations, but in no case greater than concentrations
specified in subsection (2) of this section; ((or))
(ii) Where attainment of Method A or B cleanup levels has
the potential for creating a significantly greater overall threat
to human health or the environment than attainment of Method C
cleanup levels established under this chapter, Method C cleanup
levels may be established at concentrations ((which)) that
minimize those overall threats, but in no case greater than
concentrations specified in subsection (2) of this section. Factors that shall be considered in making this determination
include:
(A) Results of a site-specific risk assessment;
(B) Duration of threats;
(C) Reversibility of threats;
(D) Magnitude of threats; and
(E) Nature of affected population.
(iii) Where Method A or B cleanup levels are below technically possible concentrations, Method C cleanup levels may be established at the technically possible concentrations, but in no case greater than levels specified in subsection (2) of this section.
(b) ((For soil cleanup levels only,)) Method C soil cleanup
levels may ((also)) only be established where the person
conducting the cleanup action can demonstrate that the area under
consideration is an industrial property and meets the criteria
for establishing industrial soil cleanup levels under WAC 173-340-745.
(c) Method C air cleanup levels may also be established for facilities qualifying as industrial property under WAC 173-340-745 and for utility vaults and manholes. (See WAC 173-340-750.)
(2) Cleanup levels. Method C consists of two approaches, standard and modified. Standard Method C uses default formulas, assumptions, and procedures to develop cleanup levels. Under modified Method C, chemical-specific or site-specific information may be used to change certain assumptions to calculate different cleanup levels. When the term "Method C" is used in this chapter, it means both standard and modified Method C. Method C cleanup levels shall be established in accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760. Method C cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(a) Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws;
(b) Concentrations ((which)) that are estimated to result in
no significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation
of aquatic ((and terrestrial)) life, and no significant adverse
effects on wildlife using the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494;
(c) For hazardous substances for which sufficiently
protective, health-based criteria or standards have not been
established under applicable state and federal laws, those
concentrations which are protective of human health ((and the
environment)) as determined by the following methods:
(i) Concentrations ((which)) that are estimated to result in
no significant adverse acute or chronic toxic effects on human
health as estimated using a hazard quotient of one (1) and the
procedures defined in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760;
(ii) For known or suspected carcinogens, concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) as determined using the procedures defined in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760; and
(iii) Concentrations ((which)) that eliminate or minimize
the potential for food chain contamination as necessary to
protect human health.
(3) More stringent cleanup levels. The department may establish Method C cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required by subsection (2) of this section when based upon a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment. Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708.
(4) Multiple hazardous substances or pathways.
Concentrations of individual hazardous substances established
under subsections (2) and (3) of this section, including those
based on applicable state and federal laws, shall be adjusted
downward to take into account exposure to multiple hazardous
substances and/or exposure resulting from more than one pathway
of exposure. These adjustments need to be made only if, without
these adjustments, the hazard index would exceed one (1) or the
total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand
(1 x 10-5). These adjustments shall be made in accordance with
WAC 173-340-708 (5) and (6). In making these adjustments, the
hazard index shall not exceed one and the total excess cancer
risk shall not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5). ((These overall limits on the hazard index and total excess
cancer risk shall also apply to sites where there is exposure to
a single hazardous substance by one exposure pathway, including
cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal laws.))
(5) Adjustments to cleanup levels based on applicable laws. When a cleanup level is based on an applicable state or federal law and the level of risk upon which the applicable law is based exceeds an excess cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a hazard index of one (1), the cleanup level must be adjusted downward so that the total excess cancer risk does not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and the hazard index does not exceed one (1) at the site.
(6) Limitation on adjustments. Cleanup levels determined using Method C, including cleanup levels adjusted under subsections (4) and (5) of this section, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional requirements on practical quantitation limits and natural background.
(7) Remediation levels. Method C formulas may be modified for the purpose of using a human health risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. WAC 173-340-708 (3) and (10) describe the adjustments that can be made to the Method C formulas. Also see WAC 173-340-355 and 173-340-357 for more detailed information on remediation levels and quantitative risk assessment.
(8) Inconsistencies. If there are any inconsistencies between this subsection and any specifically referenced sections, the referenced section shall govern.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-706, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 91-04-019, § 173-340-706, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Purpose. This section defines the risk assessment framework
that ((the department will utilize)) shall be used to establish
cleanup levels, and remediation levels using a quantitative risk
assessment, under this chapter. As used in this section, cleanup
levels and remediation levels means the human health risk
assessment component of these levels. This chapter defines
certain default values and methods to be used in calculating
cleanup levels and remediation levels. This section allows
varying from these default values and methods under certain
circumstances. When deciding whether to approve alternate values
and methods the department shall ensure that the use of
alternative values and methods will not significantly delay site
cleanups.
(2) Selection of indicator hazardous substances.
(a) When defining cleanup requirements at a site that is contaminated with a large number of hazardous substances, the department may eliminate from consideration those hazardous substances that contribute a small percentage of the overall threat to human health and the environment. The remaining hazardous substances shall serve as indicator hazardous substances for purposes of defining site cleanup requirements.
(b) If the department considers this approach appropriate for a particular site, the factors evaluated when eliminating individual hazardous substances from further consideration shall include:
(i) The toxicological characteristics of the hazardous substance that influence its ability to adversely affect human health or the environment relative to the concentration of the hazardous substance at the site;
(ii) The chemical and physical characteristics of the hazardous substance which govern its tendency to persist in the environment;
(iii) The chemical and physical characteristics of the hazardous substance which govern its tendency to move into and through environmental media;
(iv) The natural background concentrations of the hazardous substance;
(v) The thoroughness of testing for the hazardous substance at the site;
(vi) The frequency that the hazardous substance has been detected at the site; and
(vii) Degradation by-products of the hazardous substance.
(c) When the department determines that the use of indicator hazardous substances is appropriate for a particular site, it may also require biological testing to address potential toxic effects associated with hazardous substances eliminated from consideration under this subsection.
(3) Reasonable maximum exposure.
(a) Cleanup levels and remediation levels shall be based on estimates of current and future resource uses and reasonable maximum exposures expected to occur under both current and potential future site use conditions, as specified further in this chapter.
(b) The reasonable maximum exposure is defined as the highest exposure that is reasonably expected to occur at a site under current and potential future site use. WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760 define the reasonable maximum exposures for ground water, surface water, soil, and air. These reasonable maximum exposures will apply to most sites where individuals or groups of individuals are or could be exposed to hazardous substances. For example, the reasonable maximum exposure for most ground water is defined as exposure to hazardous substances in drinking water and other domestic uses.
(c) Persons performing cleanup actions under this chapter
may ((utilize)) use the evaluation criteria in WAC 173-340-720
through 173-340-760, where allowed in those sections, to
demonstrate that the reasonable maximum exposure scenarios
specified in those sections are not appropriate for cleanup
levels for a particular site. For example, the criteria in WAC 173-340-720(2) could be used to demonstrate that the reasonable
maximum exposure for ground water beneath a site does not need to
be based on drinking water use. The use of an alternate exposure
scenario shall be documented by the person performing the cleanup
action. Documentation for the use of alternate exposure
scenarios under this provision shall be based on the results of
investigations performed in accordance with WAC 173-340-350.
(d) Persons performing cleanup actions under this chapter may also use alternate reasonable maximum exposure scenarios to help assess the protectiveness to human health of a cleanup action alternative that incorporates remediation levels and uses engineered controls and/or institutional controls to limit exposure to the contamination remaining on the site.
(i) An alternate reasonable maximum exposure scenario shall reflect the highest exposure that is reasonably expected to occur under current and potential future site exposure considering, among other appropriate factors, the potential for institutional controls to fail and the extent of the time period of failure under these scenarios and the land uses at the site.
(ii) Land uses other than residential and industrial, such as agricultural, recreational, and commercial, shall not be used as the basis for a reasonable maximum exposure scenario for the purpose of establishing a cleanup level. However, these land uses may be used as the basis for an alternate reasonable maximum exposure scenario for the purpose of developing a remediation level. For example, if a cap (with appropriate institutional controls) is the proposed cleanup action at a commercial site, the reasonable maximum exposure scenario for assessing the protectiveness of the cap with regard to direct soil contact could be changed from a child living on the site to a construction or maintenance worker and child trespasser scenario.
(iii) The department expects that in evaluating the protectiveness of a remedy, many types of commercial sites may, where appropriate, qualify for alternative exposure scenarios under this provision since contaminated soil at these sites is typically characterized by a cover of buildings, pavement, and landscaped areas. Examples of these types of sites include:
(A) Commercial properties in a location removed from single family homes, duplexes or subdivided individual lots;
(B) Private and public recreational facilities where access to these facilities is physically controlled (e.g., a private golf course to which access is restricted by fencing);
(C) Urban residential sites (e.g., upper-story residential units over ground floor commercial businesses);
(D) Offices, restaurants, and other facilities primarily devoted to support administrative functions of a commercial/industrial nature (e.g., an employee credit union or cafeteria in a large office or industrial complex).
(e) A conceptual site model may be used to identify when individuals or groups of individuals may be exposed to hazardous substances through more than one exposure pathway. For example, a person may be exposed to hazardous substances from a site by drinking contaminated ground water, eating contaminated fish, and breathing contaminated air. At sites where the same individuals or groups of individuals are or could be consistently exposed through more than one pathway, the reasonable maximum exposure shall represent the total exposure through all of those pathways. At such sites, the cleanup levels and remediation levels derived for individual pathways under WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760 and WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390 shall be adjusted downward to take into account multiple exposure pathways.
(4) Cleanup levels for individual hazardous substances. Cleanup levels for individual hazardous substances will generally be based on a combination of requirements in applicable state and federal laws and risk assessment.
(5) Multiple hazardous substances.
(a) Cleanup levels for individual hazardous substances established under Methods B and C and remediation levels shall be adjusted downward to take into account exposure to multiple hazardous substances. This adjustment needs to be made only if, without this adjustment, the hazard index would exceed one (1) or the total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(b) Adverse effects resulting from exposure to two or more
hazardous substances with similar types of toxic response are
assumed to be additive unless scientific evidence is available to
demonstrate otherwise. (((b))) Cancer risks resulting from
exposure to two or more carcinogens are assumed to be additive
unless scientific evidence is available to demonstrate otherwise.
(c) For noncarcinogens, for purposes of establishing cleanup
levels ((for noncarcinogens)) under Methods B and C, and for
remediation levels, the health threats resulting from exposure to
two or more hazardous substances with similar types of toxic
response may be apportioned between those hazardous substances in
any combination as long as the hazard index does not exceed one
(1).
(d) For carcinogens, for purposes of establishing cleanup
levels ((for carcinogens)) under Methods B and C, and for
remediation levels, the cancer risks resulting from exposure to
multiple hazardous substances may be apportioned between
hazardous substances in any combination as long as the total
excess cancer risk does not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1
x 10-5).
(e) The department may require biological testing to assess the potential interactive effects associated with chemical mixtures.
(f) When making adjustments to cleanup levels and remediation levels for multiple hazardous substances, the concentration for individual hazardous substances shall not be adjusted downward to less than the practical quantitation limit or natural background.
(6) Multiple pathways of exposure.
(a) Estimated doses of individual hazardous substances resulting from more than one pathway of exposure are assumed to be additive unless scientific evidence is available to demonstrate otherwise.
(b) Cleanup levels and remediation levels based on one pathway of exposure shall be adjusted downward to take into account exposures from more than one exposure pathway. The number of exposure pathways considered at a given site shall be based on the reasonable maximum exposure scenario as defined in WAC 173-340-708(3). This adjustment needs to be made only if exposure through multiple pathways is likely to occur at a site and, without the adjustment, the hazard index would exceed one (1) or the total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(c) For noncarcinogens, for purposes of establishing cleanup
levels ((for noncarcinogens)) under Methods B and C, and
remediation levels, the health threats associated with exposure
via multiple pathways may be apportioned between exposure
pathways in any combination as long as the hazard index does not
exceed one (1).
(d) For carcinogens, for purposes of establishing cleanup
levels ((for carcinogens)) under Methods B and C, and for
remediation levels, the cancer risks associated with exposure via
multiple pathways may be apportioned between exposure pathways in
any combination as long as the total excess cancer risk does not
exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(e) When making adjustments to cleanup levels and remediation levels for multiple pathways of exposure, the concentration for individual hazardous substances shall not be adjusted downward to less than the practical quantitation limit or natural background.
(7) Reference doses.
(a) The chronic reference dose/reference concentration and the developmental reference dose/reference concentration shall be used to establish cleanup levels and remediation levels under this chapter. Cleanup levels and remediation levels shall be established using the value which results in the most protective concentration.
(b) Inhalation reference doses/reference concentration shall be used in WAC 173-340-750. Where the inhalation reference dose/reference concentration is reported as a concentration in air, that value shall be converted to a corresponding inhaled intake (mg/kg-day) using a human body weight of 70 kg and an inhalation rate of 20 m3/day, and take into account, where available, the respiratory deposition and absorption characteristics of the gases and inhaled particles.
(c) A subchronic reference dose/reference concentration may
be ((utilized)) used to evaluate potential noncarcinogenic
effects resulting from exposure to hazardous substances over
short periods of time. This value may be used in place of the
chronic reference dose/reference concentration where it can be
demonstrated that a particular hazardous substance will degrade
to negligible concentrations during the exposure period.
(d) For purposes of establishing cleanup levels and remediation levels for hazardous substances under this chapter, a reference dose/reference concentration established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and available through the "integrated risk information system" (IRIS) data base shall be used. If a reference dose/reference concentration is not available through the IRIS data base, a reference dose/reference concentration from the U.S. EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Table ("HEAST") database or, if more appropriate, the National Center for Environmental Assessment ("NCEA") shall be used.
(e) If a reference dose/reference concentration is available through IRIS, HEAST, or the NCEA, it shall be used unless the department determines that there is clear and convincing scientific data which demonstrates that the use of this value is inappropriate.
(((e))) (f) If a reference dose/reference concentration for
hazardous substances including petroleum fractions and petroleum
constituents is not available through ((the "integrated risk
information system")) IRIS, HEAST or the NCEA or is demonstrated
to be inappropriate under (((d))) (e) of this subsection, a
reference dose/reference concentration shall be established
((utilizing)) on a case-by-case basis using the methods described
in Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund((.)), Human Health
Evaluation Manual, Part A((.)) (October 1989((.))).
(((f))) (g) In estimating a reference dose/reference
concentration for a hazardous substance under (e) or (f) of this
subsection, the department shall, as appropriate, consult with
the science advisory board, the department of health, and the
United States Environmental Protection Agency and may, as
appropriate, consult with other qualified persons. Scientific
data supporting such a change shall be subject to the
requirements under WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16). Once the
department has established a reference dose/reference
concentration for a hazardous substance under this provision, the
department is not required to consult again for the same
hazardous substance.
(((g))) (h) Where a reference dose/reference concentration
other than those established under (d) or (g) of this subsection
is used to establish a cleanup level or remediation level at
individual sites, the department shall summarize the scientific
rationale for the use of those values in the cleanup action plan.
The department shall provide the opportunity for public review
and comment on this value in accordance with the requirements of
WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-380 and 173-340-600.
(8) Carcinogenic potency factor.
(a) For purposes of establishing cleanup levels and
remediation levels for hazardous substances under this chapter, a
carcinogenic potency factor established by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency and available through the
(("integrated risk information system")) IRIS data base shall be
used. If a carcinogenic potency factor is not available from the
IRIS data base, a carcinogenic potency factor from HEAST or, if
more appropriate, from the NCEA shall be used.
(b) If a carcinogenic potency factor is available from the IRIS, HEAST or the NCEA, it shall be used unless the department determines that there is clear and convincing scientific data which demonstrates that the use of this value is inappropriate.
(((b))) (c) If a carcinogenic potency factor is not
available through ((the "integrated risk information system"))
IRIS, HEAST or the NCEA or is demonstrated to be inappropriate
under (((a))) (b) of this subsection, one of the following
methods shall be ((utilized)) used to establish a carcinogenic
potency factor:
(i) The carcinogenic potency factor may be derived from appropriate human epidemiology data on a case-by-case basis; or
(ii) The carcinogenic potency factor may be derived from animal bioassay data using the following procedures:
(A) All ((carcinogenesis)) carcinogenicity bioassays shall
be reviewed and data of appropriate quality shall be used for
establishing the carcinogenic potency factor.
(B) The linearized multistage extrapolation model shall be
((utilized)) used to estimate the slope of the dose-response
curve unless the department determines that there is clear and
convincing scientific data which demonstrates that the use of an
alternate extrapolation model is more appropriate;
(C) All doses shall be adjusted to give an average daily dose over the study duration; and
(D) An interspecies scaling factor shall be used to take
into account differences between animals and humans. For oral
carcinogenic toxicity values this scaling factor shall be based
on the assumption that milligrams per surface area is an
equivalent dose between species unless the department determines
there is clear and convincing scientific data which demonstrates
that an alternate procedure is more appropriate. The slope of
the dose response curve for the test species shall be multiplied
by this scaling factor in order to obtain the carcinogenic
potency factor, except where such scaling factors are
incorporated into the extrapolation model under (B) of this
subsection. The procedure to derive a human equivalent
concentration of inhaled particles and gases shall take into
account, where available, the respiratory deposition and
absorption characteristics of the gases and inhaled particles.
Where adequate pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies are
available, data from these studies may be ((utilized)) used to
adjust the interspecies scaling factor.
(((c))) (d) When assessing the potential carcinogenic risk
of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDD) and
chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDF) either of the following methods
shall be used unless the department determines that there is
clear and convincing scientific data which demonstrates that the
use of these methods is inappropriate:
(i) The entire mixture is assumed to be as toxic as 2, 3, 7, 8 CDD or 2, 3, 7, 8 CDF, as applicable; or
(ii) The toxicity equivalency factors and methodology described in: EPA. 1989. "Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposure to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 update", USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, D.C., publication number EPA/625/3-89/016.
(e) When assessing the potential carcinogenic risk of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, either of the following methods shall be used unless the department determines that there is clear and convincing scientific data which demonstrates that the use of these methods is inappropriate:
(i) The entire mixture is assumed to be as toxic as benzo(a)pyrene; or
(ii) The toxicity equivalency factors and methodology described in "CalEPA. 1994. Benzo(a)pyrene as a toxic air contaminant. Part B: Health Assessment." Published by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA. When using this methodology, at a minimum, the following compounds shall be analyzed for and included in the calculations: Benzo[a]pyrene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene. The department may require additional compounds from the CalEPA list to be included in the methodology should site testing data or information from other comparable sites or waste types indicate the additional compounds are potentially present at the site. NOTE: Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the CalEPA list are found primarily in air emissions from combustion sources and may not be present in the soil or water at contaminated sites. Users should consult with the department for information on the need to test for these additional compounds.
(f) In estimating a carcinogenic potency factor for a
hazardous substance under (((b))) (c) of this subsection, the
department shall, as appropriate, consult with the science
advisory board, the department of health, and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency and may, as appropriate, consult
with other qualified persons. Scientific data supporting such a
change shall be subject to the requirements under WAC 173-340-702
(14), (15) and (16). Once the department has established a
carcinogenic potency factor for a hazardous substance under this
provision, the department is not required to consult again for
the same hazardous substance.
(((d))) (g) Where a carcinogenic potency factor other than
that established under (a), (d) and (e) of this subsection is
used to establish cleanup levels or remediation levels at
individual sites, the department shall summarize the scientific
rationale for the use of that value in the cleanup action plan. The department shall provide the opportunity for public review
and comment on this value in accordance with the requirements of
WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-380 and 173-340-600.
(9) Bioconcentration factors.
(a) For purposes of establishing cleanup levels and
remediation levels for a hazardous substance under WAC 173-340-730, a bioconcentration factor established by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency and ((utilized)) used to
establish the ambient water quality criterion for that substance
under section 304 of the Clean Water Act shall be used. These
values shall be used unless the department determines that there
is ((clear and convincing)) adequate scientific data which
demonstrates that the use of an alternate value is more
appropriate. If the department determines that a
bioconcentration factor is appropriate for a specific hazardous
substance and no such factor has been established by USEPA, then
other appropriate EPA documents, literature sources or empirical
information may be used to determine a bioconcentration factor.
(b) When ((utilizing)) using a bioconcentration factor other
than that ((utilized)) used to establish the ambient water
quality criterion, the department shall, as appropriate, consult
with the science advisory board, the department of health, and
the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Scientific
data supporting such a value shall be subject to the requirements
under WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16). Once the department
has established a bioconcentration factor for a hazardous
substance under this provision, the department is not required to
consult again for the same hazardous substance.
(c) Where a bioconcentration factor other than that
established under (a) of this subsection is used to establish
cleanup levels or remediation levels at individual sites, the
department shall summarize the scientific rationale for the use
of that factor in the draft cleanup action plan. The department
shall provide the opportunity for public review and comment on
the value in accordance with the requirements of WAC
((173-340-360)) 173-340-380 and 173-340-600.
(10) Exposure parameters.
(a) As a matter of policy, the department has defined in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760 the default values for exposure
parameters to be used when establishing cleanup levels and
remediation levels under this chapter. ((With the exception of
the parameters identified)) Except as provided for in (b) and (c)
of this subsection and in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760,
these ((parameters)) default values shall not be ((modified))
changed for individual hazardous substances or sites ((in a
manner which results in a less stringent cleanup level. The
scientific and technical basis for these parameters shall be
reviewed when updating this chapter under WAC 173-340-704(3).
(b) The department may approve the use of values other than those specified in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760 where there is clear and convincing scientific data which demonstrates that one or more of the following parameters should be modified for an individual hazardous substance or site:
(i) Gastrointestinal absorption rate;
(ii) Inhalation correction factor;
(iii) Bioconcentration factor; or
(iv) Inhalation absorption rate)).
(((c))) (b) Exposure parameters that are primarily a
function of the exposed population characteristics (such as body
weight and lifetime) and those that are primarily a function of
human behavior that cannot be controlled through an engineered or
institutional control (such as: Fish consumption rate; soil
ingestion rate; drinking water ingestion rate; and breathing
rate) are not expected to vary on a site-by-site basis. The
default values for these exposure parameters shall not be changed
when calculating cleanup levels. For remediation levels the
default values for these exposure parameters may only be changed
when an alternate reasonable maximum exposure scenario is used,
as provided for in WAC 173-340-708 (3)(d), that reflects a
different exposed population such as using an adult instead of a
child exposure scenario. Other exposure parameters may be
changed only as follows:
(i) For calculation of cleanup levels, the types of exposure parameters that may be changed are those that are:
(A) Primarily a function of reliably measurable characteristics of the hazardous substance, soil, hydrologic or hydrogeologic conditions at the site; and
(B) Are not dependent on the success of engineered controls or institutional controls for controlling exposure of persons to the hazardous substances at the site.
The default values for these exposure parameters may be changed where there is adequate scientific data to demonstrate that use of an alternative or additional value would be more appropriate for the conditions present at the site. Examples of exposure parameters for which the default values may be changed under this provision are as follows: Contaminant leaching and transport variables (such as the soil organic carbon content, aquifer permeability and soil sorption coefficient); inhalation correction factor; fish bioconcentration factor; soil gastrointestinal absorption fraction; and inhalation absorption percentage.
(ii) For calculation of remediation levels, in addition to the exposure parameters that may be changed under (b)(i) of this subsection, the types of exposure parameters that may be changed from the default values are those where a demonstration can be made that the proposed cleanup action uses engineered controls and/or institutional controls that can be successfully relied on, for the reasonably foreseeable future, to control contaminant mobility and/or exposure to the contamination remaining on the site. In general, exposure parameters that may be changed under this provision are those that define the exposure frequency, exposure duration and exposure time. The default values for these exposure parameters may be changed where there is adequate scientific data to demonstrate that use of an alternative or additional value would be more appropriate for the conditions present at the site. Examples of exposure parameters for which the default value may be changed under this provision are as follows: Infiltration rate; frequency of soil contact; duration of soil exposure; duration of drinking water exposure; duration of air exposure; drinking water fraction; and fish diet fraction.
(c) When the modifications provided for in (b) of this subsection result in significantly higher values for cleanup levels or remediation levels than would be calculated using the default values for exposure parameters, the risk from other potentially relevant pathways of exposure shall be addressed under the procedures provided for in WAC 173-340-720 through 173-340-760. For exposure pathways and parameters for which default values are not specified in this chapter, the framework provided for by this subsection, along with the quality of information requirements in WAC 173-340-702, shall be used to establish appropriate or additional assumptions for these parameters and pathways.
(d) Where the department approves the use of exposure
parameters other than those established under WAC 173-340-720
through 173-340-760 ((are used to establish cleanup levels)) to
establish cleanup levels or remediation levels at individual
sites, the department shall summarize the scientific rationale
for the use of those parameters in the cleanup action plan. The
department shall provide the opportunity for public review and
comment on those values in accordance with the requirements of
WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-380 and 173-340-600. Scientific data
supporting such a change shall be subject to the requirements
under WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(11) ((Methods for defining background concentrations.
(a) Sampling of hazardous substances in background areas may be conducted to distinguish site-related concentration from nonsite related concentrations of hazardous substances or to support the development of a method C cleanup level under the provisions of WAC 173-340-706. For purposes of this chapter, two types of background may be determined, natural background and area background concentrations.
(b) For purposes of defining background concentrations, samples shall be collected from areas that have the same basic characteristics as the medium of concern at the site, have not been influenced by releases from the site and, in the case of natural background concentrations, have not been influenced by releases from other localized human activities.
(c) The statistical method used to evaluate available data shall be appropriate for the distribution of each hazardous substance. If the distribution of the hazardous substance data is inappropriate for statistical methods based on a normal distribution, then the data may be transformed. If the distributions of individual hazardous substances differ, more than one statistical method may be required at a site. In general, appropriate statistical methods include the following:
(i) A tolerance interval procedure in which an interval for each hazardous substance is established from the distribution of background data and the cleanup level of each hazardous substance is compared to the lower tolerance limit; and
(ii) Other statistical methods proposed by the person undertaking the cleanup action and approved by the department.
(d) If a tolerance interval approach is used to evaluate natural background data, the tolerance interval shall have a coverage of ninety-five percent and a tolerance coefficient of ninety-five percent. When determining natural background concentrations, sample size of ten or more background soil samples shall be required. When determining area background concentrations, a sample size of twenty or more soil samples shall be required. The number of samples for other media shall be sufficient to provide a representative measure of background concentrations and shall be determined on a case-by-case basis.
(e) For purposes of estimating background concentrations, values below the method detection limit shall be assigned a value equal to one-half of the method detection limit. Measurements above the method detection limit, but below the practical quantitation limit shall be assigned a value equal to the method detection limit. The department may approve the use of alternate statistical procedures for handling data below the method detection limit or practical quantitation limit. Alternate statistical procedures may include probit analysis and regression analysis.
(12) Significant figures. Risk assessment results shall be presented using one significant figure.)) Probabilistic risk assessment. Probabilistic risk assessment methods may be used under this chapter only on an informational basis for evaluating alternative remedies. Such methods shall not be used to replace cleanup standards and remediation levels derived using deterministic methods under this chapter until the department has adopted rules describing adequate technical protocols and policies for the use of probabilistic risk assessment under this chapter.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-708, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
NEW SECTION
WAC 173-340-709
Methods for defining background
concentrations.
(1) Purpose. Sampling of hazardous substances in background areas may be conducted to distinguish site-related concentration from nonsite related concentrations of hazardous substances or to support the development of a Method C cleanup level under the provisions of WAC 173-340-706. For purposes of this chapter, two types of background may be determined, natural background and area background concentrations, as defined in WAC 173-340-200.
(2) Background concentrations. For purposes of defining background concentrations, samples shall be collected from areas that have the same basic characteristics as the medium of concern at the site, have not been influenced by releases from the site and, in the case of natural background concentrations, have not been influenced by releases from other localized human activities.
(3) Statistical analysis.
(a) The statistical methods used to evaluate data sets shall be appropriate for the distribution of each hazardous substance. More than one statistical method may be required at a site.
(b) Background sampling data shall be assumed to be lognormally distributed unless it can be demonstrated that another distribution is more appropriate.
(c) For lognormally distributed data sets, background shall be defined as the true upper 90th percentile or four times the true 50th percentile, whichever is lower.
(d) For normally distributed data sets, background shall be defined as the true upper 80th percentile or four times the true 50th percentile, whichever is lower.
(e) Other statistical methods may be used if approved by the department.
(4) Sample size. When determining natural background concentrations for soil, a sample size of ten or more background soil samples shall be required. When determining area background concentrations for soil, a sample size of twenty or more soil samples shall be required. The number of samples for other media shall be sufficient to provide a representative measure of background concentrations and shall be determined on a case-by-case basis.
(5) Procedures. For the purposes of estimating background concentrations, the following procedures shall be used for measurements below the practical quantitation limit:
(a) Measurements below the method detection limit shall be assigned a value equal to one-half of the method detection limit.
(b) Measurements above the method detection limit, but below the practical quantitation limit shall be assigned a value equal to the method detection limit.
(c) The department may approve the use of alternate statistical procedures for handling data below the method detection limit or practical quantitation limit.
[]
(1) Applicable state and federal laws.
(((a))) All cleanup actions conducted under this chapter
shall comply with applicable state and federal laws. For
purposes of this chapter, the term "applicable state and federal
laws" shall include legally applicable requirements and those
requirements that the department determines, based on
consideration of the criteria in subsection (((3))) (4) of this
section, are relevant and appropriate requirements.
(((b))) (2) Department determination. The person conducting
a cleanup action shall identify all applicable state and federal
laws. The department shall make the final interpretation on
whether these requirements have been correctly identified and are
legally applicable or relevant and appropriate.
(((2))) (3) Legally applicable requirements. Legally
applicable requirements include those cleanup standards,
standards of control, and other environmental protection
requirements, criteria, or limitations ((promulgated)) adopted
under state or federal law that specifically address a hazardous
substance, cleanup action, location or other circumstances at the
site.
(((3))) (4) Relevant and appropriate requirements. Relevant
and appropriate requirements include those cleanup standards,
standards of control, and other environmental requirements,
criteria, or limitations established under state or federal law
that, while not legally applicable to the hazardous substance,
cleanup action, location, or other circumstance at a site,
address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those
encountered at the site that their use is well suited to the
particular site. WAC 173-340-710 through 173-340-760 identifies
several requirements the department shall consider relevant and
appropriate for establishing cleanup standards. For other
regulatory requirements, the following criteria shall be
evaluated, where pertinent, to determine whether such
requirements are relevant and appropriate for a particular
hazardous substance, remedial action, or site:
(a) Whether the purpose for which the statute or regulations under which the requirement was created is similar to the purpose of the cleanup action;
(b) Whether the media regulated or affected by the requirement is similar to the media contaminated or affected at the site;
(c) Whether the hazardous substance regulated by the requirement is similar to the hazardous substance found at the site;
(d) Whether the entities or interests affected or protected by the requirement are similar to the entities or interests affected by the site;
(e) Whether the actions or activities regulated by the requirement are similar to the cleanup action contemplated at the site;
(f) Whether any variance, waiver, or exemption to the requirements are available for the circumstances of the site;
(g) Whether the type of place regulated is similar to the site;
(h) Whether the type and size of structure or site regulated is similar to the type and size of structure or site affected by the release or contemplated by the cleanup action; and
(i) Whether any consideration of use or potential use of affected resources in the requirement is similar to the use or potential use of the resources affected by the site or contemplated cleanup action.
(((4))) (5) Variances. For purposes of this chapter, a
regulatory variance or waiver provision included in an applicable
state and federal law shall be considered potentially applicable
to interim actions and cleanup actions and the department may
determine that a particular regulatory variance or waiver is
appropriate if the substantive conditions for such a regulatory
variance or waiver are met. In all such cases, interim actions
and cleanup actions shall be protective of human health and the
environment.
(((5))) (6) New requirements. The department shall consider
new applicable state and federal laws as part of the periodic
review under WAC 173-340-420. Cleanup actions shall be evaluated
in light of these new requirements to determine whether the
cleanup action is still protective of human health and the
environment.
(((6))) (7) Selection of cleanup actions. To demonstrate
compliance with WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-350 through
173-340-390, cleanup actions shall comply with all applicable
state and federal laws in addition to the other requirements of
this chapter. The following, which is not a complete list, are
selected applications of specific applicable state and federal
laws to cleanup actions.
(a) Water discharge requirements. Hazardous substances
((which)) that are directly or indirectly released or proposed to
be released to waters of the state shall be provided with all
known, available and reasonable methods of treatment consistent
with the requirements of chapters 90.48 and 90.54 RCW and the
regulations that implement those statutes.
(b) Air emission requirements. Best available control technologies consistent with the requirements of chapter 70.94 RCW and the regulations that implement this statute shall be applied to releases of hazardous substances to the air resulting from cleanup actions at a site.
(c) Solid waste landfill closure requirements. For solid
waste landfills, the solid waste closure requirements in chapter 173-304 WAC shall be minimum requirements for cleanup actions
conducted under this chapter. In addition, when the department
determines that the closure requirements in chapters 173-351 or
173-303 WAC are legally applicable or relevant and appropriate
requirements, the more stringent closure requirements under
((that)) those laws shall also apply to cleanup actions conducted
under this chapter.
(d) Sediment management requirements. Sediment cleanup
actions conducted under this chapter shall comply with the
sediment cleanup standards in chapter 173-204 WAC. In addition,
a ((state)) remedial investigation/feasibility study conducted
under WAC 173-340-350 shall also comply with the cleanup study
plan requirements under chapter 173-204 WAC. The process for
selecting sediment cleanup actions under this chapter shall
comply with the requirements in WAC ((173-340-360)) 173-340-350
through 173-340-390.
(((7))) (8) Interim actions. Interim actions conducted
under this chapter shall comply with legally applicable
requirements. The department may also determine, based on the
criteria in subsection (3) of this section, that other
requirements, criteria, or limitations are relevant and
appropriate for interim actions.
(9) Permits and exemptions.
(a) Independent remedial actions must obtain permits required by other federal, state and local laws.
(b) Under RCW 70.105D.090, remedial actions conducted under a consent decree, order, or agreed order, and the department when it conducts a remedial action are exempt from the procedural requirements of certain laws. This exemption shall not apply if the department determines that the exemption would result in loss of approval from a federal agency necessary for the state to administer any federal law. This exemption applies to the following laws:
(i) Chapter 70.94 RCW;
(ii) Chapter 70.95 RCW;
(iii) Chapter 70.105 RCW;
(iv) Chapter 75.20 RCW;
(v) Chapter 90.48 RCW;
(vi) Chapter 90.58 RCW; and
(vii) Any laws requiring or authorizing local government permits or approvals for the remedial action.
(c) Remedial actions exempt from procedural requirements under (a) and (b) of this subsection still must comply with the substantive requirements of these laws.
(d) The department shall ensure compliance with substantive requirements and provide an opportunity for comment by the public and by the state agencies and local governments that would otherwise implement these laws as follows:
(i) Before proposing any substantive requirements, the department or potentially liable persons, if directed to do so by the department, shall consult with the state agencies and local governments to identify potential permits and to obtain written documentation from the consulted agencies regarding the substantive requirements.
(ii) The permits proposed for exemption and the substantive requirements, to the extent they are known, shall be identified by the department in the order, decree, or if the cleanup is being conducted by the department, in the work plan prepared by the department.
(iii) A public notice of the order, decree or work plan shall be issued in accordance with WAC 173-340-600. The notice shall specifically identify the permits proposed for exemption and seek comment on these exemptions. This notice shall be mailed to the state agencies and local governments that would otherwise implement these permits. This notice shall also be mailed to the same individuals that the state agencies and local government have identified that would normally be mailed notice to if a permit was being issued.
(iv) Substantive requirements, to the extent known and identified by the state agencies and local governments before issuing the order, decree or work plan and those identified by the state agencies and local government during the public comment period shall be incorporated into the order, decree or work plan if approved by the department.
(e) It shall be the continuing obligation of persons conducting remedial actions to determine whether additional permits or approvals or substantive requirements are required. In the event that either the person conducting the remedial action or the department becomes aware of additional permits or approvals or substantive requirements that apply to the remedial action, they shall promptly notify the other party of this knowledge. The department, or the potentially liable person at the department's request, shall consult with the state or local agency on these additional requirements. The department shall make the final determination on the application of any additional substantive requirements at the site.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-710, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) General considerations.
(a) Ground water cleanup levels shall be based on estimates
of the highest beneficial use and the reasonable maximum exposure
expected to occur under both current and potential future site
use conditions. The department has determined that ((for)) at
most sites use of ground water as a source of drinking water is
the beneficial use requiring the highest quality of ground water
and that exposure to hazardous substances ((via)) through
ingestion of drinking water and other domestic uses represents
the reasonable maximum exposure. Unless a site qualifies under
subsection (2) of this section for a different ground water
beneficial use, ground water cleanup levels shall be established
using this presumed exposure scenario and be established in
accordance with subsection (3), (4) or (5) of this section. If
the site qualifies for a different ground water beneficial use,
ground water cleanup levels shall be established under subsection
(6) of this section.
(b) In the event of a release of a hazardous substance at a
site, ((treatment, removal, or containment measures)) a cleanup
action complying with this chapter shall be conducted to
((reduce)) address all areas where the concentration of the
hazardous substance in ground water ((to a concentration
consistent with this use unless the following can be
demonstrated:)) exceeds cleanup levels.
(((i))) (c) Ground water cleanup levels shall be established
at concentrations that do not directly or indirectly cause
violations of surface water, sediments, soil, or air cleanup
standards established under this chapter or other applicable
state and federal laws. A site that qualifies for a Method C
ground water cleanup level under this section does not
necessarily qualify for a Method C cleanup level in other media.
Each medium must be evaluated separately using the criteria
applicable to that medium.
(d) The department may require more stringent cleanup levels than specified in this section where necessary to protect other beneficial uses or otherwise protect human health and the environment. Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708. The following are examples of situations that may require more stringent cleanup levels:
(i) Concentrations that are necessary to protect sensitive subgroups;
(ii) Concentrations that eliminate or minimize the potential for food chain contamination;
(iii) Concentrations that eliminate or minimize the potential for damage to soils or biota in the soils which could impair the use of the soil for agricultural or silvicultural purposes;
(iv) Concentrations that eliminate or minimize the potential for the accumulation of vapors in buildings or other structures to concentrations which pose a threat to human health or the environment; and
(v) Concentrations that protect nearby surface waters.
(2) Potable ground water defined. Ground water shall be classified as potable to protect drinking water beneficial uses unless the following can be demonstrated:
(a) The ground water does not serve as a current source of drinking water;
(((ii))) (b) The ground water is not a potential future
source of drinking water for any of the following reasons:
(((A))) (i) The ground water is present in insufficient
quantity to yield greater than 0.5 gallon per minute on a
sustainable basis to a well constructed in compliance with
chapter 173-160 WAC and in accordance with normal domestic water
well construction practices for the area in which the site is
located;
(((B))) (ii) The ground water contains natural background
concentrations of organic or inorganic constituents ((which))
that make use of the water ((for)) as a drinking water source not
practicable. Ground water containing total dissolved solids at
concentrations greater than 10,000 mg/l shall normally be
considered to have fulfilled this requirement; (NOTE: The total
dissolved solids concentration provided here is an example.
There may be other situations where high natural background
levels also meet this requirement.) or
(((C))) (iii) The ground water is situated at a great depth
or location ((which)) that makes recovery of water for drinking
water purposes technically impossible; and
(((iii))) (c) The department determines it is unlikely that
hazardous substances will be transported from the contaminated
ground water to ground water that is a current or potential
future source of drinking water, as defined in (a)(((ii))) and
(b) of this subsection, at concentrations which exceed ground
water quality criteria published in chapter 173-200 WAC((; or
(iv) More stringent concentrations are necessary to protect human health or the environment)).
(((b))) In making a determination under (((a)(iii) of)) this
((subsection)) provision, the department shall consider
site-specific factors including:
(i) The extent of affected ground water;
(ii) The distance to existing water supply wells;
(iii) The likelihood of interconnection between the contaminated ground water and ground water that is a current or potential future source of drinking water due to well construction practices in the area of the state where the site is located;
(iv) The physical and chemical characteristics of the hazardous substance;
(v) The hydrogeologic characteristics of the site;
(vi) The presence of discontinuities in the affected geologic stratum; and
(vii) The degree of confidence in any predictive modeling performed.
(((c) The department recognizes that there may be sites
where there is an extremely low probability that ground water
classified as potential future source of drinking water under (b)
of this subsection will actually be used for that purpose (i.e.,
the shallow ground waters on Harbor Island). At such sites, the
department may approve ground water cleanup levels that are based
on protecting beneficial uses of adjacent surface water if the
person undertaking the cleanup action can demonstrate all of the
following:
(i) There are known or projected points of entry of the ground water into the surface water;
(ii) The surface water is not classified as a suitable domestic water supply source under chapter 173-201 WAC;
(iii) Ground water flows into surface waters will result in no exceedances of surface water cleanup levels at the point of entry or at any downstream location where it is reasonable to believe that hazardous substances may accumulate;
(iv) The cleanup action includes institutional controls that will prevent the use of contaminated ground water at any point between the source of hazardous substances and the point(s) of entry of the ground water into the surface water; and
(v) The department determines it is unlikely that hazardous substances will be transported from the contaminated ground water to ground water that is a current or potential future source of drinking water, as defined in (b) of this subsection, at concentrations which exceed ground water quality criteria published in chapter 173-200 WAC.
(d) Where more stringent cleanup levels are necessary to protect beneficial uses of ground water other than drinking water, the cleanup level shall be established by the department under methods B or C as appropriate.
(e) Releases of hazardous substances to ground waters of the state shall not directly or indirectly cause violations of surface water, sediments, soil, or air cleanup standards established under this chapter or other applicable state and federal laws.
(2) Method A cleanup levels.
(a) Where the ground water is a current or potential future source of drinking water,)) (d) Even if ground water is classified as a potential future source of drinking water under (b) of this subsection, the department recognizes that there may be sites where there is an extremely low probability that the ground water will be used for that purpose because of the site's proximity to surface water that is not suitable as a domestic water supply. An example of this situation would be shallow ground waters in close proximity to marine waters such as on Harbor Island in Seattle. At such sites, the department may allow ground water to be classified as nonpotable for the purposes of this section if each of the following conditions can be demonstrated. These determinations must be for reasons other than that the ground water or surface water has been contaminated by a release of a hazardous substance at the site.
(i) The conditions specified in (a) and (c) of this subsection are met;
(ii) There are known or projected points of entry of the ground water into the surface water;
(iii) The surface water is not classified as a suitable domestic water supply source under chapter 173-201A WAC; and
(iv) The ground water is sufficiently hydraulically connected to the surface water that the ground water is not practicable to use as a drinking water source.
(3) Method A cleanup levels for potable ground water.
(a) Applicability. Method A ground water cleanup levels may only be used at sites qualifying under WAC 173-340-704(1).
(b) General requirements. Method A cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Concentrations listed in Table ((1:)) 720-1 and
compliance with the corresponding footnotes;
((Table 1
Method A Cleanup Levels - Ground Watera
(( |
CAS Number |
Cleanup Level |
Xylenes. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law and prevention of adverse aesthetic characteristics; and)) |
(A) Maximum contaminant levels established under the Safe
Drinking Water Act and published in 40 C.F.R. 141((, as
amended));
(B) Maximum contaminant level goals for noncarcinogens
established under the Safe Drinking Water Act and published in 40
C.F.R. 141((, as amended));
(C) ((Secondary maximum contaminant levels established under
the Safe Drinking Water Act and published in 40 C.F.R. 143, as
amended; and
(D))) Maximum contaminant levels established by the state
board of health and published in chapter ((248-54 WAC, as
amended)) 246-290 WAC.
(((b) The department may establish method A cleanup levels
more stringent than those required by (a) of this subsection
when, based upon site-specific evaluations, the department
determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health
and the environment.
(c) Cleanup levels to protect beneficial uses of ground water other than drinking water shall be established by the department under methods B or C, as appropriate.
(3))) (iii) For hazardous substances deemed indicator hazardous substances for ground water under WAC 173-340-708(2) and for which there is no value in Table 720-1 or applicable state and federal laws, concentrations that do not exceed natural background or the practical quantitation limit, subject to the limitations in this chapter.
(4) Method B cleanup levels for potable ground water.
(a) Applicability. Method B potable ground water cleanup levels consist of standard and modified cleanup levels determined using the procedures in this subsection. Either standard or modified Method B ground water cleanup levels based on drinking water beneficial uses may be used at any site.
(b) Standard Method B potable ground water cleanup levels.
Where the ground water ((is a current or potential future source
of)) cleanup level is based on a drinking water beneficial use,
standard Method B cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent
as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations
established under applicable state and federal laws, including
the requirements in subsection (((2)(a))) (3)(b)(ii) of this
section;
(ii) Protection of surface water beneficial uses. Concentrations established in accordance with the methods specified in WAC 173-340-730 for protecting surface water beneficial uses, unless it can be demonstrated that the hazardous substances are not likely to reach surface water. This demonstration must be based on factors other than implementation of a cleanup action at the site.
(iii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective, health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations which protect human health as determined by the following methods:
(A) Noncarcinogens. Concentrations ((which)) that are
estimated to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on human
health as determined using ((the following equation and standard
exposure assumptions:)) Equation 720-1.
[Equation 720-1] | ||
Ground water cleanup level = (ug/l) |
RfD x ABW x UCF x HQ DWIR x INH x DWF |
|
Where: | ||
RfD = | Reference dose as specified in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) | |
ABW = | Average body weight during the period of exposure (16 kg) | |
UCF = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 ug/mg) | |
HQ = | Hazard quotient (1) (unitless) | |
DWIR = | Drinking water ingestion rate (1.0 liter/day) | |
INH = | Inhalation correction factor (( |
|
DWF = | Drinking water fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
[Equation 720-2] | ||
Ground water cleanup level = (ug/l) |
RISK x ABW x LIFE x UCF CPF x DWIR x DUR x INH x DWF |
|
Where: | ||
RISK = | Acceptable cancer risk level (1 in 1,000,000) (unitless) | |
ABW = | Average body weight during the period of exposure (70 kg) | |
LIFE = | Lifetime (75 years) | |
UCF = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 ug/mg) | |
CPF = | Carcinogenic potency factor as specified in WAC 173-340-708(8) (kg-day/mg) | |
DWIR = | Drinking water ingestion rate (2.0 liters/day) | |
DUR = | Duration of exposure (30 years) | |
INH = | Inhalation correction factor (( |
|
DWF = | Drinking water fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
(i) Concentrations which are necessary to protect sensitive sub-groups;
(ii) Concentrations which eliminate or minimize the potential for food chain contamination;
(iii) Concentrations which eliminate or minimize the potential for damage to soils or biota in the soils which could impair the use of the soil for agricultural or silvicultural purposes;
(iv) Concentrations which eliminate or minimize the potential for the accumulation of vapors in buildings or other structures to concentrations which pose a threat to human health or the environment; and
(v) Concentrations which protect nearby surface waters. In general, these will be based on attaining surface water cleanup levels in the surface water as close as technically possible to the point or points where the ground water flows into the surface water.
(c) Method B cleanup levels to protect beneficial uses of ground water other than drinking water shall be established by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(4))) (C) Petroleum mixtures. For noncarcinogenic effects of petroleum mixtures, a total petroleum hydrocarbon cleanup level shall be calculated taking into account the additive effects of the petroleum fractions and volatile organic compounds present in the petroleum mixture. Equation 720-3 shall be used for this calculation. Cleanup levels for other noncarcinogens and known or suspected carcinogens within the petroleum mixture shall be calculated using Equations 720-1 and 720-2. See Table 830-1 for the analyses required for various petroleum products to use this method. A total petroleum hydrocarbon cleanup level for petroleum mixtures derived using Equation 720-3 shall be adjusted when necessary so that biological degradation of the petroleum does not result in exceedances of the maximum contaminant levels in chapter 246-290 WAC.
[Equation 720-3]
Place illustration here. |
Where: | |
Cw = | TPH ground water cleanup level (ug/l) |
HI = | Hazard index (1) (unitless) |
DWIR = | Drinking water intake rate (1.0 liter/day) |
DWF = | Drinking water fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight during the exposure period (16 kg) |
UCF = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 ug/mg) |
F(i) = | Fraction by weight of petroleum component (i). (Unitless) (Use site-specific ground water composition data, provided the data is representative of present and future conditions at the site, or use the ground water composition predicted by the four-phase partitioning model under WAC 173-340-747(6)) |
INH(i) = | Inhalation correction fraction for petroleum component (i) (use value of 2 for volatile organic compounds and 1 for all other components [unitless]) |
RfD(i) = | Reference dose of petroleum component (i) as specified in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) |
n = | The number of petroleum components (petroleum fractions plus volatile organic compounds with an RfD) present in the petroleum mixture. (See Table 830-1.) |
(i) The inhalation correction factor is an adjustment factor that takes into account exposure to hazardous substances that are volatilized and inhaled during showering and other domestic activities. When available, hazardous substance-specific information may be used to estimate this factor;
(ii) Where separate toxicity factors (reference doses and carcinogenic potency factors) are available for inhalation and oral exposures, the health hazards associated with the inhalation of hazardous substances in ground water during showering and other domestic activities may be evaluated separately from the health hazards associated with ingestion of drinking water. In these cases, the ground water cleanup level based on ingestion of drinking water shall be modified to take into account multiple exposure pathways in accordance with WAC 173-340-708(6);
(iii) The toxicity equivalency factor procedures described in WAC 173-340-708(8) may be used for assessing the potential carcinogenic risk of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
(iv) Adjustments to the reference dose and cancer potency factor may be made if the requirements in WAC 173-340-708 (7) and (8) are met; and
(v) Modifications incorporating new science as provided for in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(d) Using modified Method B to evaluate ground water remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under (c) of this subsection, other adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357, and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(5) Method C cleanup levels for potable ground water.
(a) ((Method C cleanup levels may be approved by the
department if the person undertaking the cleanup action can
demonstrate that such levels are consistent with applicable state
and federal laws, that all practicable methods of treatment have
been utilized, that institutional controls are implemented in
accordance with WAC 173-340-440, and that one or more of the
conditions in WAC 173-340-706(1) exist.
(b) Where the ground water is a current or potential future source of drinking water as defined in subsection (1)(a) of this section, method C cleanup levels for ground water shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws, including the requirements in subsection (2)(a)(ii) of this section;
(ii) For hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective, health-based standards or criteria have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations that protect human health as determined using the following methods:
(A) Concentrations which are estimated to result in no significant acute or chronic toxic effects on human health and are estimated in accordance with WAC 173-340-720 (3)(a)(ii)(A) except that the average body weight shall be 70 kg and the drinking water intake rate shall be 2 liters/day;
(B) Concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to 1 in 100,000 and are estimated in accordance with WAC 173-340-720 (3)(a)(ii)(B);
(c) The department may establish method C cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required by (b) of this subsection when, based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment. This may include consideration of those factors listed in subsection (3)(b) of this section.
(d) Method C cleanup levels that protect beneficial uses of ground water other than drinking water shall be established by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(5) Multiple hazardous substances/multiple pathways of exposure.)) Applicability. Method C potable ground water cleanup levels consist of standard and modified cleanup levels as described in this subsection.
The department may approve of both standard and modified Method C ground water cleanup levels based on drinking water beneficial uses only at sites qualifying under WAC 173-340-706(1).
(b) Standard Method C potable ground water cleanup levels. Where the ground water cleanup level is based on a drinking water beneficial use and the site qualifies for a Method C ground water cleanup level, the standard Method C cleanup levels for ground water shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws, including the requirements in subsection (3)(b)(ii) of this section;
(ii) Protection of surface water beneficial uses. Concentrations established in accordance with the methods specified in WAC 173-340-730 for protecting surface water beneficial uses, unless it can be demonstrated that the hazardous substances are not likely to reach surface water. This demonstration must be based on factors other than implementation of a cleanup action at the site.
(iii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective, health-based standards or criteria have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations that protect human health as determined using the following methods:
(A) Noncarcinogens. Concentrations that are estimated to result in no significant acute or chronic toxic effects on human health and are estimated using Equation 720-1, except that the average body weight shall be 70 kg and the drinking water intake rate shall be 2 liters/day;
(B) Carcinogens. Concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5), using Equation 720-2;
(C) Petroleum mixtures. Cleanup levels for petroleum mixtures shall be determined as specified in subsection (4)(b)(ii)(C) of this section except that the average body weight shall be 70 kg and the drinking water rate shall be 2 liters/day.
(c) Modified Method C potable ground water cleanup levels. Modified Method C ground water cleanup levels for drinking water beneficial uses are standard Method C ground water cleanup levels modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. The same limitations and adjustments specified for modified Method B in subsection (4)(c) of this section apply to modified Method C ground water cleanup levels.
(d) Using Modified Method C to evaluate ground water remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under (c) of this subsection, other adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357, and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(6) Cleanup levels for nonpotable ground water.
(a) Applicability. Ground water cleanup levels may be established under this subsection only if the contaminated ground water is not classified as potable under subsection (2) of this section.
(b) Requirements. Cleanup levels shall be established in accordance with either of the following:
(i) The methods specified in subsections (3), (4) or (5) of this section, as applicable, for protection of drinking water beneficial uses; or
(ii) A site-specific risk assessment as provided for under (c) of this subsection for protection of other ground water beneficial uses.
(c) Site-specific risk assessment.
(i) Method B site-specific ground water cleanup levels. Where a site-specific risk assessment is used to establish a Method B ground water cleanup level under (b)(ii) of this subsection, the risk assessment shall conform to the requirements in WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708. The risk assessment shall evaluate all potential exposure pathways and ground water uses at the site, including potential impacts to persons engaged in site development or utility construction and maintenance activities. The risk assessment shall demonstrate the following:
(A) The cleanup levels will meet any applicable state and federal laws (drinking water standards are not applicable to these sites);
(B) The cleanup levels will result in no significant acute or chronic toxic effects on human health as demonstrated by not exceeding a hazard quotient of one (1) for individual hazardous substances;
(C) The cleanup levels will result in an upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk that is less than or equal to one in one million (1 x 10-6) for individual hazardous substances;
(D) For organic hazardous substances and petroleum products, the cleanup levels comply with the limitation on free product in subsection (7)(d) of this section;
(E) The cleanup levels will not exceed the surface water cleanup levels derived under WAC 173-340-730 at the ground water point of compliance or exceed the surface water or sediment quality standards at any point downstream, unless it can be demonstrated that the hazardous substances are not likely to reach surface water. This demonstration must be based on factors other than implementation of a cleanup action at the site; and
(F) Where it is demonstrated that hazardous substances are not likely to reach surface water, the use of a ground water cleanup level less stringent than a surface water cleanup level will not pose a threat to surface water through pathways that could result in ground water affected by the site entering surface water (such as use of the water for irrigation or discharges from foundation drains or utility corridors).
(ii) Method C site-specific ground water cleanup levels.
(A) Applicability. The department may approve of a site-specific Method C ground water cleanup level derived under (b)(ii) of this subsection only at sites qualifying under WAC 173-340-706(1).
(B) Requirements. Where a site-specific risk assessment is used to establish a Method C ground water cleanup level under (b)(ii) of this subsection, the site-specific risk assessment shall comply with the requirements in (c)(i) of this subsection except that the level of risk for individual carcinogens shall be one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(iii) Limitations on the use of site-specific risk assessment. If the site-specific risk assessment results in a Method B or Method C ground water cleanup level that exceeds the applicable potable ground water cleanup level derived under (b)(i) of this subsection, then the potable ground water cleanup level shall be used unless the following conditions are met:
(A) All potentially affected property owners, local governments, tribes and water purveyors with jurisdiction in the area potentially affected by the ground water contamination have been mailed a notice of the proposal and provided an opportunity to comment. The notice shall specifically ask for information on existing and planned uses of the ground water. The notice shall be in addition to any notice provided under WAC 173-340-600. In determining whether it is appropriate to use a cleanup level less stringent than the potable ground water cleanup level, the department will give greater weight to information based on an adopted or pending plan or similar preexisting document.
(B) The cleanup action includes institutional controls complying with WAC 173-340-440 that will prevent the use of contaminated ground water for drinking water purposes at any point between the source of hazardous substances and the point(s) of entry of ground water into the surface water.
(7) Adjustments to cleanup levels.
(a) Total site risk adjustments. Ground water cleanup
levels for individual hazardous substances developed in
accordance with subsection((s (3) and)) (4), (5) or (6) of this
section, including those based on applicable state and federal
laws, shall be adjusted downward to take into account exposure to
multiple hazardous substances and/or exposure resulting from more
than one pathway of exposure. These adjustments need to be made
only if, without these adjustments, the hazard index would exceed
one (1) or the total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one
hundred thousand (1 x 10-5). These adjustments shall be made in
accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-708 (5) and (6). In making these adjustments, the hazard index shall not exceed
one (1) and the total excess cancer risk shall not exceed one in
one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(b) ((The overall limits on the hazard index and total
excess cancer risk shall also apply to sites where there is
exposure to a single hazardous substance by one exposure pathway,
including cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal
laws.
(6))) Adjustments to applicable state and federal laws. Where a cleanup level developed under subsection (3), (4), (5), or (6) of this section is based on an applicable state or federal law and the level of risk upon which the standard is based exceeds an excess cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a hazard index of one (1), the cleanup level shall be adjusted downward so that the total excess cancer risk does not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and the hazard index does not exceed one (1) at the site.
(c) Natural background and PQL considerations. Cleanup levels determined under subsection (3), (4), (5), or (6) of this section, including cleanup levels adjusted under subsection (7)(a) and (b) of this section, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background concentrations. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional requirements pertaining to practical quantitation limits and natural background.
(d) Free product limitation. For organic hazardous substances and total petroleum hydrocarbons, the cleanup level determined under subsection (3), (4), (5), or (6) shall not exceed a concentration that would result in free product being present in or on the ground water. Physical observations of ground water at or above the cleanup level, such as the lack of a film, sheen, or discoloration of the ground water or lack of sludge or emulsion in the ground water, may be used to determine compliance with this requirement.
(8) Point of compliance.
(a) Point of compliance defined. For ground water, the
point of compliance is the point or points where the ground water
cleanup levels established under subsection((s (2),)) (3), (4),
((and)) (5), or (6) of this section must be attained for a site
to be in compliance with the cleanup standards. Ground water
cleanup levels shall be attained in all ground waters from the
point of compliance to the outer boundary of the hazardous
substance plume.
(b) Standard point of compliance for all sites. The standard point of compliance shall be established throughout the site from the uppermost level of the saturated zone extending vertically to the lowest most depth which could potentially be affected by the site.
(c) ((Where hazardous substances remain on-site as part of
the cleanup action,)) Conditional point of compliance. Where it
can be demonstrated under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390
that it is not practicable to meet the cleanup level throughout
the site within a reasonable restoration time frame, the
department may approve a conditional point of compliance
((which)) that shall be as close as practicable to the source of
hazardous substances, and except as provided under (d) of this
subsection, not to exceed the property boundary. Where a
conditional point of compliance is proposed, the person
responsible for undertaking the cleanup action shall demonstrate
that all practicable methods of treatment are to be ((utilized))
used in the site cleanup.
(d) ((At sites where the affected ground water flows into
nearby surface water, the cleanup level may be based on
protection of the surface water. At these sites)) Off-property
conditional point of compliance. A conditional point of
compliance shall not exceed the property boundary except in the
three situations described below. In each of these three
situations the person responsible for undertaking the cleanup
action shall demonstrate that, in addition to making the
demonstration required by (c) of this subsection, the following
requirements are met:
(i) Sites abutting surface water. Where the ground water
cleanup level is based on protection of surface water beneficial
uses under subsection (3), (4), (5), or (6) of this section, and
the property containing the source of contamination directly
abuts the surface water, the department may approve a conditional
point of compliance that is located within the surface water as
close as technically possible to the point or points where ground
water flows into the surface water((. Conditional points of
compliance may be approved only if the following requirements are
met)) subject to the following conditions:
(((i))) (A) It has been demonstrated that the contaminated
ground water is entering the surface water and will continue to
enter the surface water even after implementation of the selected
cleanup action;
(B) It has been demonstrated under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390 that it is not practicable to meet the cleanup level at a point within the ground water before entering the surface water, within a reasonable restoration time frame;
(C) Use of a ((dilution)) mixing zone under WAC
((173-201-035)) 173-201A-100 to demonstrate compliance with
surface water cleanup levels shall not be allowed;
(((ii))) (D) Ground water discharges shall be provided with
all known available and reasonable methods of treatment ((prior
to release)) before being released into surface waters;
(((iii))) (E) Ground water discharges shall not result in
violations of sediment quality values published in chapter 173-204 WAC; ((and
(iv))) (F) Ground water and surface water monitoring shall
be ((performed to estimate contaminant flux rates and to
address)) conducted to assess the long-term performance of the
selected cleanup action including potential bioaccumulation
problems resulting from surface water concentrations below method
detection limits((.
(7) Inhalation correction factors.
(a) The inhalation correction factor is an adjustment factor which takes into account exposure to hazardous substances which are volatilized and inhaled during showering and other domestic activities. When available, hazardous substance-specific information shall be used to estimate these values.
(b) Where hazardous substance-specific information is not available, inhalation correction factors shall be one of the following:
(i) For volatile organic hazardous substances, 2; or
(ii) Other hazardous substances, 1.
(c) Where separate toxicity factors (reference doses and carcinogenic potency factors) are available for inhalation and oral exposures, the health hazards associated with the inhalation of hazardous substances in ground water during showering and other domestic activities may be evaluated separately from the health hazards associated with ingestion of drinking water. In these cases, the ground water cleanup level based on ingestion of drinking water shall be modified to take into account multiple exposure pathways in accordance with WAC 173-340-708(6).
(8))); and
(G) Before approving the conditional point of compliance, a notice of the proposal shall be mailed to the natural resource trustees, the Washington state department of natural resources and the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The notice shall be in addition to any notice provided under WAC 173-340-600 and invite comments on the proposal.
(ii) Sites near, but not abutting, surface water. Where the ground water cleanup level is based on protection of surface water beneficial uses under subsection (3), (4), (5), or (6) of this section and the property that is the source of the contamination is located near, but does not directly abut, a surface water body, the department may approve a conditional point of compliance that is located as close as practicable to the source, not to exceed the point or points where the ground water flows into the surface water.
For a conditional point of compliance to be approved under this provision the conditions specified in (d)(i) of this section must be met and the affected property owners between the source of contamination and the surface water body must agree to the use of the conditional point of compliance. Also, if the contamination has not reached the surface water, the conditional point of compliance cannot extend beyond the extent of ground water contamination at the time the department approves the conditional point of compliance.
(iii) Area-wide conditional point of compliance. As part of remedy selection, the department may approve an area-wide conditional point of compliance to address an area-wide ground water contamination problem. The area-wide conditional point(s) of compliance shall be as close as practicable to each source of hazardous substances, not to exceed the extent of ground water contamination at the time the department approves an area-wide conditional point of compliance.
This provision may be applied only at areas that are affected by hazardous substances released from multiple sources that have resulted in commingled plumes of contaminated ground water that are not practicable to address separately. A site may have more than one area-wide conditional point of compliance to address multiple sources and types of contaminants. An area-wide conditional point of compliance may be approved under this provision only if all of the following conditions have been met:
(A) The person conducting the cleanup action has complied with WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390, including a demonstration that it is not practicable to meet a point of compliance throughout the ground water contamination within a reasonable restoration time frame;
(B) A plan has been developed for implementation of the cleanup action, including a description of how any necessary access to the affected properties will be obtained;
(C) If the contaminated ground water is considered to be potable under WAC 173-340-720(2), current developments in the area encompassed by the area-wide conditional point of compliance and any other areas potentially affected by the ground water contamination are served by a public water system that obtains its water from an offsite source and it can be demonstrated that the water system has sufficient capacity to serve future development in these areas. This demonstration may be made by obtaining a written statement to this effect from the water system operator;
(D) All property owners, tribes, local governments, and water purveyors with jurisdiction in the area potentially affected by the ground water contamination, have been mailed a notice of the proposal to establish an area-wide conditional point of compliance and provided an opportunity to comment. The notice shall specifically ask for information on existing and planned uses of the ground water. The notice shall be in addition to any notice provided under WAC 173-340-600. The department will give greater weight to information based on an adopted or pending plan or similar preexisting document. When the department is providing technical assistance under WAC 173-340-515, the department shall also provide notice and an opportunity to comment to the public through the Site Register before issuing a written opinion.
(E) Other conditions as determined by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(e) Monitoring wells and surface water compliance.
(i) The department may require or approve the use of upland monitoring wells located between the surface water and the source of contamination to establish compliance where a conditional point of compliance has been established under subsection (8)(d)(i) or (ii) of this section.
(ii) Where such monitoring wells are used, the department should consider an estimate of natural attenuation between the monitoring well and the point or points where ground water flows into the surface water in evaluating whether compliance has been achieved.
(iii) When evaluating how much, if any, natural attenuation will occur, the department shall consider site-specific factors including:
(A) Whether the ground water could reach the surface water in ways that would not provide for natural attenuation within the ground water flow system (such as short circuiting through high permeability zones, utility corridors or foundation drains); and
(B) Whether changes to the ground water chemistry due to natural attenuation processes would cause an exceedance of surface water or sediment quality standards.
(9) Compliance monitoring.
(a) When ground water cleanup levels have been established
at a site, sampling of the ground water shall be conducted to
determine if compliance with the ground water cleanup levels has
been achieved. Compliance with ground water cleanup levels shall
be determined by ((analyses of)) analysis of ground water samples
representative of the ground water. Surface water analysis,
bioassays or other biomonitoring methods may also be required
where the ground water cleanup level is based on protection of
surface water. Sampling and analytical procedures shall be
defined in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. The sample design shall provide data that are
representative of the site.
(b) Analyses shall be conducted on unfiltered ground water samples, unless it can be demonstrated that a filtered sample provides a more representative measure of ground water quality. Ecology expects that filtering will generally be acceptable for iron and manganese and other naturally occurring inorganic substances where:
(i) A properly constructed monitoring well cannot be sufficiently developed to provide low turbidity water samples;
(ii) Due to the natural background concentration of hazardous substances in the aquifer material, unfiltered samples would not provide a representative measure of ground water quality; and
(iii) Filtering is performed in the field with all
practicable measures taken to avoid exposing the ground water
sample to the ambient air ((prior to)) before filtering.
(((iv) Ecology expects that filtering will generally be
allowed for hazardous substances such as iron and manganese.
(b) Sampling and analytical procedures shall be defined in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. The sample design shall provide data which are representative of the site.))
(c) The data analysis and evaluation procedures used to evaluate compliance with ground water cleanup levels shall be defined in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. These procedures shall meet the following general requirements:
(i) Methods of data analysis shall be consistent with the sampling design;
(ii) When cleanup levels are based on requirements specified
in applicable state and federal laws, the procedures for
evaluating compliance that are specified in those requirements
shall be ((utilized)) used to evaluate compliance with cleanup
levels unless those procedures conflict with the intent of this
section;
(iii) Where procedures for evaluating compliance are not
specified in an applicable state and federal law, statistical
methods used shall be appropriate for the distribution of
sampling data for each hazardous substance. ((If the
distribution of sampling data for a hazardous substance is
inappropriate for statistical methods based on a normal
distribution, then the data may be transformed.)) If the
distributions for hazardous substances differ, more than one
statistical method may be required;
(iv) Compliance with ground water cleanup levels shall be determined for each ground water monitoring well or other monitoring points such as a spring;
(v) The data analysis procedures identified in the compliance monitoring plan shall specify the statistical parameters to be used to determine compliance with ground water cleanup levels.
(A) For ((clean)) cleanup levels based on short-term or
acute toxic effects on human health or the environment, an upper
percentile concentration shall be used to evaluate compliance
with ground water cleanup levels.
(B) For cleanup levels based on chronic or carcinogenic
threats, the true mean concentration shall be used to evaluate
compliance with ground water cleanup levels ((unless there are
large variations in concentrations relative to the mean
concentration or a large percentage of concentrations below the
detection limit;)).
(vi) When active ground water restoration is performed, or containment technologies are used that incorporate active pumping of ground water, compliance with ground water cleanup levels shall be determined when the ground water characteristics at the site are no longer influenced by the cleanup action.
(d) ((Appropriate statistical methods include the following:
(i) A procedure in which a confidence interval for each hazardous substance is established from ground water sampling data and the ground water cleanup level is compared to the upper confidence interval; and)) When data analysis procedures for evaluating compliance are not specified in an applicable state or federal law, the following procedures shall be used:
(i) A confidence interval approach that meets the following requirements:
(A) The upper one-sided ninety-five percent confidence limit on the true mean ground water concentration shall be less than the ground water cleanup level. For lognormally distributed data, the upper one-sided ninety-five percent confidence limit shall be calculated using Land's method; and
(B) Data shall be assumed to be lognormally distributed unless this assumption is rejected by a statistical test. If a lognormal distribution is inappropriate, data shall be assumed to be normally distributed unless this assumption is rejected by a statistical test. The W test, D'Agostino's test, or, censored probability plots, as appropriate for the data, shall be the statistical methods used to determine whether the data is lognormally or normally distributed.
(ii) Evaluations conducted under subsection (10)(c)(v)(A) of this subsection may use a parametric test for percentiles based on tolerance intervals to test the proportion of ground water samples having concentrations less than the ground water cleanup level. When using this method, the true proportion of samples that exceed the ground water cleanup level shall be less than ninety percent. Statistical tests shall be performed with a Type I error level of 0.05; or
(iii) Other statistical methods approved by the department.
(e) ((If a confidence interval approach is used to evaluate
compliance with a ground water cleanup level, the decision rule
is a one-tailed test of the null hypothesis that the true ground
water concentration exceeds the ground water cleanup level. Compliance with a ground water cleanup level shall be determined
using the following criteria:)) All data analysis methods used,
including those specified in state or federal law, must meet the
following requirements:
(i) ((The upper confidence limit on the true ground water
concentration shall be less than the ground water cleanup level. Statistical tests shall be performed at a Type I error level of
0.05;
(ii))) No single sample concentration shall be greater than two times the ground water cleanup level. Higher exceedances to control false positive error rates at five percent may be approved by the department when the cleanup level is based on background concentrations; and
(((iii))) (ii) Less than ten percent of the sample
concentrations shall exceed the ground water cleanup level during
a representative sampling period. Higher exceedances to control
false positive error rates at five percent may be approved by the
department when the cleanup level is based on background
concentrations; and
(f) ((If a method to test the proportion of ground water
samples is used to evaluate compliance with a ground water
cleanup level, compliance shall be determined using the following
criteria:
(i) The true proportion of samples that exceed the ground water cleanup level shall be less than fifty percent. Statistical tests shall be performed with a Type I error level of 0.05; and
(ii) No single sample concentration shall be greater than two times the ground water cleanup level; and
(iii) Less than ten percent of the sample concentrations shall exceed the ground water cleanup level during a representative sampling period.
(g) For purposes of demonstrating)) When using statistical methods to demonstrate compliance with ground water cleanup levels, the following procedures shall be used for measurements below the practical quantitation limit:
(i) Measurements below the method detection limit shall be assigned a value equal to one-half the method detection limit when not more than fifteen percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit.
(ii) Measurements above the method detection limit but below the practical quantitation limit shall be assigned a value equal to the method detection limit when not more than fifteen percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit.
(iii) When between fifteen and fifty percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit and the data are assumed to be lognormally or normally distributed, Cohen's method shall be used to calculate a corrected mean and standard deviation for use in calculating an upper confidence limit on the true mean ground water concentration.
(iv) If more than fifty percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit, the largest value in the data set shall be used in place of an upper confidence limit on the true mean ground water calculation.
(v) If a hazardous substance or petroleum fraction has never been detected in any sample at a site and these substances are not suspected of being present at the site based on site history and other knowledge, that hazardous substance or petroleum fraction may be excluded from the statistical analysis.
(vi) The department may approve alternate statistical
procedures for handling nondetected values or values below the
practical quantitation limit. ((Alternate procedures may include
probit analysis and regression analysis.))
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-720, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 91-04-019, filed 1/28/91,
effective 2/28/91)
WAC 173-340-730
Surface water cleanup standards.
(1) General considerations.
(a) Surface water cleanup levels shall be based on estimates
of the highest beneficial use and the reasonable maximum exposure
expected to occur under both current and potential future site
use conditions. The classification and the highest beneficial
use of a surface water body ((shall be)), determined in
accordance with chapter ((173-201)) 173-201A WAC, ((as amended.))
shall be used to establish the reasonable maximum exposure for
that water body. Surface water cleanup levels shall use this
presumed exposure scenario and shall be established in accordance
with this section.
(b) In the event of a release of a hazardous substance to
surface water from a site, ((treatment, removal, or containment
measures)) a cleanup action that complies with this chapter shall
be conducted to ((reduce the level of hazardous substances in
surface water to concentrations consistent with uses specified
under this section and chapter 173-201 WAC, as amended)) address
all areas of the site where the concentration of the hazardous
substances in the surface water exceeds cleanup levels.
(((b))) (c) Surface water cleanup levels established under
this section apply to those surface waters of the state affected
or potentially affected by releases of hazardous substances from
sites addressed under this chapter. Ecology does not expect that
cleanup standards will be applied to storm water runoff that is
in the process of being conveyed to a treatment system.
(((c) Releases of hazardous substances to)) (d) Surface
water((s of the state)) cleanup levels shall be established at
concentrations that do not directly or indirectly cause
violations of ground water, soil, sediment, or air cleanup
standards established under this chapter or other applicable
state and federal laws. A site that qualifies for a Method C
surface water cleanup level under this section does not
necessarily qualify for a Method C cleanup level in other media.
Each medium must be evaluated separately using the criteria
applicable to that medium.
(e) The department may require more stringent cleanup levels than specified in this section where necessary to protect other beneficial uses or otherwise protect human health and the environment. Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708.
(2) Method A surface water cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method A surface water cleanup levels may only be used at sites that qualify under WAC 173-340-704(1).
(b) General requirements. Method A surface water cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws, including the following requirements:
(((i))) (A) All water quality criteria published in the
water quality standards for surface waters of the state of
Washington, chapter 173-201A WAC, as amended;
(((ii))) (B) Water quality criteria based on the protection
of aquatic organisms (acute and chronic criteria) and human
health published ((pursuant to)) under section 304 of the Clean
Water Act.
(((b) The department may establish method A cleanup levels
that are more stringent than those required under subsection
(2)(a) of this section, when, based on site-specific evaluations,
the department determines that such levels are necessary to
protect human health and the environment.)) (C) National toxics
rule (40 C.F.R. Part 131);
(ii) For surface waters that are classified as suitable for use as a domestic water supply under chapter 173-201A (excluding marine waters), concentrations derived using the methods specified in WAC 173-340-720 for drinking water beneficial uses; and
(iii) For a hazardous substance deemed an indicator hazardous substance for surface water under WAC 173-340-708(2) and for which there is no value in applicable state and federal laws, a concentration that does not exceed the natural background concentration or the practical quantitation limit, subject to the limitations in this chapter.
(3) Method B surface water cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method B surface water cleanup levels consist of standard and modified cleanup levels as described in this subsection. Either standard or modified Method B surface water cleanup levels may be used at any site.
(b) Standard Method B surface water cleanup levels. Standard Method B cleanup levels for surface waters shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws, including the following requirements:
(A) All water quality criteria published in the water
quality standards for surface waters of the state of Washington,
chapter ((173-201)) 173-201A WAC((, as amended; and));
(B) Water quality criteria based on the protection of
aquatic organisms (acute and chronic criteria) and human health
published ((pursuant to)) under section 304 of the Clean Water
Act unless it can be demonstrated that such criteria are not
relevant and appropriate for a specific surface water body or
hazardous substance((.)); and
(C) National toxics rule (40 C.F.R. Part 131);
(ii) Environmental effects. For hazardous substances for
which environmental effects-based concentrations have not been
established under applicable state or federal laws,
concentrations ((which)) that are estimated to result in no
adverse effects on the protection and propagation of wildlife,
fish, and other aquatic life. Whole effluent toxicity testing
using the protocols described in chapter 173-205 WAC may be used
to make this demonstration for fish and aquatic life;
(iii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for
which sufficiently protective, health-based criteria or standards
have not been established under applicable state and federal
laws, those concentrations ((which)) that protect human health as
determined by the following methods:
(A) Noncarcinogens. For surface waters ((which)) that
support or have the potential to support fish or shellfish
populations, concentrations which are ((anticipated)) estimated
to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on human health as
determined using ((the following)) Equation((s and standard
exposure assumptions:)) 730-1.
[Equation 730-1] | ||
Surface water cleanup level = (ug/l) |
RfD x ABW x UCF1 x UCF2 x HQ BCF x FCR x FDF |
|
Where: | ||
RfD = | Reference dose as specified in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) | |
ABW = | Average body weight during the exposure period (70 kg) |
|
UCF1 = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 ug/mg) | |
UCF2 = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 grams/liter) | |
BCF = | (( |
|
FCR = | Fish consumption rate (54 grams/day) | |
FDF = | Fish diet fraction (0.5) (unitless) | |
HQ = | Hazard (( |
[Equation 730-2] | ||
Surface water cleanup level = (ug/l) |
RISK x ABW x LIFE x UCF1 x
UCF2 CPF x BCF x FCR x FDF x DUR |
|
Where: | ||
CPF = | Carcinogenic potency factor as specified in WAC 173-340-708(8) (kg-day/mg) | |
RISK = | Acceptable cancer risk level (1 in 1,000,000) (unitless) | |
ABW = | Average body weight during the exposure period (70 kg) | |
LIFE = | Lifetime (75 years) | |
UCF1 = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 ug/mg) | |
UCF2 = | Unit conversion factor (1,000 grams/liter) | |
BCF = | (( |
|
FCR = | Fish consumption rate (54 grams/day) | |
FDF = | Fish diet fraction (0.5) (unitless) | |
DUR = | Duration of exposure (30 years)(( |
(iv) Drinking water considerations. For surface waters
((which represent a source or potential future source of drinking
water)) that are classified as suitable for use as a domestic
water supply under chapter 173-201A WAC, concentrations ((which
are anticipated to result in no adverse impacts on human health
as established in accordance with)) derived using the methods
specified in WAC 173-340-720(((3))) for drinking water beneficial
uses.
(c) Modified Method B surface water cleanup levels. Modified Method B surface water cleanup levels are standard Method B surface water cleanup levels modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. When making these adjustments, the resultant cleanup levels shall meet applicable state and federal laws and health risk levels required for standard Method B surface water cleanup levels. Changes to exposure assumptions must comply with WAC 173-340-708(10). The following adjustments may be made to the default assumptions in the standard Method B equations to derive modified Method B surface water cleanup levels:
(i) Adjustments to the reference dose and cancer potency factor may be made if the requirements in WAC 173-340-708 (7) and (8) are met;
(ii) Adjustments to the bioconcentration factor may be made if the requirements in WAC 173-340-708(9) are met;
(iii) Where a numeric environmental effects-based water quality standard does not exist, bioassays that use methods other than those specified in chapter 173-205 WAC may be approved by the department to establish concentrations for the protection of fish and other aquatic life;
(iv) The toxicity equivalency factor procedures described in WAC 173-340-708(8) may be used for assessing the potential carcinogenic risk of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and
(v) Modifications incorporating new science as provided for in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(d) Using modified Method B to evaluate surface water remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under subsection (3)(c) of this section, adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357, and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(((b) The department may establish method B cleanup levels
more stringent than those required by subsection (3)(a) of this
section, when, based on site-specific evaluations, the department
determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health
and the environment.))
(4) Method C surface water cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method C surface water cleanup levels
consist of standard and modified cleanup levels as described in
this subsection. Either standard or modified Method C cleanup
levels may be approved by the department if the person
undertaking the cleanup action can demonstrate that such levels
are consistent with applicable state and federal laws, that all
practicable methods of treatment have been ((utilized)) used,
that institutional controls are implemented in accordance with
WAC 173-340-440, and that one or more of the conditions in WAC 173-340-706(1) exist.
(b) Standard Method C surface water cleanup levels. Method C cleanup levels for surface waters shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations
established under applicable state and federal laws, including
the requirements identified in subsection (3)(((a))) (b)(i) of
this section;
(ii) Environmental effects. For hazardous substances for which an environmental effects based concentration has not been established under applicable state or federal laws, those concentrations which are estimated to result in no significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of wildlife, fish and other aquatic life. Whole effluent toxicity testing using the protocols described in chapter 173-205 WAC may be used to make this demonstration for fish and aquatic life;
(iii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for
which sufficiently protective, health-based criteria or standards
have not been established under applicable state and federal
laws, those concentrations which protect human health ((and the
environment)) as determined by the following methods:
(A) Noncarcinogens. For surface waters ((which)) that
support or have the potential to support fish or shellfish
populations, concentrations ((which)) that are estimated to
result in no significant acute or chronic toxic effects on human
health ((or the environment)) and are estimated in accordance
with ((WAC 173-340-730 (3)(a)(iii)(A))) Equation 730-1 except
that the fish diet fraction shall be twenty percent (0.2);
(B) Carcinogens. For surface waters ((which)) that support
or have the potential to support fish or shellfish populations,
concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess
cancer risk is less than or equal to ((1 in 100,000)) one in one
hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and are estimated in accordance with
((WAC 173-340-730 (3)(a)(iii)(B))) Equation 730-2 except that the
fish diet fraction shall be twenty percent (0.2);
(C) Petroleum mixtures. Cleanup levels for petroleum mixtures shall be calculated as specified in subsection (3)(b)(iii)(C) of this section, except that the fish diet fraction shall be twenty percent (0.2); and
(iv) Drinking water considerations. For surface waters
((which represent a source or potential future source of drinking
water)) that are classified as suitable for use as a domestic
water supply under chapter 173-201A WAC, concentrations ((which
are estimated to result in no adverse impacts on human health and
are established in accordance with)) derived using the methods
specified for drinking water beneficial uses in WAC 173-340-720(((4); and
(c) The department may establish method C cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required by (b) of this subsection when, based on site-specific evaluations, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment)).
(c) Modified Method C surface water cleanup levels. Modified Method C surface water cleanup levels are standard Method C surface water cleanup levels modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. The same limitations and adjustments specified for modified Method B in subsection (3)(c) of this section apply to modified Method C surface water cleanup levels.
(d) Using modified Method C to evaluate surface water remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under subsection (4)(c) of this section, adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357, and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(5) ((Multiple hazardous substances/multiple pathways of
exposure.)) Adjustments to cleanup levels.
(a) Total site risk adjustments. Surface water cleanup levels for individual hazardous substances developed in accordance with subsections (3) and (4) of this section, including those based on applicable state and federal laws, shall be adjusted downward to take into account exposure to multiple hazardous substances and/or exposure resulting from more than one pathway of exposure. These adjustments need to be made only if, without these adjustments, the hazard index would exceed one (1) and the total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5). These adjustments shall be made in accordance with the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-708 (5) and (6). In making these adjustments, the hazard index shall not exceed one (1) and the total excess cancer risk shall not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(b) ((These overall limits on the hazard index and total
excess cancer risk shall also apply to sites where there is
exposure to a single hazardous substance by one exposure pathway,
including cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal
laws.)) Adjustments to applicable state and federal laws. Where
a cleanup level developed under subsection (2), (3) or (4) of
this section is based on an applicable state or federal law and
the level of risk upon which the standard is based exceeds an
excess cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a
hazard index of one (1), the cleanup level shall be adjusted
downward so that the total excess cancer risk does not exceed one
in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and the hazard index does not
exceed one (1) at the site.
(c) Natural background and PQL considerations. Cleanup levels determined under subsections (2), (3) and (4) of this section, including cleanup levels adjusted under subsection (5)(a) and (b) of this subsection, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background concentration. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional requirements pertaining to practical quantitation limits and natural background concentrations.
(d) Free product limitation. For organic hazardous substances and petroleum hydrocarbons, the cleanup level shall not exceed a concentration that would result in free product being present in or on the surface water. Physical observations of surface water at or above the cleanup level, such as the lack of a film, sheen, discoloration, sludge or emulsion in the surface water or adjoining shoreline, may be used to determine compliance with this requirement.
(6) Point of compliance.
(a) The point of compliance for the surface water cleanup
levels shall be the point or points at which hazardous substances
are released to surface waters of the state unless the department
has authorized a ((dilution)) mixing zone in accordance with
chapter 173-201A WAC ((173-201-035)).
(b) Where hazardous substances are released to the surface
water as a result of ground water flows, no ((dilution)) mixing
zone shall be allowed to demonstrate compliance with surface
water cleanup levels. See WAC 173-340-720 (((6))) (8)(d) for
additional requirements for sites where contaminated ground water
is flowing into surface water.
(7) Compliance monitoring.
(a) When surface water cleanup levels have been established at a site, sampling of the surface water shall be conducted to determine if compliance with the surface water cleanup levels has been achieved. Sampling and analytical procedures shall be defined in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. The sample design shall provide data which are representative of the site.
(b) The data analysis and evaluation procedures used to evaluate compliance with surface water cleanup levels shall be defined in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410.
(c) Compliance with surface water cleanup standards shall be determined by analyses of unfiltered surface water samples, unless it can be demonstrated that a filtered sample provides a more representative measure of surface water quality.
(d) When surface water cleanup levels are based on
requirements specified in applicable state and federal laws, the
procedures for evaluating compliance that are specified in those
requirements shall be ((utilized)) used to evaluate compliance
with surface water cleanup levels unless ((these)) those
procedures conflict with the intent of this section.
(e) Where procedures for evaluating compliance are not
specified in an applicable state and federal law, compliance with
surface water cleanup levels shall be evaluated using procedures
approved by the department. Where statistical methods are used
to evaluate compliance, the statistical methods ((used to
evaluate compliance with surface water cleanup levels)) shall be
appropriate for the distribution of the hazardous substance
sampling data. If the distribution of the hazardous substance
sampling data is inappropriate for statistical methods based on a
normal distribution, then the data may be transformed. If the
distributions of individual hazardous substances differ, more
than one statistical method may be required.
(f) ((For purposes of demonstrating compliance, measurements
below the method detection limit shall be assigned a value equal
to one-half of the method detection limit. Measurements above
the method detection limit but below the practical quantitation
limit shall generally be assigned a value equal to the method
detection limit. The department may approve alternate
statistical procedures for handling nondetected values or values
below the practical quantitation limit. Alternate statistical
procedures may include probit analysis and regression analysis.
(g))) Sampling and analysis of fish tissue ((or)),
shellfish, or other aquatic organisms and sediments may be
required to supplement water column sampling during compliance
monitoring.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-730, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 94-37, filed 1/26/96,
effective 2/26/96)
WAC 173-340-740
Unrestricted land use soil cleanup
standards.
(1) General considerations.
(a) Presumed exposure scenario soil cleanup levels shall be
based on estimates of the reasonable maximum exposure expected to
occur under both current and future site use conditions. The
department has determined that residential land use is generally
the site use requiring the most protective cleanup levels and
that exposure to hazardous substances under residential land use
conditions represents the reasonable maximum exposure scenario. Unless a site qualifies for use of an industrial soil cleanup
level under WAC 173-340-745, soil cleanup levels ((for this
presumed exposure scenario)) shall use this presumed exposure
scenario and be established in accordance with ((method A or
method B cleanup levels described in subsections (2) and (3) of))
this section.
(b) In the event of a release of a hazardous substance((,
treatment, removal, and/or containment measures shall be
implemented for those soils with hazardous substance
concentrations which exceed soil cleanup levels based on this use
unless the following can be demonstrated:
(i) The property does not serve as a current residential area;
(ii) The property does not have the potential to serve as a future residential area based on the consideration of zoning, statutory and regulatory restrictions, comprehensive plans, historical use, adjacent land uses, and other relevant factors; and
(iii) Appropriate use restrictions are implemented at the property; or
(iv) More stringent concentrations are necessary to protect human health and the environment.
(b) Industrial property soil cleanup levels. Soil cleanup levels for qualifying industrial properties may be established in accordance with the requirements in WAC 173-340-745.
(c) Commercial property soil cleanup levels. For industrial land uses not qualifying under WAC 173-340-745 and commercial land uses, the presumption is that soil cleanup levels shall be established in accordance with residential areas unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is inappropriate.
(i) For a property to qualify under this subsection, it must be clearly demonstrated that:
(A) The property is currently zoned for or otherwise officially designated for industrial/commercial use;
(B) The property is currently used for industrial/commercial purposes or has a history of use for industrial/commercial purposes;
(C) Properties adjacent to and in the general vicinity of the property are used or are designated for use for industrial/commercial purposes; and
(D) The property and properties adjacent to and in the general vicinity are expected to be used for industrial/commercial purposes for the foreseeable future due to site zoning, statutory or regulatory restrictions, comprehensive plans, adjacent land use, and other relevant factors.
(ii) For industrial/commercial land uses qualifying under this subsection, soil cleanup levels shall be established as close as practicable to the method B soil cleanup levels established under subsection (3) of this section and shall be at least as stringent as the method C soil cleanup levels established under subsection (4) of this section. The overall limits on hazard index and total excess cancer risk specified in subsections (3) through (5) of this section shall apply to these sites.
(iii) Institutional controls under WAC 173-340-440 shall be required for industrial/commercial land uses qualifying under this subsection where soil cleanup levels are less stringent than method B soil cleanup levels established under subsection (3) of this section.
(iv) Soil cleanup levels for areas beyond the commercial/industrial property boundary that do not qualify for commercial soil cleanup levels under this subsection (including implementation of institutional controls and a covenant restricting use of the property to commercial or industrial use, as applicable) shall use method A or method B cleanup levels as described in subsections (2) or (3) of this section.
(v) The department expects that only industrial/commercial properties located in the interior portion of a large industrial/commercial area will qualify for other than method A or method B cleanup levels under this subsection.
(d) Other nonresidential properties soil cleanup levels.
(i) Soil cleanup levels for childcare facilities and schools shall be established in accordance with method A or method B cleanup levels as described in subsections (2) and (3) of this section.
(ii) For other nonresidential land uses such as recreational or agricultural uses, soil cleanup levels shall be established on a case-by-case basis.
(A) The overall limits on the hazard index and cancer risk specified in subsections (3) through (5) of this section shall apply to these types of sites.
(B) Soil cleanup levels for these types of sites shall be at least as stringent as method C cleanup levels established under subsection (4) of this section.
(C) Where other than a method A (residential) or method B soil cleanup level is proposed at these properties, the cleanup action shall include appropriate institutional controls implemented in accordance with WAC 173-340-440 to limit potential exposure to residual contamination. This shall include, at a minimum, placement of a covenant on the property restricting use of the property to the land use(s) the cleanup level is based on)) to the soil at a site, a cleanup action complying with this chapter shall be conducted to address all areas where the concentration of hazardous substances in the soil exceeds cleanup levels at the relevant point of compliance.
(((e))) (c) The department may require more stringent soil
cleanup standards than required by this section where, based on a
site-specific evaluation, the department determines that this is
necessary to protect human health and the environment. Any
imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision
shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708. The following
are examples of situations that may require more stringent
cleanup levels.
(i) Concentrations that eliminate or substantially reduce the potential for food chain contamination;
(ii) Concentrations that eliminate or substantially reduce the potential for damage to soils or biota in the soils which could impair the use of soils for agricultural or silvicultural purposes;
(iii) Concentrations necessary to address the potential health risk posed by dust at a site;
(iv) Concentrations necessary to protect the ground water at a particular site;
(v) Concentrations necessary to protect nearby surface waters from hazardous substances in runoff from the site; and
(vi) Concentrations that eliminate or minimize the potential for the accumulation of vapors in buildings or other structures.
(d) Relationship between soil cleanup levels and other
cleanup standards. Soil cleanup levels shall be established at
concentrations ((which)) that do not directly or indirectly cause
violations of ground water, surface water, sediment, or air
cleanup standards established under this chapter or applicable
state and federal laws. A property that qualifies for ((other
than a method A or method B)) a Method C soil cleanup level under
((this subsection)) WAC 173-340-745 does not necessarily qualify
for ((other than a method A or method B)) a Method C cleanup
level in other media. Each medium must be evaluated separately
using the criteria applicable to that medium.
(2) Method A soil cleanup levels for unrestricted land use.
(a) Applicability. Method A soil cleanup levels may only be used at sites qualifying under WAC 173-340-704(1).
(b) General requirements. Method A soil cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Concentrations in ((the following)) Table 740-1 and
compliance with the corresponding footnotes; ((and
Table 2
Method A Cleanup Levels - Soila
(( |
CAS Number |
Cleanup Level |
Arsenic |
7440-38-2 |
20.0 mg/kgb |
a |
Caution on misusing method A tables. Method A tables have been developed for specific purposes. They are intended to provide conservative cleanup levels for sites undergoing routine cleanup actions or those sites with relatively few hazardous substances. The tables may not be appropriate for defining cleanup levels at other sites. For these reasons, the values in these tables should not automatically be used to define cleanup levels that must be met for financial, real estate, insurance coverage or placement, or similar transactions or purposes. Exceedances of the values in these tables do not necessarily trigger requirements for cleanup action under this chapter. |
Xylenes. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water.)) |
(((b))) (iii) For ((sites with additional)) a hazardous
substance((s which are)) that is deemed an indicator hazardous
substance((s)) under WAC 173-340-708(2) and for which there is no
value in Table ((2)) 740-1 or applicable state and federal laws,
((cleanup levels for these additional hazardous substances shall
be established at)) a concentration that does not exceed the
natural background concentration or the practical quantification
limit, subject to the limitations in this chapter.
(((c) The department may establish method A cleanup levels
that are more stringent than those required by subsection (2)(a)
of this section, when based on a site-specific evaluation, the
department determines that such levels are necessary to protect
human health or environment.))
(3) Method B soil cleanup levels for unrestricted land use.
(a) Applicability. Method B soil cleanup levels consist of standard and modified cleanup levels determined using the procedures in this subsection. Either standard or modified Method B soil cleanup levels may be used at any site.
(b) Standard Method B soil cleanup levels. Standard Method B cleanup levels for soils shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws;
(ii) Environmental protection. Concentrations that result in no significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of terrestrial ecological receptors established using the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494.
(iii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective, health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations that protect human health as determined by evaluating the following exposure pathways:
(A) Ground water protection. Concentrations ((which)) that
will not cause contamination of ground water at levels which
exceed ((method B)) ground water cleanup levels established under
WAC 173-340-720 as determined using the ((following criteria:
(A) For individual hazardous substances or mixtures, concentrations that are equal to or less than one hundred times the ground water cleanup level established in accordance with WAC 173-340-720 unless it can be demonstrated that a higher soil concentration is protective of ground water at the site;
(B) For total petroleum hydrocarbons, the person undertaking the cleanup may elect to make this demonstration on the basis of data on individual hazardous substances that comprise the total petroleum hydrocarbons.
(iii) For those hazardous substances for which health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations which protect human health and the environment as determined by the following methods:
(A) Concentrations which are estimated to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on human health via direct contact with contaminated soil and are determined using the following equation and standard exposure assumptions:)) methods described in WAC 173-340-747.
(B) Soil direct contact. Concentrations that, due to direct contact with contaminated soil, are estimated to result in no acute or chronic noncarcinogenic toxic effects on human health using a hazard quotient of one (1) and concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to one in one million (1 x 10-6). Equations and default exposure assumptions found in 740-1 and 740-2 of this section shall be used to calculate the concentration for direct contact with contaminated soil.
(I) Noncarcinogens. For noncarcinogenic toxic effects of hazardous substances due to soil ingestion, concentrations shall be determined using Equation 740-1. For petroleum mixtures and components of such mixtures, see (b)(iii)(B)(III) of this subsection.
[Equation 740-1] | |||||
Soil Cleanup Level (mg/kg) |
= | RfD x ABW x UCF2 x HQ SIR x AB1 x (( |
|||
Where: | |||||
RfD | = | Reference dose as defined in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) |
|||
ABW | = | Average body weight over the period of exposure (16 kg) | |||
UCF2 | = | Unit(( |
|||
SIR | = | Soil ingestion rate (200 mg/day) | |||
AB1 | = | Gastrointestinal absorption (( |
|||
(( |
= |
Frequency of (( |
|||
HQ | = | Hazard quotient (1)(( |
[Equation 740-2] | |||||
Soil Cleanup Level (mg/kg) |
= | RISK x ABW x LIFE x UCF1 CPF x SIR x AB1 x DUR x (( |
|||
Where: | |||||
RISK | = | Acceptable cancer risk level (1 in 1,000,000) (unitless) | |||
ABW | = | Average body weight over the period of exposure (16 kg) | |||
LIFE | = | Lifetime (75 years) | |||
UCF1 | = | Unit conversion factor (1,000,000 mg/kg) | |||
CPF | = | Carcinogenic potency factor as defined in (kg-day/mg) |
|||
SIR | = | Soil ingestion rate (200 mg/day) | |||
AB1 | = | Gastrointestinal absorption (( |
|||
DUR | = | Duration of exposure (6 years) | |||
(( |
= |
Frequency of (( |
(b) The department may establish method B cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required under (a) of this subsection, when, based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health or environment, including the following:
(i) Concentrations which eliminate or substantially reduce the potential for food chain contamination;
(ii) Concentrations which eliminate or substantially reduce the potential for damage to soils or biota in the soils which could impair the use of soils for agricultural or silvicultural purposes;
(iii) Concentrations which eliminate or substantially reduce the potential for adverse effects on vegetation or wildlife;
(iv) Concentrations more stringent than those in (b) of this subsection where the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect the ground water at a particular site;
(v) Concentrations necessary to protect nearby surface waters from hazardous substances in runoff from the site; and
(vi) Concentrations which eliminate or minimize the potential for the accumulation of vapors in buildings or other structures to concentrations which pose a threat to human health or the environment.
(4) Method C cleanup levels.
(a) Method C soil cleanup levels may be utilized if the person conducting the cleanup action can demonstrate that such levels are consistent with applicable state and federal laws, that all practicable methods of treatment have been utilized, that institutional controls are implemented in accordance with WAC 173-340-440, and that one or more of the conditions in WAC 173-340-706 (1)(a) exist.
(b) Method C cleanup levels for soils shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws;
(ii) Concentrations which will not cause contamination of ground water at levels which exceed ground water cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720 as determined using the following procedures:
(A) For individual hazardous substances or mixtures, concentrations that are equal to or less than one hundred times the ground water cleanup level established in accordance with WAC 173-340-720 unless it can be demonstrated that a higher soil concentration is protective of ground water at the site;
(B) For total petroleum hydrocarbons, the person undertaking the cleanup may elect to make this demonstration on the basis of data on individual hazardous substances that comprise the total petroleum hydrocarbons;
(iii) For those hazardous substances for which health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations which protect human health and the environment as determined by the following methods:
(A) Concentrations which are anticipated to result in no significant acute or chronic toxic effects on human health and estimated in accordance with WAC 173-340-740 (3)(a)(iii)(A) except that the frequency of contact shall be 0.5, the soil ingestion rate shall be 100 milligrams per day, and the average body weight shall be 16 kilograms;
(B) For known or suspected carcinogens, concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to 1 in 100,000 and are estimated in accordance with WAC 173-340-740 (3)(a)(iii)(B) except that the frequency of contact shall be 0.5 and the soil ingestion rate shall be 100 milligrams per day; and
(iv) To assure that unacceptable risks do not result from inhalation of hazardous substances in or released from contaminated soils, soil concentrations which ensure that releases of hazardous substances shall not result in ambient air concentrations which exceed method C cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-750.
(C) The department may establish method C cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required by (a) through (c) of this subsection when, based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment, including consideration of those factors listed in subsection (3)(b) of this section.
(5) Multiple hazardous substances/multiple pathways of exposure.
(a))) (III) Petroleum mixtures. For noncarcinogenic effects of petroleum mixtures, a total petroleum hydrocarbon cleanup level shall be calculated taking into account the additive effects of the petroleum fractions and volatile organic compounds present in the petroleum mixture. Equation 740-3 shall be used for this calculation. This equation takes into account concurrent exposure due to ingestion and dermal contact with petroleum contaminated soils. Cleanup levels for other noncarcinogens and known or suspected carcinogens within the petroleum mixture shall be calculated using Equations 740-4 and 740-5. See Table 830-1 for the analyses required for various petroleum products to use this method.
[Equation 740-3]
Place illustration here. |
Where: |
Csoil = | TPH soil cleanup level (mg/kg) |
HI = | Hazard index (1) (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight (16 kg) |
AT = | Averaging time (6 years) |
EF = | Exposure frequency (1.0) (unitless) |
ED = | Exposure duration (6 years) |
SIR = | Soil ingestion rate (200 mg/day) |
AB1 = | Gastrointestinal absorption fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
F(i) = | Fraction (by weight) of petroleum component (i) (unitless) |
SA = | Dermal surface area (2,200 cm2) |
AF = | Adherence factor (0.2 mg/cm2-day) |
ABS = | Dermal absorption fraction for petroleum component (i) (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.0005 for volatile petroleum components with vapor press > = benzene |
• | 0.03 for volatile petroleum components with vapor press < benzene |
• | 0.1 for other petroleum components |
RfDo(i) = | Oral reference dose of petroleum component (i) as defined in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) |
RfDd(i) = | Dermal reference dose for petroleum component (i) (mg/kg-day) derived by RfDo x GI |
GI = | Gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.8 for volatile petroleum components |
• | 0.5 for other petroleum components |
n = | The number of petroleum components (petroleum fractions plus volatile organic compounds with an RfD) present in the petroleum mixture. (See Table 830-1.) |
(c) Modified Method B soil cleanup levels.
(i) General. Modified Method B soil cleanup levels are standard Method B soil cleanup levels, modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. When making these modifications, the resultant cleanup levels shall meet applicable state and federal laws, meet health risk levels for standard Method B soil cleanup levels, and be demonstrated to be environmentally protective using the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494. Changes to exposure assumptions must comply with WAC 173-340-708(10).
(ii) Allowable modifications. The following modifications can be made to the default assumptions in the standard Method B equations to derive modified Method B soil cleanup levels:
(A) For the protection of ground water, see WAC 173-340-747;
(B) For soil ingestion, the gastrointestinal absorption fraction, may be modified if the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15), (16), and 173-340-708(10) are met;
(C) For dermal contact, the adherence factor, dermal absorption fraction and gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor may be modified if the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15), (16), and 173-340-708(10) are met;
(D) Toxicity equivalent factors, as described in WAC 173-340-708(8), may be used for assessing the potential carcinogenic risk of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
(E) The reference dose and cancer potency factor may be modified if the requirements in WAC 173-340-708 (7) and (8) are met; and
(F) Other modifications incorporating new science as provided for in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(iii) Dermal contact. For hazardous substances other than petroleum mixtures, dermal contact with the soil shall be evaluated whenever the proposed changes to Equations 740-1 or 740-2 would result in a significantly higher soil cleanup level than would be calculated without the proposed changes. When conducting this evaluation, the following equations and default exposure assumptions shall be used.
(A) For noncarcinogens use Equation 740-4. This equation takes into account concurrent exposure due to ingestion and dermal contact with soil.
[Equation 740-4]
Place illustration here. |
Where: |
Csoil = | Soil cleanup level (mg/kg) |
HQ = | Hazard quotient (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight (16 kg) |
AT = | Averaging time (6 years) |
EF = | Exposure frequency (1.0) (unitless) |
ED = | Exposure duration (6 years) |
SIR = | Soil ingestion rate (200 mg/day) |
AB1 = | Gastrointestinal absorption fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
SA = | Surface area (2,200 cm2) |
AF = | Adherence factor (0.2 mg/cm2-day) |
ABS = | Dermal absorption fraction (unitless). |
May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: | |
• | 0.01 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.0005 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press > = benzene |
• | 0.03 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press < benzene |
• | 0.1 for other organic hazardous substances |
RfDo = | Oral reference dose as defined in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) |
RfDd = | Dermal reference dose (mg/kg-day) derived by RfDo x GI |
GI = | Gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor (unitless). |
May use chemical specific values or the following defaults: | |
• | 0.2 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.8 for volatile organic compounds |
• | 0.5 for other organic hazardous substances |
[Equation 740-5]
Place illustration here. |
Where: |
Csoil = | Soil cleanup level (mg/kg) |
RISK = | Acceptable cancer risk (1 in 1,000,000) (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight over duration of exposure (16 kg) |
AT = | Averaging time (75 years) |
EF = | Exposure frequency (1.0) (unitless) |
ED = | Exposure duration (6 years) |
SIR = | Soil ingestion rate (200 mg/day) |
AB1 = | Gastrointestinal absorption fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
CPFo = | Oral cancer potency factor as defined in WAC 173-340-708(8) (kg-day/mg) |
CPFd = | Dermal cancer potency factor (kg-day/mg) derived by CPFo/GI |
GI = | Gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor (unitless). |
May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: | |
• | 0.2 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.8 for volatile organic compounds |
• | 0.5 for other organic hazardous substances |
SA = | Surface area (2,200 cm2) |
AF = | Adherence factor (0.2 mg/cm2-day) |
ABS = | Dermal absorption fraction (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.01 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.0005 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press > = benzene |
• | 0.03 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press < benzene |
• | 0.1 for other organic hazardous substances |
(iv) Soil vapors.
(A) Applicability. The soil to vapor pathway shall be evaluated whenever the proposed changes to the standard Method B equations (Equations 740-1, 740-2 and 740-3) or default values would result in a significantly higher soil cleanup level than would be calculated without the proposed changes. The soil to vapor pathway shall also be evaluated whenever one of the methods specified in WAC 173-340-747 (5) through (9) is used to derive a soil concentration that is protective of ground water and that concentration is significantly higher than a concentration derived under the method specified in WAC 173-340-747(4). Evaluation of soil vapors shall also be required under the following specific situations:
(I) For petroleum distillates containing less than eight percent (8%) volatile constituents by weight (such as diesel range organics), the indoor air pathway shall be evaluated whenever soil cleanup levels exceed 10,000 mg/kg within one foot of: The wall of a structure; bottom slab of a structure; or, conduit that could facilitate transport to a structure.
(II) When the soil cleanup level for a volatile hazardous substance is based on protection of ground water for nonpotable use and the ground water cleanup level is established using a site-specific risk assessment under WAC 173-340-720 (6)(c).
(B) Evaluation methods. Soil cleanup levels that are protective of the indoor and ambient air shall be determined on a site-specific basis. Soil cleanup levels may be evaluated as being protective of air pathways using any of the following methods:
(I) Measurements of the soil vapor concentrations, using methods approved by the department, demonstrating vapors in the soil would not exceed air cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-750.
(II) Measurements of ambient air concentrations and/or indoor air vapor concentrations throughout buildings, using methods approved by the department, demonstrating air does not exceed cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-750. Such measurements must be representative of current and future site conditions when vapors are likely to enter and accumulate in structures. Measurement of ambient air may be excluded if it can be shown that indoor air is the most protective point of exposure.
(III) Use of modeling methods approved by the department to demonstrate the air cleanup standards established under WAC 173-340-750 will not be exceeded. When this method is used, the department may require soil vapor and/or air monitoring to be conducted to verify the calculations and compliance with air cleanup standards.
(IV) Other methods as approved by the department demonstrating the air cleanup standards established under WAC 173-340-750 will not be exceeded.
(d) Using modified Method B to evaluate soil remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under subsection (3)(c) of this section, adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357, and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(4) Method C soil cleanup levels. This section does not provide procedures for establishing Method C soil cleanup levels. Except for qualifying industrial properties, Method A and Method B, as described in this section, are the only methods available for establishing soil cleanup levels at sites. See WAC 173-340-745 for use of Method C soil cleanup levels at qualifying industrial properties. See also WAC 173-340-357 and 173-340-708 (3)(d) for how land use may be considered when selecting a cleanup action at a site.
(5) Adjustments to cleanup levels.
(a) Total site risk adjustments. Soil cleanup levels for
individual hazardous substances developed in accordance with
subsection((s)) (3) ((and (4))) of this section, including
cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal laws, shall
be adjusted downward to take into account exposure to multiple
hazardous substances and/or exposure resulting from more than one
pathway of exposure. These adjustments need to be made only if,
without these adjustments, the hazard index would exceed one (1)
or the total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred
thousand (1 x 10-5). These adjustments shall be made in
accordance with the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-708 (5)
and (6). In making these adjustments, the hazard index shall not
exceed one (1) and the total excess cancer risk shall not exceed
one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(b) ((These overall limits on the hazard index and total
excess cancer risk shall also apply to sites where there is
exposure to a single hazardous substance by one exposure pathway,
including cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal
laws.)) Adjustments to applicable state and federal laws. Where
a cleanup level developed under subsection (2) or (3) of this
section is based on an applicable state or federal law and the
level of risk upon which the standard is based exceeds an excess
cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a hazard
index of one (1), the cleanup level must be adjusted downward so
that the total excess cancer risk does not exceed one in one
hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and the hazard index does not exceed
one (1) at the site.
(c) Natural background and PQL considerations. Cleanup levels determined under subsection (2) or (3) of this section, including cleanup levels adjusted under subsection (5)(a) and (b) of this section, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional requirements pertaining to practical quantitation limits and natural background.
(6) Point of compliance.
(a) The point of compliance is the point or points where the
soil cleanup levels established under subsection((s)) (2)((,)) or
(3)((, (4), and (5))) of this section shall be attained.
(b) For soil cleanup levels based on the protection of ground water, the point of compliance shall be established in the soils throughout the site.
(c) For soil cleanup levels based on protection from vapors, the point of compliance shall be established in the soils throughout the site from the ground surface to the uppermost ground water saturated zone (e.g., from the ground surface to the uppermost water table).
(d) For soil cleanup levels based on human exposure via direct contact or other exposure pathways where contact with the soil is required to complete the pathway, the point of compliance shall be established in the soils throughout the site from the ground surface to fifteen feet below the ground surface. This represents a reasonable estimate of the depth of soil that could be excavated and distributed at the soil surface as a result of site development activities.
(((d))) (e) For soil cleanup levels based on ecological
considerations, see WAC 173-340-7490 for the point of compliance.
(f) The department recognizes that, for those cleanup
actions selected under ((WAC 173-340-360)) this chapter that
involve containment of hazardous substances, the soil cleanup
levels will typically not be met at the points of compliance
specified in (b) ((and (c))) through (e) of this subsection. In
these cases, the cleanup action may be determined to comply with
cleanup standards, provided ((the compliance monitoring program
is designed to ensure the long-term integrity of the containment
system, and the other requirements for containment technologies
in WAC 173-340-360(8) are met)):
(i) The selected remedy is permanent to the maximum extent practicable using the procedures in WAC 173-340-360;
(ii) The cleanup action is protective of human health. The department may require a site-specific human health risk assessment conforming to the requirements of this chapter to demonstrate that the cleanup action is protective of human health;
(iii) The cleanup action is demonstrated to be protective of terrestrial ecological receptors under WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494;
(iv) Institutional controls are put in place under WAC 173-340-440 that prohibit or limit activities that could interfere with the long-term integrity of the containment system;
(v) Compliance monitoring under WAC 173-340-410 and periodic reviews under WAC 173-340-430 are designed to ensure the long-term integrity of the containment system; and
(vi) The types, levels and amount of hazardous substances remaining on-site and the measures that will be used to prevent migration and contact with those substances are specified in the draft cleanup action plan.
(7) Compliance monitoring.
(a) Compliance with soil cleanup levels shall be based on total analyses of the soil fraction less than two millimeters in size. When it is reasonable to expect that larger soil particles could be reduced to two millimeters or less during current or future site use and this reduction could cause an increase in the concentrations of hazardous substances in the soil, soil cleanup levels shall also apply to these larger soil particles. Compliance with soil cleanup levels shall be based on dry weight concentrations. The department may approve the use of alternate procedures for stabilized soils.
(b) When soil levels have been established at a site,
sampling of the soil shall be conducted to determine if
compliance with the soil cleanup levels has been achieved.
Sampling and analytical procedures shall be defined in a
compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. The
sample design shall provide data ((which)) that are
representative of the area where exposure to hazardous substances
may occur.
(c) The data analysis and evaluation procedures used to evaluate compliance with soil cleanup levels shall be defined in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. These procedures shall meet the following general requirements:
(i) Methods of data analysis shall be consistent with the sampling design. Separate methods may be specified for surface soils and deeper soils;
(ii) When cleanup levels are based on requirements specified
in applicable state and federal laws, the procedures for
evaluating compliance that are specified in those requirements
shall be ((utilized)) used to evaluate compliance with cleanup
levels unless those procedures conflict with the intent of this
section;
(iii) Where procedures for evaluating compliance are not
specified in an applicable state and federal law, statistical
methods shall be appropriate for the distribution of sampling
data for each hazardous substance. ((If the distribution of
sampling data for a hazardous substance is inappropriate for
statistical methods based on a normal distribution, then the data
may be transformed.)) If the distributions for hazardous
substances differ, more than one statistical method may be
required; and
(iv) The data analysis plan shall specify which parameters are to be used to determine compliance with soil cleanup levels.
(A) For cleanup levels based on short-term or acute toxic effects on human health or the environment, an upper percentile soil concentration shall be used to evaluate compliance with cleanup levels.
(B) For cleanup levels based on chronic or carcinogenic
threats, the true mean soil concentration shall be used to
evaluate compliance with cleanup levels ((unless there are large
variations in hazardous substance concentrations relative to the
mean hazardous substance concentration or a large percentage of
concentrations are below the detection limit)).
(d) ((Appropriate statistical methods include the following:
(i) A procedure in which a confidence interval for each hazardous substance is established from site sampling data and the soil cleanup level is compared to the upper confidence interval;)) When data analysis procedures for evaluating compliance are not specified in an applicable state or federal law the following procedures shall be used:
(i) A confidence interval approach that meets the following requirements:
(A) The upper one sided ninety-five percent confidence limit on the true mean soil concentration shall be less than the soil cleanup level. For lognormally distributed data, the upper one-sided ninety-five percent confidence limit shall be calculated using Land's method; and
(B) Data shall be assumed to be lognormally distributed unless this assumption is rejected by a statistical test. If a lognormal distribution is inappropriate, data shall be assumed to be normally distributed unless this assumption is rejected by a statistical test. The W test, D'Agostino's test, or, censored probability plots, as appropriate for the data, shall be the statistical methods used to determine whether the data are lognormally or normally distributed;
(ii) For an evaluation conducted under (c)(iv)(A) of this subsection, a parametric test for percentiles based on tolerance intervals to test the proportion of soil samples having concentrations less than the soil cleanup level. When using this method, the true proportion of samples that do not exceed the soil cleanup level shall not be less than ninety percent. Statistical tests shall be performed with a Type I error level of 0.05;
(iii) Direct comparison of soil sample concentrations with cleanup levels may be used to evaluate compliance with cleanup levels where selective sampling of soil can be reliably expected to find suspected soil contamination. There must be documented, reliable information that the soil samples have been taken from the appropriate locations. Persons using this method must demonstrate that the basis used for selecting the soil sample locations provides a high probability that any existing areas of soil contamination have been found; or
(((iii))) (iv) Other statistical methods approved by the
department.
(e) ((If a confidence interval approach is used to evaluate
compliance with a soil cleanup level, the decision rule is a
one-tailed test of the null hypothesis that the true soil
concentration of a hazardous substance exceeds the soil cleanup
level. Compliance with soil cleanup levels shall be determined
using)) All data analysis methods used, including those specified
in state and federal law, must meet the following ((criteria))
requirements:
(i) ((The upper confidence interval on the true soil
concentration is less than the soil cleanup level. Statistical
tests shall be performed at a Type I error level of 0.05;
(ii))) No single sample concentration shall be greater than two times the soil cleanup level. Higher exceedances to control false positive error rates at five percent may be approved by the department when the cleanup level is based on background concentrations; and
(((iii))) (ii) Less than ten percent of the sample
concentrations shall exceed the soil cleanup level. Higher
exceedances to control false positive error rates at five percent
may be approved by the department when the cleanup level is based
on background concentrations.
(f) ((If a method to test the proportion of soil samples is
used to evaluate compliance with a soil cleanup level, compliance
shall be determined using the following criteria:
(i) No single sample concentrations shall be greater than two times the soil cleanup level; and
(ii) Less than ten percent of the sample concentrations shall exceed the soil cleanup level; and
(iii) The true proportion of samples that do not exceed the soil cleanup level shall not be less than ninety percent. Statistical tests shall be performed with a Type I error level of 0.05.
(g) For purposes of demonstrating compliance with soil cleanup levels, measurements below the method detection limit shall be assigned a value equal to one-half the method detection limit. Detectable levels below the practical quantitation limit shall be assigned a value equal to the method detection limit. The department may approve alternate statistical procedures for handling nondetected values or values below the practical quantitation limit. Alternate statistical procedures may include probit analysis and regression analysis.)) When using statistical methods to demonstrate compliance with soil cleanup levels, the following procedures shall be used for measurements below the practical quantitation limit:
(i) Measurements below the method detection limit shall be assigned a value equal to one-half the method detection limit when not more than fifteen percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit.
(ii) Measurements above the method detection limit but below the practical quantitation limit shall be assigned a value equal to the method detection limit when not more than fifteen percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit.
(iii) When between fifteen and fifty percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit and the data are assumed to be lognormally or normally distributed, Cohen's method shall be used to calculate a corrected mean and standard deviation for use in calculating an upper confidence limit on the true mean soil concentration.
(iv) If more than fifty percent of the measurements are below the practical quantitation limit, the largest value in the data set shall be used in place of an upper confidence limit on the true mean soil concentration.
(v) The department may approve alternate statistical procedures for handling nondetected values or values below the practical quantitation limit.
(vi) If a hazardous substance or petroleum fraction has never been detected in any sample at a site and these substances are not suspected of being present at the site based on site history and other knowledge, that hazardous substance or petroleum fraction may be excluded from the statistical analysis.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-740, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 91-04-019, § 173-340-740, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 94-37, filed 1/26/96,
effective 2/26/96)
WAC 173-340-745
Soil cleanup standards for industrial
properties.
(1) ((General considerations.)) Applicability.
(a) ((Use of this section.)) Criteria. This section shall
be used to establish soil cleanup levels where the department has
determined that industrial land use represents the reasonable
maximum exposure. Soil cleanup levels for this presumed exposure
scenario shall be established in accordance with this section.
To qualify as an industrial land use and to use an industrial
soil cleanup level a site must meet the following criteria:
(((b) Criteria. Cleanup levels shall not be based on
industrial land use unless the following criteria can be
demonstrated:))
(i) The area of the site where industrial property soil
cleanup levels are proposed must meet((s)) the definition of an
industrial property under WAC 173-340-200;
Industrial soil cleanup levels are based on an adult worker exposure scenario. It is essential to evaluate land uses and zoning for compliance with this definition in the context of this exposure scenario. Local governments use a variety of zoning categories for industrial land uses so a property does not necessarily have to be in a zone called "industrial" to meet the definition of "industrial property." Also, there are land uses allowed in industrial zones that are actually commercial or residential, rather than industrial, land uses. Thus, an evaluation to determine compliance with this definition should include a review of the actual text in the comprehensive plan and zoning ordinance pertaining to the site and a visit to the site to observe land uses in the zone. When evaluating land uses to determine if a property use not specifically listed in the definition is a "traditional industrial use" or to determine if the property is "zoned for industrial use," the following characteristics shall be considered:
((•)) (A) People do not normally live on industrial
property. The primary potential exposure is to adult employees
of businesses located on the industrial property;
((•)) (B) Access to industrial property by the general
public is generally not allowed. If access is allowed, it is
highly limited and controlled due to safety or security
considerations;
((•)) (C) Food is not normally grown/raised on industrial
property. (However, food processing operations are commonly
considered industrial facilities);
((•)) (D) Operations at industrial properties are often
(but not always) characterized by use and storage of chemicals,
noise, odors and truck traffic;
((•)) (E) The surface of the land at industrial properties
is often (but not always) mostly covered by buildings or other
structures, paved parking lots, paved access roads and material
storage areas--minimizing potential exposure to the soil; and
((•)) (F) Industrial properties may have support facilities
consisting of offices, restaurants, and other facilities that are
commercial in nature but are primarily devoted to administrative
functions necessary for the industrial use and/or are primarily
intended to serve the industrial facility employees and not the
general public((;)).
(ii) The cleanup action provides for appropriate institutional controls implemented in accordance with WAC 173-340-440 to limit potential exposure to residual hazardous substances. This shall include, at a minimum, placement of a covenant on the property restricting use of the area of the site where industrial soil cleanup levels are proposed to industrial property uses; and
(iii) Hazardous substances remaining at the property after remedial action would not pose a threat to human health or the environment at the site or in adjacent nonindustrial areas. In evaluating compliance with this criterion, at a minimum the following factors shall be considered:
((•)) (A) The potential for access to the industrial
property by the general public, especially children. The
proximity of the industrial property to residential areas,
schools or childcare facilities shall be considered when
evaluating access. In addition, the presence of natural
features, manmade structures, arterial streets or intervening
land uses that would limit or encourage access to the industrial
property shall be considered. Fencing shall not be considered
sufficient to limit access to an industrial property since this
is insufficient to assure long term protection;
((•)) (B) The degree of reduction of potential exposure to
residual hazardous substances by the selected remedy. Where the
residual hazardous substances are to be capped to reduce
exposure, consideration shall be given to the thickness of the
cap and the likelihood of future site maintenance activities,
utility and drainage work, or building construction reexposing
residual hazardous substances((.));
((•)) (C) The potential for transport of residual hazardous
substances to off-property areas, especially residential areas,
schools and childcare facilities;
((•)) (D) The potential for significant adverse effects on
((vegetation or)) wildlife caused by residual hazardous
substances using the procedures in WAC 173-340-7490 through
173-340-7494; and
((•)) (E) The likelihood that these factors would not
change for the foreseeable future.
(((c) Ecology expectations.)) (b) Expectations. In applying
the criteria in ((WAC 173-340-745 (1)(b))) (a) of this
subsection, the department expects the following results:
(i) The department expects that properties zoned for heavy
industrial or high intensity industrial use and located within a
city or county ((having)) that has completed a comprehensive plan
and adopted implementing zoning regulations under the Growth
Management Act (chapter 36.70A RCW) will meet the definition of
industrial property. For cities and counties not planning under
the Growth Management Act, the department expects that spot zoned
industrial properties will not meet the definition of industrial
property but that properties that are part of a larger area zoned
for heavy industrial or high intensity industrial use will meet
the definition of an industrial property;
(ii) For both GMA and non-GMA cities and counties, the department expects that light industrial and commercial zones and uses should meet the definition of industrial property where the land uses are comparable to those cited in the definition of industrial property or the land uses are an integral part of a qualifying industrial use (such as, ancillary or support facilities). This will require a site-by-site evaluation of the zoning text and land uses;
(iii) The department expects that for portions of industrial properties in close proximity to (generally, within a few hundred feet) residential areas, schools or childcare facilities, residential soil cleanup levels will be used unless:
(A) Access to the industrial property is very unlikely or, the hazardous substances that are not treated or removed are contained under a cap of clean soil (or other materials) of substantial thickness so that it is very unlikely the hazardous substances would be disturbed by future site maintenance and construction activities (depths of even shallow footings, utilities and drainage structures in industrial areas are typically three to six feet); and
(B) The hazardous substances are relatively immobile (or have other characteristics) or have been otherwise contained so that subsurface lateral migration or surficial transport via dust or runoff to these nearby areas or facilities is highly unlikely; and
(iv) Note that a change in the reasonable maximum exposure
to industrial site use primarily affects the direct contact
exposure pathway. Thus, for example, for sites where the soil
cleanup level is based primarily on the potential for the
hazardous substance to leach and cause ground water
contamination, it is the department's expectation that an
industrial land use will not affect the soil cleanup level. Similarly, where the soil cleanup level is based primarily on
surface water protection((, ecological)) or other pathways other
than direct human contact, land use is not expected to affect the
soil cleanup level.
(((d) Calculating industrial property soil cleanup levels. Soil cleanup levels established under this section shall be
determined as described in subsections (2) through (5) of this
section.
(e) Soil cleanup levels for nearby properties.)) (2) General considerations.
(a) In the event of a release of a hazardous substance at a site qualifying as industrial property, a cleanup action that complies with this chapter shall be conducted to address those soils with hazardous substance concentrations which exceed industrial soil cleanup levels at the relevant point of compliance.
(b) Soil cleanup levels for areas beyond the industrial property boundary that do not qualify for industrial soil cleanup levels under this section (including implementation of institutional controls and a covenant restricting use of the property to industrial property uses) shall be established in accordance with WAC 173-340-740.
(((f) Relationship between soil cleanup levels and other
cleanup standards.)) (c) Industrial soil cleanup levels shall be
established at concentrations ((which)) that do not directly or
indirectly cause violations of ground water, surface water,
sediment or air cleanup standards established under this chapter
or under applicable state and federal laws. A property that
qualifies for an industrial soil cleanup level under this section
does not necessarily qualify for ((other than a Method A or
Method B)) a Method C cleanup level in other media. Each medium
must be evaluated separately ((utilizing)) using the criteria
applicable to that medium.
(((g) Other options. See WAC 173-340-740 (1)(c) for
establishing cleanup levels for industrial land uses not
qualifying under this section and for commercial land uses.
(2))) (d) The department may require more stringent soil cleanup standards than required by this section when, based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that this is necessary to protect human health and the environment, including consideration of the factors in WAC 173-340-740 (1)(c). Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708.
(3) Method A industrial soil cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method A industrial soil cleanup levels may be used only at any industrial property qualifying under WAC 173-340-704(1).
(b) General requirements. Method A industrial soil cleanup levels shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Concentrations in ((the following)) Table((;)) 745-1 and
compliance with the corresponding footnotes;
(( Method A Cleanup Levels - Industrial Soila |
||
(( |
CAS Number |
Cleanup Level |
Arsenic |
7440-38-2 |
200.0 mg/kgb |
a |
Caution on misusing method A tables. Method A tables have been developed for specific purposes. They are intended to provide conservative cleanup levels for sites undergoing routine cleanup actions or those sites with relatively few hazardous substances. The tables may not be appropriate for defining cleanup levels at other sites. For these reasons, the values in these tables should not automatically be used to define cleanup levels that must be met for financial, real estate, insurance coverage or placement, or similar transactions or purposes. Exceedances of the values in these tables do not necessarily trigger requirements for cleanup actions under this chapter. |
Xylenes. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water; and)) |
(((b))) (iii) For ((sites with additional)) a hazardous
substance((s which are)) that is deemed an indicator hazardous
substance((s)) under WAC 173-340-708(2) and for which there is no
value in Table ((3)) 745-1 or applicable state and federal laws,
((cleanup levels for these additional hazardous substances shall
be established at)) a concentration that does not exceed the
natural background concentration or the practical quantification
limit, subject to the limitations in this chapter.
(((c) The department may establish method A cleanup levels
that are more stringent than those required by (a) of this
subsection when, based on site-specific evaluations, the
department determines that such levels are necessary to protect
human health or environment, including consideration of the
factors in WAC 173-340-740 (3)(b).
(3))) (4) Method B industrial soil cleanup levels. This section does not provide procedures for establishing Method B industrial soil cleanup levels. Method C is the standard method for establishing soil cleanup levels at industrial sites and its use is conditioned upon the continued use of the site for industrial purposes. The person conducting the cleanup action also has the option of establishing unrestricted land use soil cleanup levels under WAC 173-340-740 for qualifying industrial properties. This option may be desirable when the person wants to avoid restrictions on the future use of the property. When a site does not qualify for a Method A or Method C industrial soil cleanup level under this section, or the user chooses to establish unrestricted land use soil cleanup levels at a site, soil cleanup levels must be established using Methods A or B under WAC 173-340-740.
(((4))) (5) Method C industrial soil cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method C industrial soil cleanup levels consist of standard and modified cleanup levels as described in this subsection. Either standard or modified Method C soil cleanup levels may be used at any industrial property qualifying under subsection (1) of this section.
(b) Standard Method C industrial soil cleanup levels.
Standard Method C industrial soil cleanup levels for industrial
((soils)) properties shall be at least as stringent as all of the
following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws;
(ii) Environmental protection. Concentrations that result in no significant adverse effects on the protection and propagation of wildlife established using the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494.
(iii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective, health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations that protect human health as determined by evaluating the following exposure pathways:
(A) Ground water protection. Concentrations ((which)) that
will not cause contamination of ground water to concentrations
which exceed ground water cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720 as determined using the ((following procedures:
(A) For individual hazardous substances or mixtures, concentrations that are equal to or less than one hundred times the ground water cleanup level established in accordance with WAC 173-340-720 unless it can be demonstrated that higher soil concentrations are protective of ground water at the site;
(B) For total petroleum hydrocarbons, the person undertaking the cleanup action may elect to make this demonstration on the basis of data on individual hazardous substances that comprise the total petroleum hydrocarbons;
(iii) For those hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations which protect human health and the environment as determined by the following methods:
(A) Concentrations which are anticipated to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on human health via direct contact with contaminated soil and are determined using the following equation and standard exposure assumptions:)) methods described in WAC 173-340-747.
(B) Soil direct contact. Concentrations that, due to direct contact with contaminated soil, are estimated to result in no acute or chronic noncarcinogenic toxic effects on human health using a hazard quotient of one (1) and concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk is less than or equal to one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5). Equations and default exposure assumptions found in Equations 745-1 and 745-2 shall be used to conduct this calculation.
(I) Noncarcinogens. For noncarcinogenic toxic effects of hazardous substances due to soil ingestion, concentrations shall be determined using Equation 745-1. For petroleum mixtures and components of such mixtures, see (b)(iii)(B)(III) of this subsection.
[Equation 745-1] | ||||
Soil Cleanup Level (mg/kg) |
= | RfD x ABW x UCF2 x HQ SIR x AB1 x (( |
||
Where: | ||||
RfD | = | Reference dose as specified in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) | ||
ABW | = | Average body weight over the period of exposure (70 kg) |
||
UCF2 | = | Unit conversion factor (1,000,000 mg/kg) | ||
SIR | = | Soil ingestion rate (50 mg/day) | ||
AB1 | = | Gastrointestinal absorption (( |
||
(( |
= |
Frequency of (( |
||
HQ | = | Hazard quotient (1)(( |
[Equation 745-2] | ||||
Soil Cleanup Level (mg/kg) |
= |
RISK x ABW x LIFE x UCF1 CPF x SIR x AB1 x DUR x (( |
||
Where: | ||||
RISK | = | Acceptable cancer risk level (1 in 100,000) (unitless) | ||
ABW | = | Average body weight over the period of exposure (70 kg) | ||
LIFE | = | Lifetime (75 years) | ||
UCF1 | = | Unit(( |
||
CPF | = | Carcinogenic potency factor as specified in WAC 173-340-708(8) (kg-day/mg) | ||
SIR | = | Soil ingestion rate (50 mg/day) | ||
AB1 | = | Gastrointestinal absorption (( |
||
DUR | = | Duration of exposure (20 years) | ||
(( |
= |
Frequency of (( |
(5) Multiple hazardous substances/multiple pathways of exposure.
(a))) (III) Petroleum mixtures. For noncarcinogenic effects of petroleum mixtures, a total petroleum hydrocarbon cleanup level shall be calculated taking into account the additive effects of the petroleum fractions and volatile organic compounds present in the petroleum mixture. Equation 745-3 shall be used for this calculation. This equation takes into account concurrent exposure due to ingestion and dermal contact with petroleum contaminated soils. Cleanup levels for other noncarcinogens and known or suspected carcinogens within the petroleum mixture shall be calculated using Equations 745-4 and 745-5. See Table 830-1 for the analyses required for various petroleum products to use this method.
[Equation 745-3]
Place illustration here. |
Where: |
Csoil = | TPH soil cleanup level (mg/kg) |
HI = | Hazard index (1) (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight (70 kg) |
AT = | Averaging time (20 years) |
EF = | Exposure frequency (0.7) (unitless) |
ED = | Exposure duration (20 years) |
SIR = | Soil ingestion rate (50 mg/day) |
AB1 = | Gastrointestinal absorption fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
F(i) = | Fraction (by weight) of petroleum component (i) (unitless) |
SA = | Dermal surface area (2,500 cm2) |
AF = | Adherence factor (0.2 mg/cm2-day) |
ABS = | Dermal absorption fraction for petroleum component (i) (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.0005 for volatile petroleum components with vapor press > = benzene |
• | 0.03 for volatile petroleum components with vapor press < benzene |
• | 0.1 for other petroleum components |
RfDo(i) = | Oral reference dose of petroleum component (i) as defined in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) |
RfDd(i) = | Dermal reference dose for petroleum component (i) (mg/kg-day) derived by RfDo x GI |
GI = | Gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.8 for volatile petroleum components |
• | 0.5 for other petroleum components |
n = | The number of petroleum components (petroleum fractions plus volatile organic compounds with an RfD) present in the petroleum mixture. (See Table 830-1.) |
(c) Modified Method C soil cleanup levels.
(i) General. Modified Method C soil cleanup levels are standard Method C soil cleanup levels modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. When making these adjustments, the resultant cleanup levels shall meet applicable state and federal laws, meet health risk levels for standard Method C soil cleanup levels, and be demonstrated to be environmentally protective using the procedures specified in WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494. Changes to exposure assumptions must comply with WAC 173-340-708(10).
(ii) Allowable modifications. The following modifications may be made to the default assumptions in the standard Method C equations to derive modified Method C soil cleanup levels:
(A) For the protection of ground water see WAC 173-340-747;
(B) For soil ingestion, the gastrointestinal absorption fraction may be modified if the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15), (16), and 173-340-708(10) are met;
(C) For dermal contact, the adherence factor, dermal absorption fraction and gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor may be modified if the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15), (16), and 173-340-708(10) are met;
(D) Toxicity equivalent factors, as described in WAC 173-340-708(8), may be used for assessing the potential carcinogenic risk of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
(E) The reference dose and cancer potency factor may be modified if the requirements in WAC 173-340-708 (7) and (8) are met; and
(F) Modifications incorporating new science as provided for in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(iii) Dermal contact. For hazardous substances other than petroleum mixtures, dermal contact with the soil shall be evaluated whenever the proposed changes to Equations 745-1 and 745-2 would result in a significantly higher soil cleanup level than would be calculated without the proposed changes. When conducting this evaluation, the following equations and default exposure assumptions shall be used:
(A) For noncarcinogens use Equation 745-4. This equation takes into account concurrent exposure due to ingestion and dermal contact with soil.
[Equation 745-4]
Place illustration here. |
Where: |
Csoil = | Soil cleanup level (mg/kg) |
HQ = | Hazard quotient (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight (70 kg) |
AT = | Averaging time (20 years) |
EF = | Exposure frequency (0.7) (unitless) |
ED = | Exposure duration (20 years) |
SIR = | Soil ingestion rate (50 mg/day) |
AB1 = | Gastrointestinal absorption fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
SA = | Surface area (2,500 mg/cm2) |
AF = | Adherence factor (0.2 mg/cm2-day) |
ABS = | Dermal absorption fraction (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.01 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.0005 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press > = benzene |
• | 0.03 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press < benzene |
• | 0.1 for other organic hazardous substances |
RfDo = | Oral reference dose as defined in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) |
RfDd = | Dermal reference dose (mg/kg-day) derived by RfDo x GI |
GI = | Gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.2 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.8 for volatile organic compounds |
• | 0.5 for other organic hazardous substances |
[Equation 745-5]
Place illustration here. |
Where: |
Csoil = | Soil cleanup level (mg/kg) |
RISK = | Acceptable cancer risk (1 in 100,000) (unitless) |
ABW = | Average body weight over duration of exposure (70 kg) |
AT = | Averaging time (75 years) |
EF = | Exposure frequency (0.7) (unitless) |
ED = | Exposure duration (20 years) |
SIR = | Soil ingestion rate (50 mg/day) |
AB1 = | Gastrointestinal absorption fraction (1.0) (unitless) |
CPFo = | Oral cancer potency factor as defined in WAC 173-340-708(8) (kg-day/mg) |
CPFd = | Dermal cancer potency factor (kg-day/mg) derived by CPFo/GI |
GI = | Gastrointestinal absorption conversion factor (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.2 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.8 for volatile organic compounds |
• | 0.5 for other organic hazardous substances |
SA = | Surface area (2,500 cm2) |
AF = | Adherence factor (0.2 mg/cm2-day) |
ABS = | Dermal absorption fraction (unitless). May use chemical-specific values or the following defaults: |
• | 0.01 for inorganic hazardous substances |
• | 0.0005 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press > = benzene |
• | 0.03 for volatile organic compounds with vapor press < benzene |
• | 0.1 for other organic hazardous substances |
(iv) Soil vapors.
(A) Applicability. The soil to vapor pathway shall be evaluated whenever the proposed changes to the standard Method C equations (Equations 745-1, 745-2 and 745-3) or default values would result in a significantly higher soil cleanup level than would be calculated without the proposed changes. The soil to vapor pathway shall also be evaluated whenever one of the methods specified in WAC 173-340-747 (5) through (9) is used to derive a soil concentration that is protective of ground water and that concentration is significantly higher than a concentration derived under the method specified in WAC 173-340-747(4). Evaluation of soil vapors shall also be required under the following specific situations:
(I) For petroleum distillates containing less than eight percent (8%) volatile constituents by weight (such as diesel range organics), the indoor air pathway shall be evaluated whenever soil cleanup levels exceed 10,000 mg/kg within one foot of: The wall of a structure; bottom slab of a structure; or, conduit that could facilitate transport to a structure.
(II) When the soil cleanup level for a volatile hazardous substance is based on protection of ground water for nonpotable use and the ground water cleanup level is established using a site-specific risk assessment under WAC 173-340-720 (6)(c).
(B) Evaluation methods. Soil cleanup levels that are protective of the indoor and ambient air shall be determined on a site-specific basis. Soil cleanup levels may be evaluated as being protective of air pathways using any of the following methods:
(I) Measurements of the soil vapor concentrations, using methods approved by the department, demonstrating vapors in the soil would not exceed air cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-750.
(II) Measurements of ambient air concentrations and/or indoor air vapor concentrations throughout buildings, using methods approved by the department, demonstrating air does not exceed cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-750. Such measurements must be representative of current and future site conditions when vapors are likely to enter and accumulate in structures. Measurement of ambient air may be excluded if it can be shown that indoor air is the most protective point of exposure.
(III) Use of modeling methods approved by the department to demonstrate the air cleanup standards established under WAC 173-340-750 will not be exceeded. When this method is used, the department may require soil vapor and/or air monitoring to be conducted to verify the calculations and compliance with air cleanup standards.
(IV) Other methods as approved by the department demonstrating the air cleanup standards established under WAC 173-340-750 will not be exceeded.
(d) Using modified Method C to evaluate industrial soil remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under subsection (5)(c) of this section, other adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357, and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(6) Adjustments to industrial soil cleanup levels.
(a) Total site risk adjustments. Soil cleanup levels for
individual hazardous substances developed in accordance with
subsection (((4))) (5) of this section, including cleanup levels
based on state and federal laws, shall be adjusted downward to
take into account exposure to multiple hazardous substances
and/or exposure resulting from more than one pathway of exposure.
These adjustments need to be made only if, without these
adjustments, the hazard index would exceed one (1) or the total
excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x
10-5). These adjustments shall be made in accordance with the
procedures specified in WAC 173-340-708 (5) and (6). In making
these adjustments, the hazard index shall not exceed one (1) and
the total excess cancer risk shall not exceed one in one hundred
thousand (1 x 10-5).
(b) ((These overall limits on the hazard index and total
excess cancer risk shall also apply to sites where there is
exposure to a single hazardous substance by one exposure pathway,
including cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal
laws.
(6))) Adjustments to applicable state and federal laws. Where a cleanup level developed under subsection (3) or (5) of this section is based on an applicable state or federal law and the level of risk upon which the standard is based exceeds an excess cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a hazard index of one (1), the cleanup level shall be adjusted downward so that total excess cancer risk does not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and the hazard index does not exceed one (1) at the site.
(c) Natural background and analytical considerations. Cleanup levels determined under subsection (3) or (5) of this section, including cleanup levels adjusted under subsection (6)(a) and (b) of this section, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background concentration. See WAC 173-340-707 and 173-340-709 for additional requirements pertaining to practical quantitation limits and natural background.
(7) Point of compliance. The point of compliance for industrial property soil cleanup levels shall be established in accordance with WAC 173-340-740(6).
(((7))) (8) Compliance monitoring. Compliance monitoring
and data analysis and evaluation for industrial property soil
cleanup levels shall be performed in accordance with WAC 173-340-410 and 173-340-740(7).
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 96-04-010 (Order 94-37), § 173-340-745, filed 1/26/96, effective 2/26/96; 91-04-019, § 173-340-745, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
NEW SECTION
WAC 173-340-747
Deriving soil concentrations for ground
water protection.
(1) Purpose. The purpose of this section is to establish soil concentrations that will not cause contamination of ground water at levels that exceed the ground water cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720. Soil concentrations established under this section are used to establish either Method B soil cleanup levels (see WAC 173-340-740 (3)(b)(iii)(A) or Method C soil cleanup levels (see WAC 173-340-745 (5)(b)(iii)(A).
For the purposes of this section, "soil concentration" means the concentration in the soil that will not cause an exceedance of the ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720.
(2) General requirements. The soil concentration established under this section for each hazardous substance shall meet the following two criteria:
(a) The soil concentration shall not cause an exceedance of the ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720. To determine if this criterion is met, one of the methodologies specified in subsections (4) through (9) of this section shall be used; and
(b) To ensure that the criterion in (a) of this subsection is met, the soil concentration shall not result in the accumulation of free product on or in ground water. To determine if this criterion is met, one of the methodologies specified in subsection (10) of this section shall be used.
(3) Overview of methods. This subsection provides an overview of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (10) of this section for deriving soil concentrations that meet the criteria specified in subsection (2) of this section. Certain methods are tailored for particular types of hazardous substances or sites. Certain methods are more complex than others and certain methods require the use of site-specific data. The specific requirements for deriving a soil concentration under a particular method may also depend on the hazardous substance.
(a) Fixed parameter three-phase partitioning model. The three-phase partitioning model with fixed input parameters may be used to establish a soil concentration for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data is not required for use of this model. See subsection (4) of this section.
(b) Variable parameter three-phase partitioning model. The three-phase partitioning model with variable input parameters may be used to establish a soil concentration for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data is required for use of this model. See subsection (5) of this section.
(c) Four-phase partitioning model. The four-phase partitioning model may be used to derive soil concentrations for any site where use of the three-phase partitioning model would result in the presence of hazardous substances in the soil as a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). The department expects that this model will be used at sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Site-specific data is required for use of this model. See subsection (6) of this section.
(d) Leaching tests. Leaching tests may be used to establish soil concentrations for certain metals. Leaching tests may also be used to establish soil concentrations for other hazardous substances, including petroleum hydrocarbons, provided sufficient information is available to correlate leaching test results with ground water impacts. Testing of soil samples from the site is required for use of this method. See subsection (7) of this section.
(e) Alternative fate and transport models. Fate and transport models other than those specified in subsections (4) through (6) of this section may be used to establish a soil concentration for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data is required for use of such models. See subsection (8) of this section.
(f) Empirical demonstration. An empirical demonstration may be used to show that measured soil concentrations will not cause an exceedance of the applicable ground water cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720. This empirical demonstration may be used for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data (e.g., ground water samples and soil samples) is required under this method. If the required demonstrations cannot be made, then a protective soil concentration shall be established under one of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (8) of this section. See subsection (9) of this section.
(g) Residual saturation. To ensure that the soil concentration established under one of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (9) of this section will not cause an exceedance of the ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720, the soil concentration must not result in the accumulation of free product on or in ground water. The methodologies and procedures specified in subsection (10) of this section shall be used to determine if this criterion is met.
(4) Fixed parameter three-phase partitioning model.
(a) Overview. This subsection specifies the procedures and requirements for establishing soil concentrations through the use of the fixed parameter three-phase partitioning model. The model may be used to establish soil concentrations for any hazardous substance. The model may be used to calculate both unsaturated and saturated zone soil concentrations.
This method provides default or fixed input parameters for the three-phase partitioning model that are intended to be protective under most circumstances and conditions; site-specific measurements are not required. In some cases it may be appropriate to use site-specific measurements for the input parameters. Subsection (5) of this section specifies the procedures and requirements to establish site-specific input parameters for use in the three-phase partitioning model.
(b) Description of the model. The three-phase partitioning model is described by the following equation:
[Equation 747-1]
Place illustration here. |
Where: | |
Cs = | Soil concentration (mg/kg) |
Cw = | Ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720 (ug/l) |
UCF = | Unit conversion factor (1mg/1,000 ug) |
DF = | Dilution factor (dimensionless: 20 for unsaturated zone soil; see (e) of this subsection for saturated zone soil) |
Kd = | Distribution coefficient (L/kg; see (c) of this subsection) |
&thgr;w = | Water-filled soil porosity (ml water/ml soil: 0.3 for unsaturated zone soil; see (e) of this subsection for saturated zone soil) |
&thgr;a = | Air-filled soil porosity (ml air/ml soil: 0.13 for unsaturated zone soil; see (e) of this subsection for saturated zone soil) |
Hcc = | Henry's law constant (dimensionless; see (d) of this subsection) |
Pb = | Dry soil bulk density (1.5 kg/L) |
(i) Organics. For organic hazardous substances, the Kd value shall be derived using Equation 747-2. The Koc (soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient) parameter specified in Equation 747-2 shall be derived as follows:
(A) Nonionic organics. For individual nonionic hydrophobic organic hazardous substances (e.g., benzene and naphthalene), the Koc values in Table 747-1 shall be used. For hazardous substances not listed in Table 747-1, Kd values may be developed as provided in subsection (5) of this section (variable three-phase partitioning model).
(B) Ionizing organics. For ionizing organic hazardous substances (e.g., pentachlorophenol and benzoic acid), the Koc values in Table 747-2 shall be used. Table 747-2 provides Koc values for three different pHs. To select the appropriate Koc value, the soil pH must be measured. The Koc value for the corresponding soil pH shall be used. If the soil pH falls between the pH values provided, an appropriate Koc value shall be selected by interpolation between the listed Koc values.
[Equation 747-2] | |
Kd = | Koc x foc |
Where: | |
Koc = | Soil organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (ml/g; see (c)(i) of this subsection) |
foc = | Soil fraction of organic carbon (0.1% or 0.001 g/g) |
(d) Henry's law constant. For petroleum fractions, the values for Henry's law constant in Table 747-4 shall be used in Equation 747-1. For individual organic hazardous substances, the value shall be based on values in the scientific literature. For all metals present as inorganic compounds except mercury, zero shall be used. For mercury, either 0.47 or a value derived from the scientific literature shall be used. Derivation of Henry's law constant from the scientific literature shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(e) Saturated zone soil concentrations. Equation 747-1 may also be used to derive concentrations for soil that is located at or below the ground water table (the saturated zone). The following input parameters shall be changed if Equation 747-1 is used to derive saturated zone soil concentrations:
(i) The dilution factor shall be changed from 20 to 1;
(ii) The water-filled soil porosity value shall be changed from 0.3 ml water/ml soil to 0.43 ml water/ml soil; and
(iii) The air-filled soil porosity value shall be changed from 0.13 ml air/ml soil to zero.
(5) Variable parameter three-phase partitioning model.
(a) Overview. This section specifies the procedures and requirements to derive site-specific input parameters for use in the three-phase partitioning model. This method may be used to establish soil concentrations for any hazardous substance. This method may be used to calculate both unsaturated and saturated zone soil concentrations.
This method allows for the substitution of site-specific values for the default values in Equation 747-1 for one or more of the following five input parameters: Distribution coefficient, soil bulk density, soil volumetric water content, soil air content, and dilution factor. The methods that may be used and the requirements that shall be met to derive site-specific values for each of the five input parameters are specified in (b) through (f) of this subsection.
(b) Methods for deriving a distribution coefficient (Kd). To derive a site-specific distribution coefficient, one of the following methods shall be used:
(i) Deriving Kd from soil fraction of organic carbon (foc) measurements. Site-specific measurements of soil organic carbon may be used to derive distribution coefficients for nonionic hydrophobic organics using Equation 747-2. Soil organic carbon measurements shall be based on uncontaminated soil below the root zone (i.e., soil greater than one meter in depth) that is representative of site conditions or in areas through which contaminants are likely to migrate.
The laboratory protocols for measuring soil organic carbon in the Puget Sound Estuary Program (March, 1986) may be used. Other methods may also be used if approved by the department. All laboratory measurements of soil organic carbon shall be based on methods that do not include inorganic carbon in the measurements.
(ii) Deriving Kd from site data. Measurements of the hazardous substance concentrations in the soil and the soil pore water or ground water may be used to derive a distribution coefficient. Distribution coefficients that have been derived from site data shall be based on measurements of soil and ground water hazardous substance concentrations from the same depth and location. Soil and ground water samples that have hazardous substances present as a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) shall not be used to derive a distribution coefficient.
(iii) Deriving Kd from batch tests. A site-specific distribution coefficient may be derived by using batch equilibrium tests to measure hazardous substance adsorption and desorption. The results from the batch test may be used to derive Kd from the sorption relationship between hazardous substance concentrations in the soil and water. If a batch-leaching test is used, measures shall be taken to prevent biodegradation and volatilization both before and during leaching testing.
(iv) Deriving Kd from the scientific literature. The scientific literature may be used to derive a distribution coefficient (Kd) for any hazardous substance, provided it complies with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(c) Deriving soil bulk density. ASTM Method 2049 or other methods approved by the department may be used to derive soil bulk density values.
(d) Deriving soil volumetric water content using laboratory methods. ASTM Method 2216 or other methods approved by the department may be used to derive soil volumetric water content values.
(e) Estimating soil air content. An estimate of soil air content may be determined by calculating soil porosity and subtracting the volumetric water content.
(f) Deriving a dilution factor from site-specific estimates of infiltration and ground water flow volume. Site-specific estimates of infiltration and ground water flow volume may be used in the following equation to derive a site-specific dilution factor:
[Equation 747-3] | ||
DF = |
(Qp + Qa)/Qp | |
Where: | ||
DF = | Dilution factor (dimensionless) | |
Qp = | Volume of water infiltrating (m3/yr) | |
Qa = | Ground water flow (m3/yr) |
[Equation 747-4]
Qa = | K x A x I |
Where: | |
Qa = | Ground water flow volume (m3/year) |
K = | Hydraulic conductivity (m/year). Site-specific measurements shall be used to derive this parameter. |
A = | Aquifer mixing zone (m2). The aquifer mixing zone thickness shall not exceed 5 meters in depth and be equal to a unit width of 1 meter, unless it can be demonstrated empirically that the mixing zone thickness exceeds 5 meters. |
I = | Gradient (m/m). Site-specific measurements shall be used to derive this parameter. |
Note: | This equation assumes the ground water concentrations of hazardous substances of concern upgradient of the site are zero. If this assumption is not true, the quantity of ground water available for dilution must be adjusted downward in proportion to the upgradient concentration. |
[Equation 747-5] | ||
Qp = |
L x W x Inf | |
Where: | ||
Qp = | Volume of water infiltrating (m/year) | |
L = | Estimated length of contaminant source area parallel to ground water flow (m) | |
W = | Unit width of contaminant source area (1 meter) | |
Inf = | Infilitration (m/year) |
(B) If a site-specific measurement or estimate of infiltration (Inf) is made, it shall be based on site conditions without surface caps (e.g., pavement) or other structures that would control or impede infiltration. The presence of a cover or cap may be considered when evaluating the protectiveness of a remedy under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-360. If a site-specific measurement or estimate of infiltration is made, then it must comply with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(6) Four-phase partitioning model.
(a) Overview. This subsection specifies the procedures and requirements for establishing soil concentrations through the use of the four-phase partitioning model. This model may be used to derive soil concentrations for any site where use of the three-phase partitioning model would result in the presence of hazardous substances in the soil as a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). The model is described in (c) of this subsection. Instructions on how to use the model to establish protective soil concentrations are provided in (d) of this subsection.
(b) Restrictions on use of the model for alcohol enhanced fuels. The four-phase partitioning model may be used on a case-by-case basis for soil containing fuels (e.g., gasoline) that have been enhanced with alcohol. If the model is used for alcohol enhanced fuels, then it shall be demonstrated that the effects of cosolvency have been adequately considered and, where necessary, taken into account when applying the model. Use of the model for alcohol enhanced fuels without considering the effects of cosolvency and increased ground water contamination is prohibited.
(c) Description of the model. The four-phase partitioning model is based on the following three equations:
(i) Conservation of volume equation.
[Equation 747-6] | ||
n = |
&thgr;w + &thgr;a + &thgr;NAPL | |
Where: | ||
n = | Total soil porosity (ml total pore space/ml total soil volume: Use a default value of 0.43 ml/ml or use a value determined from site-specific measurements.) | |
&thgr;w = | Volumetric water content (ml water/ml soil: For unsaturated soil use a default value of 0.3 or a value determined from site-specific measurements. For saturated soil this value is unknown and must be solved for. It equals the total soil porosity minus volume occupied by the NAPL.) | |
&thgr;a = | Volumetric air content (ml air volume/ml total soil volume: For unsaturated soil this value is unknown and must be solved for. It equals the total soil porosity minus the volume occupied by the water and NAPL. For saturated soil this value is zero.) | |
&thgr;NAPL= | Volumetric NAPL content (ml NAPL volume/ml total soil volume: For both unsaturated and saturated soil this value is unknown and must be solved for.) |
(ii) Four-phase partitioning equation.
[Equation 747-7]
Place illustration here. |
Where: | |
MiT = | Total mass of each NAPL component in the system (mg; derived from site-specific measurements) |
msoil = | Total soil mass (kg) |
xi = | Mole fraction (at equilibrium) of each NAPL component (dimensionless) |
Si = | Solubility of each NAPL component (mg/l; see Table 747-4 for petroleum hydrocarbons; see the scientific literature for other hazardous substances) |
Pb = | Dry soil bulk density (1.5 kg/l) |
Kioc = | Soil organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient for each NAPL component (l/kg; see Table 747-4 for petroleum hydrocarbons; see subsection (4)(b) of this section for other hazardous substances) |
foc = | Mass fraction of soil natural organic carbon (0.001 g soil organic/g soil) |
Hicc = | Henry's law constant for each NAPL component (dimensionless; see Table 747-4 for petroleum hydrocarbons; see subsection (4)(c) of this section for other hazardous susbstances) |
GFWi = | Gram formula weight, or molecular weight of each NAPL component (mg/mol; see Table 747-4 for petroleum hydrocarbons; see the scientific literature for other hazardous substances) |
PNAPL = | Molar density of the NAPL mixture (mol/l; see Equation 747-8) |
NAPL Component = | For petroleum mixtures, this means the petroleum fractions plus volatile organic compounds with a reference dose; for other hazardous substances, this means each organic hazardous substance that is found in the NAPL. |
[Equation 747-8]
Place illustration here. |
Where: | |
GFWi = | Gram formula weight, or molecular weight of each NAPL component (mg/mol; see Table 747-4 for petroleum hydrocarbons; see the scientific literature for other hazardous substances) |
xi = | Mole fraction (at equilibrium) of each NAPL component (dimensionless) |
Pi = | Density of each NAPL component (mg/l; see Table 747-4 for petroleum hydrocarbons; see the scientific literature for other hazardous substances) |
NAPL Component = | For petroleum mixtures, this means the petroleum fractions plus volatile organic compounds with a reference dose; for other hazardous substances, this means each organic hazardous substance that is found in the NAPL. |
(i) Step 1: Measure hazardous substance soil concentrations. Collect and analyze soil samples and, if appropriate, samples of the product released, for individual hazardous substances. For petroleum hydrocarbons, see Table 830-1 for a description of what to analyze for.
(ii) Step 2: Derive physical/chemical data. For each of the NAPL components, determine the Henry's law constant, water solubility, soil organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (Koc) and molecular weight values. For petroleum hydrocarbons, see Table 747-4.
(iii) Step 3: Derive soil parameters. Derive a value for each of the following soil parameters as follows:
(A) Soil organic carbon content. Use the default value (0.001 g soil organic/g soil) or a site-specific value derived under subsection (5)(b)(i) of this section.
(B) Soil volumetric water content. Use the default value (0.43 minus the volume of NAPL and air) or a site-specific value derived under subsection (5)(d) of this section.
(C) Soil volumetric air content. Use the default value (0.13 ml/ml for unsaturated zone soil; zero for saturated zone soil) or a site-specific value derived under subsection (5)(e) of this section.
(D) Soil bulk density and porosity. Use the default values of 1.5 kg/L for soil bulk density and 0.43 for soil porosity or use site-specific values. If a site-specific value for bulk density is used, the method specified in subsection (5)(c) of this subsection shall be used. If a site-specific bulk-density value is used, a site-specific porosity value shall also be used. The site-specific soil porosity value may be calculated using a default soil specific gravity of 2.65 gm/cc or measuring the soil specific gravity using ASTM Method D 854.
(iv) Step 4: Predict a soil pore water concentration. Equation 747-7, along with Equation 747-6 and the condition that &Sgr;xi = 1, shall be used to predict the soil pore water concentration for each NAPL component. To do this, multiple versions of Equation 747-7 shall be constructed, one for each of the NAPL components using the associated parameter inputs for Koc, Hcc, GFW, and S. These relations shall then be combined with Equation 747-6 and &Sgr;xi = 1 and solved simultaneously.
(v) Step 5: Derive a dilution factor. Derive a dilution factor using one of the following two methods:
(A) Use the default value of 20 for unsaturated soils and 1 for saturated soils); or
(B) Derive a site-specific value using site-specific estimates of infiltration and ground water flow volume under subsection (5)(f) of this section.
(vi) Step 6: Calculate a predicted ground water concentration. Calculate a predicted ground water concentration by dividing the predicted soil pore water concentration for each NAPL component by a dilution factor to account for the dilution that occurs once the NAPL component enters ground water.
(vii) Step 7: Establishing protective soil concentrations.
(A) Petroleum mixtures. For petroleum mixtures, compare the predicted ground water concentration for each NAPL component and for the total petroleum hydrocarbon mixture (sum of the petroleum components in the NAPL) with the applicable ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720.
(I) If the predicted ground water concentration for each of the NAPL components and for the total petroleum hydrocarbon mixture is less than or equal to the applicable ground water cleanup level, then the soil concentrations measured at the site are protective.
(II) If the condition in (d)(vii)(A)(I) of this subsection is not met, then the soil concentrations measured at the site are not protective. Use the four-phase partitioning model in an iterative process to calculate protective soil concentrations.
(B) Other mixtures. For mixtures that do not include petroleum hydrocarbons, compare the predicted ground water concentration for each hazardous substance in the mixture with the applicable ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720.
(I) If the predicted ground water concentration for each of the hazardous substances in the mixture is less than or equal to the applicable ground water cleanup level, then the soil concentrations measured at the site are protective.
(II) If the condition in (d)(vii)(B)(I) of this subsection is not met, then the soil concentrations measured at the site are not protective. Use the four-phase partitioning model in an iterative process to calculate protective soil concentrations.
(7) Leaching tests.
(a) Overview. This subsection specifies the procedures and requirements for deriving soil concentrations through the use of leaching tests. Leaching tests may be used to establish soil concentrations for the following specified metals: Arsenic, cadmium, total chromium, hexavalent chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc (see (b) and (c) of this subsection). Leaching tests may also be used to establish soil concentrations for other hazardous substances, including petroleum hydrocarbons, provided sufficient information is available to correlate leaching test results with ground water impacts (see (d) of this subsection). Testing of soil samples from the site is required for use of this method.
(b) Leaching tests for specified metals. If leaching tests are used to establish soil concentrations for the specified metals, the following two leaching tests may be used:
(i) EPA Method 1312, Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP). Fluid #3 (pH = 5.0), representing acid rain in the western United States, shall be used when conducting this test. This test may underestimate ground water impacts when acidic conditions exist due to significant biological degradation or for other reasons. Underestimation of ground water impacts may occur, for example, when soils contaminated with metals are located in wood waste, in municipal solid waste landfills, in high sulfur content mining wastes, or in other situations with a pH <6. Consequently, this test shall not be used in these situations and the TCLP test should be used instead.
(ii) EPA Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Fluid #1 (pH = 4.93), representing organic acids generated by biological degradation processes, shall be used when conducting this test. This test is intended to represent situations where acidic conditions are present due to biological degradation such as in municipal solid waste landfills. Thus, it may underestimate ground water impacts where this is not the case and the metals of interest are more soluble under alkaline conditions. An example of this would be arsenic occurring in alkaline (pH >8) waste or soils. Consequently, this test shall not be used in these situations and the SPLP test should be used instead.
(c) Criteria for specified metals. When using either EPA Method 1312 or 1311, the analytical methods used for analysis of the leaching test effluent shall be sufficiently sensitive to quantify hazardous substances at concentrations at the ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720. For a soil metals concentration derived under (b) of this subsection to be considered protective of ground water, the leaching test effluent concentration shall meet the following criteria:
(i) For cadmium, lead and zinc, the leaching test effluent concentration shall be less than or equal to ten (10) times the applicable ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720.
(ii) For arsenic, total chromium, hexavalent chromium, copper, mercury, nickel and selenium, the leaching test effluent concentration shall be less than or equal to the applicable ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720.
(d) Leaching tests for other hazardous substances. Leaching tests using the methods specified in this subsection may also be used for hazardous substances other than the metals specifically identified in this subsection, including petroleum hydrocarbons. Alternative leaching test methods may also be used for any hazardous substance, including the metals specifically identified in this subsection. Use of the leaching tests specified in (b) and (c) of this subsection for other hazardous substances or in a manner not specified in (b) and (c) of this subsection, or use of alternative leaching tests for any hazardous substance is subject to department approval and the user must demonstrate with empirical data that the leaching test results correlate with actual ground water impacts. The department will use the criteria in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16) to evaluate the appropriateness of these alternative methods.
(8) Alternative fate and transport models.
(a) Overview. This subsection specifies the procedures and requirements for establishing soil concentrations through the use of fate and transport models other than those specified in subsections (4) through (6) of this section. These alternative models may be used to establish a soil concentration for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data is required for use of these models.
(b) Assumptions. When using alternative models, transport processes modeled shall include advection-dispersion, at a minimum. Other processes that may be modeled and constraints on their use, include the following:
(i) Sorption. Sorption values shall be derived in accordance with either subsection (4)(c) of this section or the methods specified in subsection (5)(b) of this section.
(ii) Vapor phase partitioning. If Henry's law constant is used to establish vapor phase partitioning, then the constant shall be derived in accordance with subsection (4)(d) of this section.
(iii) Natural biodegradation. Rates of natural biodegradation shall be derived from site-specific measurements.
(iv) Dispersion. Estimates of dispersion shall be derived from either site-specific measurements or literature values.
(v) Decaying source. Fate and transport algorithms that account for decay over time.
(vi) Dilution. Dilution shall be based on site-specific measurements or estimated using a model incorporating site-specific characteristics. The quantity of ground water available for dilution shall be adjusted downward in proportion to the background (upgradient) concentration.
(vii) Infiltration. Infiltration shall be derived in accordance with subsection (5)(f)(ii)(A) or (B) of this section.
(c) Evaluation criteria. Proposed fate and transport models, input parameters, and assumptions shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(9) Empirical demonstration.
(a) Overview. This subsection specifies the procedures and requirements for demonstrating empirically that soil concentrations measured at the site will not cause an exceedance of the applicable ground water cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720. This empirical demonstration may be used for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data (e.g., ground water and soil samples) is required under this method. If the demonstrations required under (b) of this subsection cannot be made, then a protective soil concentration shall be established under one of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (8) of this section.
(b) Requirements. To demonstrate empirically that measured soil concentrations will not cause an exceedance of the applicable ground water cleanup levels established under WAC 173-340-720, the following shall be demonstrated:
(i) The measured ground water concentration is less than or equal to the applicable ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720; and
(ii) The measured soil concentration will not cause an exceedance of the applicable ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720 at any time in the future. Specifically, it must be demonstrated that a sufficient amount of time has elapsed for migration of hazardous substances from soil into ground water to occur and that the characteristics of the site (e.g., depth to ground water and infiltration) are representative of future site conditions. This demonstration may also include a measurement or calculation of the attenuating capacity of soil between the source of the hazardous substance and the ground water table using site-specific data.
(c) Evaluation criteria. Empirical demonstrations shall be based on methods approved by the department. Those methods shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(10) Residual saturation.
(a) Overview. To ensure the soil concentrations established under one of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (9) of this section will not cause an exceedance of the ground water cleanup level established under WAC 173-340-720, the soil concentrations must not result in the accumulation of free product on or in ground water (see subsection (2)(b) of this section). To ensure that this criterion is met, either an empirical demonstration must be made (see (c) of this subsection) or residual saturation screening levels must be established and compared with the soil concentrations established under one of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (9) of this section (see (d) and (e) of this subsection). This subsection applies to any site where hazardous substances are present as a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), including sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
(b) Definition of residual saturation. When a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is released to the soil, some of the NAPL will be left behind in the soil pores or void spaces due to capillary forces. The amount of NAPL that is left behind in the soil pores is called residual saturation. This term is used to describe the volumetric content of the petroleum hydrocarbons or other hazardous substances that remain in the soil pores. At volumetric contents above residual saturation, the NAPL will continue to migrate. If this occurs, the NAPL may eventually migrate into ground water, provided a sufficient volume of NAPL is released.
(c) Empirical demonstration. An empirical demonstration may be used to show that soil concentrations measured at the site will not result in the accumulation of free product on or in ground water. An empirical demonstration may be used for any hazardous substance. Site-specific data (e.g., ground water and soil samples) is required under this method. If the demonstrations required under (c)(i) of this subsection cannot be made, then a protective soil concentration shall be established under (d) and (e) of this subsection.
(i) Requirements. To demonstrate empirically that measured soil concentrations will not result in the accumulation of free product on or in ground water, the following shall be demonstrated:
(A) Free product has not accumulated on or in ground water; and
(B) The measured soil concentration will not result in free product accumulating on or in ground water at any time in the future. Specifically, it must be demonstrated that a sufficient amount of time has elapsed for migration of hazardous substances from soil into ground water to occur and that the characteristics of the site (e.g., depth to ground water and infiltration) are representative of future site conditions. This demonstration may also include a measurement or calculation of the attenuating capacity of soil between the source of the hazardous substance and the ground water table using site-specific data.
(iii) Evaluation criteria. Empirical demonstrations shall be based on methods approved by the department. Those methods shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(d) Deriving residual saturation screening levels. Unless an empirical demonstration is made under (c) of this subsection, residual saturation screening levels shall be derived and compared with the soil concentrations derived under the methods specified in subsections (4) through (9) of this subsection to ensure that those soil concentrations will not result in the accumulation of free product on or in ground water. Residual saturation screening levels shall be derived using one of the following methods.
(i) Default screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons. Residual saturation screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons may be obtained from the values specified in Table 747-5.
(ii) Site-specific screening levels. Residual saturation screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons and other hazardous substances may be derived from site-specific measurements. Site-specific measurements of residual saturation shall be based on methods approved by the department. Laboratory measurements or theoretical estimates (i.e., those that are not based on site-specific measurements) of residual saturation shall be supported and verified by site data. This may include an assessment of ground water monitoring data and soil concentration data with depth and an analysis of the soil's texture (grain size), porosity and volumetric water content.
(e) Adjustment to the derived soil concentrations. After residual saturation screening levels have been derived under (d) of this subsection, the screening levels shall be compared with the soil concentrations derived under one of the methods specified in subsections (4) through (9) of this subsection. If the residual saturation screening level exceeds the soil concentration, then the soil concentration shall be adjusted downward to the screening level to be protective. If the residual saturation screening level does not exceed the soil concentration, then the soil concentration is protective.
(11) Ground water monitoring requirements. The department may, on a case-by-case basis, require ground water monitoring to confirm that hazardous substance soil concentrations derived under this section meet the criterion specified in subsection (2) of this section.
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Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
NEW SECTION
WAC 173-340-7490
Terrestrial ecological evaluation
procedures.
(1) Purpose.
(a) WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494 define the goals and procedures the department will use for:
(i) Determining whether a release of hazardous substances to soil may pose a threat to the terrestrial environment;
(ii) Characterizing existing or potential threats to terrestrial plants or animals exposed to hazardous substances in soil; and
(iii) Establishing site-specific cleanup standards for the protection of terrestrial plants and animals.
(b) Information collected during a terrestrial ecological evaluation shall also be used in developing and evaluating cleanup action alternatives and in selecting a cleanup action under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390. WAC 173-340-7490 through 173-340-7494 do not necessarily require a cleanup action for terrestrial ecological protection separate from a human health-based cleanup action. Where appropriate, a terrestrial ecological evaluation may be conducted so as to avoid duplicative studies of soil contamination that will be remediated to address other concerns, as provided in WAC 173-340-350 (7)(c)(iii)(F)(II).
(c) These procedures are not intended to be used to evaluate potential threats to ecological receptors in sediments, surface water, or wetlands. Procedures for sediment evaluations are described in WAC 173-340-760, and for surface water evaluations in WAC 173-340-730. Procedures for wetland evaluations shall be determined by the department on a case-by-case basis.
(2) Requirements. In the event of a release of a hazardous substance to the soil at a site, one of the following actions shall be taken:
(a) Document an exclusion from any further terrestrial ecological evaluation using the criteria in WAC 173-340-7491;
(b) Conduct a simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation as set forth in WAC 173-340-7492; or
(c) Conduct a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation as set forth in WAC 173-340-7493.
(3) Goal. The goal of the terrestrial ecological evaluation process is the protection of terrestrial ecological receptors from exposure to contaminated soil with the potential to cause significant adverse effects. For species protected under the Endangered Species Act or other applicable laws that extend protection to individuals of a species, a significant adverse effect means an impact that would significantly disrupt normal behavior patterns that include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering. For all other species, significant adverse effects are effects that impair reproduction, growth or survival.
(a) The simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation process has been developed to be protective of terrestrial ecological receptors at most qualifying sites, while the site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation process is intended to be highly likely to be protective at any site.
(b) The following policy on terrestrial ecological receptors to be protected applies to all terrestrial ecological evaluations. For land uses other than industrial or commercial, protectiveness is evaluated relative to terrestrial plants, wildlife, and ecologically important functions of soil biota that affect plants or wildlife.
For industrial or commercial properties, current or future potential for exposure to soil contamination need only be evaluated for terrestrial wildlife protection. Plants and soil biota need not be considered unless:
(i) The species is protected under the federal Endangered Species Act; or
(ii) The soil contamination is located on an area of an industrial or commercial property where vegetation must be maintained to comply with local government land use regulations.
(c) For the purposes of this section, "industrial property" means properties meeting the definition in WAC 173-340-200. "Commercial property" means properties that are currently zoned for commercial property use and that are characterized by or are committed to traditional commercial uses such as offices, retail and wholesale sales, professional services, consumer services, and, warehousing.
(d) Any terrestrial remedy, including exclusions, based at least in part on future land use assumptions shall include a completion date for such future development acceptable to the department.
(4) Point of compliance.
(a) Conditional point of compliance. For sites with institutional controls to prevent excavation of deeper soil, a conditional point of compliance may be set at the biologically active soil zone. This zone is assumed to extend to a depth of six feet. The department may approve a site-specific depth based on a demonstration that an alternative depth is more appropriate for the site. In making this demonstration, the following shall be considered:
(i) Depth to which soil macro-invertebrates are likely to occur;
(ii) Depth to which soil turnover (bioturbation) is likely to occur due to the activities of soil invertebrates;
(iii) Depth to which animals likely to occur at the site are expected to burrow; and
(iv) Depth to which plant roots are likely to extend.
(b) Standard point of compliance. An institutional control is not required for soil contamination that is at least fifteen feet below the ground surface. This represents a reasonable estimate of the depth of soil that could be excavated and distributed at the soil surface as a result of site development activities, resulting in exposure by ecological receptors.
(5) Additional measures. The department may require additional measures to evaluate potential threats to terrestrial ecological receptors notwithstanding the provisions in this and the following sections, when based upon a site-specific review, the department determines that such measures are necessary to protect the environment.
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(1) Criteria for determining that no further evaluation is required. No further evaluation is required if the department determines that a site meets any of the criteria in (a) through (d) of this subsection:
(a) All soil contaminated with hazardous substances is, or will be, located below the point of compliance established under WAC 173-340-7490(4). To qualify for this exclusion, an institutional control shall be required by the department under WAC 173-340-440. An institutional control is not required if the contamination is at least fifteen feet below the ground surface (WAC 173-340-7490 (4)(b)). An exclusion based on planned future land use shall include a completion date for such future development that is acceptable to the department.
(b) All soil contaminated with hazardous substances is, or will be, covered by buildings, paved roads, pavement, or other physical barriers that will prevent plants or wildlife from being exposed to the soil contamination. To qualify for this exclusion, an institutional control shall be required by the department under WAC 173-340-440. An exclusion based on planned future land use shall include a completion date for such future development that is acceptable to the department;
(c) Where the site conditions are related or connected to undeveloped land in the following manner:
(i) For sites contaminated with hazardous substances other than those specified in (c)(ii) of this subsection, there is less than 1.5 acres of contiguous undeveloped land on the site or within 500 feet of any area of the site; and
(ii) For sites contaminated with any of the following hazardous substances: Chlorinated dioxins or furans, PCB mixtures, DDT, DDE, DDD, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide, benzene hexachloride, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, or pentachlorobenzene, there is less than 1/4 acre of contiguous undeveloped land on or within 500 feet of any area of the site affected by these hazardous substances. This list does not imply that sampling must be conducted for each of these chemicals at every site. Sampling should be conducted for those chemicals that might be present based on available information, such as current and past uses of chemicals at the site; and
(iii) For the purposes of (c)(i) and (ii) of this subsection, and Table 749-1, "undeveloped land" shall mean land that is not covered by buildings, roads, paved areas or other barriers that would prevent wildlife from feeding on plants, earthworms, insects or other food in or on the soil. "Contiguous" undeveloped land means an area of undeveloped land that is not divided into smaller areas by highways, extensive paving or similar structures that are likely to reduce the potential use of the overall area by wildlife. Roads, sidewalks and other structures that are unlikely to reduce potential use of the area by wildlife shall not be considered to divide a contiguous area into smaller areas.
(d) Concentrations of hazardous substances in soil do not exceed natural background levels, as determined under WAC 173-340-709.
(2) Procedure for a site that does not qualify for an exclusion.
(a) Sites that do not qualify for an exclusion under subsection (1) of this section shall conduct a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation if any of the following criteria apply:
(i) The site is located on, or directly adjacent to, an area where management or land use plans will maintain or restore native or seminative vegetation (e.g., green-belts, protected wetlands, forestlands, locally designated environmentally sensitive areas, open space areas managed for wildlife, and some parks or outdoor recreation areas. This does not include park areas used for intensive sport activities such as baseball or football).
(ii) The site is used by a threatened or endangered species; a wildlife species classified by the Washington state department of fish and wildlife as a "priority species" or "species of concern" under Title 77 RCW; or a plant species classified by the Washington state department of natural resources natural heritage program as "endangered," "threatened," or "sensitive" under Title 79 RCW. For plants, "used" means that a plant species grows at the site or has been found growing at the site. For animals, "used" means that individuals of a species have been observed to live, feed or breed at the site.
(iii) The site is located on a property that contains at least ten acres of native vegetation within 500 feet of the site, not including vegetation beyond the property boundaries.
(iv) The department determines that the site may present a risk to significant wildlife populations.
(b) If none of the criteria in (a) of this subsection apply to the site, either a simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation described under WAC 173-340-7492 or a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation described under WAC 173-340-7493 shall be conducted.
(c) For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply.
(i) "Native vegetation" means any plant community native to the state of Washington. The following sources shall be used in making this determination: Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington, J.F. Franklin and C.T. Dyrness, Oregon State University Press, 1988, and L.C. Hitchcock, C.L. Hitchcock, J.W. Thompson and A. Cronquist, 1955-1969, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest (5 volumes). Areas planted with native species for ornamental or landscaping purposes shall not be considered to be native vegetation.
(ii) "Seminative vegetation" means a plant community that includes at least some vascular plant species native to the state of Washington. The following shall not be considered seminative vegetation: Areas planted for ornamental or landscaping purposes, cultivated crops, and areas significantly disturbed and predominantly covered by noxious, introduced plant species or weeds (e.g., Scotch broom, Himalayan blackberry or knap-weed).
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(1) Purpose.
(a) The simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation process is intended to identify those sites which do not have a substantial potential for posing a threat of significant adverse effects to terrestrial ecological receptors, and thus may be removed from further ecological consideration during the remedial investigation and cleanup process. For remaining sites, the process provides several options, including chemical concentrations that may be used as cleanup levels, and the choice of developing site-specific concentrations using bioassays or conducting a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation under WAC 173-340-7493.
(b) The process is structured with an intent to protect terrestrial wildlife at industrial or commercial sites, and terrestrial plants, soil biota and terrestrial wildlife at other sites, as provided under WAC 173-340-7490 (3)(b).
(c) The simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation procedures in subsection (2) of this section are organized to focus upon the extent of exposure, exposure pathways, and particular contaminants as key factors in evaluating ecological risk. The steps need not be followed in order, and any one step may be used to determine that no further evaluation is necessary to conclude that a site does not pose a substantial threat of significant adverse effects to terrestrial ecological receptors.
(d) If none of the simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation screening step conditions are met, the person conducting the evaluation may use the chemical concentration numbers listed in Table 749-2 as cleanup levels, or shall conduct a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation under WAC 173-340-7493.
(2) Process for conducting a simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation.
(a) Exposure analysis. The evaluation may be ended at a site where:
(i) The total area of soil contamination at the site is not more than 350 square feet; or
(ii) Land use at the site and surrounding area makes substantial wildlife exposure unlikely. Table 749-1 shall be used to make this evaluation.
(b) Pathways analysis. The evaluation may be ended if there are no potential exposure pathways from soil contamination to soil biota, plants or wildlife. For a commercial or industrial property, only potential exposure pathways to wildlife (e.g., small mammals, birds) need be considered. Only exposure pathways for priority chemicals of ecological concern listed in Table 749-2 at or above the concentrations provided must be considered. Incomplete pathways may be due to the presence of man-made physical barriers, either currently existing or to be placed (within a time frame acceptable to the department) as part of a remedy or land use. To ensure that such man-made barriers are maintained, a restrictive covenant shall be required by the department under WAC 173-340-440 under a consent decree, agreed order or enforcement order, or as a condition to a written opinion regarding the adequacy of an independent remedial action under WAC 173-340-515(3).
(c) Contaminants analysis. The evaluation may be ended if either of the following are true:
(i) No hazardous substance listed in Table 749-2 for which a value is listed is, or will be, present in the soil at a depth not exceeding the point of compliance established under WAC 173-340-7490(4) and at concentrations higher than the values provided in Table 749-2, using the statistical compliance methods described in WAC 173-340-740(7). An institutional control is required if the contamination is within fifteen feet of the ground surface (see WAC 173-340-7490 (4)(b)). If a hazardous substance listed in Table 749-2 does not have a value listed, then the requirements of (c)(ii) of this subsection must be met; or
(ii) No hazardous substance listed in Table 749-2 is, or will be, present in the soil within six feet of the ground surface at concentrations likely to be toxic, or with the potential to bioaccumulate, based on bioassays using methods approved by the department. An institutional control is required if the contaminant is within fifteen feet of the ground surface. If a hazardous substance listed in Table 749-2 does not have a value listed, then this subparagraph applies.
(3) Institutional controls. If any of the conditions listed above in subsection (2)(a)(ii) through (c) of this section are used to end the simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation, institutional controls may be needed to ensure that the condition will continue to be met in the future. Cleanup remedies that rely on chemical concentrations for industrial or commercial sites in Table 749-2 shall include appropriate institutional controls to prevent future exposure to plants or soil biota in the event of a change in land use.
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(1) Purpose.
(a) This section sets forth the procedures for conducting a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation if any of the conditions specified in WAC 173-340-7491 (2)(a) apply to the site, or if the person conducting the evaluation elects to conduct a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation under this section, whether or not a simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation has been conducted under WAC 173-340-7492.
(b) In addition to the purposes specified in WAC 173-340-7490 (1)(a), the site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation is intended to facilitate selection of a cleanup action by developing information necessary to conduct evaluations of cleanup action alternatives in the feasibility study.
(c) There are two elements in planning a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation. Both elements shall be done in consultation with the department and must be approved by the department. The two elements are:
(i) Completing the problem formulation step as required under subsection (2) of this section; and
(ii) Selecting one or more methods under subsection (3) of this section for addressing issues identified in the problem formulation step.
(d) After reviewing information developed in the problem formulation step, the department may at its discretion determine that selection of one or more methods for proceeding with the evaluation is not necessary by making either of the following decisions:
(i) No further site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation is necessary because the cleanup action plans developed for the protection of human health will eliminate exposure pathways of concern to all of the soil contamination.
(ii) A simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation may be conducted under WAC 173-340-7492 because this evaluation will adequately identify and address any existing or potential threats to ecological receptors.
(2) Problem formulation step.
(a) To define the focus of the site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation, identify issues to be addressed in the evaluation, specifying:
(i) The chemicals of ecological concern. The person conducting the evaluation may eliminate hazardous substances from further consideration where the maximum or the upper ninety-five percent confidence limit soil concentration found at the site does not exceed ecological indicator concentrations described in Table 749-3. For industrial or commercial land uses, only the wildlife values need to be considered. Any chemical that exceeds the ecological indicator concentrations shall be included as a chemical of ecological concern in the evaluation unless it can be eliminated based on the factors listed in WAC 173-340-708 (2)(b). (Caution on the use of ecological indicator concentrations: These numbers are not cleanup levels, and concentrations that exceed the number do not necessarily require remediation.)
(ii) Exposure pathways. Identify any complete potential pathways for exposure of plants or animals to the chemicals of concern. If there are no complete exposure pathways then no further evaluation is necessary. Incomplete pathways may be due to the presence of man-made physical barriers, either currently existing or to be placed (within a time frame acceptable to the department) as part of a remedy or land use.
To ensure that such man-made barriers are maintained, a restrictive covenant shall be required by the department under WAC 173-340-440 under a consent decree, agreed order or enforcement order, or as a condition to a written opinion regarding the adequacy of an independent remedial action under WAC 173-340-515(3).
(iii) Terrestrial ecological receptors of concern. Identify current or potential future terrestrial species groups reasonably likely to live or feed at the site. Groupings should represent taxonomically related species with similar exposure characteristics. Examples of potential terrestrial species groups include: Vascular plants, ground-feeding birds, ground-feeding small mammal predators, and herbivorous small mammals.
(A) From these terrestrial species groups, select those groups to be included in the evaluation. If appropriate, individual terrestrial receptor species may also be included. In selecting species groups or individual species, the following shall be considered:
(I) Receptors that may be most at risk for significant adverse effects based on the toxicological characteristics of the chemicals of concern, the sensitivity of the receptor, and on the likely degree of exposure.
(II) Public comments.
(III) Species protected under applicable state or federal laws that may potentially be exposed to soil contaminants at the site.
(IV) Receptors to be considered under different land uses, described under WAC 173-340-7490 (3)(b).
(B) Surrogate species for which greater information is available, or that are more suitable for site-specific studies, may be used in the analysis when appropriate for addressing issues raised in the problem formulation step.
(iv) Toxicological assessment. Identify significant adverse effects in the receptors of concern that may result from exposure to the chemicals of concern, based on information from the toxicological literature.
(b) The following is an example of a site-specific issue developed in this step: Is dieldrin contamination a potential threat to reproduction in birds feeding on invertebrates and ingesting soil at the site? If so, what measures will eliminate any significant adverse effects?
(c) If there are identified information needs for remedy selection or remedial design, these should also be developed as issues for the problem formulation process.
(d) The use of assessment and measurement endpoints, as defined in USEPA Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, 1997, should be considered to clarify the logical structure of the site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation under this chapter. Assessment endpoints shall be consistent with the policy objectives described in WAC 173-340-7490 (3)(b).
(3) Selection of appropriate terrestrial ecological evaluation methods. If it is determined during the problem formulation step that further evaluation is necessary, the soil concentrations listed in Table 749-3 may be used as the cleanup level at the discretion of the person conducting the evaluation. Alternatively, one or more of the following methods listed in (a) through (g) of this subsection that are relevant to the issues identified in the problem formulation step and that meet the requirements of WAC 173-340-7490 (1)(a) shall be conducted. The alternative methods available for conducting a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation include the following:
(a) Literature survey. An analysis based on a literature survey shall be conducted in accordance with subsection (4) of this section and may be used for purposes including the following:
(i) Developing a soil concentration for chemicals not listed in Table 749-3.
(ii) Identifying a soil concentration for the protection of plants or soil biota more relevant to site-specific conditions than the value listed in Table 749-3.
(iii) Obtaining a value for any of the wildlife exposure model variables listed in Table 749-5 to calculate a soil concentration for the protection of wildlife more relevant to site-specific conditions than the values listed in Table 749-3.
(b) Soil bioassays.
(i) Bioassays may use sensitive surrogate organisms not necessarily found at the site provided that the test adequately addresses the issues raised in the problem formulation step. For issues where existing or potential threats to plant life are a concern, the test described in Early Seedling Growth Protocol for Soil Toxicity Screening. Ecology Publication No. 96-324 may be used. For sites where risks to soil biota are a concern, the test described in Earthworm Bioassay Protocol for Soil Toxicity Screening. Ecology Publication No. 96-327 may be used. Other bioassay tests approved by the department may also be used.
(ii) Soil concentrations protective of soil biota or plants may also be established with soil bioassays that use species ecologically relevant to the site rather than standard test species. Species that do or could occur at the site are considered ecologically relevant.
(c) Wildlife exposure model. Equations and exposure parameters to be used in calculating soil concentrations protective of terrestrial wildlife are provided in Tables 749-4 and 749-5. Changes to this model may be approved by the department under the following conditions:
(i) Alternative values for parameters listed in Table 749-5 may be used if they can be demonstrated to be more relevant to site-specific conditions (for example, the value is based on a chemical form of a hazardous substance actually present at the site). An alternative value obtained from the literature shall be supported by a literature survey conducted in accordance with subsection (4) of this section.
(ii) Receptor species of concern or exposure pathways identified in the problem formulation step may be added to the model if appropriate on a site-specific basis.
(iii) A substitution for one or more of the receptor species listed in Table 749-4 may be made under subsection (7) of this section.
(d) Biomarkers. Biomarker methods may be used if the measurements have clear relevance to issues raised in the problem formulation and the approach has a high probability of detecting a significant adverse effect if it is occurring at the site. The person conducting the evaluation may elect to use criteria such as biomarker effects that serve as a sensitive surrogate for significant adverse effects.
(e) Site-specific field studies. Site-specific empirical studies that involve hypothesis testing should use a conventional "no difference" null hypothesis (e.g., H0: Earthworm densities are the same in the contaminated area and the reference (control) area. HA: Earthworm densities are higher in the reference area than in the contaminated area). In preparing a work plan, consideration shall be given to the adequacy of the proposed study to detect an ongoing adverse effect and this issue shall be addressed in reporting results from the study.
(f) Weight of evidence. A weight of evidence approach shall include a balance in the application of literature, field, and laboratory data, recognizing that each has particular strengths and weaknesses. Site-specific data shall be given greater weight than default values or assumptions where appropriate.
(g) Other methods approved by the department. This may include a qualitative evaluation if relevant toxicological data are not available and cannot be otherwise developed (e.g., through soil bioassay testing).
(4) Literature surveys.
(a) Toxicity reference values or soil concentrations established from the literature shall represent the lowest relevant LOAEL found in the literature. Bioaccumulation factor values shall represent a reasonable maximum value from relevant information found in the literature. In assessing relevance, the following principles shall be considered:
(i) Literature benchmark values should be obtained from studies that have test conditions as similar as possible to site conditions.
(ii) The literature benchmark values or toxicity reference values should correspond to the exposure route being assessed.
(iii) The toxicity reference value or bioaccumulation factor value shall be as appropriate as possible for the receptor being assessed. The toxicity reference value should be based on a significant endpoint, as described in subsection (2) of this section.
(iv) The literature benchmark value or toxicity reference value should preferably be based on chronic exposure.
(v) The literature benchmark value, toxicity reference value, or bioaccumulation factor should preferably correspond to the chemical form being assessed. Exceptions may apply for toxicity reference values where documented biological transformations occur following uptake of the chemical or where chemical transformations are known to occur in the environment under conditions appropriate to the site.
(b) A list of relevant journals and other literature consulted in the survey shall be provided to the department. A table summarizing information from all relevant studies shall be provided to the department in a report, and the studies used to select a proposed value shall be identified. Copies of literature cited in the table that are not in the possession of the department shall be provided with the report. The department may identify relevant articles, books or other documents that shall be included in the survey.
(5) Uncertainty analysis. If a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation includes an uncertainty analysis, the discussion of uncertainty shall identify and differentiate between uncertainties that can and cannot be quantified, and natural variability. The discussion shall describe the range of potential ecological risks from the hazardous substances present at the site, based on the toxicological characteristics of the hazardous substances present, and evaluate the uncertainty regarding these risks. Potential methods for reducing uncertainty shall also be discussed, such as additional studies or post-remedial monitoring. If multiple lines of independent evidence have been developed, a weight of evidence approach may be used in characterizing uncertainty.
(6) New scientific information. The department shall consider proposals for modifications to default values provided in this section based on new scientific information in accordance with WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16).
(7) Substitute receptor species. Substitutions of receptor species and the associated values in the wildlife exposure model described in Table 749-4 may be made subject to the following conditions:
(a) There is scientifically supportable evidence that a receptor identified in Table 749-4 is not characteristic or a reasonable surrogate for a receptor that is characteristic of the ecoregion where the site is located. "Ecoregions" are defined using EPA's Ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest Document No. 600/3-86/033 July 1986 by Omernik and Gallant.
(b) The proposed substitute receptor is characteristic of the ecoregion where the site is located and will serve as a surrogate for wildlife species that are, or may become exposed to soil contaminants at the site. The selected surrogate shall be a species that is expected to be vulnerable to the effects of soil contamination relative to the current default species because of high exposure or known sensitivity to hazardous substances found in soil at the site.
(c) Scientific studies concerning the proposed substitute receptor species are available in the literature to select reasonable maximum exposure estimates for variables listed in Table 749-4.
(d) In choosing among potential substitute receptor species that meet the criteria in (b) and (c) of this subsection, preference shall be given to the species most ecologically similar to the default receptor being replaced.
(e) Unless there is clear and convincing evidence that they are not characteristic of the ecoregion where the site is located, the following groups shall be included in the wildlife exposure model: A small mammalian predator on soil-associated invertebrates, a small avian predator on soil-associated invertebrates, and a small mammalian herbivore.
(f) To account for uncertainties in the level of protection provided to substitute receptor species and toxicologically sensitive species, the department may require any of the following:
(i) Use of toxicity reference values based on no observed adverse effects levels.
(ii) Use of uncertainty factors to account for extrapolations between species in toxicity or exposure parameter values; or
(iii) Use of a hazard index approach for multiple contaminants to account for additive toxic effects.
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When the department determines that such measures are necessary to protect the environment, the department may revise the hazardous substances and corresponding concentrations included in Table 749-2, subject to the following:
(1) The data indicate a significant tendency of the hazardous substance to persist, bioaccumulate, or be highly toxic to terrestrial ecological receptors;
(2) The concentrations for hazardous substances listed in Table 749-2 shall be based on protection of wildlife for industrial and commercial land uses, and upon protection of plants and animals for other land uses.
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(1) General considerations.
(a) This section applies whenever it is necessary to establish air cleanup standards to determine if air emissions at a site pose a threat to human health or the environment. It applies to ambient (outdoor) air and air within any building, utility vault, manhole or other structure large enough for a person to fit into. This section does not apply to concentrations of hazardous substances in the air originating from an industrial or commercial process or operation or to hazardous substances in the air originating from an off-site source. This section does apply to concentrations of hazardous substances in the air originating from other contaminated media or a remedial action at the site. Air cleanup standards shall be established at the following sites:
(i) Where a nonpotable ground water cleanup level is being established for volatile organic compounds using a site-specific risk assessment under WAC 173-340-720(6).
(ii) Where a soil cleanup level that addresses vapors or dust is being established under WAC 173-340-740 or 173-340-745.
(iii) Where it is necessary to establish air emission limits for a remedial action.
(iv) At other sites as determined by the department.
(b) Cleanup levels to protect air quality shall be based on
estimates of the reasonable maximum exposure expected to occur
under both current and future site use conditions. The
department has determined that residential site use will
generally require the most protective ((ambient)) air cleanup
levels and that exposure to hazardous substances under these
conditions represents the reasonable maximum exposure. Air
cleanup levels shall use this presumed exposure scenario and be
established in accordance with subsection (3) of this section
unless the site qualifies for a Method C air cleanup level. If a
site qualifies for a Method C air cleanup level, subsection (4)
of this section shall be used to establish air cleanup levels.
(c) In the event of a release or potential release of
hazardous substances into the ((ambient)) air at a site at which
this section applies under (a) of this subsection, ((treatment,
removal, or containment measures shall be conducted to reduce the
levels of hazardous substances in the ambient air to levels
consistent with this use unless all of the following can be
demonstrated:
(i) The site does not serve as a current residential area;
(ii) The site is not likely to become a residential area in the future based on a review of site zoning, statutory or regulatory restrictions, comprehensive plans, historic site use, adjacent land uses, and other relevant factors;
(iii) Appropriate institutional controls are implemented at the site to prohibit residential use; and
(iv) Air emissions from the site will not reduce the air quality in adjacent residential areas; or
(v) More stringent concentrations are necessary to protect human health and the environment.
(b) Ambient air cleanup levels for nonresidential site uses shall be established on a case-by-case basis. The overall limits on the hazard index and total excess cancer risk specified in subsections (3) through (5) of this section shall apply to these sites. Cleanup levels for these types of sites shall be at least as stringent as method C cleanup levels established under subsection (4) of this section)) a cleanup action that complies with this chapter shall be conducted to address all areas of the site where the concentration of the hazardous substances in the air exceeds cleanup levels.
(((c) Ambient)) (d) Air cleanup levels shall be established
at concentrations ((which)) that do not directly or indirectly
cause violations of ground water, surface water, or soil cleanup
standards established under this chapter or applicable state and
federal laws. A site that qualifies for a Method C air cleanup
level under this section does not necessarily qualify for a
Method C cleanup level in other media. Each medium must be
evaluated separately using the criteria applicable to that
medium.
(e) The department may require more stringent air cleanup standards than required by this section where, based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that this is necessary to protect human health and the environment. Any imposition of more stringent requirements under this provision shall comply with WAC 173-340-702 and 173-340-708.
(2) Method A air cleanup levels.
(((a) Method A cleanup levels for ambient air shall be at
least as stringent as concentrations established under applicable
state and federal laws;
(b) The department may establish method A cleanup levels that are more stringent than those required by (a) of this subsection when, based on a site-specific evaluation, the department determines that such levels are necessary to protect human health and the environment.)) This section does not provide procedures for establishing Method A cleanup levels. Method B or C, as appropriate, shall be used to establish air cleanup levels.
(3) Method B air cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method B air cleanup levels consist of standard and modified cleanup levels as described in this subsection. Either standard or modified Method B air cleanup levels may be used at any site.
(b) Standard Method B air cleanup levels. Standard Method B
cleanup levels for ((ambient)) air shall be at least as stringent
as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations established under applicable state and federal laws; and
(ii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for which sufficiently protective health-based criteria or standards have not been established under applicable state and federal laws, those concentrations which protect human health and the environment as determined by the following methods:
(A) Noncarcinogens. Concentrations ((which)) that are
estimated to result in no acute or chronic toxic effects on human
health and are determined using the following equation and
standard exposure assumptions:
[Equation 750-1] | ||||
(( |
= | RfD x ABW x UCF x HQ BR x ABS |
||
Where: | ||||
RfD | = | Reference dose as specified in WAC 173-340-708(7) (mg/kg-day) | ||
ABW | = | Average body weight (16 kg) | ||
UCF | = | Unit(( |
||
BR | = | Breathing rate (10 m3/day) | ||
ABS | = | Inhalation absorption (( |
||
HQ | = | Hazard quotient (1)(( |
[Equation 750-2] | ||||
(( (ug/m3) |
= |
RISK x ABW x LIFE x UCF CPF x BR x ABS x DUR |
||
Where: | ||||
RISK | = | Acceptable cancer risk level (1 in 1,000,000) (unitless) | ||
ABW | = | Average body weight (70 kg) | ||
LIFE | = | Lifetime (75 years) | ||
UCF | = | Unit(( |
||
CPF | = | Carcinogenic potency factor as specified in WAC 173-340-708(8) (kg-day/mg) | ||
BR | = | Breathing rate (20 m3/day) | ||
ABS | = | Inhalation absorption (( |
||
DUR | = | Duration of exposure (30 years)(( |
(C) Petroleum mixtures. For noncarcinogenic effects of petroleum mixtures, a total petroleum hydrocarbon cleanup level shall be calculated using Equation 750-1 and by taking into account the additive effects of the petroleum fractions and volatile organic compounds present in the petroleum mixture. Cleanup levels for other noncarcinogens and known or suspected carcinogens within the petroleum mixture shall be calculated using Equations 750-1 and 750-2. See Table 830-1 for the analyses required for various petroleum products to use this method.
(iii) Lower explosive limit limitation. Standard Method B air cleanup levels shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of the lower explosive limit for any hazardous substance or mixture of hazardous substances.
(c) Modified Method B air cleanup levels. Modified Method B air cleanup levels are standard Method B air cleanup levels modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. When making these adjustments, the resultant cleanup levels shall meet applicable state and federal laws, health risk levels and explosive limit limitations required for standard Method B air cleanup levels. Changes to exposure assumptions must comply with WAC 173-340-708(10). The following adjustments may be made to the default assumptions in the standard Method B equations to derive modified Method B cleanup levels:
(i) The inhalation absorption percentage may be modified if the requirements of WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15), (16) and WAC 173-340-708(10) are met;
(ii) Adjustments to the reference dose and cancer potency factor may be made if the requirements in WAC 173-340-708 (7) and (8) are met;
(iii) The toxicity equivalency factor procedures described in WAC 173-340-708(8) may be used for assessing the potential carcinogenic risk of mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
(iv) Modifications incorporating new science as provided for in WAC 173-340-702 (14), (15) and (16); and
(d) Using modified Method B to evaluate air remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under subsection (3)(c) of this section, adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357 and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(4) Method C air cleanup levels.
(a) Applicability. Method C air cleanup levels consist of
standard and modified cleanup levels as described in this
subsection. Method C air cleanup levels may be approved by the
department if the person undertaking the cleanup action can
demonstrate that ((such levels are consistent with applicable
state and federal laws, that best available control technology
has been utilized, and that one or more of the conditions in WAC 173-340-707(1) exist)) the site qualifies for use of Method C
under WAC 173-340-706(1).
(b) Standard Method C air cleanup levels. Standard Method C air cleanup levels for ambient air shall be at least as stringent as all of the following:
(i) Applicable state and federal laws. Concentrations
established under applicable state and federal laws; ((and))
(ii) Human health protection. For hazardous substances for
which sufficiently protective health-based criteria or standards
have not been established under applicable state and federal
laws, ((those)) concentrations ((which)) that protect human
health and the environment as determined by the following
methods:
(A) Noncarcinogens. Concentrations ((which)) that are
anticipated to result in no significant acute or chronic effects
on human health and are estimated in accordance with ((WAC 173-340-750 (3)(a)(ii)(A))) Equation 750-1 except that the
average body weight shall be 70 kg and the estimated breathing
rate shall be 20 m3/day; ((and))
(B) Carcinogens. For known or suspected carcinogens,
concentrations for which the upper bound on the estimated excess
cancer risk is less than or equal to ((1 in 100,000)) one in one
hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and are determined in accordance with
((WAC 173-340-750 (3)(a)(ii)(B))) Equation 750-2.
(((c) The department may establish method C cleanup levels
that are more stringent than those required by (b) of this
subsection, when, based on a site-specific evaluation, the
department determines that such levels are necessary to protect
human health and the environment.
(5) Multiple hazardous substances/multiple pathways of exposure.
(a))) (C) Petroleum mixtures. Cleanup levels for petroleum mixtures shall be calculated as specified in subsection (3)(b)(ii)(C) of this section, except that the average body weight shall be 70 kg and the estimated breathing rate shall be 20m3/day.
(iii) Lower explosive limit limitation. Standard Method C air cleanup levels shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of the lower explosive limit for any hazardous substance or mixture of hazardous substances.
(c) Modified Method C air cleanup levels. Modified Method C air cleanup levels are standard Method C air cleanup levels modified with chemical-specific or site-specific data. The same limitations and adjustments specified in subsection (3)(c) of this section apply to modified Method C cleanup levels.
(d) Using modified Method C to evaluate air remediation levels. In addition to the adjustments allowed under subsection (4)(c) of this section, adjustments to the reasonable maximum exposure scenario or default exposure assumptions are allowed when using a quantitative site-specific risk assessment to evaluate the protectiveness of a remedy. See WAC 173-340-355, 173-340-357 and 173-340-708 (3)(d) and (10)(b).
(5) Adjustments to air cleanup levels.
(a) Total site risk adjustments. Air cleanup levels for individual hazardous substances developed in accordance with subsections (3) and (4) of this section, including cleanup levels based on applicable state and federal laws, shall be adjusted downward to take into account exposure to multiple hazardous substances and/or exposure resulting from more than one pathway of exposure. These adjustments need to be made only if, without these adjustments, the hazard index would exceed one (1) or the total excess cancer risk would exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5). These adjustments shall be made in accordance with the procedures in WAC 173-340-708 (5) and (6). In making these adjustments, the hazard index shall not exceed one (1) and the total excess cancer risk shall not exceed one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5).
(b) ((These overall limits on the hazard index and total
excess cancer risk shall also apply to sites where there is
exposure to a single hazardous substance by one exposure pathway,
including those cleanup levels based on applicable state and
federal laws.)) Adjustments to applicable state and federal laws.
Where a cleanup level developed under subsection (3) or (4) of
this section is based on an applicable state or federal law and
the level of risk upon which the standard is based exceeds an
excess cancer risk of one in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) or a
hazard index of one (1), the cleanup level must be adjusted
downward so that the total excess cancer risk does not exceed one
in one hundred thousand (1 x 10-5) and the hazard index does not
exceed one (1) at the site.
(c) Natural background and PQL considerations. Cleanup levels determined under subsection (3) or (4) of this section, including cleanup levels adjusted under (a) or (b) of this subsection, shall not be set at levels below the practical quantitation limit or natural background. See WAC 173-340-709 and 173-340-707 for additional requirements pertaining to practical quantitation limits and natural background.
(6) Points of compliance. Cleanup levels established under
((subsections (2), (3), (4), and (5) of)) this section shall be
attained in the ambient air throughout the site. ((For sites
determined to be industrial sites under the criteria in WAC 173-340-745, the department may approve a conditional point of
compliance not to exceed the property boundary.))
(7) Compliance monitoring.
(a) Where air cleanup levels have been established at a
site, monitoring may be required to be conducted to determine if
compliance with the air cleanup levels has been achieved.
Sampling and analytical procedures shall be defined in a
compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410. The
sample design shall provide data ((which)) that are
representative of the site.
(b) Data analysis and evaluation procedures used to evaluate
compliance with ((ambient)) air cleanup levels shall be defined
in a compliance monitoring plan prepared under WAC 173-340-410.
(c) Averaging times specified in applicable state and federal laws shall be used to demonstrate compliance with those requirements.
(d) When cleanup levels are not based on applicable state and federal laws, the following averaging times shall be used:
(i) Compliance with ((ambient)) air cleanup levels for
noncarcinogens shall be based on twenty-four-hour time weighted
averages except where the cleanup level is based upon an
inhalation reference dose which specifies an alternate averaging
time;
(ii) Compliance with ((ambient)) air cleanup levels for
carcinogens shall be based on annual average concentrations.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-750, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 91-04-019, filed 1/28/91,
effective 2/28/91)
WAC 173-340-760
Sediment cleanup standards.
((Reserved.))
In addition to complying with the requirements in this chapter,
sediment cleanup actions conducted under this chapter must comply
with the requirements of chapter 173-204 WAC.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-760, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91.]
(1) Normal entry procedures. Whenever there is a reasonable basis to believe that a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance may exist, the department's authorized employees, agents or contractors may, after reasonable notice, enter upon any real property, public or private, to conduct investigations or remedial actions. The notice shall briefly describe the reason for requesting access. For the purpose of this subsection, unless earlier access is granted, reasonable notice shall mean:
(a) Written notice to the site owner and operator to the
extent known to the department, sent through the United States
Postal Service at least three days ((prior to)) before entry; or
(b) Notice to the site owner and operator to the extent
known to the department, in person or by telephone at least
twenty-four hours ((prior to)) before entry.
(2) Notification of property owner. The department ((will))
shall ask a resident, occupant, or other persons in custody of
the site to identify the name and address of owners of the
property. If an owner is identified who has not been previously
notified, the department ((will)) shall make a prompt and
reasonable effort to notify such owners of remedial actions
planned or conducted.
(3) Orders and consent decrees. Whenever investigations or
remedial actions are conducted under a ((consent)) decree or
order, a potentially liable person shall not deny access to the
department's authorized employees, agents, or contractors to
enter and move freely about the property to oversee and verify
investigations and remedial actions being performed.
(4) Ongoing operations. Persons gaining access under this
section shall take all reasonable precautions to avoid disrupting
the ongoing operations on a site. Such persons shall comply with
all state and federal safety and health requirements ((which))
that the department determines to be applicable.
(5) Access to documents. The department's authorized employees, agents or contractors may, after reasonable notice, enter property for the purpose of inspecting documents relating to a release or threatened release at the facility. Persons maintaining such documents shall:
(a) Provide access during normal business hours and allow the department to copy these documents; or
(b) At the department's request, provide legible copies of the requested documents to the department.
(6) Emergency entry. Notice by the department's authorized
employees, agents, or contractors is not required for entry onto
property to investigate, mitigate, or abate an emergency posed by
the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. The
department will make efforts ((which)) that are reasonable under
the circumstances to promptly notify those owners and operators
to the extent known to the department of the actions taken.
(7) Other authorities. Where consent has not been obtained for entry, the department shall secure access in a manner consistent with state and federal law, including compliance with any warrant requirements. Nothing in this chapter shall affect site access authority granted under other state laws and regulations.
(8) Access by potentially liable persons. The department shall make reasonable efforts to facilitate access to real property and documents for persons who are conducting remedial actions under either an order or decree.
(9) Information sharing. The department will provide the documents and factual information on releases or threatened releases obtained through this section to persons who request such in accordance with chapter 42.17 RCW and chapter 173-03 WAC. The department does not intend application of these authorities to limit its sharing of such factual information.
(10) Split samples. Whenever the department intends to perform sampling at a site, it shall indicate in its notification under subsection (1) of this section whether sampling may occur. The person receiving notice may take split samples, provided this does not interfere with the department's sampling.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-800, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) General provisions. Requirements under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. Sec. 651 et seq.) and the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (chapter 49.17 RCW), and regulations promulgated pursuant thereto shall be applicable to remedial actions taken under this chapter. These requirements are subject to enforcement by the designated federal and state agencies. All governmental agencies and private employers are directly responsible for the safety and health of their own employees and compliance with those requirements. Actions taken by the department under this chapter do not constitute an exercise of statutory authority within the meaning of section (4)(b)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
(2) Safety and health plan. ((Potentially liable)) Persons
responsible for undertaking remedial actions under ((WAC 173-340-520 through 173-340-540,)) this chapter shall ((submit a
safety and health plan)) prepare a health and safety plan when
required by chapter 296-62 WAC. Plans prepared under an order or
decree shall be submitted for the department's review and
comment. The safety and health plan must be consistent with
chapter 49.17 RCW and regulations ((promulgated pursuant
thereto)) adopted under that authority.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-810, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1)
((General.)) Purpose. A sampling and analysis plan ((shall be
prepared for all sampling activities which are part of
investigation and remedial actions unless otherwise directed by
the department and except for emergencies. The level of detail
required in the sampling and analysis plan may vary with the
scope and purpose of the sampling activity. Sampling and
analysis plans prepared under an order or decree shall be
submitted to the department for review and approval)) is a
document that describes the sample collection, handling, and
analysis procedures to be used at a site.
(2) ((Contents. The)) General requirements. A sampling and
analysis plan shall ((specify procedures which ensure that sample
collection, handling, and analysis will result in data of
sufficient quality to plan and evaluate remedial actions at the
site. Additionally, information necessary to insure proper
planning and implementation of sampling activities shall be
included. References to standard protocols or procedures manuals
may be used provided the information referenced is readily
available to the department. The sampling and analysis plan
shall contain:
(a) A statement on the purpose and objectives of the data collection, including quality assurance and quality control requirements;
(b) Organization and responsibilities for the sampling and analysis activities;
(c) Requirements for sampling activities including:
(i) Project schedule;
(ii) Identification and justification of location and frequency of sampling;
(iii) Identification and justification of parameters to be sampled and analyzed;
(iv) Procedures for installation of sampling devices;
(v) Procedures for sample collection and handling, including procedures for personnel and equipment decontamination;
(vi) Procedures for the management of waste materials generated by sampling activities, including installation of monitoring devices, in a manner that is protective of human health and the environment;
(vii) Description and number of quality assurance and quality control samples, including blanks and spikes;
(viii) Protocols for sample labeling and chain of custody; and
(ix) Provisions for splitting samples, where appropriate.
(d) Procedures for analysis of samples and reporting of results, including:
(i) Detection or quantification limits;
(ii) Analytical techniques and procedures;
(iii) Quality assurance and quality control procedures; and
(iv) Data reporting procedures, and where appropriate, validation procedures)) be prepared for all sampling activities that are part of an investigation or a remedial action unless otherwise directed by the department and except for emergencies. The level of detail required in the sampling and analysis plan may vary with the scope and purpose of the sampling activity. Sampling and analysis plans prepared under an order or decree shall be submitted to the department for review and approval.
(3) ((Available guidance. The department shall make
available guidance for preparation of sampling and analysis
plans.)) Contents. The sampling and analysis plan shall specify
procedures, that ensure sample collection, handling, and analysis
will result in data of sufficient quality to plan and evaluate
remedial actions at the site. Additionally, information
necessary to ensure proper planning and implementation of
sampling activities shall be included. References to standard
protocols or procedures manuals may be used provided the
information referenced is readily available to the department.
The sampling and analysis plan shall contain:
(a) A statement on the purpose and objectives of the data collection, including quality assurance and quality control requirements;
(b) Organization and responsibilities for the sampling and analysis activities;
(c) Requirements for sampling activities including:
(i) Project schedule;
(ii) Identification and justification of location and frequency of sampling;
(iii) Identification and justification of parameters to be sampled and analyzed;
(iv) Procedures for installation of sampling devices;
(v) Procedures for sample collection and handling, including procedures for personnel and equipment decontamination;
(vi) Procedures for the management of waste materials generated by sampling activities, including installation of monitoring devices, in a manner that is protective of human health and the environment;
(vii) Description and number of quality assurance and quality control samples, including blanks and spikes;
(viii) Protocols for sample labeling and chain of custody; and
(ix) Provisions for splitting samples, where appropriate.
(d) Procedures for analysis of samples and reporting of results, including:
(i) Detection or quantitation limits;
(ii) Analytical techniques and procedures;
(iii) Quality assurance and quality control procedures; and
(iv) Data reporting procedures, and where appropriate, validation procedures.
The department shall make available guidance for preparation of sampling and analysis plans.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-820, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Purpose. This section specifies acceptable analytical methods and other testing requirements for sites where remedial action is being conducted under this chapter.
(2) General requirements.
(a) All hazardous substance analyses shall be conducted by a laboratory accredited under chapter 173-50 WAC, unless otherwise approved by the department.
(b) All analytical procedures used shall be ((done))
conducted in accordance with a sampling and analysis plan
prepared under WAC 173-340-820.
(c) Tests for which methods have not been specified in this section shall be performed using standard methods or procedures such as those specified by the American Society for Testing of Materials, when available, unless otherwise approved by the department.
(d) Samples shall be analyzed consistent with methods appropriate for the site, the media being analyzed, the hazardous substances being analyzed for, and the anticipated use of the data.
(e) The department may require or approve modifications to
the standard analytical methods identified in subsection (((4)))
(3) of this section to provide lower quantitation limits,
improved accuracy, greater precision, or to address the factors
in (d) of this subsection.
(f) Limits of quantitation. Laboratories shall achieve the lowest practical quantitation limits consistent with the selected method and WAC 173-340-707.
(((3) Multiple methods.
(a))) (g) Where there is more than one method specified in
subsection (((4))) (3) of this section with a practical
quantitation limit less than the cleanup standard, any of the
methods may be selected. In these situations, considerations in
selecting a particular method may include confidence in the data,
analytical costs, and considerations relating to quality
assurance or analysis efficiencies.
(((b))) (h) The department may require an analysis to be
conducted by more than one method in order to provide higher data
quality. For example, the department may require that different
separation and detection techniques be used to verify the
presence of a hazardous substance ("qualification") and determine
the concentration of the hazardous substance ("quantitation").
(((4))) (i) The minimum testing requirements for petroleum
contaminated sites are identified in Table 830-1.
(3) Analytical methods.
(a) The methods used for sample collection, sample preservation, transportation, allowable time before analysis, sample preparation, analysis, method detection limits, practical quantitation limits, quality control, quality assurance and other technical requirements and specifications shall comply with the following requirements, as applicable:
(i) Method 1. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods, U.S. EPA, SW-846 ((and any revisions
or amendments thereto)), fourth update (2000);
(ii) Method 2. ((Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes, U.S. EPA, EPA-600/4-79-020 and any revisions or
amendments thereto;
(iii) Method 3. )) Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures
for the Analysis of Pollutants ((Under the Clean Water Act)), 40
((CFR)) C.F.R. Chapter 1, Part 136, and ((Appendix A, B, and C,
U.S. EPA and any revisions or amendments thereto)) Appendices A,
B, C, and D, U.S. EPA, July 1, 1999;
(((iv))) (iii) Method ((4.)) 3. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health
Association, American Water Works Association, and Water
Pollution Control Federation ((and any revisions or amendments
thereto)), 20th edition, 1998;
(((v))) (iv) Method ((5.)) 4. Recommended Protocols for
Measuring Selected Environmental Variables in Puget Sound, Puget
Sound Estuary Program/Tetra Tech, ((1986 and any revisions or
amendments thereto)) 1996 edition;
(((vi))) (v) Method ((6.)) 5. Quality Assurance Interim
Guidelines for Water Quality Sampling and Analysis, Ground Water
Management Areas Program, Washington Department of Ecology, Water
Quality Investigations Section, December 1986 ((and any revisions
or amendments thereto; or));
(((vii))) (vi) Method 6. Analytical Methods for Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, Ecology publication #ECY 97-602, June 1997; or
(vii) Equivalent methods subject to approval by the department.
(b) The methods used for a particular hazardous substance at a site shall be selected in consideration of the factors in subsection (2) of this section.
(c) Ground water. Methods 1, 2, 3 and 4, as described in (a) of this subsection, may be used to determine compliance with WAC 173-340-720.
(d) Surface water. Methods 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 as described in (a) of this subsection, may be used to determine compliance with WAC 173-340-730.
(e) Soil. Method 1, as described in (a) of this subsection, may be used to determine compliance with WAC 173-340-740 and 173-340-745.
(f) Air. Appropriate methods for determining compliance with WAC 173-340-750 shall be selected on a case-by-case basis, in consideration of the factors in subsection (2) of this section.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 91-04-019, § 173-340-830, filed 1/28/91, effective 2/28/91; 90-08-086, § 173-340-830, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
Unless otherwise specified by the department, all reports, plans, specifications, and similar information submitted under this chapter shall meet the following requirements:
(1) Cover letter. Include a letter describing the submittal and specifying the desired department action or response.
(2) Number of copies. Three copies of the plan or report shall be submitted to the department's office responsible for the facility. The department may require additional copies to meet public participation and interagency coordination needs.
(3) Certification. Except as otherwise provided for in RCW 18.43.130, all engineering work submitted under this chapter shall be under the seal of a professional engineer registered with the state of Washington.
(4) Visuals. Maps, figures, photographs, and tables to clarify information or conclusions shall be legible. All maps, plan sheets, drawings, and cross-sections shall meet the following requirements:
(a) To facilitate filing and handling, be on paper no larger than 24 x 36 inches and no smaller than 8 1/2 x 11 inches. Photo-reduced copies of plan sheets may be submitted provided at least one full-sized copy of the photo-reduced sheets are included in the submittal.
(b) Identify and use appropriate and consistent scales to show all required details in sufficient clarity.
(c) Be numbered, titled, have a legend of all symbols used, and specify drafting or origination dates.
(d) Contain a north arrow.
(e) Use United States Geological Survey datum as a basis for all elevations.
(f) For planimetric views, show a survey grid based on monuments established in the field and referenced to state plane coordinates. This requirement does not apply to conceptual diagrams or sketches when the exact location of items shown is not needed to convey the necessary information.
(g) Where grades are to be changed, show original topography in addition to showing the changed site topography. This requirement does not apply to conceptual diagrams or sketches where before and after topography is not needed to convey the necessary information.
(h) For cross-sections, identify the location and be cross-referenced to the appropriate planimetric view. A reduced diagram of a cross-section location map shall be included on the sheets with the cross-sections.
(5) Sampling data. All sampling data shall be submitted consistent with procedures specified by the department. Unless otherwise specified by the department, all such sampling data shall be submitted in both printed form and an electronic form capable of being transferred into the department's data management system.
(6) Appendix. An appendix providing the principal information relied upon in preparation of the submittal. This should include, for example: A complete citation of references; applicable raw data; a description of, or where readily available, reference to testing and sampling procedures used; relevant calculations; and any other information needed to facilitate review.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-840, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
(1) Any remedial actions at a facility must be documented with adequate records. Such records may include: Factual information or data; relevant decision documents; and any other relevant, site-specific documents or information.
(2) Unless otherwise required by the department, records shall be retained for at least ten years from the date of completion of compliance monitoring or as long as any institutional controls (including land use restrictions) remain in effect, whichever is longer.
(3) Records shall be retained by the person taking remedial action, unless the department requires that person to submit the records to the department.
(4) The department shall maintain its records in accordance with chapter 42.17 RCW.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.105D RCW. 90-08-086, § 173-340-850, filed 4/3/90, effective 5/4/90.]
Table 720-1
Method A Cleanup Levels for Ground Water.a
Hazardous Substance |
CAS Number |
Cleanup Level |
Arsenic | 7440-38-2 | 5 ug/literb |
Benzene | 71-43-2 | 5 ug/literc |
Benzo(a)pyrene | 50-32-8 | 0.1 ug/literd |
Cadmium | 7440-43-9 | 5 ug/litere |
Chromium (Total) | 7440-47-3 | 50 ug/literf |
DDT | 50-29-3 | 0.3 ug/literg |
1,2 Dichloroethane (EDC) | 107-06-2 | 5 ug/literh |
Ethylbenzene | 100-41-4 | 700 ug/literi |
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) | 106-93-4 | 0.01 ug/literj |
Gross Alpha Particle Activity | 15 pCi/literk | |
Gross Beta Particle Activity | 4 mrem/yrl | |
Lead | 7439-92-1 | 15 ug/literm |
Lindane | 58-89-9 | 0.2 ug/litern |
Methylene chloride | 75-09-2 | 5 ug/litero |
Mercury | 7439-97-6 | 2 ug/literp |
MTBE | 1634-04-4 | 20 ug/literq |
Naphthalenes | 91-20-3 | 160 ug/literr |
PCB mixtures | 0.1 ug/liters | |
Radium 226 and 228 | 5 pCi/litert | |
Radium 226 | 3 pCi/literu | |
Tetrachloroethylene | 127-18-4 | 5 ug/literv |
Toluene | 108-88-3 | 1,000 ug/literw |
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbonsx | ||
[Note: Must also test for and meet cleanup levels for other petroleum components--see footnotes!] | ||
Gasoline Range Organics | ||
Benzene present in ground water | 800 ug/liter | |
No detectable benzene in ground water | 1,000 ug/liter | |
Diesel Range Organics | 500 ug/liter | |
Heavy Oils | 500 ug/liter | |
Mineral Oil | 1,000 ug/liter | |
1,1,1 Trichloroethane | 71-55-6 | 200 ug/litery |
Trichloroethylene | 79-01-5 | 5 ug/literz |
Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | 0.2 ug/literaa |
Xylenes | 1330-20-7 | 1,000 ug/literbb |
Footnotes: |
a | Caution on misusing this table. This table has been developed for specific purposes. It is intended to provide conservative cleanup levels for drinking water beneficial uses at sites undergoing routine cleanup actions or those sites with relatively few hazardous substances. This table may not be appropriate for defining cleanup levels at other sites. For these reasons, the values in this table should not automatically be used to define cleanup levels that must be met for financial, real estate, insurance coverage or placement, or similar transactions or purposes. Exceedances of the values in this table do not necessarily mean the ground water must be restored to those levels at all sites. The level of restoration depends on the remedy selected under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390. |
b | Arsenic. Cleanup level based on background concentrations for state of Washington. |
c | Benzene. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
d | Benzo(a)pyrene. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61), adjusted to a 1 x 10-5 risk. This value may also be used as the total concentration that all carcinogenic PAHs must meet using the toxicity equivalency methodology in WAC 173-340-708(8). |
e | Cadmium. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.62). |
f | Chromium (Total). Cleanup level based on concentration derived using Equation 720-1 for hexavalent chromium. This is a total value for chromium III and chromium VI. If just chromium III is present at the site, a cleanup level of 100 ug/l may be used (based on WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.62). |
g | DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Cleanup levels based on concentration derived using Equation 720-2. |
h | 1,2 Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride or EDC). Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
i | Ethylbenzene. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
j | Ethylene dibromide (1,2 dibromoethane or EDB). Cleanup level based on concentration derived using Equation 720-2, adjusted for the practical quantitation limit. |
k | Gross Alpha Particle Activity, excluding uranium. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.15). |
l | Gross Beta Particle Activity, including gamma activity. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.15). |
m | Lead. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (40 C.F.R. 141.80). |
n | Lindane. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
o | Methylene chloride (dichloromethane). Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
p | Mercury. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.62). |
q | Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). Cleanup level based on federal drinking water advisory level (EPA-822-F-97-009, December 1997). |
r | Naphthalenes. Cleanup level based on concentration derived using Equation 720-1. This is a total value for naphthalene, 1-methyl naphthalene and 2-methyl naphthalene. |
s | PCB mixtures. Cleanup level based on concentration derived using Equation 720-2, adjusted for the practical quantitation limit. This cleanup level is a total value for all PCBs. |
t | Radium 226 and 228. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.15). |
u | Radium 226. Cleanup level based on applicable state law (WAC 246-290-310). |
v | Tetrachloroethylene. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
w | Toluene. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
x | Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). TPH cleanup values have been provided for the most common petroleum products encountered at contaminated sites. Where there is a mixture of products or the product composition is unknown, samples must be tested using both the NWTPH-Gx and NWTPH-Dx methods and the lowest applicable TPH cleanup level must be met. |
• | Gasoline range organics means organic compounds measured using method NWTPH-Gx. Examples are aviation and automotive gasoline. The cleanup level is based on protection of ground water for noncarcinogenic effects during drinking water use. Two cleanup levels are provided. The higher value is based on the assumption that no benzene is present in the ground water sample. If any detectable amount of benzene is present in the ground water sample, the lower TPH cleanup level must be used. No interpolation between these cleanup levels is allowed. The ground water cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene, EDB and EDC] and any noncarcinogenic components [such as ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes and MTBE], if present at the site, must also be met. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for gasoline releases. |
• | Diesel range organics means organic compounds measured using NWTPH-Dx. Examples are diesel, kerosene, and #1 and #2 heating oil. The cleanup level is based on protection from noncarcinogenic effects during drinking water use. The ground water cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene and PAHs] and any noncarcinogenic components [such as ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes and naphthalenes], if present at the site, must also be met. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for diesel releases. |
• | Heavy oils means organic compounds measured using NWTPH-Dx. Examples are #6 fuel oil, bunker C oil, hydraulic oil and waste oil. The cleanup level is based on protection from noncarcinogenic effects during drinking water use, assuming a product composition similar to diesel fuel. The ground water cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene, PAHs and PCBs] and any noncarcinogenic components [such as ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes and naphthalenes], if present at the site, must also be met. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for heavy oil releases. |
• | Mineral oil means non-PCB mineral oil, typically used as an insulator and coolant in electrical devices such as transformers and capacitors measured using NWTPH-Dx. The cleanup level is based on protection from noncarcinogenic effects during drinking water use. Sites using this cleanup level must analyze ground water samples for PCBs and meet the PCB cleanup level in this table unless it can be demonstrated that: (1) The release originated from an electrical device manufactured after July 1, 1979; or (2) oil containing PCBs was never used in the equipment suspected as the source of the release; or (3) it can be documented that the oil released was recently tested and did not contain PCBs. Method B (or Method C, if applicable) must be used for releases of oils containing greater than 50 ppm PCBs. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for mineral oil releases. |
y | 1,1,1 Trichloroethane. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
z | Trichloroethylene. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61). |
aa | Vinyl chloride. Cleanup level based on applicable state and federal law (WAC 246-290-310 and 40 C.F.R. 141.61), adjusted to a 1 x 10-5 risk. |
bb | Xylenes. Cleanup level based on xylene not exceeding the maximum allowed cleanup level for total petroleum hydrocarbons and on prevention of adverse aesthetic characteristics. This is a total value for all xylenes. |
Table 740-1
Method A Soil Cleanup Levels for Unrestricted Land Uses.a
Hazardous Substance |
CAS Number |
Cleanup Level |
Arsenic |
7440-38-2 |
20 mg/kgb |
Benzene | 71-43-2 | 0.03 mg/kgc |
Benzo(a)pyrene | 50-32-8 | 0.1 mg/kgd |
Cadmium | 7440-43-9 | 2 mg/kge |
Chromium | ||
Chromium VI | 18540-29-9 | 19 mg/kgf1 |
Chromium III | 16065-83-1 | 2,000 mg/kgf2 |
DDT | 50-29-3 | 3 mg/kgg |
Ethylbenzene | 100-41-4 | 6 mg/kgh |
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) | 106-93-4 | 0.005 mg/kgi |
Lead | 7439-92-1 | 250 mg/kgj |
Lindane | 58-89-9 | 0.01 mg/kgk |
Methylene chloride | 75-09-2 | 0.02 mg/kgl |
Mercury (inorganic) | 7439-97-6 | 2 mg/kgm |
MTBE | 1634-04-4 | 0.1 mg/kgn |
Naphthalenes | 91-20-3 | 5 mg/kgo |
PCB Mixtures | 1 mg/kgp | |
Tetrachloroethylene | 127-18-4 | 0.05 mg/kgq |
Toluene | 108-88-3 | 7 mg/kgr |
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbonss | ||
[Note: Must also test for and meet cleanup levels for other petroleum components--see footnotes!] | ||
Gasoline Range Organics | ||
Gasoline mixtures without benzene and consisting of no more than 20% aromatic hydrocarbons between EC 8 and EC 16 | 100 mg/kg | |
All other gasoline mixtures | 30 mg/kg | |
Diesel Range Organics | 2,000 mg/kg | |
Heavy Oils | 2,000 mg/kg | |
Mineral Oil | 4,000 mg/kg | |
1,1,1 Trichloroethane | 71-55-6 | 2 mg/kgt |
Trichloroethylene | 79-01-5 | 0.03 mg/kgu |
Xylenes | 1330-20-7 | 9 mg/kgv |
Footnotes: |
a | Caution on misusing this table. This table has been developed for specific purposes. It is intended to provide conservative cleanup levels for sites undergoing routine cleanup actions or for sites with relatively few hazardous substances, and the site qualifies under WAC 173-340-7491 for an exclusion from conducting a simplified or site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation, or it can be demonstrated using a terrestrial ecological evaluation under WAC 173-340-7492 or 173-340-7493 that the values in this table are ecologically protective for the site. This table may not be appropriate for defining cleanup levels at other sites. For these reasons, the values in this table should not automatically be used to define cleanup levels that must be met for financial, real estate, insurance coverage or placement, or similar transactions or purposes. Exceedances of the values in this table do not necessarily mean the soil must be restored to these levels at a site. The level of restoration depends on the remedy selected under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390. |
b | Arsenic. Cleanup level based on direct contact using Equation 740-2 and protection of ground water for drinking water use using the procedures in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for natural background for soil. |
c | Benzene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures in WAC 173-340-747 (4) and (6). |
d | Benzo(a)pyrene. Cleanup level based on direct contact using Equation 740-2. This value may also be used as the total concentration that all carcinogenic PAHs must meet using the toxicity equivalency methodology in WAC 173-340-708(8). |
e | Cadmium. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for the practical quantitation limit for soil. |
f1 | Chromium VI. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
f2 | Chromium III. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). Chromium VI must also be tested for and the cleanup level met when present at a site. |
g | DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Cleanup level based on direct contact using Equation 740-2. |
h | Ethylbenzene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
i | Ethylene dibromide (1,2 dibromoethane or EDB). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for the practical quantitation limit for soil. |
j | Lead. Cleanup level based on preventing unacceptable blood lead levels. |
k | Lindane. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for the practical quantitation limit. |
l | Methylene chloride (dichloromethane). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
m | Mercury. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
n | Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
o | Naphthalenes. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). This is a total value for naphthalene, 1-methyl naphthalene and 2-methyl naphthalene. |
p | PCB Mixtures. Cleanup level based on applicable federal law (40 C.F.R. 761.61). This is a total value for all PCBs. |
q | Tetrachloroethylene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
r | Toluene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
s | Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). TPH cleanup values have been provided for the most common petroleum products encountered at contaminated sites. Where there is a mixture of products or the product composition is unknown, samples must be tested using both the NWTPH-Gx and NWTPH-Dx methods and the lowest applicable TPH cleanup level must be met. |
• | Gasoline range organics means organic compounds measured using method NWTPH-Gx. Examples are aviation and automotive gasoline. The cleanup level is based on protection of ground water for noncarcinogenic effects during drinking water use using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(6). Two cleanup levels are provided. The lower value of 30 mg/kg can be used at any site. When using this lower value, the soil must also be tested for and meet the benzene soil cleanup level. The higher value of 100 mg/kg can only be used if the soil is tested and found to contain no benzene and less than 20% of the gasoline mixture consists of aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons between EC 8 and EC 16. No interpolation between these cleanup levels is allowed. In both cases, the soil cleanup level for any other carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as EDB and EDC], if present at the site, must also be met. Also, in both cases, soil cleanup levels for any noncarcinogenic components [such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, and MTBE], also must be met if these substances are found to exceed ground water cleanup levels at the site. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for gasoline releases. |
• | Diesel range organics means organic compounds measured using method NWTPH-Dx. Examples are diesel, kerosene, and #1 and #2 heating oil. The cleanup level is based on preventing the accumulation of free product on the ground water, as described in WAC 173-340-747(10). The soil cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene and PAHs], if present at the site, must also be met. Soil cleanup levels for any noncarcinogenic components [such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and naphthalenes], also must be met if these substances are found to exceed the ground water cleanup levels at the site. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for diesel releases. |
• | Heavy oils means organic compounds measured using NWTPH-Dx. Examples are #6 fuel oil, bunker C oil, hydraulic oil and waste oil. The cleanup level is based on preventing the accumulation of free product on the ground water, as described in WAC 173-340-747(10) and assuming a product composition similar to diesel fuel. The soil cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene, PAHs and PCBs], if present at the site, must also be met. Soil cleanup levels for any noncarcinogenic components [such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and naphthalenes], also must be met if found to exceed the ground water cleanup levels at the site. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for heavy oil releases. |
• | Mineral oil means non-PCB mineral oil, typically used as an insulator and coolant in electrical devices such as transformers and capacitors, measured using NWTPH-Dx. The cleanup level is based on preventing the accumulation of free product on the ground water, as described in WAC 173-340-747(10). Sites using this cleanup level must also analyze soil samples and meet the soil cleanup level for PCBs, unless it can be demonstrated that: (1) The release originated from an electrical device that was manufactured after July 1, 1979; or (2) oil containing PCBs was never used in the equipment suspected as the source of the release; or (3) it can be documented that the oil released was recently tested and did not contain PCBs. Method B must be used for releases of oils containing greater than 50 ppm PCBs. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for mineral oil releases. |
t | 1,1,1 Trichloroethane. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
u | Trichloroethylene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
v | Xylenes. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). This is a total value for all xylenes. |
Table 745-1
Method A Soil Cleanup Levels for Industrial Properties.a
Hazardous Substance |
CAS Number |
Cleanup Level |
Arsenic | 7440-38-2 | 20 mg/kgb |
Benzene | 71-43-2 | 0.03 mg/kgc |
Benzo(a)pyrene | 50-32-8 | 2 mg/kgd |
Cadmium | 7440-43-9 | 2 mg/kge |
Chromium | ||
Chromium VI | 18540-29-9 | 19 mg/kgf1 |
Chromium III | 16065-83-1 | 2,000 mg/kgf2 |
DDT | 50-29-3 | 4 mg/kgg |
Ethylbenzene | 100-41-4 | 6 mg/kgh |
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) | 106-93-4 | 0.005 mg/kgi |
Lead | 7439-92-1 | 1,000 mg/kgj |
Lindane | 58-89-9 | 0.01 mg/kgk |
Methylene chloride | 75-09-2 | 0.02 mg/kgl |
Mercury (inorganic) | 7439-97-6 | 2 mg/kgm |
MTBE | 1634-04-4 | 0.1 mg/kgn |
Naphthalene | 91-20-3 | 5 mg/kgo |
PCB Mixtures | 10 mg/kgp | |
Tetrachloroethylene | 127-18-4 | 0.05 mg/kgq |
Toluene | 108-88-3 | 7 mg/kgr |
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbonss | ||
[Note: Must also test for and meet cleanup levels for other petroleum components--see footnotes!] | ||
Gasoline Range Organics | ||
Gasoline mixtures without benzene and consisting of no more than 20% aromatic hydrocarbons between EC 8 and EC 16 | 100 mg/kg | |
All other gasoline mixtures | 30 mg/kg | |
Diesel Range Organics | 2,000 mg/kg | |
Heavy Oils | 2,000 mg/kg | |
Mineral Oil | 4,000 mg/kg | |
1,1,1 Trichloroethane | 71-55-6 | 2 mg/kgt |
Trichloroethylene | 79-01-5 | 0.03 mg/kgu |
Xylenes | 1330-20-7 | 9 mg/kgv |
Footnotes: |
a | Caution on misusing this table. This table has been developed for specific purposes. It is intended to provide conservative cleanup levels for sites undergoing routine cleanup actions or for industrial properties with relatively few hazardous substances, and the site qualifies under WAC 173-340-7491 for an exclusion from conducting a simplified or site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation, or it can be demonstrated using a terrestrial ecological evaluation under WAC 173-340-7492 or 173-340-7493 that the values in this table are ecologically protective for the site. This table may not be appropriate for defining cleanup levels at other sites. For these reasons, the values in this table should not automatically be used to define cleanup levels that must be met for financial, real estate, insurance coverage or placement, or similar transactions or purposes. Exceedances of the values in this table do not necessarily mean the soil must be restored to these levels at a site. The level of restoration depends on the remedy selected under WAC 173-340-350 through 173-340-390. |
b | Arsenic. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for natural background for soil. |
c | Benzene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747 (4) and (6). |
d | Benzo(a)pyrene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). This value may also be used as the total concentration that all carcinogenic PAHs must meet using the toxicity equivalency methodology in WAC 173-340-708(8). |
e | Cadmium. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for the practical quantitation limit for soil. |
f1 | Chromium VI. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
f2 | Chromium III. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). Chromium VI must also be tested for and the cleanup level met when present at a site. |
g | DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
h | Ethylbenzene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
i | Ethylene dibromide (1,2 dibromoethane or EDB). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for the practical quantitation limit for soil. |
j | Lead. Cleanup level based on direct contact. |
k | Lindane. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4), adjusted for the practical quantitation limit. |
l | Methylene chloride (dichloromethane). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
m | Mercury. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
n | Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
o | Naphthalenes. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). This is a total value for naphthalene, 1-methyl naphthalene and 2-methyl naphthalene. |
p | PCB Mixtures. Cleanup level based on applicable federal law (40 C.F.R. 761.61). This is a total value for all PCBs. This value may be used only if the PCB contaminated soils are capped and the cap maintained as required by 40 C.F.R. Part 761.61. If this condition cannot be met, the value in Table 740-1 must be used. |
q | Tetrachloroethylene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
r | Toluene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedure described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
s | Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). TPH cleanup values have been provided for the most common petroleum products encountered at contaminated sites. Where there is a mixture of products or the product composition is unknown, samples must be tested using both the NWTPH-Gx and NWTPH-Dx methods and the lowest applicable TPH cleanup level must be met. |
• | Gasoline range organics means organic compounds measured using method NWTPH-Gx. Examples are aviation and automotive gasoline. The cleanup level is based on protection of ground water for noncarcinogenic effects during drinking water use using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(6). Two cleanup levels are provided. The lower value of 30 mg/kg can be used at any site. When using this lower value, the soil must also be tested for and meet the benzene soil cleanup level. The higher value of 100 mg/kg can only be used if the soil is tested and found to contain no benzene and less than 20% of the gasoline mixture consists of aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons between EC 8 and EC 16. No interpolation between these cleanup levels is allowed. In both cases, the soil cleanup level for any other carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as EDB and EDC], if present at the site, must also be met. Also, in both cases, soil cleanup levels for any noncarcinogenic components [such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, and MTBE], also must be met if these substances are found to exceed ground water cleanup levels at the site. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for gasoline releases. |
• | Diesel range organics means organic compounds measured using method NWTPH-Dx. Examples are diesel, kerosene, and #1 and #2 heating oil. The cleanup level is based on preventing the accumulation of free product on the ground water, as described in WAC 173-340-747(10). The soil cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene, and PAHs], if present at the site, must also be met. Soil cleanup levels for any noncarcinogenic components [such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and naphthalenes], also must be met if these substances are found to exceed the ground water cleanup levels at the site. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for diesel releases. |
• | Heavy oils means organic compounds measured using NWTPH-Dx. Examples are #6 fuel oil, bunker C oil, hydraulic oil and waste oil. The cleanup level is based on preventing the accumulation of free product on the ground water, as described in WAC 173-340-747(10) and assuming a product composition similar to diesel fuel. The soil cleanup level for any carcinogenic components of the petroleum [such as benzene, PAHs and PCBs], if present at the site, must also be met. Soil cleanup levels for any noncarcinogenic components [such as toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and naphthalenes], also must be met if found to exceed the ground water cleanup levels at the site. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for heavy oil releases. |
• | Mineral oil means non-PCB mineral oil, typically used as an insulator and coolant in electrical devices such as transformers and capacitors, measured using NWTPH-Dx. The cleanup level is based on preventing the accumulation of free product on the ground water, as described in WAC 173-340-747(10). Sites using this cleanup level must also analyze soil samples and meet the soil cleanup level for PCBs, unless it can be demonstrated that: (1) The release originated from an electrical device that was manufactured after July 1, 1979; or (2) oil containing PCBs was never used in the equipment suspected as the source of the release; or (3) it can be documented that the oil released was recently tested and did not contain PCBs. Method B or C must be used for releases of oils containing greater than 50 ppm PCBs. See Table 830-1 for the minimum testing requirements for mineral oil releases. |
t | 1,1,1 Trichloroethane. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
u | Trichloroethylene. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedures described in WAC 173-340-747(4). |
v | Xylenes. Cleanup level based on protection of ground water for drinking water use, using the procedure in WAC 173-340-747(4). This is a total value for all xylenes. |
Table 747-1
Soil Organic Carbon-Water Partitioning Coefficient
(Koc) Values: Nonionizing Organics.
Hazardous Substance | Koc (ml/g) |
ACENAPHTHENE | 4,898 |
ALDRIN | 48,685 |
ANTHRACENE | 23,493 |
BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE | 357,537 |
BENZENE | 62 |
BENZO(a)PYRENE | 968,774 |
BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER | 76 |
BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE | 111,123 |
BROMOFORM | 126 |
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE | 13,746 |
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE | 152 |
CHLORDANE | 51,310 |
CHLOROBENZENE | 224 |
CHLOROFORM | 53 |
DDD | 45,800 |
DDE | 86,405 |
DDT | 677,934 |
DIBENZO(a,h)ANTHRACENE | 1,789,101 |
1,2-DICHLOROBENZENE (o) | 379 |
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE (p) | 616 |
DICHLOROETHANE-1,1 | 53 |
DICHLOROETHANE-1,2 | 38 |
DICHLOROETHYLENE-1,1 | 65 |
trans-1,2 DICHLOROETHYLENE | 38 |
DICHLOROPROPANE-1,2 | 47 |
DICHLOROPROPENE-1,3 | 27 |
DIELDRIN | 25,546 |
DIETHYL PHTHALATE | 82 |
DI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE | 1,567 |
EDB | 66 |
ENDRIN | 10,811 |
ENDOSULFAN | 2,040 |
ETHYL BENZENE | 204 |
FLUORANTHENE | 49,096 |
FLUORENE | 7,707 |
HEPTACHLOR | 9,528 |
HEXACHLOROBENZENE | 80,000 |
&agr;-HCH (&agr;-BHC) | 1,762 |
&bgr;-HCH (&bgr;-BHC) | 2,139 |
&ggr;-HCH (LINDANE) | 1,352 |
MTBE | 11 |
METHOXYCHLOR | 80,000 |
METHYL BROMIDE | 9 |
METHYL CHLORIDE | 6 |
METHYLENE CHLORIDE | 10 |
NAPHTHALENE | 1,191 |
NITROBENZENE | 119 |
PCB-Arochlor 1016 | 107,285 |
PCB-Arochlor 1260 | 822,422 |
PENTACHLOROBENZENE | 32,148 |
PYRENE | 67,992 |
STYRENE | 912 |
1,1,2,2,-TETRACHLOROETHANE | 79 |
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE | 265 |
TOLUENE | 140 |
TOXAPHENE | 95,816 |
1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE | 1,659 |
TRICHLOROETHANE -1,1,1 | 135 |
TRICHLOROETHANE-1,1,2 | 75 |
TRICHLOROETHYLENE | 94 |
o-XYLENE | 241 |
m-XYLENE | 196 |
p-XYLENE | 311 |
Sources: | Except as noted below, the source of the Koc values is the 1996 EPA Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. The values obtained from this document represent the geometric mean of a survey of values published in the scientific literature. Sample populations ranged from 1-65. EDB value from ATSDR Toxicological Profile (TP 91/13). MTBE value from USGS Final Draft Report on Fuel Oxygenates (March 1996). PCB-Arochlor values from 1994 EPA Draft Soil Screening Guidance. |
Hazardous Substance | Koc Value (ml/g) | ||
pH = 4.9 | pH = 6.8 | pH = 8.0 | |
Benzoic acid | 5.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
2-Chlorophenol | 398 | 388 | 286 |
2-4-Dichlorophenol | 159 | 147 | 72 |
2-4-Dinitrophenol | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Pentachlorophenol | 9,055 | 592 | 410 |
2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol | 17,304 | 4,742 | 458 |
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol | 4,454 | 280 | 105 |
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol | 2,385 | 1,597 | 298 |
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol | 1,040 | 381 | 131 |
Source: | 1996 EPA Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. The predicted Koc values in this table were derived using a relationship from thermodynamic equilibrium considerations to predict the total sorption of an ionizable organic compound from the partitioning of its ionized and neutral forms. |
Table 747-3
Metals Distribution Coefficients (Kd).
Hazardous Substance | Kd (L/kg) |
Arsenic | 29 |
Cadmium | 6.7 |
Total Chromium | 1,000 |
Chromium VI | 19 |
Copper | 22 |
Mercury | 52 |
Nickel | 65 |
Lead | 10,000 |
Selenium | 5 |
Zinc | 62 |
Source: | Multiple sources compiled by the department of ecology. |
Petroleum EC Fraction Physical/Chemical Values.
Fuel Fraction |
Equivalent Carbon Number1 |
Water Solubility2 (mg/L) |
Mol. Wt.3 (g/mol) |
Henry's Constant4 (cc/cc) |
GFW5 (mg/mol) |
Density6 (mg/l) |
Soil Organic Carbon-Water Partitioning Coefficient Koc7 (L/kg) |
EC 5 - 6 | 5.5 | 36.0 | 81.0 | 33.0 | 81,000 | 679,200 | 794 |
EC > 6 - 8 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 100.0 | 50.0 | 100,000 | 725,900 | 3,980 |
EC > 8 - 10 | 9.0 | 0.43 | 130.0 | 80.0 | 130,000 | 733,100 | 31,600 |
EC > 10 - 12 | 11.0 | 0.034 | 160.0 | 120.0 | 160,000 | 760,000 | 251,000 |
EC > 12 - 16 | 14.0 | 7.6E-04 | 200.0 | 520.0 | 200,000 | 766,300 | 5,010,000 |
EC > 16 - 35 | 19.0 | 2.5E-06 | 270.0 | 4,900 | 270,000 | 780,000 | 0.6E+09 |
EC > 8 - 10 | 9.0 | 65.0 | 120.0 | 0.48 | 120,000 | 870,500 | 1,580 |
EC > 10 - 12 | 11.0 | 25.0 | 130.0 | 0.14 | 130,000 | 903,500 | 2,510 |
EC > 12 - 16 | 14.0 | 5.8 | 150.0 | 0.053 | 150,000 | 1,022,300 | 5,010 |
EC > 16 - 21 | 19.0 | 0.65 | 190.0 | 0.013 | 190,000 | 1,225,400 | 15,800 |
EC > 21 - 35 | 28.0 | 6.6E-03 | 240.0 | 6.7E-04 | 240,000 | 1,284,600 | 126,000 |
Benzene | 6.5 | 1,750 | 78.0 | 0.228 | 78,000 | 876,500 | 62.0 |
Toluene | 7.6 | 526.0 | 92.0 | 0.272 | 92,000 | 866,900 | 140.0 |
Ethylbenzene | 8.5 | 169.0 | 106.0 | 0.323 | 106,000 | 867,000 | 204.0 |
Total Xylenes8 (average of 3) | 8.67 | 171.0 | 106.0 | 0.279 | 106,000 | 875,170 | 233.0 |
n-Hexane9 | 6.0 | 9.5 | 86.0 | 74.0 | 86,000 | 659,370 | 3,410 |
MTBE10 | 50,000 | 88.0 | 0.018 | 88,000 | 744,000 | 10.9 | |
Naphthalenes | 11.69 | 31.0 | 128.0 | 0.0198 | 128,000 | 1,145,000 | 1191 |
Sources: |
1 | Equivalent Carbon Number. Gustafson, J.B. et al., Selection of Representative TPH Fractions Based on Fate and Transport Considerations. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series, Volume 3 (1997) [hereinafter Criteria Working Group]. |
2 | Water Solubility. For aliphatics and aromatics EC groups, Criteria Working Group. For TPH components except n-hexane and MTBE, 1996 EPA Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. |
3 | Molecular Weight. Criteria Working Group. |
4 | Henry's Constant. For aliphatics and aromatics EC groups, Criteria Working Group. For TPH components except n-hexane and MTBE, 1996 EPA Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. |
5 | Gram Formula Weight (GFW). Based on 1000 x Molecular Weight. |
6 | Density. For aliphatics and aromatics EC groups, Criteria Working Group. For TPH components except n-hexane and MTBE, 1996 EPA Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. |
7 | Soil Organic Carbon-Water Partitioning Coefficient. For aliphatics and aromatics EC groups, Criteria Working Group. For TPH components except n-hexane and MTBE, 1996 EPA Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. |
8 | Total Xylenes. Values for total xylenes are a weighted average of m, o and p xylene based on gasoline composition data from the Criteria Working Group (m= 51% of total xylene; o= 28% of total xylene; and p=21% of total xylene). |
9 | n-Hexane. For values other than density, Criteria Working Group. For the density value, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed., revised by N. Irving Sax and Richard J. Lewis (1987). |
10 | MTBE. USGS Final Report on Fuel Oxygenates (March 1996). |
Fuel | Screening Level (mg/kg) |
Weathered Gasoline | 1,000 |
Middle Distillates (e.g., Diesel No. 2 Fuel Oil) |
2,000 |
Heavy Fuel Oils (e.g., No. 6 Fuel Oil) |
2,000 |
Mineral Oil | 4,000 |
Unknown Composition or Type | 1,000 |
Note: | The residual saturation screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons specified in Table 747-5 are based on coarse sand and gravelly soils; however, they may be used for any soil type. Screening levels are based on the presumption that there are no preferential pathways for NAPL to flow downward to ground water. If such pathways exist, more stringent residual saturation screening levels may need to be established. |
Table 749-1
Simplified Terrestrial Ecological Evaluation - Exposure
Analysis Procedure under WAC 173-340-7492 (2)(a)(ii).a
Estimate the area of contiguous (connected) undeveloped land on the site or within 500 feet of any area of the site to the nearest 1/2 acre (1/4 acre if the area is less than 0.5 acre). "Undeveloped land" means land that is not covered by existing buildings, roads, paved areas or other barriers that will prevent wildlife from feeding on plants, earthworms, insects or other food in or on the soil. | |||
1) From the table below, find the number of points corresponding to the area and enter this number in the box to the right. | |||
Area (acres) | Points | ||
0.25 or less | 4 | ||
0.5 | 5 | ||
1.0 | 6 | ||
1.5 | 7 | ||
2.0 | 8 | ||
2.5 | 9 | ||
3.0 | 10 | ||
3.5 | 11 | ||
4.0 or more | 12 | ||
2) Is this an industrial or commercial property? See WAC 173-340-7490 (3)(c). If yes, enter a score of 3 in the box to the right. If no, enter a score of 1. |
|||
3) Enter a score in the box to the right for the habitat quality of the site, using the rating system shown belowb. (High = 1, Intermediate = 2, Low = 3) | |||
4) Is the undeveloped land likely to attract wildlife? If yes, enter a score of 1 in the box to the right. If no, enter a score of 2. See footnote c. | |||
5) Are there any of the following soil
contaminants present: Chlorinated dioxins/furans, PCB mixtures, DDT, DDE, DDD, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, benzene hexachloride, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, pentachlorobenzene? If yes, enter a score of 1 in the box to the right. If no, enter a score of 4. |
|||
6) Add the numbers in the boxes on lines 2 through 5 and enter this number in the box to the right. If this number is larger than the number in the box on line 1, the simplified terrestrial ecological evaluation may be ended under WAC 173-340-7492 (2)(a)(ii). |
Footnotes: |
a | It is expected that this habitat evaluation will be undertaken by an experienced field biologist. If this is not the case, enter a conservative score (1) for questions 3 and 4. |
b | Habitat rating system. Rate the quality of the habitat as high, intermediate or low based on your professional judgment as a field biologist. The following are suggested factors to consider in making this evaluation: |
Low: Early successional vegetative stands; vegetation predominantly noxious, nonnative, exotic plant species or weeds. Areas severely disturbed by human activity, including intensively cultivated croplands. Areas isolated from other habitat used by wildlife. | |
High: Area is ecologically significant for one or more of the following reasons: Late-successional native plant communities present; relatively high species diversity; used by an uncommon or rare species; priority habitat (as defined by the Washington department of fish and wildlife); part of a larger area of habitat where size or fragmentation may be important for the retention of some species. | |
Intermediate: Area does not rate as either high or low. | |
c | Indicate "yes" if the area attracts wildlife or is likely to do so. Examples: Birds frequently visit the area to feed; evidence of high use by mammals (tracks, scat, etc.); habitat "island" in an industrial area; unusual features of an area that make it important for feeding animals; heavy use during seasonal migrations. |
Table 749-2
Priority Contaminants of Ecological Concern for sites that Qualify for
the Simplified Terrestrial Ecological Evaluation Procedure.a
Priority contaminant | Soil concentration (mg/kg) | |
Unrestricted land useb |
Industrial or commercial site |
|
METALSC | ||
Antimony | See note d | See note d |
Arsenic III | 20 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg |
Arsenic V | 95 mg/kg | 260 mg/kg |
Barium | 1,250 mg/kg | 1,320 mg/kg |
Beryllium | 25 mg/kg | See note d |
Cadmium | 25 mg/kg | 36 mg/kg |
Chromium (total) | 42 mg/kg | 135 mg/kg |
Cobalt | See note d | See note d |
Copper | 100 mg/kg | 550 mg/kg |
Lead | 220 mg/kg | 220 mg/kg |
Magnesium | See note d | See note d |
Manganese | See note d | 23,500 mg/kg |
Mercury, inorganic | 9 mg/kg | 9 mg/kg |
Mercury, organic | 0.7 mg/kg | 0.7 mg/kg |
Molybdenum | See note d | 71 mg/kg |
Nickel | 100 mg/kg | 1,850 mg/kg |
Selenium | 0.8 mg/kg | 0.8 mg/kg |
Silver | See note d | See note d |
Tin | 275 mg/kg | See note d |
Vanadium | 26 mg/kg | See note d |
Zinc | 270 mg/kg | 570 mg/kg |
PESTICIDES | ||
Aldicarb/aldicarb sulfone (total) | See note d | See note d |
Aldrin | 0.17 mg/kg | 0.17 mg/kg |
Benzene hexachloride (including lindane) | 10 mg/kg | 10 mg/kg |
Carbofuran | See note d | See note d |
Chlordane | 1 mg/kg | 7 mg/kg |
Chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-methyl (total) | See note d | See note d |
DDT/DDD/DDE (total) | 1 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg |
Dieldrin | 0.17 mg/kg | 0.17 mg/kg |
Endosulfan | See note d | See note d |
Endrin | 0.4 mg/kg | 0.4 mg/kg |
Heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide (total) | 0.6 mg/kg | 0.6 mg/kg |
Hexachlorobenzene | 31 mg/kg | 31 mg/kg |
Parathion/methyl parathion (total) | See note d | See note d |
Pentachlorophenol | 11 mg/kg | 11 mg/kg |
Toxaphene | See note d | See note d |
OTHER CHLORINATED ORGANICS | ||
Chlorinated dibenzofurans (total) | 3E-06 mg/kg | 3E-06 mg/kg |
Dioxins (total) | 5E-06 mg/kg | 5E-06 mg/kg |
Hexachlorophene | See note d | See note d |
PCB mixtures (total) | 2 mg/kg | 2 mg/kg |
Pentachlorobenzene | 168 mg/kg | See note d |
OTHER NONCHLORINATED ORGANICS | ||
Acenaphthene | See note d | See note d |
Benzo(a)pyrene | 30 mg/kg | 300 mg/kg |
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | See note d | See note d |
Di-n-butyl phthalate | 200 mg/kg | See note d |
PETROLEUM | ||
Gasoline Range Organics | 200 mg/kg | 12,000 mg/kg except that the concentration shall not exceed residual saturation at the soil surface. |
Diesel Range Organics | 460 mg/kg | 15,000 mg/kg except that the concentration shall not exceed residual saturation at the soil surface. |
Footnotes: |
a | Caution on misusing these chemical concentration numbers. These values have been developed for use at sites where a site-specific terrestrial ecological evaluation is not required. They are not intended to be protective of terrestrial ecological receptors at every site. Exceedances of the values in this table do not necessarily trigger requirements for cleanup action under this chapter. The table is not intended for purposes such as evaluating sludges or wastes. |
This list does not imply that sampling must be conducted for each of these chemicals at every site. Sampling should be conducted for those chemicals that might be present based on available information, such as current and past uses of chemicals at the site. | |
b | Applies to any site that does not meet the definition of industrial or commercial. |
c | For arsenic, use the valence state most likely to be appropriate for site conditions, unless laboratory information is available. Where soil conditions alternate between saturated, anaerobic and unsaturated, aerobic states, resulting in the alternating presence of arsenic III and arsenic V, the arsenic III concentrations shall apply. |
d | Safe concentration has not yet been established. |
Table 749-3
Ecological Indicator Soil Concentrations (mg/kg) for Protection of Terrestrial Plants and Animalsa. For
chemicals where a value is not provided, see footnote b. |
|||
Note: These values represent soil concentrations that are expected to be protective at any MTCA site and are
provided for use in eliminating hazardous substances from further consideration under WAC 173-340-7493
(2)(a)(i). Where these values are exceeded, various options are provided for demonstrating that the hazardous
substance does not pose a threat to ecological receptors at a site, or for developing site-specific remedial
standards for eliminating threats to ecological receptors. See WAC 173-340-7493 (1)(b)(i), 173-340-7493
(2)(a)(ii) and 173-340-7493(3). |
|||
Hazardous Substanceb | Plantsc | Soil biotad | Wildlifee |
METALSf: | |||
Aluminum (soluble salts) | 50 | ||
Antimony | 5 | ||
Arsenic III | 7 | ||
Arsenic V | 10 | 60 | 132 |
Barium | 500 | 102 | |
Beryllium | 10 | ||
Boron | 0.5 | ||
Bromine | 10 | ||
Cadmium | 4 | 20 | 14 |
Chromium (total) | 42g | 42g | 67 |
Cobalt | 20 | ||
Copper | 100 | 50 | 217 |
Fluorine | 200 | ||
Iodine | 4 | ||
Lead | 50 | 500 | 118 |
Lithium | 35g | ||
Manganese | 1,100g | 1,500 | |
Mercury, inorganic | 0.3 | 0.1 | 5.5 |
Mercury, organic | 0.4 | ||
Molybdenum | 2 | 7 | |
Nickel | 30 | 200 | 980 |
Selenium | 1 | 70 | 0.3 |
Silver | 2 | ||
Technetium | 0.2 | ||
Thallium | 1 | ||
Tin | 50 | ||
Uranium | 5 | ||
Vanadium | 2 | ||
Zinc | 86g | 200 | 360 |
PESTICIDES: | |||
Aldrin | 0.1 | ||
Benzene hexachloride (including lindane) | 6 | ||
Chlordane | 1 | 2.7 | |
DDT/DDD/DDE (total) | 0.75 | ||
Dieldrin | 0.07 | ||
Endrin | 0.2 | ||
Hexachlorobenzene | 17 | ||
Heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide (total) | 0.4 | ||
Pentachlorophenol | 3 | 6 | 4.5 |
OTHER CHLORINATED ORGANICS: | |||
1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene | 10 | ||
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene | 20 | ||
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | 20 | ||
1,2-Dichloropropane | 700 | ||
1,4-Dichlorobenzene | 20 | ||
2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol | 20 | ||
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroaniline | 20 | 20 | |
2,4,5-Trichloroaniline | 20 | 20 | |
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol | 4 | 9 | |
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol | 10 | ||
2,4-Dichloroaniline | 100 | ||
3,4-Dichloroaniline | 20 | ||
3,4-Dichlorophenol | 20 | 20 | |
3-Chloroaniline | 20 | 30 | |
3-Chlorophenol | 7 | 10 | |
Chlorinated dibenzofurans (total) | 2E-06 | ||
Chloroacetamide | 2 | ||
Chlorobenzene | 40 | ||
Dioxins | 2E-06 | ||
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | 10 | ||
PCB mixtures (total) | 40 | 0.65 | |
Pentachloroaniline | 100 | ||
Pentachlorobenzene | 20 | ||
OTHER NONCHLORINATED ORGANICS: | |||
2,4-Dinitrophenol | 20 | ||
4-Nitrophenol | 7 | ||
Acenaphthene | 20 | ||
Benzo(a)pyrene | 12 | ||
Biphenyl | 60 | ||
Diethylphthalate | 100 | ||
Dimethylphthalate | 200 | ||
Di-n-butyl phthalate | 200 | ||
Fluorene | 30 | ||
Furan | 600 | ||
Nitrobenzene | 40 | ||
N-nitrosodiphenylamine | 20 | ||
Phenol | 70 | 30 | |
Styrene | 300 | ||
Toluene | 200 | ||
PETROLEUM: | |||
Gasoline Range Organics | 100 | 5,000 mg/kg except that the concentration shall not exceed residual saturation at the soil surface. | |
Diesel Range Organics | 200 | 6,000 mg/kg except that the concentration shall not exceed residual saturation at the soil surface. |
Footnotes: |
a | Caution on misusing ecological indicator concentrations. Exceedances of the values in this table do not necessarily trigger requirements for cleanup action under this chapter. Natural background concentrations may be substituted for ecological indicator concentrations provided in this table. The table is not intended for purposes such as evaluating sludges or wastes. |
This list does not imply that sampling must be conducted for each of these chemicals at every site. Sampling should be conducted for those chemicals that might be present based on available information, such as current and past uses of chemicals at the site. | |
b | For hazardous substances where a value is not provided, plant and soil biota indicator concentrations shall be based on a literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4) and calculated using methods described in the publications listed below in footnotes c and d. Methods to be used for developing wildlife indicator concentrations are described in Tables 749-4 and 749-5. |
c | Based on benchmarks published in Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Terrestrial Plants: 1997 Revision, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1997. |
d | Based on benchmarks published in Toxicological Benchmarks for Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Soil and Litter Invertebrates and Heterotrophic Process, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1997. |
e | Calculated using the exposure model provided in Table 749-4 and chemical-specific values provided in Table 749-5. Where both avian and mammalian values are available, the wildlife value is the lower of the two. |
f | For arsenic, use the valence state most likely to be appropriate for site conditions, unless laboratory information is available. Where soil conditions alternate between saturated, anaerobic and unsaturated, aerobic states, resulting in the alternating presence of arsenic III and arsenic V, the arsenic III concentrations shall apply. |
g | Benchmark replaced by Washington state natural background concentration. |
Table 749-4
Wildlife Exposure Model for Site-specific Evaluations.a
Plant | |
KPlant | Plant uptake coefficient (dry weight basis) |
Units: mg/kg-1 plant/mg/kg-1 soil | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
Soil biota | |
Surrogate receptor: Earthworm | |
BAFWorm | Earthworm bioaccumulation factor (dry weight basis) |
Units: (mg/kg-1 worm)/(mg/kg-1 soil) | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
Mammalian predator | |
Surrogate receptor: Shrew (Sorex) | |
PSB (shrew) | Proportion of contaminated food (earthworms) in shrew diet |
Units: unitless | |
Value: 0.50 |
|
FIRShrew,DW | Food ingestion rate (dry weight basis) |
Units: kg dry food/kg body weight - day | |
Value: 0.45 |
|
SIRShrew,DW | Soil ingestion rate (dry weight basis) |
Units: kg dry soil/kg body weight - day | |
Value: 0.0045 |
|
RGAFSoil, shrew | Gut absorption factor for a hazardous substance in soil expressed relative to the gut absorption factor for the hazardous substance in food. |
Units: unitless | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
TShrew | Toxicity reference value for shrew |
Units: mg/kg - day | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
Home range | 0.1 Acres |
Avian predator | |
Surrogate receptor: American robin (Turdus migratorius) | |
PSB (Robin) | Proportion of contaminated food (soil biota) in robin diet |
Unit: unitless | |
Value: 0.52 |
|
FIRRobin,DW | Food ingestion rate (dry weight basis) |
Units: kg dry food/kg body weight - day | |
Value: 0.207 |
|
SIRRobin,DW | Soil ingestion rate (dry weight basis) |
Units: kg dry soil/kg body weight - day | |
Value: 0.0215 |
|
RGAFSoil, robin | Gut absorption factor for a hazardous substance in soil expressed relative to the gut absorption factor for the hazardous substance in food. |
Units: unitless | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
TRobin | Toxicity reference value for robin |
Units: mg/kg - day | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
Home range | 0.6 Acres |
Mammalian herbivore | |
Surrogate receptor: Vole (Microtus) | |
PPlant, vole | Proportion of contaminated food (plants) in vole diet |
Units: unitless | |
Value: 1.0 |
|
FIRVole,DW | Food ingestion rate (dry weight basis) |
Units: kg dry food/kg body weight - day | |
Value: 0.315 |
|
SIRVole,DW | Soil ingestion rate (dry weight basis) |
Units: kg dry soil/kg body weight - day | |
Value: 0.0079 |
|
RGAFSoil, vole | Gut absorption factor for a hazardous substance in soil expressed relative to the gut absorption factor for the hazardous substance in food. |
Units: unitless | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
TVole | Toxicity reference value for vole |
Units: mg/kg - day | |
Value: chemical-specific (see Table 749-5) |
|
Home range | 0.08 Acres |
Soil concentrations for wildlife protectionb | |
(1) Mammalian predator: | |
SLMP = (TShrew)/[(FIRShrew,DW x PSB (shrew) x BAFWorm) + (SIRShrew,DW x RGAFSoil, shrew)] |
|
(2) Avian predator: | |
SLAP = (TRobin)/[(FIRRobin,DW x PSB (Robin) x BAFWorm) + (SIRRobin,DW x RGAFSoil, robin)] |
|
(3) Mammalian herbivore: | |
SLMH = (TVole)/[(FIRVole,DW x PPlant, vole x KPlant) + (SIRVole,DW x RGAFSoil, vole)] |
Footnotes: |
a | Substitutions for default receptors may be made as provided for in WAC 173-340-7493(7). If a substitute species is used, the values for food and soil ingestion rates, and proportion of contaminated food in the diet, may be modified to reasonable maximum exposure estimates for the substitute species based on a literature search conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4). |
Additional species may be added on a site-specific basis as provided in WAC 173-340-7493 (2)(a). | |
The department shall consider proposals for modifications to default values provided in this table based on new scientific information in accordance with WAC 173-340-702(14). | |
b | Use the lowest of the three concentrations calculated as the wildlife value. |
Table 749-5
Default Values for Selected Hazardous Substances for use with the Wildlife Exposure Model in Table 749-4.a
Toxicity reference value (mg/kd - d) | |||||
Hazardous Substance | BAFWorm | KPlant | Shrew | Vole | Robin |
METALS: | |||||
Arsenic III | 1.16 | 0.06 | 1.89 | 1.15 | |
Arsenic V | 1.16 | 0.06 | 35 | 35 | 22 |
Barium | 0.36 | 43.5 | 33.3 | ||
Cadmium | 4.6 | 0.14 | 15 | 15 | 20 |
Chromium | 0.49 | 35.2 | 29.6 | 5 | |
Copper | 0.88 | 0.020 | 44 | 33.6 | 61.7 |
Lead | 0.69 | 0.0047 | 20 | 20 | 11.3 |
Manganese | 0.29 | 624 | 477 | ||
Mercury, inorganic | 1.32 | 0.0854 | 2.86 | 2.18 | 0.9 |
Mercury, organic | 1.32 | 0.352 | 0.27 | 0.064 | |
Molybdenum | 0.48 | 1.01 | 3.09 | 2.36 | 35.3 |
Nickel | 0.78 | 0.047 | 175.8 | 134.4 | 107 |
Selenium | 10.5 | 0.0065 | 0.725 | 0.55 | 1 |
Zinc | 3.19 | 0.095 | 703.3 | 537.4 | 131 |
PESTICIDES: | |||||
Aldrine | 4.77 | 0.007b | 2.198 | 1.68 | 0.06 |
Benzene hexachloride (including lindane) | 10.1 | 7 | |||
Chlordane | 17.8 | 0.011b | 10.9 | 8.36 | 10.7 |
DDT/DDD/DDE | 10.6 | 0.004b | 8.79 | 6.72 | 0.87 |
Dieldrin | 28.8 | 0.029b | 0.44 | 0.34 | 4.37 |
Endrin | 3.6 | 0.038b | 1.094 | 0.836 | 0.1 |
Heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide | 10.9 | 0.027b | 2.857 | 2.18 | 0.48 |
Hexachlorobenzene | 1.08 | 2.4 | |||
Pentachlorophenol | 5.18 | 0.043b | 5.275 | 4.03 | |
OTHER CHLORINATED ORGANICS: | |||||
Chlorinated dibenzofurans | 48 | 1.0E-05 | |||
Dioxins | 48 | 0.005b | 2.2E-05 | 1.7E-05 | 1.4E-04 |
PCB mixtures | 4.58 | 0.087b | 0.668 | 0.51 | 1.8 |
OTHER NONCHLORINATED ORGANICS: | |||||
Benzo(a)pyrene | 0.43 | 0.011 | 1.19 | 0.91 |
Footnotes: |
a | For hazardous substances not shown in this table, use the following default values. Alternatively, use values established from a
literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4) and approved by the department. |
KPlant: | Metals (including metalloid elements): 1.01 |
Organic chemicals: KPlant=10(1.588-(0.578log Kow)), | |
where log Kow is the logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient. | |
BAFWorm: | Metals (including metalloid elements): 4.6 |
Nonchlorinated organic chemicals: | |
log Kow < 5: 0.7 | |
log Kow > 5: 0.9 | |
Chlorinated organic chemicals: | |
log Kow < 5: 4.7 | |
log Kow > 5: 11.8 | |
RGAFSoil | (all receptors): 1.0 |
Toxicity reference values (all receptors): Values established from a literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4). |
|
Site-specific values may be substituted for default values, as described below: | |
KPlant | Value from a literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4) or from empirical studies at the site. |
BAFWorm | Value from a literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4) or from empirical studies at the site. |
RGAFSoil | (all receptors): Value established from a literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4). |
Toxicity reference values (all receptors): Default toxicity reference values provided in this table may be replaced by a value
established from a literature survey conducted in accordance with WAC 173-340-7493(4). |
|
b | Calculated from log Kow using formula in footnote a. |
Gasoline Range Organics (GRO) (1) | Diesel Range Organics (DRO) (2) | Heavy Oils (DRO) (3) | Electrical Insulating Mineral Oils (4) | Waste Oils and Unknown Oils (5) | |
Volatile Petroleum Compounds | |||||
Benzene | X | X (6) | X | ||
Toluene | X (7) | X (6,7) | X (8) | ||
Ethyl benzene | X (7) | X (6,7) | X (8) | ||
Xylenes | X (7) | X (6,7) | X (8) | ||
n-Hexane | X (7,9) | ||||
Fuel Additives and Blending Compounds | |||||
Dibromoethane, 1-2 (EDB); and Dichloroethane, 1-2 (EDC) | X (10) | X (8) | |||
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) | X (11) | X (8) | |||
Other Petroleum Components | |||||
Carcinogenic PAHs | X (8,12) | X (8) | X (8) | ||
Naphthalenes | X (8,13) | X (8,13) | X (8,13) | X (8,13) | |
Other Compounds | |||||
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | X (8) | X (8,14) | X (8,15) | ||
Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) | X (8,15) | ||||
Total Lead | X (16) | X (8,15) | |||
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Methods | |||||
TPH Analytical Method for Total TPH (Method A Cleanup Levels) (17) | NWTPH-Gx | NWTPH-Dx | NWTPH-Dx | NWTPH-Dx | NWTPH-Gx & NWTPH-Dx |
TPH Analytical Methods for TPH fractions (Methods B or C) (17) | VPH | EPH | EPH | EPH | VPH and EPH |
The footnotes to this table are important.
Footnotes:
(1) | The following petroleum products are common examples of GRO: automotive and aviation gasolines, mineral spirits, stoddard solvents, and naphtha. To be in this range, 90 percent of the petroleum components need to be quantifiable using the NWTPH-Gx; if NWTPH-HCID results are used for this determination, then 90 percent of the "area under the TPH curve” must be quantifiable using NWTPH-Gx. Products such as jet fuel, diesel No. 1, kerosene, and heating oil may require analysis as both GRO and DRO depending on the range of petroleum components present (range can be measured by NWTPH-HCID). (See footnote 17 on analytical methods.) |
(2) | The following petroleum products are common examples of DRO: Diesel No. 2, fuel oil No. 2, light oil (including some bunker oils). To be in this range, 90 percent of the petroleum components need to be quantifiable using the NWTPH-Dx quantified against a diesel standard. Products such as jet fuel, diesel No. 1, kerosene, and heating oil may require analysis as both GRO and DRO depending on the range of petroleum components present as measured in NWTPH-HCID. |
(3) | The following petroleum products are common examples of the heavy oil group: Motor oils, lube oils, hydraulic fluids, etc. Heavier oils may require the addition of an appropriate oil range standard for quantification. |
(4) | Mineral oil means non-PCB mineral oil, typically used as an insulator and coolant in electrical devices such as transformers and capacitors measured using NWTPH-Dx. |
(5) | The waste oil category applies to waste oil, oily wastes, and unknown petroleum products and mixtures of petroleum and nonpetroleum substances. Analysis of other chemical components (such as solvents) than those listed may be required based on site-specific information. Mixtures of identifiable petroleum products (such as gasoline and diesel, or diesel and motor oil) may be analyzed based on the presence of the individual products, and need not be treated as waste and unknown oils. |
(6) | Diesel fuel sold as "home heating oil" does not typically require analysis for BTEX compounds in soil, but if benzene is found in ground water then the soil must be analyzed. |
(7) | When using a Method A ground water cleanup level, analysis for these chemicals in ground water is also required. If any of these chemicals are found in ground water above their Method A cleanup level, soil samples must also be analyzed for these chemicals. |
(8) | Analysis is required in a sufficient number of samples to determine whether this chemical is present at concentrations of concern. If the chemical is found to be at levels below the cleanup level, then no further analysis is required. |
(9) | Except as noted in Footnote (7), n-Hexane analysis is required when VPH analysis is performed for Method B or C. In that case, its concentration should be deleted from its respective fraction to avoid double-counting its concentration. n-Hexane's contribution to overall toxicity is then evaluated using its own reference dose. |
(10) | Volatile fuel additives (such as dibromoethane, 1 - 2 (EDB) (CAS# 106-93-4) and dichloroethane, 1 - 2 (EDC) (CAS# 107-06-2)) do not have to be routinely analyzed in GRO contaminated soil (also see footnote 16 on lead). However, they must be part of a volatile organics analysis (VOA) of GRO contaminated ground water. If any is found in ground water, then the contaminated soil must also be analyzed. |
(11) | Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) (CAS# 1634-04-4) must be analyzed in GRO contaminated soil and ground water. |
(12) | Carcinogenic PAHs are required for DRO and oil-range petroleum products using Methods A, B and C cleanup levels, except for the following products for which adequate information exists to indicate their absence: Diesel No. 1 and 2, home heating oil, kerosene, jet fuels, and electrical insulating mineral oils. The carcinogenic PAHs are benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. |
(13)(a) | Except as noted in (b) and (c), concentrations for the non-carcinogenic PAHs, including the "naphthalenes" (naphthalene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, and 2-methyl-naphthalene) are not required when using Method A cleanup levels, because they are included in the TPH cleanup level. |
(b) | The analysis of soil for naphthalenes is required under Methods B and C when the inhalation exposure pathway is evaluated. |
(c) | If naphthalenes are found in ground water, then the soil must be analyzed. |
(14) | Testing for PCBs is not usually necessary when it can be demonstrated that: (1) the release originated from an electrical device manufactured after July 1, 1979; or, (2) oil containing PCBs was never used in the equipment suspected as the source of the release; or, (3) it can be documented that the oil released was recently tested and found to contain less than 50 PPM total PCBs. |
(15) | Testing for other possible chemical contaminants may be required based on site-specific information. |
(16) | For sites where gasoline may have been released prior to 1996 (when "leaded gasoline" was used), lead must be analyzed in TPH contaminated water or soil, unless it can be demonstrated that lead was not part of the release. If it cannot be so demonstrated, analysis is required in a sufficient number of samples to determine whether lead is present at concentrations of concern. Soils and water contaminated with a gasoline other than automotive gasoline, such as aviation gasoline or racing fuel, must be tested for likely fuel additives (especially lead) and likely blending compounds, no matter when the release occurred. |
(17) | The analytical methods NWTPH-Gx, NWTPH-Dx, NWTPH-HCID, VPH, and EPH are methods published by the department of ecology and available on the department's Internet web site: http://www.wa.gov/ecology/tcp/cleanup.html. |
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Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.