PROPOSED RULES
LABOR AND INDUSTRIES
Original Notice.
Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 99-08-070.
Title of Rule: Scaffolds in general industry, chapter 296-24 WAC and Safety standards for construction work, chapter 296-155 WAC.
Purpose: State-initiated proposed amendments are being made to replace the scaffold requirements in chapter 296-24 WAC with the recently adopted requirements on scaffold use located in chapter 296-155 WAC. The scaffolding requirements in chapter 296-24 WAC are out of date and, at some points, inconsistent with the updated scaffold standard in chapter 296-155 WAC. The current requirements in chapter 296-155 WAC are federal-initiated changes that were published in Federal Register Volume 61, Number 170, dated August 30, 1996, and Federal Register Volume 61, Number 228, dated November 25, 1996. WISHA adopted these changes along with minor state-initiated changes on February 13, 1998.
This proposal is one of the projects identified in the Governor's Executive Order (97-02) on regulatory reform to determine to what extent the two sections could be reconciled.
Following are the specific state-initiated proposed changes made in each section:
AMENDED PARTS:
Chapter 296-24 WAC, Part J-1, Working surfaces, guarding floors and wall openings, ladders, scaffolds.
| • | Deleted the word "scaffolds" from this title. |
| • | Renamed this part "Scaffolds." |
| • | Corrected a reference. |
WAC 296-24-14519 Boatswain's chairs.
| • | Deleted the requirements in this section and placed a reference indicating all requirements relating to boatswain's chair must be followed in accordance to Part J-2 of this chapter. |
| • | Correcting a reference to personal fall arrest systems that will be made as part of the new powered industrial truck rule that will be adopted on December 21, 1999. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Deleted the numbering of definitions. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Added the word "initial" where it relates to performing "initial" job assignments in a safe manner. This language is needed for the state standard to be at least as effective as the federal standard. It is current language used in other state standards. |
Chapter 296-24 WAC, Part J-3, Powered platforms.
| • | Created a new part to incorporate all powered platform requirements. |
WAC 296-24-860 Scaffolds.
| • | Moved this section into the existing Part J-2. |
| • | Insert the "scope and application" in this section. |
| • | Indicate the requirements for crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms are located in chapter 296-24 WAC, Part D, Cranes, derricks, hoists, elevators, and conveyors. |
| • | Add four sentences to specify where requirements for manually propelled elevating work platforms, self-propelled elevating work platforms, boom supported elevating work platforms, and aerial lifts are located in chapter 296-24 WAC. |
| • | Moved this section into the existing Part J-2. |
| • | Added definitions for the following terms: Adjustable suspension scaffold, body belt, body harness, catenary scaffold, chimney hoist, cleat, competent person, continuous run scaffold (run scaffold), coupler, deceleration device, equivalent, exposed power lines, eye or eye splice, fabricated decking and planking, failure, falling object protection, form scaffold, guardrail system, hoist, independent pole scaffold, ladder stand, landing, large area scaffold, lean-to scaffold, lifeline, lower levels, masons' adjustable supported scaffold, mobile scaffold, multi-level suspended scaffold, multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold, open sides and ends, outrigger, outrigger beam (thrustout), overhand bricklaying, personal fall arrest system, platform, pole scaffold, power operated hoist, pump jack scaffold, qualified, rated load, repair bracket scaffold, ribbon, roof bracket scaffold, self-contained adjustable scaffold, shore scaffold, stair tower (scaffold stairway/tower), stall load, step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffold, stilts, supported scaffold, suspension scaffold, system scaffold, tank builders' scaffold, top plate bracket scaffold, unstable objects, vertical pickup and walkway. |
| • | Incorporated the following defintions from the existing WAC 296-24-84001: Climbing ladder, design working load, handrail, mobile, mobile work platform, tubular welded sectional folding scaffold and work level. |
| • | Modified definitions for the following terms: Bearer, boatswains' chair, brace, bricklayers' square scaffold, carpenters' bracket scaffold, coupler, crawling board (chicken ladder), double pole (independent pole) scaffold, float (ship) scaffold, guardrail, horse scaffold, interior hung scaffold, ladder jack scaffold, ledger, masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold, maximum intended load, needle beam scaffold, outrigger scaffold, putlog, runner, scaffold, single-point adjustable suspension scaffold, single pole scaffold, stonesetters' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffold, toeboard, tube and coupler scaffold, tubular welded frame scaffold, two-point suspension scaffold (swing stage) and window jack scaffold. |
| • | Deleted definitions for the following terms: Heavy duty scaffold, light duty scaffold, manually propelled mobile scaffold, medium duty scaffold, mid-rail, roofing bracket and working load. |
| • | Moved this section into the existing Part J-2. |
| • | Require scaffolds be constructed in accordance with a design by a qualified person. |
| • | Clarify design, capacity, and construction requirements for scaffolds, their components and associated hardware, connections, and hoists. |
| • | Establish and clarify requirements for scaffold platform construction including: |
| • | Planking |
| • | Width |
| • | Distance from the work face |
| • | Relation to support members |
| • | Coating |
| • | Intermixing of components |
| • | Clarified requirements for preventing displacement of supported scaffolds. |
| • | Clarified requirements for components of suspension scaffolds and their supports. |
| • | Clarified requirements for scaffold access use, components and installation including: Ladders, stairway type ladders, stairtowers, ramps and walkways, access frames, and direct access for all workers on scaffolds - including erectors and dismantlers. |
| • | Require inspection for defects by a competent person before each work shift and after any potentially weakening event. |
| • | Clarified minimum clearance distances between scaffolds and power lines. |
| • | Require scaffolds be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only by experienced and trained employees under the supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold erection. |
| • | Prohibit work on a scaffold covered with slippery materials. |
| • | Require protection of suspension ropes. |
| • | Prohibit use of makeshift devices to increase working height on scaffold platforms. |
| • | Established requirements for use of ladders on large area scaffolds. |
| • | Established precaution requirements to be followed when employees are welding from suspended scaffolds. |
| • | Established and clarified fall protection requirements and protection system specifications for all employees on scaffolds - including erectors and dismantlers. |
| • | Established falling object protection requirements and protective system specifications. |
| • | Indicate where criteria for aerial lifts are located. |
| • | Added four sentences to indicate where requirements for manually propelled elevating work platforms, self-propelled elevating work platforms, boom supported elevating work platforms, and aerial lifts are located in chapter 296-24 WAC. |
| • | Added a sentence referencing fall protection requirements. |
| • | Added a sentence at the end of subsection (7)(b) which requires maximum feasible fall protection be used. |
| • | Require that the planking needed on platforms, which are used solely as walkways or for erection or dismantling, is dictated by safe working condition needs. |
| • | Moved this section into the existing Part J-2. |
| • | Pole scaffolds - including the registered professional engineer design requirement if the pole scaffold is more than sixty feet tall. |
| • | Tube and coupler scaffold. |
| • | Fabricated frame scaffolds. |
| • | Plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds. |
| • | Bricklayers' square scaffolds. |
| • | Horse scaffolds. |
| • | Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds. |
| • | Roof bracket scaffolds. |
| • | Outrigger scaffolds, including the requirement for its design by a registered professional engineer. |
| • | Pump jack scaffolds. |
| • | Ladder jack scaffolds. |
| • | Window jack scaffolds. |
| • | Crawling boards. |
| • | Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds. |
| • | Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. |
| • | Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. |
| • | Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. |
| • | Catenary scaffolds. |
| • | Float scaffolds. |
| • | Needle beam scaffolds. |
| • | Multi-level suspension scaffolds. |
| • | Mobile scaffolds. |
| • | Repair bracket scaffolds. |
| • | Stilts. |
| • | Moved this section into the existing Part J-2. |
| • | Require hazard recognition and hazard control training for each employee who works while on a scaffold. The training includes electrical, fall, and falling object hazards as well as use, loading and load capacity of the scaffold, in addition to any other pertinent requirements of the standard. |
| • | Require hazard recognition training for any employee erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, or inspecting a scaffold. The training includes scaffold hazards, correct working procedures, scaffold design and load capacity, and any other pertinent requirements of the standard. |
| • | Require retraining whenever jobsite conditions change or the employer has reason to believe the employee lacks the skill or understanding needed to work safely. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-840 for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the requirements relating to guardrail height from thirty-six inches - forty-two inches to thirty-eight inches - forty-five inches. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-84003 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-84005 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-84007 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-84009 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-84011 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved this section from the existing WAC 296-24-84013 for better organization of information. |
| • | Added Appendix A to Part J-2, scaffold specifications. |
| • | Added Appendix C to Part J-2, list of national consensus standards. |
| • | Added Appendix D to Part J-2, list of training topics for scaffold erectors and dismantlers. |
| • | Added Appendix E to Part J-2, drawings and illustrations. |
| • | This section will be located in the existing Part J-2. |
| • | Added this section into the new Part J-3. |
| • | Incorporated existing requirements relating to manually propelled elevating work platforms from the existing WAC 296-24-885 to this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the requirements relating to guardrail height from thirty-six inches - forty-two inches to thirty-eight inches - forty-five inches. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Update all ANSI references in this section to the most current ANSI edition. |
| • | Added this section into the new Part J-3. |
| • | Incorporated existing requirements relating to self-propelled elevating work platforms from the existing WAC 296-24-885 to this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the requirements relating to guardrail height from thirty-six inches - forty-two inches to thirty-eight inches - forty-five inches. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Update all ANSI references in this section to the most current ANSI edition. |
| • | Added this section into the new Part J-3. |
| • | Incorporated existing requirements relating to boom supported elevating work platforms from the existing WAC 296-24-885 to this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the requirements relating to guardrail height from thirty-six inches - forty-two inches to thirty-eight inches - forty-five inches. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Update all ANSI references in this section to the most current ANSI edition. |
| • | Incorporated the existing WAC 296-24-885 Vehicle mounted elevating and rotating aerial devices into this section. |
| • | Indicated the types of devices referred to as "aerial lifts." |
| • | Identify ANSI standards employers must comply with. |
| • | Require a full body harness be worn and a lanyard attached to the ladder rail or tower when working from ladder trucks or tower trucks. |
| • | Establish requirements for extensible and articulating boom platform lifts including: |
| • | Maintaining insulation. |
| • | Specific acceptable electrical tests. |
| • | Added this section into the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-870 relating to power platforms for exterior building maintenance into this section. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | Moved definitions from the existing WAC 296-24-87001 relating to powered platforms into this section. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Deleted the numbering of definitions. |
| • | Modified the definitions of: Competent person, equivalent and rated load for consistency. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87009 relating to inspections and tests into this section. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87011 relating to powered platform installations - affected parts of buildings into this section. |
| • | Moved this section into the new Part J-3 for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87013 relating to powered platform installations - equipment into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the requirements relating to guardrail height from thirty-six inches - forty-two inches to thirty-eight inches - forty-five inches. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87015 relating to maintenance into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87017 relating to operations into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87019 relating to personal fall protection into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved advisory guidelines from the existing WAC 296-24-87031 into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved exhibits from the existing WAC 296-24-87033 relating to illustrations of typical platform stabilization systems into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87035 relating to personal fall arrest systems, into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the following definitions for consistency: Anchorage, full body harness, buckle, competent person, connector, deceleration device, deceleration distance, equivalent, free fall, free fall distance, lanyard, lifeline, personal fall arrest system, qualified, rope grab, self-retracting lifeline/lanyard, snap-hook and tie-off. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
| • | Clarified language relating to snap-hooks. |
| • | This section will be located in the new Part J-3. |
| • | Moved requirements from the existing WAC 296-24-87037 relating to existing installations into this section for better organization of information. |
| • | Modified the requirements relating to guardrail height from thirty-six inches to forty-two inches to thirty-eight inches to forty-five inches. |
| • | Replaced the word "shall" with "must" for consistency. |
| • | Corrected references. |
The following sections are repealed to eliminate duplicate scaffolding requirements and incorporate new federal requirements relating to construction recently adopted in WISHA's regulations in WSR 98-05-046.
WAC 296-24-825 Safety requirements for scaffolding.
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to scaffolds to Part J-2. |
| • | Moved definitions relating to scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86005. |
| • | Moved general requirements relating to scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved general requirements relating to wood pole scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to tube and coupler scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to tubular welded frame scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to outrigger scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to masons' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to two-point suspension scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to stone setters' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to boatswain's chairs to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to carpenters' bracket scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and WAC 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to bricklayers' square scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to horse scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to needle beam scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to interior hung scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to ladder-jack scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to window-jack scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to roofing brackets to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to crawling boards or chicken ladders to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to float or ship scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86010 and 296-24-86015. |
| • | Moved the scope and application to WAC 296-24-860. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds (towers) to WAC 296-24-861. |
| • | Incorporated and moved definitions relating to powered platform type scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86005. |
| • | Moved the general requirements relating to manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds (towers) to WAC 296-24-86105. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to mobile tubular welded frame scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86110. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to mobile tubular welded sectional folding scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86115. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to mobile tube and coupler scaffolds to WAC 296-24-86120. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to mobile work platforms to WAC 296-24-86125. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to mobile ladder stands to WAC 296-24-86130. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to power platforms for exterior building maintenance to WAC 296-24-880. |
| • | Moved definitions relating to power platforms to WAC 296-24-88005. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to inspections and tests to WAC 296-24-88010. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to powered platform installations - affected parts of buildings to WAC 296-24-88015 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to powered platform installations - equipment to WAC 296-24-88020 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to maintenance to WAC 296-24-88025 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to operations to WAC 296-24-88030 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to personal fall protection to WAC 296-24-88035 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to guidelines to WAC 296-24-88040 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to illustrations of typical platform stabilization systems to WAC 296-24-88045 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to personal fall arrest systems to WAC 296-24-88050 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to existing installations to WAC 296-24-88055 for better organization of information. |
| • | Moved requirements relating to vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms to WAC 296-24-875 through WAC 296-24-87515. |
| • | Incorporated these definitions into WAC 296-24-88005. |
| • | Moved general requirements relating to vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms to WAC 296-24-875 through WAC 296-24-87515. |
| • | Moved specific requirements relating to vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms to WAC 296-24-875 through WAC 296-24-87515. |
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, [49.17].050.
Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 49.17 RCW.
Summary: See Purpose above.
Reasons Supporting Proposal: See Purpose above.
Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Tracy Spencer, Tumwater, (360) 902-5530; Implementation and Enforcement: Michael A. Silverstein, Tumwater, (360) 902-5495.
Name of Proponent: Department of Labor and Industries, governmental.
Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.
Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: See Purpose above.
Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules: See Purpose above.
A small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW.
The proposed rule amendments make changes to training requirements, fall protection, and additional requirements relating to scaffolds and aerial lifts (insulation). The current training requirements for those working on scaffolding and the workers responsible for erecting and dismantling scaffolds are increased. The amendments also increase fall protection requirements relating to access, use, and guardrail systems. In addition, some equipment requirements have been changed so that they are less restrictive, or reflect current industry practices. Definitions have been modified, and/or removed, and references have been updated.
SUMMARY OF PROPOSED RULE CHANGES: Scaffold Training Requirements:
1. Requirements for employees working on scaffolding:
Each employee must be trained by a person qualified in the subject matter to recognize and control or minimize those hazards on the type of scaffolding that they will be using. The training must include the following (as applicable):
a. The nature of electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object hazards in the work area;
b. Procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems;
c. The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of materials on the scaffold; and
d. The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used.
2. Requirements for employees erecting, dismantling, inspecting, repairing and maintaining scaffolds:
Each employee must be trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with the work in question. The training must include the following (as applicable):
a. The nature of scaffold hazards;
b. The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting and maintaining the type of scaffolding in question; and
c. The design criteria maximum intended load-carrying capacity and intended use of the scaffold.
3. Retraining is required in the following situations:
a. Where changes at the work site present a hazard about which the employee has not been trained;
b. Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other equipment present a hazard about which an employee has not previously been trained; or
c. Where inadequacies in affected employees' work involving scaffolds indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite proficiency.
Fall Protection Requirements:
1. The proposal designates ten feet (previously eight feet) as the trigger height for the use of fall protection.
2. Guardrail requirements for new scaffolding will be set at thirty-eight - forty-five inches (previously thirty-six to forty-two inches).
3. Ropes must be inspected for defects by a competent person prior to each workshift.
4. Employers must provide the maximum feasible fall protection for use by erectors and dismantlers of scaffolds, as determined by a competent person.
5. Snap-hooks must be of the locking type and must be sized to be compatible with the support member to which they are connected.
6. Boatswains' chairs must be secured and include an independent lifeline and anchoring point.
7. Maximum fall protection, i.e. a full body harness, must be used.
Requirements Relating to Scaffolds and Aerial Lifts:
1. Scaffold planking requirements relating to the types of woods that can be used is new, but less restrictive.
2. The insulated portion of an aerial lift must not be altered in any matter that might reduce its insulating value.
3. A competent person must inspect scaffolds and their components before each workshift for visible defects and, after any occurrence that could affect a scaffold's structural integrity.
4. Scaffold components must not be modified in order to intermix them unless a qualified person determines the resulting scaffold is structurally sound.
5. Platforms must not be treated with opaque finishes. However, platforms may be coated periodically with wood preservatives, fire retardant finishes, and slip resistant finishes provided the coating does not obscure top or bottom wood surface.
6. Ladders can only be used on large area scaffolds provided specific criteria are met.
SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMIC IMPACT STATEMENT: The Regulatory Fairness Act, chapter 19.85 RCW, requires that the economic impact of proposed regulations on small businesses must be examined relative to their impact on large businesses. The act outlines the requirements for a small business economic impact statement (SBEIS). For the purposes of an SBEIS the term small business is defined as a business entity that has the purpose of making a profit and has fifty or fewer employees. The agency must prepare an SBEIS when a proposed rule, or rule amendments, have the potential of placing a more than minor economic impact on business. For the industries considered, the minor impact thresholds range from approximately fifty to two hundred dollars (1990 dollars) per business. These values are calculated as 0.1% of profits for a business of fifty employees (Guide for Facilitating Regulatory Fairness, 1993). The average business compliance cost presented in Table 2 on page 5 reveal that the costs created by proposed changes to chapter 296-24 WAC will exceed the SBEIS minor cost thresholds for most businesses.
Estimating Cost of Compliance with the Proposed Scaffolding Rule: To assess the financial impact of the proposed amendments to chapter 296-24 WAC, the agency conducted a mail cost survey. A total of 1320 surveys were sent to randomly selected businesses from an internal WISHA mailing list that represented businesses that would potentially use scaffolding. The cost survey contained a brief summary of the proposed rule changes and then asked the recipient to estimate their current costs for scaffold training and the anticipated costs under the proposed scaffold training requirements: 1. General training, 2. Erector and dismantler, 3. Refresher training. Information regarding the number of hours spent on training and the number of full-time and seasonal employees was also requested in the survey. Additional cost information about fall protection, aerial lift and miscellaneous scaffolding requirements were also solicited in the survey.
Survey Response Results: A total of one hundred thirteen surveys were returned, of which one hundred one were useable (included a minimal amount of information plus current number of employees), for a raw response rate of 8.6%, with an effective response rate of 7.7%. The rather low effective response rate may be attributed to several factors. The primary reason was that not all businesses on the mailing list use scaffolding in their work: 42% of respondents claimed some scaffolding use in their work, and of this fraction 66% currently provide training. In addition several larger companies were sent multiple mailings (to different representatives within the company) to increase the probability of a survey response. Finally, the response rate may have been low because the survey was conducted during the summertime when many people are away on vacation. Approximately 46% of the returned surveys were from small businesses, those with 50 or fewer full-time equivalent employees (FTE's), and 54% from large businesses. The small and large business composition of the original mailing list was not known.
Initial Analysis of Survey Cost Data: The survey data was compiled and analyzed in an Excel spreadsheet. Table 1 reveals the fraction of survey respondents that use scaffolding, the fraction currently conducting scaffolding training and anticipating the need for additional training with the proposed scaffolding requirements.
Table 1: Scaffolding survey results.
| Category | Small business | Large business | Overall |
| Percent of respondents using scaffolding |
20 | 64 | 42 |
| Percent currently conducting scaffold training * | 78 | 65 | 68 |
| Percent needing to conduct additional scaffold training * | 67 | 78 | 76 |
| Percent anticipating additional fall protection costs | 10 | 21 | 15 |
| Percent anticipating additional aerial lift and misc. scaf. cost | 10 | 21 | 16 |
| Percent anticipating additional rule costs * | 67 | 50 | 58 |
Table 1 reveals that a much higher percentage of the
responding large businesses use scaffolding; 64 versus 20% for
small businesses, and that a slightly higher fraction of small
businesses using scaffolding conduct training programs: 78
versus 65%. A slightly larger percentage of the responding large
businesses anticipate additional training costs under the
proposed amendments: 78 versus 67%.
The average number, time requirements and costs for current and anticipated scaffold training requirements for both small and large businesses are presented in Table 2 below. A small to large business ratio is also shown. Values significantly larger than 1.0 indicates a disproportionate impact on small business, values near 1.0 indicate a proportionate impact, while values significantly less than 1.0 reveal greater cost and time impacts on larger businesses.
Table 2: Average training time requirements and costs for large
and small businesses.
| Category | Small business |
Large business |
Small/ Large |
| Current requirements | |||
| Number employees receiving scaffold training per year | 17 (8.1) | 53 | NA |
| Time currently spent on scaffold training (hr./session) | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.4 | 1.1 (0.75) |
| Current cost to train ($/training session) | 97 | 176 | 0.55 |
| Total current scaf. training costs ($/year-business) | 960 | 9,630 | NA |
| New requirements | |||
| Anticipated number to be trained per year. (General training only) | 22.6 (12.9) | 74 | NA |
| Time to train for general use of scaffolding (hr./session) | 2.8 (1.9) | 2.5 | 1.1 (0.76) |
| Time to train erector and dismantler of scaffolding (hr./session) | 1.7 | 4.0 | 0.43 |
| General scaf. training cost ($/training session) | 128 | 178 | 0.72 |
| Erector and dismantler scaf. training cost ($/training session) | 217* | 257 | 0.84 |
| Refresher training cost ($/training session) | 158* | 110 | 1.4 |
| Total anticipated scaf. training costs ($/year-business) | 2,920 | 18,900 | NA |
| Total anticipated scaf. rule costs ($/year-business) includes fall prot. etc. | 4,070* | 20,300 | NA |
* Limited data set - 3 or 4 data points.
NA indicates Not Applicable.
The results in Table 2 indicate that the current cost per
scaffold training session is higher for large businesses: One
hundred seventy-six dollars versus ninety-seven dollars. The
survey results indicate that the current training time is about
the same for large and small businesses: 2.4 versus 2.7 hours.
However, removing one very high outlier from the small business
data set reduced the average training time significantly from 2.7
to 1.8 hours. Table 2 also reveals that training time and costs
will rise slightly for both large and small businesses under the
proposed amendments to chapter 296-24 WAC. However, costs for
scaffold training are still projected to be higher for large
businesses under the proposed rule amendments: One hundred
seventy-eight versus one hundred twenty-eight dollars. Specialty
training for workers erecting and dismantling scaffolds was
projected to be more costly than general training, with per
session training costs being somewhat higher for large
businesses: Two hundred fifty-seven versus two hundred seventeen
dollars.
Table 2 indicates that total scaffold training costs per business will roughly double if the proposed scaffold training changes are adopted. The total anticipated compliance costs are more than double current costs for large businesses: 9,630 to 20,300 dollars per business per year. For small businesses the total anticipated compliance costs are roughly four times higher: 960 to 4,070 dollars per year per business. The total compliance costs in Table 2 should be viewed with caution as several businesses with relatively modest scaffold training compliance costs reported very large anticipated costs for provisions within the proposed rule change for fall protection, aerial lifts and miscellaneous. For one area in particular (aerial lifts), the question was apparently occasionally misinterpreted by the survey respondents, resulting in very high cost estimates.
Analysis for Disproportionate Impact on Small Businesses: The Regulatory Fairness Act provides direction on how to determine if a proposed regulation impose[s] disproportionate costs on small business (RCW 19.85.040(1)). The statute states: "To determine whether the proposed rule will have a disproportionate impact on small businesses, the impact statement must compare the costs of compliance for small businesses with the cost of compliance for the ten percent of businesses that are the largest businesses required to comply with the proposed rule using one or more of the following as a basis for comparing costs:
a. Cost per employee;
b. Cost per hour of labor; and
c. Cost per one hundred dollars of sales"
Because of the relative paucity of response to this survey and the need to make a statistically valid comparison, compliance costs for small businesses were compared to the compliance costs for all large businesses. Using the 10% criteria presented above for estimating large business, compliance cost would have meant basing the average on only two or three survey responses. Table 3 below presents the scaffold training costs on a per employee (FTE) and scaffold using employee basis. In addition scaffold training cost on a per session basis is also presented, as is total anticipated rule compliance cost per FTE and scaffold using FTE.
Table 3: Scaffold training costs by session and employee.
| Training costs | Small Business |
Large Business |
Small/ Large |
| Total training cost ($/FTE-yr.) | 125 (69.7) | 65.5 | 1.9 (1.1) |
| Total training cost per scaf. user ($/FTE-yr.) | 882 (862) | 588 | 1.5 (1.46) |
| Training cost ($/training session) | 128 | 178 | 0.72 |
| Total costs* | |||
| Total scaf. rule cost ($/FTE-yr.) | 176 (121) | 69.8 | 2.5 (1.73) |
| Total scaf. rule cost per scaf. user ($/FTE-yr.) | 595 (531) | 617 | 0.96 (0.86) |
Examination of the anticipated compliance costs per FTE for
scaffold training reveals significantly higher cost for the small
business entities: Small to large cost ratio of 1.9. However,
removal of the high cost outlier from the small business data set
markedly changes the results: Cost ratio becomes 1.1.
Comparison of small and large business compliance cost based on
the number of employees using scaffolding also indicates
significantly higher costs for small businesses. However, this
comparison is highly suspect, as there was a notable
inconsistency between the number of employees reported trained
and number [of] employees reported actively using scaffolds.
Because scaffolding utilization is not a distinct business, and is used in a variety of businesses to widely varying degrees, the comparison of large and small compliance costs per FTE, especially with a limited data set, is not the best approach. A better index for comparing compliance cost, and analyzing for disproportionate impact, is to compare costs on a per scaffold training session basis. Comparison by training session costs resulted in a small to large business cost ratio of 0.72, indicating no disproportionate impact from the proposed rule on small businesses.
Total compliance costs for the proposed rule change, after accounting for several high response outliers, revealed a somewhat disproportionate impact on small businesses. However, examining the impact on the basis of reported number of scaffold users revealed similar compliance cost for large and small businesses: Six hundred seventeen versus five hundred thirty-one dollars.
CONCLUSIONS: The survey results presented in the previous sections show a more than minor impact on businesses from the proposed changes to chapter 296-24 WAC. Currently, large businesses spend more time and money for employee scaffold training. Under the proposed amendments to the scaffold requirements, both large and small businesses anticipate expending more time and money to train each person using scaffolding, with large business training costs still exceeding those for small businesses. When the compliance costs for the proposed scaffold training requirements are evaluated on a per FTE basis they are significantly higher for small businesses. However, after adjustment for high outlier responses to the survey, small and large business compliance costs per FTE were similar. Reexamination of the compliance costs on a training session basis (cost to train each worker) reveals that costs are higher for large business entities.
Thus I conclude the proposed changes to chapter 296-24 WAC will not have a disproportionate impact on small businesses in the state of Washington.
Please contact (360) 902-6805 if you have questions regarding this analysis.
A copy of the statement may be obtained by writing to Department of Labor and Industries, Attn: Greg Nothstein, Economic Analyst, P.O. Box 44001, Olympia, WA 98504-4001, phone (360) 902-6805, fax (360) 902-4202.
RCW 34.05.328 applies to this rule adoption. Significant rule-making criteria does apply to these rule amendments because they do not meet the exempt criteria outlined in RCW 34.05.328(5).
Hearing Location: Department of Labor and Industries Building, Auditorium, 7273 Linderson Way, Tumwater, WA, on February 8, 2000, at 9:30 a.m.
Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Josh Swanson by February 1, 2000, at (360) 902-5484.
Submit Written Comments to: Tracy Spencer, Standards Manager, WISHA Services Division, P.O. Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98507-4620, by 5:00 p.m. on February 15, 2000. In addition to written comments, the department will accept comments submitted to fax (360) 902-5529. Comments submitted by fax must be ten pages or less.
Date of Intended Adoption: April 4, 2000.
December 21, 1999
Gary Moore
Director
OTS-3361.1
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 94-07, filed 7/20/94,
effective 9/20/94)
WAC 296-155-110
Accident prevention program.
(1) Exemptions. Workers of employers whose primary business is other than construction, who are engaged solely in maintenance and repair work, including painting and decorating, are exempt from the requirement of this section provided:
(a) The maintenance and repair work, including painting and decorating, is being performed on the employer's premises, or facility.
(b) The length of the project does not exceed one week.
(c) The employer is in compliance with the requirements of WAC 296-24-040 Accident prevention programs, and WAC 296-24-045, Safety and health committee plan.
(2) Each employer shall develop a formal accident-prevention program, tailored to the needs of the particular plant or operation and to the type of hazard involved. The department may be contacted for assistance in developing appropriate programs.
(3) The following are the minimal program elements for all employers:
A safety orientation program describing the employer's safety program and including:
(a) How, where, and when to report injuries, including instruction as to the location of first-aid facilities.
(b) How to report unsafe conditions and practices.
(c) The use and care of required personal protective equipment.
(d) The proper actions to take in event of emergencies including the routes of exiting from areas during emergencies.
(e) Identification of the hazardous gases, chemicals, or materials involved along with the instructions on the safe use and emergency action following accidental exposure.
(f) A description of the employer's total safety program.
(g) An on-the-job review of the practices necessary to perform the initial job assignments in a safe manner.
(4) Each accident-prevention program shall be outlined in written format.
(5) Every employer shall conduct crew leader-crew safety meetings as follows:
(a) Crew leader-crew safety meetings shall be held at the beginning of each job, and at least weekly thereafter.
(b) Crew leader-crew meetings shall be tailored to the particular operation.
(6) Crew leader-crew safety meetings shall address the following:
(a) A review of any walk-around safety inspection conducted since the last safety meeting.
(b) A review of any citation to assist in correction of hazards.
(c) An evaluation of any accident investigations conducted since the last meeting to determine if the cause of the unsafe acts or unsafe conditions involved were properly identified and corrected.
(d) Attendance shall be documented.
(e) Subjects discussed shall be documented.
| Note: | Subcontractors and their employees may, with the permission of the general contractor, elect to fulfill the requirements of subsection (5)(a) and (b) of this section by attending the prime contractors crew leader-crew safety meeting. Any of the requirements of subsections (6)(a), (b), (c), and (7) of this section not satisfied by the prime contractors safety meetings shall be the responsibility of the individual employers. |
(8) Minutes of crew leader-crew safety meetings shall be retained by the employer for at least one year and shall be made available for review by personnel of the department, upon request.
(9) Every employer shall conduct walk-around safety inspections as follows:
(a) At the beginning of each job, and at least weekly thereafter, a walk-around safety inspection shall be conducted jointly by one member of management and one employee, elected by the employees, as their authorized representative.
(b) The employer shall document walk-around safety inspections and such documentation shall be available for inspection by personnel of the department.
(c) Records of walk-around inspections shall be maintained by the employer until the completion of the job.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-155-110, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 92-09-148 (Order 92-01), § 296-155-110, filed 4/22/92, effective 5/25/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-074 (Order 86-14), § 296-155-110, filed 1/21/86; Order 74-26, § 296-155-110, filed 5/7/74, effective 6/6/74.]
PART UPOWER DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION LINES(((reserved)))
Refer to chapter ((296-44)) 296-45 WAC, "Safety standards for
electrical ((construction work)) workers."
OTS-3634.2
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 90-18, filed 1/10/91,
effective 2/12/91)
WAC 296-24-23027
Truck operations.
(1) Trucks shall not be driven up to anyone standing in front of a bench or other fixed object.
(2) No person shall be allowed to stand or pass under the elevated portion of any truck, whether loaded or empty.
(3) Unauthorized personnel shall not be permitted to ride on powered industrial trucks. A safe place to ride shall be provided where riding of trucks is authorized.
(4) The employer shall prohibit arms or legs from being placed between the uprights of the mast or outside the running lines of the truck.
(5) When leaving a powered industrial truck unattended, load engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls shall be neutralized, power shall be shut off, and brakes set. Wheels blocked if the truck is parked on an incline.
(a) A powered industrial truck is unattended when the operator is 25 feet or more away from the vehicle, which remains in view, or whenever the operator leaves the vehicle and it is not in view.
(b) When the operator of an industrial truck is dismounted and within 25 feet of the truck, still in view, the load engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized, and the brakes set to prevent movement.
(6) A safe distance shall be maintained from the edge of ramps or platforms while on any elevated dock, or platform or freight car. Trucks shall not be used for opening or closing freight car doors unless the truck is using an approved device specifically designed to open and close doors.
(a) The design of the door opening or closing device shall require the force applied by the device to the door to be in a direction parallel with the door travel.
(b) The truck operator shall be trained in the use of the door opening or closing device and keep the operation in full view while opening or closing.
(c) Employees or other persons will stand clear while the door is being moved with a device.
(7) Brakes shall be set and wheel blocks shall be in place to prevent movement of trucks, trailers, or railroad cars while loading or unloading. Fixed jacks may be necessary to support a semitrailer during loading or unloading when the trailer is not coupled to a tractor. The flooring of trucks, trailers, and railroad cars shall be checked for breaks and weakness before they are driven onto. Mechanical means may be utilized to secure trucks/trailers to loading docks in lieu of wheel chocks to prevent movement (reference WAC 296-24-23023).
(8) There shall be sufficient headroom under overhead installations, lights, pipes, sprinkler system, etc.
(9) An overhead guard shall be used as protection against falling objects. It should be noted that an overhead guard is intended to offer protection from the impact of small packages, boxes, bagged material, etc., representative of the job application, but not to withstand the impact of a falling capacity load.
(10) A load backrest extension shall be used whenever necessary to minimize the possibility of the load or part of it from falling rearward.
(11) Only approved industrial trucks shall be used in hazardous locations.
(12) Whenever a truck is equipped with vertical only, or vertical and horizontal controls elevatable with the lifting carriage or forks for lifting personnel, the following additional precautions shall be taken for the protection of personnel being elevated.
(a) Use of a safety platform firmly secured to the lifting carriage and/or forks.
(b) Means shall be provided whereby personnel on the platform can shut off power to the truck.
(c) Such protection from falling objects as indicated necessary by the operating conditions shall be provided.
(13) Using forklifts as elevated work platforms. A platform or structure built specifically for hoisting persons may be used providing the following requirements are complied with:
(a) The structure must be securely attached to the forks and shall have standard guardrails and toeboards installed on all sides.
(b) The hydraulic system shall be so designed that the lift mechanism will not drop faster than 135 feet per minute in the event of a failure in any part of the system. Forklifts used for elevating work platforms shall be identified that they are so designed.
(c) A safety strap shall be installed or the control lever shall be locked to prevent the boom from tilting.
(d) An operator shall attend the lift equipment while workers are on the platform.
(e) The operator shall be in the normal operating position while raising or lowering the platform.
(f) The vehicle shall not travel from point to point while workers are on the platform except that inching or maneuvering at very slow speed is permissible.
(g) The area between workers on the platform and the mast shall be adequately guarded to prevent contact with chains or other shear points.
(14) Fire aisles, access to stairways, and fire equipment shall be kept clear.
(15) Powered industrial trucks used as order pickers that do not have standard guardrails on all open sides, must be equipped with a safety harness, lanyard, and a tie-off point approved by the manufacturer. Fall protection equipment must meet the criteria outlined in WAC 296-24-88050, Appendix C - Personal fall arrest systems.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-24-23027, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; Order 74-27, § 296-24-23027, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23027, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23027, filed 5/7/73.]
OTS-3360.4
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 94-07, filed 7/20/94,
effective 9/20/94)
WAC 296-24-14519
Boatswain's chairs.
((An employee shall
be secured in the boatswain's chair with a safety belt or rope,
and shall have a short rope with a sliding hitch between the
employee's body or the chair and the hoistline.)) The employer
must ensure that boatswain's chairs are used in accordance with
the requirements of Part J-2, Scaffolds, chapter 296-24 WAC.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-14519, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-14519, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-14519, filed 5/7/73.]
(1) Scope and application. This standard applies to the design, construction, testing, use and maintenance of personnel platforms, and the hoisting of personnel platforms on the load lines of cranes or derricks.
(2) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(a) "Failure" means load refusal, breakage, or separation of components.
(b) "Hoist" (or hoisting) means all crane or derrick functions such as lowering, lifting, swinging, booming in and out or up and down, or suspending a personnel platform.
(c) "Load refusal" means the point where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
(d) "Maximum intended load" means the total load of all employees tools, materials, and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a personnel platform or personnel platform component at any one time.
(e) "Runway" means a firm, level surface designed, prepared, and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.
(3) General requirements. The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.
(4) Operational criteria.
(a) Hoisting of the personnel platform shall be performed in a slow, controlled, cautious manner with no sudden movements of the crane or derrick, or the platform.
(b) Load lines shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least seven times the maximum intended load, except that where rotation resistant rope is used, the lines shall be capable of supporting without failure, at least ten times the maximum intended load. The required design factor is achieved by taking the current safety factor of 3.5 and applying the fifty percent derating of the crane capacity.
(c) Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes, and locking devices such as pawls or dogs shall be engaged when the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary working position.
(d) Cranes and derricks with variable angle booms shall be equipped with a boom angle indicator, readily visible to the operator.
(e) Cranes with telescoping booms shall be equipped with a device to indicate clearly to the operator, at all times, the boom's extended length, or an accurate determination of the load radius to be used during the lift shall be made prior to hoisting personnel.
(f) A positive acting device shall be used which prevents contact between the load block or overhaul ball and the boom tip (anti-two-blocking device), or a system shall be used which deactivates the hoisting action before damage occurs in the event of a two-blocking situation (two block damage prevention feature).
(g) The load line hoist drum shall have a system or device on the power train, other than the load hoist brake, which regulates the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism (controlled load lowering). Free fall is prohibited.
(h) The crane shall be uniformly level within one percent of level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with outriggers shall have them all fully deployed following manufacturer's specifications, insofar as applicable, when hoisting employees.
(i) The total weight of the loaded personnel platform and related rigging shall not exceed fifty percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the crane or derrick.
(j) The use of machines having live booms (booms in which lowering is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.
(k) Multiple-part line block: When a multiple-part line block is in use, a substantial strap shall be used between the crane hook and common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device, to eliminate employee exposure to the lines running through the block, and to the block itself.
(5) Rigging.
(a) Lifting bridles on box-type platforms shall consist of four legs of equal length, with one end securely shackled to each corner of the platform and the other end securely attached to a common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device to accommodate the crane hook, or a strap to the crane hook.
(b) Shackle bolts used for rigging of personnel platforms shall be secured against displacement.
(c) A substantial safety line shall pass through the eye of each leg of the bridle adjacent to the common ring, shackle, or equivalent device and be securely fastened with a minimum amount of slack to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(d) All eyes in wire rope sling shall be fabricated with thimbles.
(e) Wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging hardware must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that component. Where rotation resistant wire rope is used for slings, they shall be capable of supporting without failure at least ten times the maximum intended load.
(f) Hooks on headache ball assemblies, lower load blocks, or other attachment assemblies shall be of a type that can be closed and locked, eliminating the hook throat opening. Alternatively, an alloy anchor type shackle with a bolt, nut, and retaining pin shall be used.
(g) Bridles and associated rigging for attaching the personnel platform to the hoist line shall be used only for the platform and the necessary employees, their tools and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall not be used for any other purpose when not hoisting personnel.
(6) Personnel platforms - design criteria.
(a) The personnel platform and suspension system shall be designed by a qualified engineer or a qualified person competent in structural design.
(b) The suspension system shall be designed to minimize tipping of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform.
(c) The personnel platform itself, except the guardrail system and body belt/harness anchorages, shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load based on a minimum allowance of five hundred pounds for the first person with light tools, and an additional two hundred fifty pounds for each additional person.
(d) Criteria for guardrail systems and body belt/harness
anchorages are contained in ((WAC 296-24-75007 and
296-24-82503(31) respectively)) Parts J-1 and J-2 of this
chapter.
(e) The personnel platform shall be conspicuously posted with a plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight of the platform and its rated load capacity or maximum intended load.
(7) Platform specifications.
(a) Each personnel platform shall be equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of WAC 296-24-75007, and shall be enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either solid construction or expanded metal having openings no greater than one-half inch (1.27cm).
(b) A grab rail shall be installed inside the entire perimeter of the personnel platform.
(c) Access gates, if installed, shall not swing outward during hoisting.
(d) Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, shall be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental opening.
(e) Headroom shall be provided which allows employees to stand upright in the platform.
(f) In addition to the use of hard hats, employees shall be protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when employees are exposed to falling objects.
(g) All rough edges exposed to contact by employees shall be surfaced or smoothed in order to prevent injury to employees from punctures or lacerations.
(h) All welding of the personnel platform and its components shall be performed by a qualified welder familiar with the weld grades, types, and material specified in the platform design.
(i) Occupants of all personnel platforms shall wear a safety belt or harness and lanyard which meets the requirements of ANSI A10.14- 1975.
(j) Box-type platform: The workers lanyard shall be secured to the work platform or guardrail of the work platform.
(k) Rescue platform:
(i) If the platform is used as a rescue vehicle, the injured worker shall be strapped into the stretcher or basket.
(ii) The basket shall then be secured by lanyard to an anchorage within the platform.
(l) Boatswains chair: The workers lanyard shall be secured to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(m) Barrel-type platform:
(i) The workers lanyard shall be secured to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(ii) A solid bar or rod shall be substantially attached in a rigid position to the bottom or side of the platform.
(iii) The side bar or rod shall extend a minimum of eight feet above the floor of the work platform.
(iv) The bottom of the barrel-type platform shall be of a convex shape to cause the platform to lay on its side when lowered to the ground or floor.
(v) Workers shall enter and exit from barrel-type platforms only when they are in an upright position, stable, and securely attached to the load line.
(vi) The employer shall use methods or devices which allow employees to safely enter or exit barrel-type platforms.
(8) Personnel platform loading.
(a) The personnel platform shall not be loaded in excess of its rated load capacity.
(b) The number of employees occupying the personnel platform shall not exceed the number required for the work being performed.
(c) Personnel platforms shall be used only for employees, their tools, and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall not be used to hoist only materials or tools when not hoisting personnel.
(d) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall be secured to prevent displacement.
(e) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall be evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while the platform is suspended.
(9) Trial lift, inspection, and prooftesting.
(a) A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel platform loaded at least to the anticipated liftweight shall be made from ground level, or any other location where employees will enter the platform, to each location at which the personnel platform is to be hoisted and positioned. This trial lift shall be performed immediately prior to placing personnel on the platform. The operator shall determine that all systems, controls, and safety devices are activated and functioning properly; that no interferences exist; and that all configurations necessary to reach those work locations will allow the operator to remain under the fifty percent limit of the hoist's rated capacity. Materials and tools to be used during the actual lift can be loaded in the platform, as provided in subsection (8)(d) and (e) of this section for the trial lift. A single trial lift may be performed at one time for all locations that are to be reached from a single set-up position.
(b) The trial lift shall be repeated prior to hoisting employees whenever the crane or derrick is moved and set up in a new location or returned to a previously used location. Additionally, the trial lift shall be repeated when the lift route is changed unless the operator determines that the route change is not significant (i.e., the route change would not affect the safety of hoisted employees).
(c) After the trial lift, and just prior to hoisting personnel, the platform shall be hoisted a few inches and inspected to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced. Employees shall not be hoisted unless the following conditions are determined to exist:
(i) Hoist ropes shall be free of kinks;
(ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each other;
(iii) The primary attachment shall be centered over the platform; and
(iv) The hoisting system shall be inspected if the load rope is slack to ensure all ropes are properly stated on drums and in sheaves.
(d) A visual inspection of the crane or derrick, rigging, personnel platform, and the crane or derrick base support or ground shall be conducted by a competent person immediately after the trial lift to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.
(e) Any defects found during inspections which create a safety hazard shall be corrected before hoisting personnel.
(f) At each job site, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform, and after any repair or modification, the platform and rigging shall be prooftested to one hundred twenty-five percent of the platform's rated capacity by holding it in a suspended position for five minutes with the test load evenly distributed on the platform (this may be done concurrently with the trial lift). After prooftesting, a competent person shall inspect the platform and rigging. Any deficiencies found shall be corrected and another prooftest shall be conducted. Personnel hoisting shall not be conducted until the prooftesting requirements are satisfied.
(g) The employer shall retain at the jobsite and produce when requested, documentation such as lift capacity information, verifying that the requirements of this standard have been met.
(10) Work practices.
(a) Employees shall keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising, lowering, and positioning. This provision does not apply to an occupant of the platform performing the duties of a signal person.
(b) Before employees exit or enter a hoisted personnel platform that is not landed, the platform shall be secured to the structure where the work is to be performed, unless securing to the structure creates an unsafe situation.
(c) Tag lines shall be used unless their use creates an unsafe condition.
(d) The crane or derrick operator shall remain at the controls at all times when the crane engine is running and the platform is occupied.
(e) Hoisting of employees shall be promptly discontinued upon indication of any dangerous weather conditions or other impending danger.
(f) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person. In those situations where direct visual contact with the operator is not possible, and the use of a signal person would create a greater hazard for that person, direct communication alone such as by radio may be used.
(g) Hand signals to the operator shall be in accordance with those prescribed by the applicable ANSI standard for the type of crane or lift in use unless voice communication equipment is utilized. Signals shall be discernable or audible at all times.
(h) Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform shall use a body belt/harness system with lanyard appropriately attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball, or to a structural member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a fall impact for employees using the anchorage.
(i) No lifts shall be made on another of the crane's or derrick's load lines while personnel are suspended on a platform.
(11) Traveling.
(a) Hoisting of employees while the crane is traveling is prohibited except for portal, tower and locomotive cranes, or where the employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to perform the work.
(b) Under any circumstances where a crane would travel while hoisting personnel, the employer shall implement the following procedures to safeguard employees:
(i) Crane travel shall be restricted to a fixed track or runway;
(ii) Travel shall be limited to the load radius of the boom used during the lift; and
(iii) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.
(c) A complete trial run shall be performed to test the route of travel before employees are allowed to occupy the platform. This trial run can be performed at the same time as the trial lift required by subsection (9)(a) of this section which tests the route of the lift.
(d) If travel is done with a rubber tired-carrier, the condition and air pressure of the tires shall be checked. The chart capacity for lifts on rubber shall be used for application of the fifty percent reduction of rated capacity. Notwithstanding subsection (4)(i) of this section, outriggers may be partially retracted as necessary for travel.
(12) Prelift meeting.
(a) A meeting attended by the crane or derrick operator, signal person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed shall be held to review the appropriate requirements of this section and the procedures to be followed.
(b) This meeting shall be held prior to the trial lift at each new location, and shall be repeated for any employees newly assigned to the operation.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 96-09-030, § 296-24-23533, filed 4/10/96, effective 6/1/96; 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-24-23533, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91.]
PART J-1WORKING SURFACES, GUARDING FLOORS AND WALL OPENINGS, LADDERS((,
SCAFFOLDS))
Working surfaces, ladders, scaffoldsPART J-2
((POWERED PLATFORMS, ETC.)) SCAFFOLDS
NEW SECTION
WAC 296-24-860
Scaffolds.
Scope and application. This part applies to all scaffolds used in workplaces covered by this chapter. It does not apply to crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms, which are covered by chapter 296-24 WAC, Part D. The criteria for manually propelled elevating work platforms are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-875.
The criteria for self-propelled elevating work platforms are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-87505.
The criteria for boom supported elevating work platforms are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-87510.
The criteria for aerial lifts are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-87515.
Additional requirements for forklift supported personnel platforms are set out in WAC 296-24-23027.
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"Adjustable suspension scaffold" means a suspension scaffold equipped with a hoist(s) that can be operated by an employee(s) on the scaffold.
"Bearer (putlog)" means a horizontal transverse scaffold member (which may be supported by ledgers or runners) upon which the scaffold platform rests and which joins scaffold uprights, posts, poles, and similar members.
"Boatswains' chair" means a single-point adjustable suspension scaffold consisting of a seat or sling designed to support one employee in a sitting position.
"Body belt (safety belt)" means a strap with means both for securing it about the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard or lifeline, used only in fall restraint or positioning device systems. A body belt may not be used for fall arrest.
"Body harness" means a design of straps which may be secured about the employee in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders, with means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system.
"Brace" means a rigid connection that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member, or to a building or structure.
"Bricklayers' square scaffold" means a supported scaffold composed of framed squares which support a platform.
"Carpenters' bracket scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by brackets attached to building or structural walls.
"Catenary scaffold" means a suspension scaffold consisting of a platform supported by two essentially horizontal and parallel ropes attached to structural members of a building or other structure. Additional support may be provided by vertical pickups.
"Chimney hoist" means a multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold used to provide access to work inside chimneys. (See "multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold.")
"Cleat" means a structural block used at the end of a platform to prevent the platform from slipping off its supports. Cleats are also used to provide footing on sloped surfaces such as crawling boards.
"Climbing ladder" means a separate ladder with equally spaced rungs usually attached to the scaffold structure for climbing and descending.
"Competent person" means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
"Continuous run scaffold (run scaffold)" means a two-point or multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold constructed using a series of interconnected braced scaffold members or supporting structures erected to form a continuous scaffold.
"Coupler" means a device for locking together the tubes of a tube and coupler scaffold.
"Crawling board (chicken ladder)" means a supported scaffold consisting of a plank with cleats spaced and secured to provide footing, for use on sloped surfaces such as roofs.
"Deceleration device" means any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyard, or automatic self-retracting lifeline lanyard, which dissipates a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest or limits the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.
"Design working load" means the maximum intended load, being the total of all loads including the weight of the people, materials, equipment, and platform.
"Double pole (independent pole) scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform(s) resting on cross beams (bearers) supported by ledgers and a double row of uprights independent of support (except ties, guys, braces) from any structure.
"Equivalent" means alternative designs, materials or methods to protect against a hazard which the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the methods, materials or designs specified in the standard.
"Exposed power lines" means electrical power lines which are accessible to employees and which are not shielded from contact. Such lines do not include extension cords or power tool cords.
"Eye or eye splice" means a loop with or without a thimble at the end of a wire rope.
"Fabricated decking and planking" means manufactured platforms made of wood (including laminated wood, and solid sawn wood planks), metal or other materials.
"Fabricated frame scaffold (tubular welded frame scaffold)" means a scaffold consisting of a platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts, horizontal bearers, and intermediate members.
"Failure" means load refusal, breakage, or separation of component parts. Load refusal is the point where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
"Falling object protection" means those devices, systems, structures, work practices or other means intended to prevent tools, materials, debris and other objects from falling or to deflect or contain falling objects in order to prevent them striking workers below.
"Float (ship) scaffold" means a suspension scaffold consisting of a braced platform resting on two parallel bearers and hung from overhead supports by ropes of fixed length.
"Form scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by brackets attached to formwork.
"Guardrail system" means a vertical barrier, consisting of, but not limited to, toprails, midrails, and posts, erected to prevent employees from falling off a scaffold platform or walkway to lower levels.
"Handrail" means a rail connected to a ladder stand running parallel to the slope and/or top step.
"Hoist" means a manual or power-operated mechanical device to raise or lower a suspended scaffold.
"Horse scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by construction horses (saw horses). Horse scaffolds constructed of metal are sometimes known as trestle scaffolds.
"Independent pole scaffold" (see "double pole scaffold").
"Interior hung scaffold" means a suspension scaffold consisting of a platform suspended from the ceiling or roof structure by fixed length supports.
"Ladder jack scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform resting on brackets attached to ladders.
"Ladder stand" means a mobile, fixed-size, self-supporting ladder consisting of a wide flat tread ladder in the form of stairs.
"Landing" means a platform at the end of a flight of stairs.
"Large area scaffold" means a pole scaffold, tube and coupler scaffold, systems scaffold, or fabricated frame scaffold erected over substantially the entire work area. For example: A scaffold erected over the entire floor area of a room.
"Lean-to scaffold" means a supported scaffold which is kept erect by tilting it toward and resting it against a building or structure.
"Ledger" - see runner.
"Lifeline" means a component consisting of a flexible line that connects to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or that connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
"Lower levels" means areas below the level where the employee is located and to which an employee can fall. Such areas include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water, and equipment.
"Masons' adjustable supported scaffold" (see "self-contained adjustable scaffold").
"Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold" means a continuous run suspension scaffold designed and used for masonry operations.
"Maximum intended load" means the total load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads, and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at any one time.
"Mobile" means manually propelled.
"Mobile scaffold" means a powered or unpowered, portable, caster or wheel-mounted supported scaffold.
"Mobile work platform" means generally a fixed work level one frame high on casters or wheels, with bracing diagonally from platform to vertical frame.
"Multi-level suspended scaffold" means a two-point or multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold with a series of platforms at various levels resting on common stirrups.
"Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold" means a suspension scaffold consisting of a platform(s) which is suspended by more than two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with means to raise and lower the platform to desired work levels. Such scaffolds include chimney hoists.
"Needle beam scaffold" means a platform suspended from needle beams.
"Open sides and ends" means the edges of a platform that are more than 14 inches (36 cm) away horizontally from a sturdy, continuous, vertical surface (such as a building wall) or a sturdy, continuous horizontal surface (such as a floor), or a point of access. Exception: For plastering and lathing operations the horizontal threshold distance is 18 inches (46 cm).
"Outrigger" means the structural member of a supported scaffold used to increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide support for and increased stability of the scaffold.
"Outrigger beam (thrustout)" means the structural member of a suspension scaffold or outrigger scaffold which provides support for the scaffold by extending the scaffold point of attachment to a point out and away from the structure or building.
"Outrigger scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform resting on outrigger beams (thrustouts) projecting beyond the wall or face of the building or structure, the inboard ends of which are secured inside the building or structure.
"Overhand bricklaying" means the process of laying bricks and masonry units such that the surface of the wall to be jointed is on the opposite side of the wall from the mason, requiring the mason to lean over the wall to complete the work. It includes mason tending and electrical installation incorporated into the brick wall during the overhand bricklaying process.
"Personal fall arrest system" means a system used to arrest an employee's fall. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, and body harness and may also include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or combinations of these.
"Platform" means a work surface elevated above lower levels. Platforms can be constructed using individual wood planks, fabricated planks, fabricated decks, and fabricated platforms.
"Pole scaffold" (see definitions for "single-pole scaffold" and "double (independent) pole scaffold").
"Power operated hoist" means a hoist which is powered by other than human energy.
"Pump jack scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by vertical poles and movable support brackets.
"Putlog" - see bearer.
"Qualified" means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
"Rated load" means the manufacturer's specified maximum load to be lifted by a hoist or to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component.
"Repair bracket scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by brackets which are secured in place around the circumference or perimeter of a chimney, stack, tank or other supporting structure by one or more wire ropes placed around the supporting structure.
"Ribbon" - see runner.
"Roof bracket scaffold" means a rooftop supported scaffold consisting of a platform resting on angular-shaped supports.
"Runner (ledger or ribbon)" means the lengthwise horizontal spacing or bracing member which may support the bearers.
"Scaffold" means any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage), used for supporting employees or materials or both.
"Self-contained adjustable scaffold" means a combination supported and suspension scaffold consisting of an adjustable platform(s) mounted on an independent supporting frame(s) not a part of the object being worked on, and which is equipped with a means to permit the raising and lowering of the platform(s). Such systems include rolling roof rigs, rolling outrigger systems, and some masons' adjustable supported scaffolds.
"Shore scaffold" means a supported scaffold which is placed against a building or structure and held in place with props.
"Single-point adjustable suspension scaffold" means a suspension scaffold consisting of a platform suspended by one rope from an overhead support and equipped with means to permit the movement of the platform to desired work levels.
"Single-pole scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform(s) resting on bearers, the outside ends of which are supported on runners secured to a single row of posts or uprights, and the inner ends of which are supported on or in a structure or building wall.
"Stair tower (scaffold stairway/tower)" means a tower comprised of scaffold components and which contains internal stairway units and rest platforms. These towers are used to provide access to scaffold platforms and other elevated points such as floors and roofs.
"Stall load" means the load at which the prime-mover of a power-operated hoist stalls or the power to the prime-mover is automatically disconnected.
"Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffold" means a platform resting directly on the rungs of step ladders or trestle ladders.
"Stilts" means a pair of poles or similar supports with raised footrests, used to permit walking above the ground or working surface.
"Stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold" means a continuous run suspension scaffold designed and used for stonesetters' operations.
"Supported scaffold" means one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
"Suspension scaffold" means one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other nonrigid means from an overhead structure(s).
"System scaffold" means a scaffold consisting of posts with fixed connection points that accept runners, bearers, and diagonals that can be interconnected at predetermined levels.
"Tank builders' scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform resting on brackets that are either directly attached to a cylindrical tank or attached to devices that are attached to such a tank.
"Toeboard" means a barrier installed at the outermost edge of a walking/working surface to prevent objects from falling onto workers below.
"Top plate bracket scaffold" means a scaffold supported by brackets that hook over or are attached to the top of a wall. This type of scaffold is similar to carpenters' bracket scaffolds and form scaffolds and is used in residential construction for setting trusses.
"Tube and coupler scaffold" means a supported or suspended scaffold consisting of a platform(s) supported by tubing, erected with coupling devices connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and runners.
"Tubular welded frame scaffold" (see "fabricated frame scaffold").
"Tubular welded sectional folding scaffold" means a sectional, folding metal scaffold either of ladder frame or inside stairway design, substantially built of prefabricated welded sections, which consist of end frames, platform frame, inside inclined stairway frame and braces, or hinged connected diagonal and horizontal braces, capable of being folded into a flat package when the scaffold is not in use.
"Two-point suspension scaffold (swing stage)" means a suspension scaffold consisting of a platform supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with means to permit the raising and lowering of the platform to desired work levels.
"Unstable objects" means items whose strength, configuration, or lack of stability may allow them to become dislocated and shift and therefore may not properly support the loads imposed on them. Unstable objects do not constitute a safe base support for scaffolds, platforms, or employees. Examples include, but are not limited to, barrels, boxes, loose brick, and concrete blocks.
"Vertical pickup" means a rope used to support the horizontal rope in catenary scaffolds.
"Walkway" means a portion of a scaffold platform used only for access and not as a work level.
"Window jack scaffold" means a platform resting on a bracket or jack which projects through a window opening.
"Work level" means the elevated platform, used for supporting workers and their materials, comprising the necessary vertical, horizontal, and diagonal braces, guardrails, and ladder for access to the work platform.
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This section does not apply to manually propelled elevating work platforms, the criteria for which are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-875.
This section does not apply to self-propelled elevating work platforms, the criteria for which are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-87505.
This section does not apply to boom supported elevating work platforms, the criteria for which are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-87510.
This section does not apply to aerial lifts, the criteria for which are set out exclusively in WAC 296-24-87515.
(1) "Capacity."
(a) Except as provided in (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this subsection and subsection (7) of this section, each scaffold and scaffold component must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it.
(b) Direct connections to roofs and floors, and counterweights used to balance adjustable suspension scaffolds, must be capable of resisting at least 4 times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold operating at the rated load of the hoist, or 1.5 (minimum) times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold operating at the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.
(c) Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on nonadjustable suspension scaffolds must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.
(d) Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on adjustable suspension scaffolds must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope with the scaffold operating at either the rated load of the hoist, or 2 (minimum) times the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.
(e) The stall load of any scaffold hoist must not exceed 3 times its rated load.
(f) Scaffolds must be designed by a qualified person and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. Nonmandatory Appendix A to this part contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with subsection (1) of this section.
(2) "Scaffold platform construction."
(a) Each platform on all working levels of scaffolds must be fully planked or decked between the front uprights and the guardrail supports as follows:
(i) Each platform unit (e.g., scaffold plank, fabricated plank, fabricated deck, or fabricated platform) must be installed so that the space between adjacent units and the space between the platform and the uprights is no more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide, except where the employer can demonstrate that a wider space is necessary (for example, to fit around uprights when side brackets are used to extend the width of the platform).
(ii) Where the employer makes the demonstration provided for in subsection (2)(a)(i) of this section, the platform must be planked or decked as fully as possible and the remaining open space between the platform and the uprights must not exceed 9 1/2 inches (24.1 cm).
Exception to subsection (2)(a) of this section: The requirement in subsection (2)(a) of this section to provide full planking or decking does not apply to platforms used solely as walkways or solely by employees performing scaffold erection or dismantling. In these situations, only the planking necessary to provide safe working conditions is required. Employees on those platforms must be protected from fall hazards in accordance with subsection (7) of this section.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (2)(b)(i) and (ii) of this section, each scaffold platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide.
(i) Each ladder jack scaffold, top plate bracket scaffold, roof bracket scaffold, and pump jack scaffold must be at least 12 inches (30 cm) wide. There is no minimum width requirement for boatswains' chairs.
(ii) Where scaffolds must be used in areas that the employer can demonstrate are so narrow that platforms and walkways cannot be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide, such platforms and walkways must be as wide as feasible, and employees on those platforms and walkways must be protected from fall hazards by the use of guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems.
(c) Except as provided in subsection (2)(c)(i) and (ii) of this section, the front edge of all platforms must not be more than 14 inches (36 cm) from the face of the work, unless guardrail systems are erected along the front edge and/or personal fall arrest systems are used in accordance with subsection (7) of this section to protect employees from falling.
(i) The maximum distance from the face for outrigger scaffolds must be 3 inches (8 cm);
(ii) The maximum distance from the face for plastering and lathing operations must be 18 inches (46 cm).
(d) Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks or equivalent means, must extend over the centerline of its support at least 6 inches (15 cm).
(e) Unless the platform is designed and installed so that the cantilevered portion of the platform is able to support employees and/or materials without tipping, or has guardrails which block employee access to the cantilevered end, the end of a platform must not extend over its support more than:
(i) 12 inches (30 cm) for platforms 10 feet or less in length;
(ii) 18 inches (46 cm) for platforms greater than 10 feet in length.
(f) On scaffolds where scaffold planks are abutted to create a long platform, each abutted end must rest on a separate support surface. This provision does not preclude the use of common support members, such as "T" sections, to support abutting planks, or hook on platforms designed to rest on common supports.
(g) On scaffolds where platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap must occur only over supports, and must not be less than 12 inches (30 cm) unless the platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained to prevent movement.
(h) At all points of a scaffold where the platform changes direction, such as turning a corner, any platform that rests on a bearer at an angle other than a right angle must be laid first, and platforms which rest at right angles over the same bearer must be laid second, on top of the first platform.
(i) Wood platforms must not be covered with opaque finishes, except that platform edges may be covered or marked for identification. Platforms may be coated periodically with wood preservatives, fire-retardant finishes, and slip-resistant finishes; however, the coating may not obscure the top or bottom wood surfaces.
(j) Scaffold components must not be intermixed unless the components fit together without force and the scaffold's structural integrity is maintained by the user. Scaffold components must not be modified in order to intermix them unless a qualified person determines the resulting scaffold is structurally sound.
(k) Scaffold components made of dissimilar metals must not be used together unless a competent person has determined that galvanic action will not reduce the strength of any component to a level below that required by subsection (1)(a) of this section.
(3) "Criteria for supported scaffolds."
(a) Supported scaffolds with a height to base width (including outrigger supports, if used) ratio of more than four to one (4:1) must be restrained from tipping by guying, tying, bracing, or equivalent means, as follows:
(i) Guys, ties, and braces must be installed at locations where horizontal members support both inner and outer legs.
(ii) Guys, ties, and braces must be installed according to the scaffold manufacturer's recommendations or at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height and be repeated vertically at locations of horizontal members every 20 feet (6.1 m) or less thereafter for scaffolds 3 feet (0.91 m) wide or less, and every 26 feet (7.9 m) or less thereafter for scaffolds greater than 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. The top guy, tie or brace of completed scaffolds must be placed no further than the 4:1 height from the top. Such guys, ties and braces must be installed at each end of the scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to exceed 30 feet (9.1 m) (measured from one end (not both) towards the other).
(b) Ties, guys, braces, or outriggers must be used to prevent the tipping of supported scaffolds in all circumstances where an eccentric load, such as a cantilevered work platform, is applied or is transmitted to the scaffold.
(c) Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must bear on base plates resting on adequate firm foundation, such as dry compacted soil, mud sills or concrete slabs.
(i) Footings must be level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold without settling or displacement.
(ii) Unstable objects must not be used to support scaffolds or platform units.
(iii) Unstable objects must not be used as working platforms.
(iv) Front-end loaders and similar pieces of equipment must not be used to support scaffold platforms unless they have been specifically designed by the manufacturer for such use.
(v) Forklifts must not be used to support scaffold platforms unless the entire platform is attached to the fork and the forklift is not moved horizontally while the platform is occupied.
(d) Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must be plumb and braced to prevent swaying and displacement.
(4) "Criteria for suspension scaffolds."
(a) All suspension scaffold support devices, such as outrigger beams, cornice hooks, parapet clamps, and similar devices, must rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold operating at the rated load of the hoist (or at least 1.5 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold at the stall capacity of the hoist, whichever is greater).
(b) Suspension scaffold outrigger beams, when used, must be made of structural metal or equivalent strength material, and must be restrained to prevent movement.
(c) The inboard ends of suspension scaffold outrigger beams must be stabilized by bolts or other direct connections to the floor or roof deck, or they must have their inboard ends stabilized by counterweights, except masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold outrigger beams must not be stabilized by counterweights.
(i) Before the scaffold is used, direct connections must be evaluated by a competent person who must confirm, based on the evaluation, that the supporting surfaces are capable of supporting the loads to be imposed. In addition, masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold connections must be designed by an engineer experienced in such scaffold design.
(ii) Counterweights must be made of nonflowable material. Sand, gravel and similar materials that can be easily dislocated must not be used as counterweights.
(iii) Only those items specifically designed as counterweights must be used to counterweight scaffold systems. Construction materials such as, but not limited to, masonry units and rolls of roofing felt, must not be used as counterweights.
(iv) Counterweights must be secured by mechanical means to the outrigger beams to prevent accidental displacement.
(v) Counterweights must not be removed from an outrigger beam until the scaffold is disassembled.
(vi) Outrigger beams which are not stabilized by bolts or other direct connections to the floor or roof deck must be secured by tiebacks.
(vii) Tiebacks must be equivalent in strength to the suspension ropes.
(viii) Outrigger beams must be placed perpendicular to its bearing support (usually the face of the building or structure). However, where the employer can demonstrate that it is not possible to place an outrigger beam perpendicular to the face of the building or structure because of obstructions that cannot be moved, the outrigger beam may be placed at some other angle, provided opposing angle tiebacks are used.
(ix) Tiebacks must be secured to a structurally sound anchorage on the building or structure. Sound anchorages include structural members, but do not include standpipes, vents, other piping systems, or electrical conduit.
(x) Tiebacks must be installed perpendicular to the face of the building or structure, or opposing angle tiebacks must be installed. Single tiebacks installed at an angle are prohibited.
(d) Suspension scaffold outrigger beams must be:
(i) Provided with stop bolts or shackles at both ends;
(ii) Securely fastened together with the flanges turned out when channel iron beams are used in place of I-beams;
(iii) Installed with all bearing supports perpendicular to the beam center line;
(iv) Set and maintained with the web in a vertical position; and
(v) When an outrigger beam is used, the shackle or clevis with which the rope is attached to the outrigger beam must be placed directly over the center line of the stirrup.
(e) Suspension scaffold support devices such as cornice hooks, roof hooks, roof irons, parapet clamps, or similar devices must be:
(i) Made of steel, wrought iron, or materials of equivalent strength;
(ii) Supported by bearing blocks; and
(iii) Secured against movement by tiebacks installed at right angles to the face of the building or structure, or opposing angle tiebacks must be installed and secured to a structurally sound point of anchorage on the building or structure. Sound points of anchorage include structural members, but do not include standpipes, vents, other piping systems, or electrical conduit;
(iv) Tiebacks must be equivalent in strength to the hoisting rope.
(f) When winding drum hoists are used on a suspension scaffold, they must contain not less than four wraps of the suspension rope at the lowest point of scaffold travel. When other types of hoists are used, the suspension ropes must be long enough to allow the scaffold to be lowered to the level below without the rope end passing through the hoist, or the rope end must be configured or provided with means to prevent the end from passing through the hoist.
(g) The use of repaired wire rope as suspension rope is prohibited.
(h) Wire suspension ropes must not be joined together except through the use of eye splice thimbles connected with shackles or coverplates and bolts.
(i) The load end of wire suspension ropes must be equipped with proper size thimbles and secured by eyesplicing or equivalent means.
(j) Ropes must be inspected for defects by a competent person prior to each workshift and after every occurrence which could affect a rope's integrity. Ropes must be replaced if any of the following conditions exist:
(i) Any physical damage which impairs the function and strength of the rope.
(ii) Kinks that might impair the tracking or wrapping of rope around the drum(s) or sheave(s).
(iii) Six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.
(iv) Abrasion, corrosion, scrubbing, flattening or peening causing loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the outside wires.
(v) Heat damage caused by a torch or any damage caused by contact with electrical wires.
(vi) Evidence that the secondary brake has been activated during an overspeed condition and has engaged the suspension rope.
(k) Swaged attachments or spliced eyes on wire suspension ropes must not be used unless they are made by the wire rope manufacturer or a qualified person.
(l) When wire rope clips are used on suspension scaffolds:
(i) There must be a minimum of 3 wire rope clips installed, with the clips a minimum of 6 rope diameters apart;
(ii) Clips must be installed according to the manufacturer's recommendations;
(iii) Clips must be retightened to the manufacturer's recommendations after the initial loading;
(iv) Clips must be inspected and retightened to the manufacturer's recommendations at the start of each workshift thereafter;
(v) U-bolt clips must not be used at the point of suspension for any scaffold hoist;
(vi) When U-bolt clips are used, the U-bolt must be placed over the dead end of the rope, and the saddle must be placed over the live end of the rope.
(m) Suspension scaffold power-operated hoists and manual hoists must be tested by a qualified testing laboratory.
(n) Gasoline-powered equipment and hoists must not be used on suspension scaffolds.
(o) Gears and brakes of power-operated hoists used on suspension scaffolds must be enclosed.
(p) In addition to the normal operating brake, suspension scaffold power-operated hoists and manually operated hoists must have a braking device or locking pawl which engages automatically when a hoist makes either of the following uncontrolled movements: An instantaneous change in momentum or an accelerated overspeed.
(q) Manually operated hoists must require a positive crank force to descend.
(r) Two-point and multi-point suspension scaffolds must be tied or otherwise secured to prevent them from swaying, as determined to be necessary based on an evaluation by a competent person. Window cleaners' anchors must not be used for this purpose.
(s) Devices whose sole function is to provide emergency escape and rescue must not be used as working platforms. This provision does not preclude the use of systems which are designed to function both as suspension scaffolds and emergency systems.
(5) "Access." This paragraph applies to scaffold access for all employees. Access requirements for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds are specifically addressed in (i) of this subsection.
(a) When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet (0.6 m) above or below a point of access, portable ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair towers (scaffold stairways/towers), stairway-type ladders (such as ladder stands), ramps, walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold access, or direct access from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or similar surface must be used. Crossbraces must not be used as a means of access.
(b) Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders (additional requirements for the proper construction and use of portable ladders are contained in Part J-1 of this chapter - Working surfaces, guarding floors and wall openings, ladders):
(i) Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders must be positioned so as not to tip the scaffold;
(ii) Hook-on and attachable ladders must be positioned so that their bottom rung is not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level;
(iii) When hook-on and attachable ladders are used on a supported scaffold more than 24 feet (7.3 m) high, they must have rest platforms at 20 foot (6.1 m) maximum vertical intervals except the first platform may be up to 24 feet above the ground;
(iv) Hook-on and attachable ladders must be specifically designed for use with the type of scaffold used;
(v) Hook-on and attachable ladders must have a minimum rung length of 11 1/2 inches (29 cm); and
(vi) Hook-on and attachable ladders must have uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing between rungs of 16 3/4 inches.
(c) Stairway-type ladders must:
(i) Be positioned such that their bottom step is not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level;
(ii) Be provided with rest platforms at 12-foot (3.7 m) maximum vertical intervals;
(iii) Have a minimum step width of 16 inches (41 cm), except that mobile scaffold stairway-type ladders must have a minimum step width of 11 1/2 inches (30 cm); and
(iv) Have slip-resistant treads on all steps and landings.
(d) Stairtowers (scaffold stairway/towers) must be positioned such that their bottom step is not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting level.
(i) A stairrail consisting of a toprail and a midrail must be provided on each side of each scaffold stairway.
(ii) The toprail of each stairrail system must also be capable of serving as a handrail, unless a separate handrail is provided.
(iii) Handrails, and toprails that serve as handrails, must provide an adequate handhold for employees grasping them to avoid falling.
(iv) Stairrail systems and handrails must be surfaced to prevent injury to employees from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
(v) The ends of stairrail systems and handrails must be constructed so that they do not constitute a projection hazard.
(vi) Handrails and toprails that are used as handrails, must be at least 3 inches (7.6 cm) from other objects.
(vii) Stairrails must be not less than 28 inches (71 cm) nor more than 37 inches (94 cm) from the upper surface of the stairrail to the surface of the tread, in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the tread.
(viii) A landing platform at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide by at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) long must be provided at each level.
(ix) Each scaffold stairway must be at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide between stairrails.
(x) Treads and landings must have slip-resistant surfaces.
(xi) Stairways must be installed between 40 degrees and 60 degrees from the horizontal.
(xii) Guardrails meeting the requirements of subsection (7)(d) of this section must be provided on the open sides and ends of each landing.
(xiii) Riser height must be uniform, within 1/4 inch (0.6 cm) for each flight of stairs. Greater variations in riser height are allowed for the top and bottom steps of the entire system, not for each flight of stairs.
(xiv) Tread depth must be uniform, within 1/4 inch, for each flight of stairs.
(e) Ramps and walkways.
(i) Ramps and walkways 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above lower levels must have guardrail systems which comply with Part J-1 of this chapter - Working surfaces, guarding floors and wall openings, ladders.
(ii) Ramps or walkways must not be inclined more than a slope of one vertical to three horizontal (20 degrees above the horizontal).
(iii) If the slope of a ramp or a walkway is steeper than one vertical in eight horizontal, the ramp or walkway must have cleats not more than 14 inches (35 cm) apart which are securely fastened to the planks to provide footing.
(f) Integral prefabricated scaffold access frames must:
(i) Be specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs;
(ii) Have a rung length of at least 8 inches (20 cm);
(iii) Not be used as work platforms when rungs are less than 11 1/2 inches in length, unless each affected employee uses fall protection, or a positioning device, which complies with WAC 296-24-88050, Appendix C, Part I;
(iv) Be uniformly spaced within each frame section;
(v) Be provided with rest platforms at 20-foot (6.1 m) maximum vertical intervals on all supported scaffolds more than 24 feet (7.3 m) high; and
(vi) Have a maximum spacing between rungs of 16 3/4 inches (43 cm). Nonuniform rung spacing caused by joining end frames together is allowed, provided the resulting spacing does not exceed 16 3/4 inches (43 cm).
(g) Steps and rungs of ladder and stairway type access must line up vertically with each other between rest platforms.
(h) Direct access to or from another surface must be used only when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches (36 cm) horizontally and not more than 24 inches (61 cm) vertically from the other surface.
(i) Access for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds must be in accordance with the following:
(i) The employer must provide safe means of access for each employee erecting or dismantling a scaffold where the provision of safe access is feasible and does not create a greater hazard. The employer must have a competent person determine whether it is feasible or would pose a greater hazard to provide, and have employees use a safe means of access. This determination must be based on site conditions and the type of scaffold being erected or dismantled.
(ii) Hook-on or attachable ladders must be installed as soon as scaffold erection has progressed to a point that permits safe installation and use.
(iii) When erecting or dismantling tubular welded frame scaffolds, (end) frames, with horizontal members that are parallel, level and are not more than 22 inches apart vertically may be used as climbing devices for access, provided they are erected in a manner that creates a usable ladder and provides good hand hold and foot space.
(iv) Cross braces on tubular welded frame scaffolds must not be used as a means of access or egress.
(6) "Use."
(a) Scaffolds and scaffold components must not be loaded in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less.
(b) The use of shore or lean-to scaffolds is prohibited.
(c) Scaffolds and scaffold components must be inspected for visible defects by a competent person before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold's structural integrity.
(d) Any part of a scaffold damaged or weakened such that its strength is less than that required by subsection (1)(a) of this section must be immediately repaired or replaced, braced to meet those provisions, or removed from service until repaired.
(e) Scaffolds must not be moved horizontally while employees are on them, unless they have been designed by a registered professional engineer specifically for such movement or, for mobile scaffolds, where the provisions of WAC 296-24-86015(23) are followed.
(f) The clearance between scaffolds and power lines must be as follows: Scaffolds must not be erected, used, dismantled, altered, or moved such that they or any conductive material handled on them might come closer to exposed and energized power lines than as follows:
| *Insulated Lines | ||
| Voltage | Minimum distance | Alternatives |
| Less than 300 volts. *300 volts to 50 kv. More than 50 kv . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 feet (0.9 m) 10 feet (3.1 m) 10 feet (3.1 m) plus 0.4 inches (1.0 cm) for each 1 kv over 50 kv. |
2 times the length of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet (3.1 m). |
| *Uninsulated Lines | ||
| Voltage | Minimum distance | Alternatives |
| Less than 50 kv . . . . . . . . . . . . More than 50 kv . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 feet (3.1 m). 10 feet (3.1 m) plus 0.4 inches (1.0 cm) for each 1 kv over 50 kv. |
2 times the length of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet (3.1 m). |
(g) Scaffolds must be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration. Such activities must be performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent person.
(h) Employees must be prohibited from working on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other slippery material except as necessary for removal of such materials.
(i) Where swinging loads are being hoisted onto or near scaffolds such that the loads might contact the scaffold, tag lines or equivalent measures to control the loads must be used.
(j) Suspension ropes supporting adjustable suspension scaffolds must be of a diameter large enough to provide sufficient surface area for the functioning of brake and hoist mechanisms.
(k) Suspension ropes must be shielded from heat-producing processes. When acids or other corrosive substances are used on a scaffold, the ropes must be shielded, treated to protect against the corrosive substances, or must be of a material that will not be damaged by the substance being used.
(l) Work on or from scaffolds is prohibited during storms or high winds unless a competent person has determined that it is safe for employees to be on the scaffold and those employees are protected by a personal fall arrest system or wind screens. Wind screens must not be used unless the scaffold is secured against the anticipated wind forces imposed.
(m) Debris must not be allowed to accumulate on platforms.
(n) Makeshift devices, such as, but not limited to, boxes and barrels, must not be used on top of scaffold platforms to increase the working level height of employees.
(o) Ladders must not be used on scaffolds to increase the working level height of employees, except on large area scaffolds where employers have satisfied the following criteria:
(i) When the ladder is placed against a structure which is not a part of the scaffold, the scaffold must be secured against the sideways thrust exerted by the ladder;
(ii) The platform units must be secured to the scaffold to prevent their movement;
(iii) The ladder legs must be on the same platform or other means must be provided to stabilize the ladder against unequal platform deflection; and
(iv) The ladder legs must be secured to prevent them from slipping or being pushed off the platform.
(p) Platforms must not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded.
(q) To reduce the possibility of welding current arcing through the suspension wire rope when performing welding from suspended scaffolds, the following precautions must be taken, as applicable:
(i) An insulated thimble must be used to attach each suspension wire rope to its hanging support (such as cornice hook or outrigger). Excess suspension wire rope and any additional independent lines from grounding must be insulated;
(ii) The suspension wire rope must be covered with insulating material extending at least 4 feet (1.2 m) above the hoist. If there is a tail line below the hoist, it must be insulated to prevent contact with the platform. The portion of the tail line that hangs free below the scaffold must be guided or retained, or both, so that it does not become grounded;
(iii) Each hoist must be covered with insulated protective covers;
(iv) In addition to a work lead attachment required by the welding process, a grounding conductor must be connected from the scaffold to the structure. The size of this conductor must be at least the size of the welding process work lead, and this conductor must not be in series with the welding process or the work piece;
(v) If the scaffold grounding lead is disconnected at any time, the welding machine must be shut off; and
(vi) An active welding rod or uninsulated welding lead must not be allowed to contact the scaffold or its suspension system.
(7) "Fall protection."
(a) Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1 m) above a lower level must be protected from falling to that lower level. Subsection (7)(a)(i) through (vii) of this section establish the types of fall protection to be provided to the employees on each type of scaffold. Subsection (7)(b) of this section addresses fall protection for scaffold erectors and dismantlers.
Note to (a) of this subsection: The fall protection requirements for employees installing suspension scaffold support systems on floors, roofs, and other elevated surfaces are set forth in Parts J-2 and J-3 of this chapter.
(i) Each employee on a boatswains' chair, catenary scaffold, float scaffold, needle beam scaffold, or ladder jack scaffold must be protected by a personal fall arrest system;
(ii) Each employee on a single-point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold must be protected by both a personal fall arrest system and guardrail system;
(iii) Each employee on a crawling board (chicken ladder) must be protected by a personal fall arrest system, a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity), or by a 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) diameter grabline or equivalent handhold securely fastened beside each crawling board;
(iv) Each employee on a self-contained adjustable scaffold must be protected by a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) when the platform is supported by the frame structure, and by both a personal fall arrest system and a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) when the platform is supported by ropes;
(v) Each employee on a walkway located within a scaffold must be protected by a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) installed within 9 1/2 inches (24.1 cm) of and along at least one side of the walkway;
(vi) Each employee performing overhand bricklaying operations from a supported scaffold must be protected from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold (except at the side next to the wall being laid) by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity);
(vii) For all scaffolds not otherwise specified in (a)(i) through (vi) of this subsection, each employee must be protected by the use of personal fall arrest systems or guardrail systems meeting the requirements of (d) of this subsection.
(b) The employer must have a competent person determine the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds. Employers are required to provide fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds where the installation and use of such protection is feasible and does not create a greater hazard. The maximum feasible fall protection must be used.
(c) In addition to meeting the requirements of WAC 296-24-88050, Appendix C, Part I, personal fall arrest systems used on scaffolds must be attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or appropriate structural member. Vertical lifelines must not be used when overhead components, such as overhead protection or additional platform levels, are part of a single-point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold.
(i) When vertical lifelines are used, they must be fastened to a fixed safe point of anchorage, must be independent of the scaffold, and must be protected from sharp edges and abrasion. Safe points of anchorage include structural members of buildings, but do not include standpipes, vents, other piping systems, electrical conduit, outrigger beams, or counterweights.
(ii) When horizontal lifelines are used, they must be secured to two or more structural members of the scaffold, or they may be looped around both suspension and independent suspension lines (on scaffolds so equipped) above the hoist and brake attached to the end of the scaffold. Horizontal lifelines must not be attached only to the suspension ropes.
(iii) When lanyards are connected to horizontal lifelines or structural members on a single-point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the scaffold must be equipped with additional independent support lines and automatic locking devices capable of stopping the fall of the scaffold in the event one or both of the suspension ropes fail. The independent support lines must be equal in number and strength to the suspension ropes.
(iv) Vertical lifelines, independent support lines, and suspension ropes must not be attached to each other, nor must they be attached to or use the same point of anchorage, nor must they be attached to the same point on the scaffold or personal fall arrest system.
(d) Guardrail systems installed to meet the requirements of this section must comply with the following provisions (guardrail systems built in accordance with Appendix A to this part will be deemed to meet the requirements of (d)(vii), (viii) and (ix) of this subsection):
(i) Guardrail systems must be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms. Guardrail systems must be installed before the scaffold is released for use by employees other than erection/dismantling crews.
(ii) The top edge height of toprails or equivalent member on supported scaffolds manufactured or first placed in service after January 1, 2000, must be installed between 38 inches (0.97 m) and 45 inches (1.2 m) above the platform surface. The top edge height on supported scaffolds manufactured and placed in service before January 1, 2000, and on all suspended scaffolds where both a guardrail and a personal fall arrest system are required must be between 36 inches (0.9 m) and 45 inches (1.2 m). When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge may exceed the 45-inch height, provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria of (d) of this subsection.
(iii) When midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, or equivalent structural members are used, they must be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the scaffold platform.
(iv) When midrails are used, they must be installed at a height approximately midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and the platform surface.
(v) When screens and mesh are used, they must extend from the top edge of the guardrail system to the scaffold platform, and along the entire opening between the supports.
(vi) When intermediate members (such as balusters or additional rails) are used, they must not be more than 19 inches (48 cm) apart.
(vii) Each toprail or equivalent member of a guardrail system must be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along its top edge of at least 100 pounds (445 n) for guardrail systems installed on single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds or two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and at least 200 pounds (890 n) for guardrail systems installed on all other scaffolds.
(viii) When the loads specified in (d)(vii) of this subsection are applied in a downward direction, the top edge must not drop below the height above the platform surface that is prescribed in (d)(ii) of this subsection.
(ix) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and equivalent structural members of a guardrail system must be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the midrail or other member of at least 75 pounds (333 n) for guardrail systems with a minimum 100 pound toprail capacity, and at least 150 pounds (666 n) for guardrail systems with a minimum 200 pound toprail capacity.
(x) Suspension scaffold hoists and nonwalk-through stirrups may be used as end guardrails, if the space between the hoist or stirrup and the side guardrail or structure does not allow passage of an employee to the end of the scaffold.
(xi) Guardrails must be surfaced to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
(xii) The ends of all rails must not overhang the terminal posts except when such overhang does not constitute a projection hazard to employees.
(xiii) Steel or plastic banding must not be used as a toprail or midrail.
(xiv) Manila or plastic (or other synthetic) rope being used for toprails or midrails must be inspected by a competent person as frequently as necessary to ensure that it continues to meet the strength requirements of subsection (7) of this section.
(xv) Crossbraces may be used in lieu of either the toprail or midrail providing the resulting guardrail system meets all the other criteria of (d) of this subsection and this does not result in openings in the guardrail system or between the guardrail system and the platform through which a nineteen-inch diameter sphere can pass.
(8) "Falling object protection."
(a) In addition to wearing hardhats each employee on a scaffold must be provided with additional protection from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects through the installation of toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems, or through the erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures that contain or deflect the falling objects. When the falling objects are too large, heavy or massive to be contained or deflected by any of the above-listed measures, the employer must place such potential falling objects away from the edge of the surface from which they could fall and must secure those materials as necessary to prevent their falling.
(b) Where there is a danger of tools, materials, or equipment falling from a scaffold and striking employees below, the following provisions apply:
(i) The area below the scaffold to which objects can fall must be barricaded, and employees must not be permitted to enter the hazard area; or
(ii) A toeboard must be erected along the edge of platforms above lower levels for a distance sufficient to protect employees below, except on float (ship) scaffolds where an edging of 3/4 x 1 1/2 inch (2 x 4 cm) wood or equivalent may be used in lieu of toeboards; or
(iii) Where tools, materials, or equipment are piled to a height higher than the top edge of the toeboard, paneling or screening extending from the toeboard or platform to the top of the guardrail must be erected for a distance sufficient to protect employees below; or
(iv) A guardrail system must be installed with openings small enough to prevent passage of potential falling objects; or
(v) A canopy structure, debris net, or catch platform strong enough to withstand the impact forces of the potential falling objects must be erected over the employees below.
(c) Canopies, when used for falling object protection, must comply with the following criteria:
(i) Canopies must be installed between the falling object hazard and the employees.
(ii) When canopies are used on suspension scaffolds for falling object protection, the scaffold must be equipped with additional independent support lines equal in number to the number of points supported, and equivalent in strength to the strength of the suspension ropes.
(iii) Independent support lines and suspension ropes must not be attached to the same points of anchorage.
(d) Where used, toeboards must be:
(i) Capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds (222 n) applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the toeboard (toeboards built in accordance with Appendix A to this part will be deemed to meet this requirement); and
(ii) At least 3 1/2 inches (9 cm) high from the top edge of the toeboard to the level of the walking/working surface. Toeboards must be securely fastened in place at the outermost edge of the platform and have not more than 1/4 inch (0.7 cm) clearance above the walking/working surface. Toeboards must be solid or with openings not over 1 inch (2.5 cm) in the greatest dimension.
[]
In addition to the applicable requirements of WAC 296-24-86010, the following requirements apply to the specific types of scaffolds indicated. Scaffolds not specifically addressed by WAC 296-24-86015, such as, but not limited to, systems scaffolds, must meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-86010.
(1) "Pole scaffolds."
(a) When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced, prior to receiving the new platforms.
(b) Crossbracing must be installed between the inner and outer sets of poles on double-pole scaffolds.
(c) Diagonal bracing in both directions must be installed across the entire inside face of double-pole scaffolds used to support loads equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 50 pounds (222 kg) or more per square foot (929 square cm).
(d) Diagonal bracing in both directions must be installed across the entire outside face of all double- and single-pole scaffolds.
(e) Runners and bearers must be installed on edge.
(f) Bearers must extend a minimum of 3 inches (7.6 cm) over the outside edges of runners.
(g) Runners must extend over a minimum of two poles, and must be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles.
(h) Braces, bearers, and runners must not be spliced between poles.
(i) Where wooden poles are spliced, the ends must be squared and the upper section must rest squarely on the lower section. Wood splice plates must be provided on at least two adjacent sides, and must extend at least 2 feet (0.6 m) on either side of the splice, overlap the abutted ends equally, and have at least the same cross-sectional areas as the pole. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may be used.
(j) Pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height must be designed by a registered professional engineer, and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. Nonmandatory Appendix A to this part contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for pole scaffolds under 60 feet in height.
(2) "Tube and coupler scaffolds."
(a) When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms.
(b) Transverse bracing forming an "X" across the width of the scaffold must be installed at the scaffold ends and at least at every third set of posts horizontally (measured from only one end) and every fourth runner vertically. Bracing must extend diagonally from the inner or outer posts or runners upward to the next outer or inner posts or runners. Building ties must be installed at the bearer levels between the transverse bracing and must conform to the requirements of WAC 296-24-86010 (3)(a).
(c) On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer rows of posts must be installed diagonally in both directions, and must extend from the base of the end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at approximately a 45 degree angle. On scaffolds whose length is greater than their height, such bracing must be repeated beginning at least at every fifth post. On scaffolds whose length is less than their height, such bracing must be installed from the base of the end posts upward to the opposite end posts, and then in alternating directions until reaching the top of the scaffold. Bracing must be installed as close as possible to the intersection of the bearer and post or runner and post.
(d) Where conditions preclude the attachment of bracing to posts, bracing must be attached to the runners as close to the post as possible.
(e) Bearers must be installed transversely between posts, and when coupled to the posts, must have the inboard coupler bear directly on the runner coupler. When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers must be as close to the posts as possible.
(f) Bearers must extend beyond the posts and runners, and must provide full contact with the coupler.
(g) Runners must be installed along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and outside posts at level heights (when tube and coupler guardrails and midrails are used on outside posts, they may be used in lieu of outside runners).
(h) Runners must be interlocked on straight runs to form continuous lengths, and must be coupled to each post. The bottom runners and bearers must be located as close to the base as possible.
(i) Couplers must be of a structural metal, such as drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or structural grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is prohibited.
(j) Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet in height must be designed by a registered professional engineer, and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Nonmandatory Appendix A to this part contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for tube and coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in height.
(3) "Fabricated frame scaffolds" (tubular welded frame scaffolds).
(a) When moving platforms to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed until the new end frames have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms.
(b) Frames and panels must be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, which secure vertical members together laterally. The cross braces must be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. All brace connections must be secured.
(c) Frames and panels must be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means.
(d) Where uplift can occur which would displace scaffold end frames or panels, the frames or panels must be locked together vertically by pins or equivalent means.
(e) Brackets used to support cantilevered loads must:
(i) Be seated with side-brackets parallel to the frames and end-brackets at 90 degrees to the frames;
(ii) Not be bent or twisted from these positions; and
(iii) Be used only to support personnel, unless the scaffold has been designed for other loads by a qualified engineer and built to withstand the tipping forces caused by those other loads being placed on the bracket-supported section of the scaffold.
(f) Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 m) in height above their base plates must be designed by a registered professional engineer, and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design.
(4) "Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds." Scaffolds must be constructed in accordance with subsection (1), (2), or (3) of this section, as appropriate.
(5) "Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares)."
(a) Scaffolds made of wood must be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner.
(b) Diagonal braces must be installed on all sides of each square.
(c) Diagonal braces must be installed between squares on the rear and front sides of the scaffold, and must extend from the bottom of each square to the top of the next square.
(d) Scaffolds must not exceed three tiers in height, and must be so constructed and arranged that one square rests directly above the other. The upper tiers must stand on a continuous row of planks laid across the next lower tier, and must be nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement.
(6) "Horse scaffolds."
(a) Scaffolds must not be constructed or arranged more than two tiers or 10 feet (3.0 m) in height, whichever is less.
(b) When horses are arranged in tiers, each horse must be placed directly over the horse in the tier below.
(c) When horses are arranged in tiers, the legs of each horse must be nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement.
(d) When horses are arranged in tiers, each tier must be crossbraced.
(7) "Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds."
(a) Each bracket, except those for wooden bracket-form scaffolds, must be attached to the supporting formwork or structure by means of one or more of the following: Nails; a metal stud attachment device; welding; hooking over a secured structural supporting member, with the form wales either bolted to the form or secured by snap ties or tie bolts extending through the form and securely anchored; or, for carpenters' bracket scaffolds only, by a bolt extending through to the opposite side of the structure's wall.
(b) Wooden bracket-form scaffolds must be an integral part of the form panel.
(c) Folding type metal brackets, when extended for use, must be either bolted or secured with a locking-type pin.
(8) "Roof bracket scaffolds."
(a) Scaffold brackets must be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof and must provide a level support for the platform.
(b) Brackets (including those provided with pointed metal projections) must be anchored in place by nails unless it is impractical to use nails. When nails are not used, brackets must be secured in place with first-grade manila rope of at least 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) diameter, or equivalent.
(9) "Outrigger scaffolds."
(a) The inboard end of outrigger beams, measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of anchorage, must be not less than one and one-half times the outboard end in length.
(b) Outrigger beams fabricated in the shape of an I-beam or channel must be placed so that the web section is vertical.
(c) The fulcrum point of outrigger beams must rest on secure bearings at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) in each horizontal dimension.
(d) Outrigger beams must be secured in place against movement, and must be securely braced at the fulcrum point against tipping.
(e) The inboard ends of outrigger beams must be securely anchored either by means of braced struts bearing against sills in contact with the overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by both.
(f) The entire supporting structure must be securely braced to prevent any horizontal movement.
(g) To prevent their displacement, platform units must be nailed, bolted, or otherwise secured to outriggers.
(h) Scaffolds and scaffold components must be designed by a registered professional engineer and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design.
(10) "Pump jack scaffolds."
(a) Pump jack brackets, braces, and accessories must be fabricated from metal plates and angles. Each pump jack bracket must have two positive gripping mechanisms to prevent any failure or slippage.
(b) Poles must be secured to the structure by rigid triangular bracing or equivalent at the bottom, top, and other points as necessary. When the pump jack has to pass bracing already installed, an additional brace must be installed approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the brace to be passed, and must be left in place until the pump jack has been moved and the original brace reinstalled.
(c) When guardrails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it meets all the requirements in WAC 296-24-86010 (7)(d)(ii), (vii), (viii) and (xiii).
(d) Work benches must not be used as scaffold platforms.
(e) When poles are made of wood, the pole lumber must be straight-grained, free of shakes, large loose or dead knots, and other defects which might impair strength.
(f) When wood poles are constructed of two continuous lengths, they must be joined together with the seam parallel to the bracket.
(g) When two by fours are spliced to make a pole, mending plates must be installed at all splices to develop the full strength of the member.
(11) "Ladder jack scaffolds."
(a) Platforms must not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1 m).
(b) All ladders used to support ladder jack scaffolds must meet the requirements of Part J-1 of this chapter - Working surfaces, guarding floors and wall openings, ladders, except that job-made ladders must not be used to support ladder jack scaffolds.
(c) The ladder jack must be so designed and constructed that it will bear on the side rails and ladder rungs or on the ladder rungs alone. If bearing on rungs only, the bearing area must include a length of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm) on each rung.
(d) Ladders used to support ladder jacks must be placed, fastened, or equipped with devices to prevent slipping.
(e) Scaffold platforms must not be bridged one to another.
(12) "Window jack scaffolds."
(a) Scaffolds must be securely attached to the window opening.
(b) Scaffolds must be used only for the purpose of working at the window opening through which the jack is placed.
(c) Window jacks must not be used to support planks placed between one window jack and another, or for other elements of scaffolding.
(13) "Crawling boards (chicken ladders)."
(a) Crawling boards must extend from the roof peak to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair, or maintenance.
(b) Crawling boards must be secured to the roof by ridge hooks or by means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength and durability).
(14) "Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds."
(a) Scaffold platforms must not be placed any higher than the second highest rung or step of the ladder supporting the platform.
(b) All ladders used in conjunction with step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds must meet the pertinent requirements of Part J-1 of this chapter - Working surfaces, guarding floors and wall openings, ladders, except that job-made ladders must not be used to support such scaffolds.
(c) Ladders used to support step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds must be placed, fastened, or equipped with devices to prevent slipping.
(d) Scaffolds must not be bridged one to another.
(15) "Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds."
(a) When two single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds are combined to form a two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the resulting two-point scaffold must comply with the requirements for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds in subsection (16) of this section.
(b) The supporting rope between the scaffold and the suspension device must be kept vertical unless all of the following conditions are met:
(i) The rigging has been designed by a qualified person; and
(ii) The scaffold is accessible to rescuers; and
(iii) The supporting rope is protected to ensure that it will not chafe at any point where a change in direction occurs; and
(iv) The scaffold is positioned so that swinging cannot bring the scaffold into contact with another surface.
(c) Boatswains' chair tackle must consist of correct size ball bearings or bushed blocks containing safety hooks and properly "eye-spliced" minimum five-eighth (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter first-grade manila rope, or other rope which will satisfy the criteria (e.g., strength and durability) of manila rope.
(d) Boatswains' chair seat slings must be reeved through four corner holes in the seat; must cross each other on the underside of the seat; and must be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition.
(e) Boatswains' chair seat slings must be a minimum of five-eighths (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter fiber, synthetic, or other rope which will satisfy the criteria (e.g., strength, slip resistance, durability, etc.) of first grade manila rope.
(f) When a heat-producing process such as gas or arc welding is being conducted, boatswains' chair seat slings must be a minimum of three-eighths (3/8) inch (1.0 cm) wire rope.
(g) Noncross-laminated wood boatswains' chairs must be reinforced on their underside by cleats securely fastened to prevent the board from splitting.
(16) "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)." The following requirements do not apply to two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds used as masons' or stonesetters' scaffolds. Such scaffolds are covered by subsection (17) of this section.
(a) Platforms must not be more than 36 inches (0.9 m) wide unless designed by a qualified person to prevent unstable conditions.
(b) The platform must be securely fastened to hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts or by other means which satisfy the requirements of WAC 296-24-86010(1).
(c) The blocks for fiber or synthetic ropes must consist of at least one double and one single block. The sheaves of all blocks must fit the size of the rope used.
(d) Platforms must be of the ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type, or light-metal type. Light-metal type platforms having a rated capacity of 750 pounds or less and platforms 40 feet (12.2 m) or less in length must be tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(e) Two-point scaffolds must not be bridged or otherwise connected one to another during raising and lowering operations unless the bridge connections are articulated (attached), and the hoists properly sized.
(f) Passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height, are abutting, and walk-through stirrups specifically designed for this purpose are used.
(17) "Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds."
(a) When two or more scaffolds are used they must not be bridged one to another unless they are designed to be bridged, the bridge connections are articulated, and the hoists are properly sized.
(b) If bridges are not used, passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height and are abutting.
(c) Scaffolds must be suspended from metal outriggers, brackets, wire rope slings, hooks, or means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability).
(18) "Catenary scaffolds."
(a) No more than one platform must be placed between consecutive vertical pickups, and no more than two platforms must be used on a catenary scaffold.
(b) Platforms supported by wire ropes must have hook-shaped stops on each end of the platforms to prevent them from slipping off the wire ropes. These hooks must be so placed that they will prevent the platform from falling if one of the horizontal wire ropes breaks.
(c) Wire ropes must not be tightened to the extent that the application of a scaffold load will overstress them.
(d) Wire ropes must be continuous and without splices between anchors.
(19) "Float (ship) scaffolds."
(a) The platform must be supported by a minimum of two bearers, each of which must project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. Each bearer must be securely fastened to the platform.
(b) Rope connections must be such that the platform cannot shift or slip.
(c) When only two ropes are used with each float:
(i) They must be arranged so as to provide four ends which are securely fastened to overhead supports.
(ii) Each supporting rope must be hitched around one end of the bearer and pass under the platform to the other end of the bearer where it is hitched again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting ties.
(20) "Interior hung scaffolds."
(a) Scaffolds must be suspended only from the roof structure or other structural member such as ceiling beams.
(b) Overhead supporting members (roof structure, ceiling beams, or other structural members) must be inspected and checked for strength before the scaffold is erected.
(c) Suspension ropes and cables must be connected to the overhead supporting members by shackles, clips, thimbles, or other means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability).
(21) "Needle beam scaffolds."
(a) Scaffold support beams must be installed on edge.
(b) Ropes or hangers must be used for supports, except that one end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent structural member.
(c) The ropes must be securely attached to the needle beams.
(d) The support connection must be arranged so as to prevent the needle beam from rolling or becoming displaced.
(e) Platform units must be securely attached to the needle beams by bolts or equivalent means. Cleats and overhang are not considered to be adequate means of attachment.
(22) "Multi-level suspended scaffolds."
(a) Scaffolds must be equipped with additional independent support lines, equal in number to the number of points supported, and of equivalent strength to the suspension ropes, and rigged to support the scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) fail.
(b) Independent support lines and suspension ropes must not be attached to the same points of anchorage.
(c) Supports for platforms must be attached directly to the support stirrup and not to any other platform.
(23) "Mobile scaffolds."
(a) Scaffolds must be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse of the scaffold and to secure vertical members together laterally so as to automatically square and align the vertical members. Scaffolds must be plumb, level, and squared. All brace connections must be secured.
(i) Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler components must also comply with the requirements of subsection (2) of this section;
(ii) Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame components must also comply with the requirements of subsection (3) of this section.
(b) Scaffold casters and wheels must be locked with positive wheel and/or wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the scaffold while the scaffold is used in a stationary manner.
(c) Manual force used to move the scaffold must be applied as close to the base as practicable, but not more than 5 feet (1.5 m) above the supporting surface.
(d) Power systems used to propel mobile scaffolds must be designed for such use. Forklifts, trucks, similar motor vehicles or add-on motors must not be used to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is designed for such propulsion systems.
(e) Scaffolds must be stabilized to prevent tipping during movement.
(f) Employees must not be allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following conditions exist:
(i) The surface on which the scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions;
(ii) The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement is two to one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or exceed nationally recognized stability test requirements such as those listed in (ANSI/SIA A92.5 and A92.6);
(iii) Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold;
(iv) When power systems are used, the propelling force is applied directly to the wheels, and does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second (.3 mps); and
(v) No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports.
(g) Platforms must not extend outward beyond the base supports of the scaffold unless outrigger frames or equivalent devices are used to ensure stability.
(h) Where leveling of the scaffold is necessary, screw jacks or equivalent means must be used.
(i) Caster stems and wheel stems must be pinned or otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment screws.
(j) Where uplift may occur, panels must be locked together vertically by pins or other equivalent means.
(k) Before a scaffold is moved, each employee on the scaffold must be made aware of the move.
(24) "Repair bracket scaffolds."
(a) Brackets must be secured in place by at least one wire rope at least 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) in diameter.
(b) Each bracket must be attached to the securing wire rope (or ropes) by a positive locking device capable of preventing the unintentional detachment of the bracket from the rope, or by equivalent means.
(c) Each bracket, at the contact point between the supporting structure and the bottom of the bracket, must be provided with a shoe (heel block or foot) capable of preventing the lateral movement of the bracket.
(d) Platforms must be secured to the brackets in a manner that will prevent the separation of the platforms from the brackets and the movement of the platforms or the brackets on a completed scaffold.
(e) When a wire rope is placed around the structure in order to provide a safe anchorage for personal fall arrest systems used by employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds, the wire rope must meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-88050, Appendix C, but must be at least 5/16 inch (0.8 cm) in diameter.
(f) Each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems must be protected from damage due to contact with edges, corners, protrusions, or other discontinuities of the supporting structure or scaffold components.
(g) Tensioning of each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems must be by means of a turnbuckle at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or by equivalent means.
(h) Each turnbuckle must be connected to the other end of its rope by use of an eyesplice thimble of a size appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it is attached.
(i) U-bolt wire rope clips must not be used on any wire rope used to secure brackets or to serve as an anchor for personal fall arrest systems.
(j) The employer must ensure that materials must not be dropped to the outside of the supporting structure.
(k) Scaffold erection must progress in only one direction around any structure.
(25) "Stilts." Stilts, when used, must be used in accordance with the following requirements:
(a) An employee may wear stilts on a scaffold only if it is a large area scaffold.
(b) When an employee is using stilts on a large area scaffold where a guardrail system is used to provide fall protection, the guardrail system must be increased in height by an amount equal to the height of the stilts being used by the employee.
(c) Surfaces on which stilts are used must be flat and free of pits, holes and obstructions, such as debris, as well as other tripping and falling hazards.
(d) Stilts must be properly maintained. Any alteration of the original equipment must be approved by the manufacturer.
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This section supplements and clarifies the requirements of WAC 296-24-020 (1)(c) and 296-24-040 (1)(a)(vii) as these relate to the hazards of work on scaffolds.
(1) The employer must have each employee who performs work while on a scaffold trained by a person qualified in the subject matter to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards. The training must include the following areas, as applicable:
(a) The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object hazards in the work area;
(b) The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems and falling object protection systems being used;
(c) The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of materials on the scaffold;
(d) The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used; and
(e) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.
(2) The employer must have each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with the work in question. The training must include the following topics, as applicable:
(a) The nature of scaffold hazards;
(b) The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type of scaffold in question;
(c) The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity and intended use of the scaffold;
(d) Any other pertinent requirements of this part.
(3) When the employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer must retrain each such employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained. Retraining is required in at least the following situations:
(a) Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained; or
(b) Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other equipment present a hazard about which an employee has not been previously trained; or
(c) Where inadequacies in an affected employee's work involving scaffolds indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite proficiency.
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(1) Application. This section is intended to prescribe rules and requirements for the design, construction, and use of mobile work platforms (including ladder stands but not including aerial ladders) and rolling (mobile) scaffolds (towers). This standard is promulgated to aid in providing for the safety of life, limb, and property, by establishing minimum standards for structural design requirements and for the use of mobile work platforms and towers.
(2) Working loads.
(a) Work platforms and scaffolds must be capable of carrying the design load under varying circumstances depending upon the conditions of use. Therefore, all parts and appurtenances necessary for their safe and efficient utilization must be integral parts of the design.
(b) Specific design and construction requirements are not a part of this section because of the wide variety of materials and design possibilities. However, the design must be such as to produce a mobile ladder stand or scaffold that will safely sustain the specified loads. The material selected must be of sufficient strength to meet the test requirements and must be protected against corrosion or deterioration.
(i) The design working load of ladder stands must be calculated on the basis of one or more 200-pound persons together with 50 pounds of equipment each.
(ii) The design load of all scaffolds must be calculated on the basis of:
Light -- Designed and constructed to carry a working load of 25 pounds per square foot.
Medium -- Designed and constructed to carry a working load of 50 pounds per square foot.
Heavy -- Designed and constructed to carry a working load of 75 pounds per square foot.
All ladder stands and scaffolds must be capable of supporting at least four times the design working load.
(c) Materials used in mobile ladder stands and scaffolds must be of standard manufacture and conform to specifications of this section for strength, dimensions, and weights, and must be selected to safely support the design working load.
(d) Nails, bolts, or other fasteners used in the construction of ladders, scaffolds, and towers must be of adequate size and in sufficient numbers at each connection to develop the designed strength of the unit. Nails must be driven full length. (All nails should be immediately withdrawn from dismantled lumber.)
(e) All exposed surfaces must be free from sharp edges, burrs or other safety hazards.
(3) Work levels.
(a) The maximum work level height must not exceed four times the minimum or least base dimension of any mobile ladder stand or scaffold. Where the basic mobile unit does not meet this requirement, suitable outrigger frames must be employed to achieve this least base dimension, or provisions must be made to guy or brace the unit against tipping.
(b) The minimum platform width for any work level must not be less than 20 inches for mobile scaffolds (towers). Ladder stands must have a minimum step width of 16 inches.
(c) The supporting structure for the work level must be rigidly braced, using adequate cross bracing or diagonal bracing with rigid platforms at each work level.
(d) The steps of ladder stands must be fabricated from slip resistant treads.
(e) The work level platform of scaffolds (towers) must be of wood, aluminum, or plywood planking, steel or expanded metal, for the full width of the scaffold, except for necessary openings. Work platforms must be secured in place. All planking must be 2-inch (nominal) scaffold grade minimum 1,500 f. (stress grade) construction grade lumber or equivalent.
(f) All scaffold work levels 10 feet or higher above the ground or floor must have a standard (4-inch nominal) toeboard.
(g) All work levels 10 feet or higher above the ground or floor must have a guardrail of 2- by 4-inch nominal lumber or the equivalent installed no less than 38 inches or more than 45 inches high, with a mid-rail, when required, of at least 1- by 4-inch nominal lumber or equivalent.
(h) A climbing ladder, stairway, or equivalent must be provided for proper access and egress, and must be affixed or built into the scaffold and so located that its use will not have a tendency to tip the scaffold. A landing platform must be provided at intervals not to exceed 30 feet.
(4) Wheels or casters.
(a) Wheels or casters must be properly designed for strength and dimensions to support four times the design working load.
(b) All scaffold casters must be provided with a positive wheel and/or swivel lock to prevent movement. Ladder stands must have at least two of the four casters and must be of the swivel type.
(c) Where leveling of the elevated work platform is required, screw jacks or other suitable means for adjusting the height must be provided in the base section of each mobile unit.
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(1) General. Units must be designed to comply with the requirements of WAC 296-24-86105.
(2) Bracing. Scaffolds must be properly braced by cross braces and/or diagonal braces for securing vertical members together laterally. The cross braces must be of a length that will automatically square and align vertical members so the erected scaffold is always plumb, square, and rigid.
(3) Spacing. Spacing of panels or frames must be consistent with the loads imposed. The frames must be placed one on top of the other with coupling or stacking pins to provide proper vertical alignment of the legs.
(4) Locking. Where uplift may occur, panels must be locked together vertically by pins or other equivalent means.
(5) Erection. Only the manufacturer of a scaffold or the manufacturers qualified designated agent must be permitted to erect or supervise the erection of scaffolds exceeding 50 feet in height above the base, unless such structure is approved in writing by a registered professional engineer or erected in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer.
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(1) General. Units including sectional stairway and sectional ladder scaffolds must be designed to comply with the requirements of WAC 296-24-86105.
(2) Stairway. An integral stairway and work platform must be incorporated into the structure of each sectional folding stairway scaffold.
(3) Bracing. An integral set of pivoting and hinged folding diagonal and horizontal braces and a detachable work platform must be incorporated into the structure of each sectional folding ladder scaffold.
(4) Sectional folding stairway scaffolds. Sectional folding stairway scaffolds must be designed as medium duty scaffolds except for high clearance. These special base sections must be designed as light duty scaffolds. When upper sectional folding stairway scaffolds are used with a special high clearance base, the load capacity of the entire scaffold must be reduced accordingly. The width of a sectional folding stairway scaffold must not exceed 4 1/2 feet. The maximum length of a sectional folding stairway scaffold must not exceed 6 feet.
(5) Sectional folding ladder scaffolds. Sectional folding ladder scaffolds must be designed as light duty scaffolds including special base (open end) sections which are designed for high clearance. For certain special applications the six-foot folding ladder scaffolds, except for special high clearance base sections, must be designed for use as medium duty scaffolds. The width of a sectional folding ladder scaffold must not exceed 4 1/2 feet. The maximum length of a sectional folding ladder scaffold must not exceed 6 feet 6 inches for a six-foot long unit, 8 feet 6 inches for an eight-foot unit or 10 feet 6 inches for a ten-foot long unit.
(6) End frames. The end frames of sectional ladder and stairway scaffolds must be designed so that the horizontal bearers provide supports for multiple planking levels.
(7) Erection. Only the manufacturer of the scaffold or the manufacturers qualified designated agent must be permitted to erect or supervise the erection of scaffolds exceeding 50 feet in height above the base, unless such structure is approved in writing by a licensed professional engineer, or erected in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer to comply with requirements in this section.
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(1) Design. Units must be designed to comply with the applicable requirements of WAC 296-24-86105.
(2) Material. The material used for the couplers must be of a structural type, such as a drop-forged steel, malleable iron or structural grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is prohibited.
(3) Erection. Only the manufacturer of the scaffold or their qualified designated agent must be permitted to erect or supervise the erection of scaffolds exceeding 50 feet in height above the base, unless such structure is approved in writing by a licensed professional engineer, or erected in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer to comply with requirements in this section.
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(1) Design. Units must be designed for the use intended and shall comply with the requirements of WAC 296-24-86105.
(2) Base width. The minimum width of the base of mobile work platforms must not be less than 20 inches.
(3) Bracing. Adequate rigid diagonal bracing to vertical members must be provided.
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(1) Design. Units must comply with applicable requirements of WAC 296-24-86105.
(2) Base width. The minimum base width must conform to WAC 296-24-86105 (3)(a). The maximum length of the base section must be the total length of combined steps and top assembly, measured horizontally, plus five-eighths inch per step of rise.
(3) Steps. Steps must be uniformly spaced, and sloped, with a rise of not less than nine inches, nor more than ten inches, and a depth of not less than seven inches. The slope of the steps section must be a minimum of fifty-five degrees and a maximum of sixty degrees measured from the horizontal.
(4) Handrails.
(a) Units having more than five steps or 60 inches vertical height to the top step must be equipped with handrails.
(b) Handrails must be a minimum of 29 inches high. Measurements must be taken vertically from the center of the step.
(5) Loading. The load (see WAC 296-24-86105 (2)(b)(ii)) must be applied uniformly to a 3 1/2 inches wide area front to back at the center of the width span with a safety factor of four.
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Nonmandatory Appendix A to Part J-2, Scaffold Specifications.
This Appendix provides nonmandatory guidelines to assist employers in complying with the requirements of Part J-2 of this chapter. An employer may use these guidelines and tables as a starting point for designing scaffold systems. However, the guidelines do not provide all the information necessary to build a complete system, and the employer is still responsible for designing and assembling these components in such a way that the completed system will meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-86010(1). Scaffold components which are not selected and loaded in accordance with this Appendix, and components for which no specific guidelines or tables are given in this Appendix (e.g., joints, ties, components for wood pole scaffolds more than 60 feet in height, components for heavy-duty horse scaffolds, components made with other materials, and components with other dimensions, etc.) must be designed and constructed in accordance with the capacity requirements of WAC 296-24-86010(1), and loaded in accordance with WAC 296-24-86010 (4)(a).
Index to Appendix A for Part J-2
1. General guidelines and tables.
2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole scaffolds:
Single-pole wood pole scaffolds.
Independent wood pole scaffolds.
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds.
(d) Plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds.
(e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds.
(f) Horse scaffolds.
(g) Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds.
(h) Roof bracket scaffolds.
(i) Outrigger scaffolds (one level).
(j) Pump jack scaffolds.
(k) Ladder jack scaffolds.
(l) Window jack scaffolds.
(m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders).
(n) Step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds.
(o) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(q)(1) Stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(q)(2) Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(r) Catenary scaffolds.
(s) Float (ship) scaffolds.
(t) Interior hung scaffolds.
(u) Needle beam scaffolds.
(v) Multi-level suspension scaffolds.
(w) Mobile scaffolds.
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds.
(y) Stilts.
(z) Tank builders' scaffolds.
1. General guidelines and tables.
(a) The following tables, and the tables in Part 2 --Specific guidelines and tables, assume that all load-carrying timber members (except planks) of the scaffold are a minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in(2) (stress grade) construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal sizes as provided in the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970, except that, where rough sizes are noted, only rough or undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy minimum requirements.
(b) Solid sawn wood used as scaffold planks must be selected for such use following the grading rules established by a recognized lumber grading association or by an independent lumber grading inspection agency. Such planks must be identified by the grade stamp of such association or agency. The association or agency and the grading rules under which the wood is graded must be certified by the Board of Review, American Lumber Standard Committee, as set forth in the American Softwood Lumber Standard of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
(i) Allowable spans must be determined in compliance with the National Design Specification for Wood Construction published by the National Forest Products Association; paragraph 5 of ANSI A10.8-1988 Scaffolding-Safety Requirements published by the American National Standards Institute; or for 2 x 10 inch (nominal) or 2 x 9 inch (rough) solid sawn wood planks, as shown in the following table:
| Maximum intended nominal load (lb/ft2) | Maximum permissible span using full thickness undressed lumber (ft) | Maximum permissible span using nominal thickness lumber (ft) |
| 25 | 10 | 8 |
| 50 | 8 | 6 |
| 75 | 6 |
(ii) The maximum permissible span for 1 1/4 x 9-inch or
wider wood plank of full thickness with a maximum intended load
of 50 lb/ft.(2) must be 4 feet.
(c) Fabricated planks and platforms may be used in lieu of solid sawn wood planks. Maximum spans for such units must be as recommended by the manufacturer based on the maximum intended load being calculated as follows:
| Rated load capacity | Intended load |
| Light-duty | *25 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire span area. |
| Medium-duty | *50 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire span area. |
| Heavy-duty | *75 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire span area. |
| One-person | *250 pounds placed at the center of the span (total 250 pounds). |
| Two-person | *250 pounds placed 18 inches to the left and right of the center of the span (total 500 pounds). |
| Three-person | *250 pounds placed at the center of the span and 250 pounds placed 18 inches to the left and right of the center of the span (total 750 pounds). |
(d) Guardrails must be as follows:
(i) Toprails must be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or 1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(ii) Midrails must be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 6 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(iii) Toeboards must be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(iv) Posts must be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(v) Distance between posts must not exceed 8 feet.
(e) Overhead protection must consist of 2 inch nominal planking laid tight, or 3/4-inch plywood.
(f) Screen installed between toeboards and midrails or toprails must consist of No. 18 gauge U.S. Standard wire one inch mesh.
2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole Scaffolds.
| Single Pole Wood Pole Scaffolds | ||||
| Light duty up to 20 feet high | Light duty up to 60 feet high | Medium duty up to 60 feet high | Heavy duty up to 60 feet high | |
| Maximum intended load (lbs/ft2) | 25 | 50 | 75 | |
| Poles or uprights | 2 x 4 in. | 4 x 4 in. | 4 x 4 in. | 4 x 6 in. |
| Maximum pole spacing (longitudinal) | 6 feet | 10 feet | 8 feet | 6 feet |
| Maximum pole spacing (transverse) | 5 feet | 5 feet | 5 feet | 5 feet |
| Runners | 1 x 4 in. | 1 1/4 x 9 in. | 2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. |
| Bearers and maximum spacing of bearers: 3 feet | 2 x 4 in. | 2 x 4 in. | 2 x 10 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
2 x 10 in. or 3 x 5 in. |
| 5 feet | 2 x 6 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
2 x 6 in. or 3 x 4 in. (rough) |
2 x 10 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
2 x 10 in. or 3 x 5 in. |
| 6 feet | --- | --- | 2 x 10 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
2 x 10 in. or 3 x 5 in. |
| 8 feet | --- | --- | 2 x 10 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
|
| Planking | 1 1/4 x 9 in. | 2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. |
| Maximum vertical spacing of horizontal members | 7 feet | 9 feet | 7 feet | 6 ft. 6 in. |
| Bracing horizontal |
1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 6 in. or 1 1/4 x 4 in. |
2 x 4 in. |
| Bracing diagonal | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 2 x 4 in. |
| Tie-ins | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. |
| Independent Wood Pole Scaffolds | ||||
| Light duty up to 20 feet high | Light duty up to 60 feet high | Medium duty up to 60 feet high | Heavy duty up to 60 feet high | |
| Maximum intended load | 25 lbs/ft2 | 25 lbs/ft2 | 50 lbs/ft2 | 75 lbs/ft2 |
| Poles or uprights | 2 x 4 in. | 4 x 4 in. | 4 x 4 in. | 4 x 4 in. |
| Maximum pole spacing (longitudinal) | 6 feet | 10 feet | 8 feet | 6 feet |
| Maximum (transverse) | 6 feet | 10 feet | 8 feet | 8 feet |
| Runners | 1 1/4 x 4 in. | 1 1/4 x 9 in. | 2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. |
| Bearers and maximum spacing of bearers: 3 feet | 2 x 4 in. | 2 x 4 in. | 2 x 10 in. (rough) |
2 x 10 in. |
| 6 feet | 2 x 6 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
2 x 10 in. (rough) or 3 x 8 in. |
2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. (rough) |
| 8 feet | 2 x 6 in. or 3 x 4 in. |
2 x 10 in. (rough) or 3 x 8 in. |
2 x 10 in. | |
| 10 feet | 3 x 4 in. | 2 x 6 in. (rough) or 3 x 3 in. |
2 x 10 in. | |
| Planking | 1 1/4 x 9 in. | 2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. | 2 x 10 in. |
| Maximum vertical spacing of horizontal members | 7 feet | 7 feet | 6 feet | 6 feet |
| Bracing horizontal |
1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 6 in. or 1 1/4 x 4 in. |
2 x 4 in. |
| Bracing diagonal | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 2 x 4 in. |
| Tie-ins | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. | 1 x 4 in. |
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
| Minimum Size of Members | |||
| Light duty | Medium duty | Heavy duty | |
| Maximum intended load | 25 lbs/ft2 | 50 lbs/ft2 | 75 lbs/ft2 |
| Posts, runners and braces | Nominal 2 in. (1.90 inches) OD steel tube or pipe. | Nominal 2 in. (1.90 inches) OD steel tube or pipe. | Nominal 2 in. (1.90 inches) OD steel tube or pipe. |
| Bearers | Nominal 2 in. (1.90 inches) OD steel tube or pipe and a maximum post spacing of 4 ft. x 10 ft. | Nominal 2 in. (1.90 inches) OD steel tube or pipe and a maximum post spacing of 4 ft. x 7 ft. or Nominal 2 1/2 in. (2.375 in.) OD steel tube or pipe and a maximum post spacing of 6 ft. x 8 ft. (*). | Nominal 2 1/2 in. (2.375 in.) OD steel tube or pipe and a maximum post spacing of 6 ft. x 6 ft. |
| Maximum runner spacing vertically | 6 ft. 6 in. | 6 ft. 6 in. | 6 ft. 6 in. |
Note: Longitudinal diagonal bracing must be installed at an angle of 45 deg. (+/- 5 deg.).
Maximum Number of Planked Levels
Maximum number of
additional planked levels
| Light duty | Medium duty | Heavy duty | Maximum height of scaffold (in feet) | |
| Duty Number of Working Levels: | ||||
| 1 | 16 | 11 | 6 | 125 |
| 2 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 125 |
| 3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 125 |
| 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 125 |
(d) "Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds." The guidelines for pole scaffolds or tube and coupler scaffolds (Appendix A (a) and (b)) may be applied.
(e) "Bricklayers' square scaffolds."
Maximum intended load: 50 lb/ft.(2)(*)
Footnote(*): The squares must be set not more than 8 feet apart for light duty scaffolds and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty scaffolds.
Maximum width: 5 ft.
Maximum height: 5 ft.
Gussets: 1 x 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 8 in.
Legs: 2 x 6 in.
Bearers (horizontal members): 2 x 6 in.
(f) Horse scaffolds.
Maximum intended load (light duty): 25 lb/ft.(2)(**)
Footnote(**): Horses must be spaced not more than 8 feet apart for light duty loads, and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty loads.
Maximum intended load (medium duty): 50 lb/ft.(2)(**)
Footnote(**): Horses must be spaced not more than 8 feet apart for light duty loads, and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty loads.
Horizontal members or bearers:
Light duty: 2 x 4 in.
Medium duty: 3 x 4 in.
Legs: 2 x 4 in.
Longitudinal brace between legs: 1 x 6 in.
Gusset brace at top of legs: 1 x 8 in.
Half diagonal braces: 2 x 4 in.
(g) "Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds."
(1) Brackets must consist of a triangular-shaped frame made of wood with a cross-section not less than 2 inches by 3 inches, or of 1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron.
(2) Bolts used to attach brackets to structures must not be less than 5/8 inches in diameter.
(3) Maximum bracket spacing must be 8 feet on centers.
(4) No more than two employees must occupy any given 8 feet of a bracket or form scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials must not exceed 75 pounds in addition to the occupancy.
(5) Wooden figure-four scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)
Uprights: 2 x 4 in. or 2 x 6 in.
Bearers (two): 1 x 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 6 in.
Maximum length of bearers (unsupported): 3 ft. 6 in.
(i) Outrigger bearers must consist of two pieces of 1 x 6 inch lumber nailed on opposite sides of the vertical support.
(ii) Bearers for wood figure-four brackets must project not more than 3 feet 6 inches from the outside of the form support, and must be braced and secured to prevent tipping or turning. The knee or angle brace must intersect the bearer at least 3 feet from the form at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, and the lower end must be nailed to a vertical support.
(6) Metal bracket scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)
Uprights: 2 x 4 inch
Bearers: As designed.
Braces: As designed.
(7) Wood bracket scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)
Uprights: 2 x 4 in. or 2 x 6 in.
Bearers: 2 x 6 in.
Maximum scaffold width: 3 ft. 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 6 in.
(h) "Roof bracket scaffolds." No specific guidelines or tables are given.
(i) "Outrigger scaffolds (single level)." No specific guidelines or tables are given.
(j) "Pump jack scaffolds." Wood poles must not exceed 30 feet in height. Maximum intended load -- 500 lbs between poles; applied at the center of the span. Not more than two employees must be on a pump jack scaffold at one time between any two supports. When 2 x 4's are spliced together to make a 4 x 4 inch wood pole, they must be spliced with "10 penny" common nails no more than 12 inches center to center, staggered uniformly from the opposite outside edges.
(k) "Ladder jack scaffolds." Maximum intended load -- 25 lb/ft(2). However, not more than two employees must occupy any platform at any one time. Maximum span between supports must be 8 feet.
(l) "Window jack scaffolds." Not more than one employee must occupy a window jack scaffold at any one time.
(m) "Crawling boards (chicken ladders)." Crawling boards must be not less than 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick, with cleats having a minimum 1 x 1 1/2 inch cross-sectional area. The cleats must be equal in length to the width of the board and spaced at equal intervals not to exceed 24 inches.
(n) "Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds." No additional guidelines or tables are given.
(o) "Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." Maximum intended load -- 250 lbs. Wood seats for boatswains' chairs must be not less than 1 inch thick if made of nonlaminated wood, or 5/8 inches thick if made of marine quality plywood.
(p) "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds."
(1) In addition to direct connections to buildings (except window cleaners' anchors) acceptable ways to prevent scaffold sway include angulated roping and static lines. Angulated roping is a system of platform suspension in which the upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane of the building face than the corresponding attachment points on the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face of the building. Static lines are separate ropes secured at their top and bottom ends closer to the plane of the building face than the outermost edge of the platform. By drawing the static line taut, the platform is drawn against the face of the building.
(2) On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500 pounds, no more than two employees must be permitted on the scaffold at one time. On suspension scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds, no more than three employees must be permitted on the scaffold at one time.
(3) Ladder-type platforms. The side stringer must be of clear straight-grained spruce. The rungs must be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory, at least 1 1/8 inches in diameter, with 7/8 inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least 7/8 inch. The stringers must be tied together with tie rods not less than 1/4 inch in diameter, passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against washers on both ends. The flooring strips must be spaced not more than 5/8 inch apart, except at the side rails where the space may be 1 inch. Ladder-type platforms must be constructed in accordance with the following table:
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms
| Length of Platform | 12 feet | 14 & 16 feet | 18 & 20 feet |
| Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes): | |||
| At ends | 1 3/4 x 2 3/4 in. | 1 3/4 x 2 3/4 in. | 1 3/4 x 3 in. |
| At middle | 1 3/4 x 3 3/4 in. | 1 3/4 x 3 3/4 in. | 1 3/4 x 4 |
| Reinforcing strip (minimum) | A 1/8 x 7/8 inch steel reinforcing strip must be attached to the side or underside, full length. | ||
| Rungs | Rungs must be 1 1/8 inch minimum diameter with at least 7/8 inch in diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing must be 12 inches to center. | ||
| Tie rods: Number (minimum) |
3 | 4 | 4 |
| Diameter (minimum) | 1/4 inch | 1/4 inch | 1/4 inch |
| Flooring, minimum finished size | 1/2 x 2 3/4 in. | 1/2 x 2 3/4 in. | 1/2 x 2 3/4 in. |
| Length of Platform | 22 & 24 ft. | 28 & 30 ft. | |
| Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes): | |||
| At ends | 1 3/4 x 3 in. | 1 3/4 x 3 1/2 in. | |
| At middle | 1 3/4 x 4 1/4 in. | 1 3/4 x 5 in. | |
| Reinforcing strip (minimum) | A 1/8 x 7/8 inch steel reinforcing strip must be attached to the side or underside, full length. | ||
| Rungs | Rungs must be 1 1/8 inch minimum diameter with at least 7/8 inch in diameter with at least 7/8 inch in diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing must be 12 inches to center. | ||
| Tie rods: Number (minimum) |
5 | 6 | |
| Diameter (minimum) | 1/4 in. | 1/4 in. | |
| Flooring, minimum finished size | 1/2 x 2 3/4 in. | 1/2 x 2 3/4 in. | |
(5) Beam-Type Platforms. Beam platforms must have side stringers of lumber not less than 2 x 6 inches set on edge. The span between hangers must not exceed 12 feet when beam platforms are used. The flooring must be supported on 2 x 6 inch cross beams, laid flat and set into the upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet, securely nailed to the cross beams. Floor-boards must not be spaced more than 1/2 inch apart.
(q)(1) "Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." No specific guidelines or tables are given for these scaffolds.
(q)(2) "Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." Maximum intended load -- 50 lb/ft(2). Each outrigger beam must be at least a standard 7 inch, 15.3 pound steel I-beam, at least 15 feet long. Such beams must not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing point. Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams must be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams.
(r) "Catenary scaffolds."
(1) Maximum intended load -- 500 lbs.
(2) Not more than two employees must be permitted on the scaffold at one time.
(3) Maximum capacity of come-along must be 2,000 lbs.
(4) Vertical pickups must be spaced not more than 50 feet apart.
(5) Ropes must be equivalent in strength to at least 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) diameter improved plow steel wire rope.
(s) "Float (ship) scaffolds."
(1) Maximum intended load -- 750 lbs.
(2) Platforms must be made of 3/4 inch plywood, equivalent in rating to American Plywood Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.
(3) Bearers must be made from 2 x 4 inch, or 1 x 10 inch rough lumber. They must be free of knots and other flaws.
(4) Ropes must be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade manila rope.
(t) "Interior hung scaffolds."
Bearers (use on edge): 2 x 10 in.
Maximum intended load: Maximum span
25 lb/ft.(2): 10 ft.
50 lb/ft.(2): 10 ft.
75 lb/ft.(2): 7 ft.
(u) "Needle beam scaffolds."
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)
Beams: 4 x 6 in.
Maximum platform span: 8 ft.
Maximum beam span: 10 ft.
(1) Ropes must be attached to the needle beams by a scaffold hitch or an eye splice. The loose end of the rope must be tied by a bowline knot or by a round turn and a half hitch.
(2) Ropes must be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade manila rope.
(v) "Multi-level suspension scaffolds." No additional guidelines or tables are being given for these scaffolds.
(w) "Mobile scaffolds." Stability test as described in the ANSI A92 series documents, as appropriate for the type of scaffold, can be used to establish stability for the purpose of WAC 296-24-86015 (23)(f)(ii).
(x) "Repair bracket scaffolds." No additional guidelines or tables are being given for these scaffolds.
(y) "Stilts." No specific guidelines or tables are given.
(z) "Tank builder's scaffold."
(1) The maximum distance between brackets to which scaffolding and guardrail supports are attached must be no more than 10 feet 6 inches.
(2) Not more than three employees must occupy a 10 feet 6 inch span of scaffold planking at any time.
(3) A taut wire or synthetic rope supported on the scaffold brackets must be installed at the scaffold plank level between the innermost edge of the scaffold platform and the curved plate structure of the tank shell to serve as a safety line in lieu of an inner guardrail assembly where the space between the scaffold platform and the tank exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm). In the event the open space on either side of the rope exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm), a second wire or synthetic rope appropriately placed, or guardrails in accordance with WAC 296-24-86010 (7)(d), must be installed in order to reduce that open space to less than 12 inches (30.48 cm).
(4) Scaffold planks of rough full-dimensioned 2-inch (5.1 cm) x 12-inch (30.5 cm) Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural Grade must be used. Douglas Fir planks must have a fiber stress of at least 1900 lb/in(2) (130,929 n/cm(2)) and a modulus of elasticity of at least 1,900,000 lb/in(2) (130,929,000 n/cm(2)), while Yellow Pine planks must have a fiber stress of at least 2500 lb/in(2) (172,275 n/cm(2)) and a modulus of elasticity of at least 2,000,000 lb/in(2) (137,820,000 n/cm(2)).
(5) Guardrails must be constructed of a taut wire or synthetic rope, and must be supported by angle irons attached to brackets welded to the steel plates. These guardrails must comply with WAC 296-24-86010 (7)(d) guardrail supports must be located at no greater than 10 feet 6 inch intervals.
Nonmandatory Appendix C to Part J-2, List of National Consensus Standards.
ANSI/SIA A92.2-1990 Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.3-1990 Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.5-1990 Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.6-1990 Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.7-1990 Airline Ground Support Vehicle-Mounted Vertical Lift Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.8-1993 Vehicle-Mounted Bridge Inspection and Maintenance Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.9-1993 Mast-Climbing Work Platforms
Nonmandatory Appendix D to Part J-2, List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers.
This Appendix D is provided to serve as a guide to assist employers when evaluating the training needs of employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds.
The Agency believes that employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds should be trained in the following topics:
*General Overview of Scaffolding
*regulations and standards
*erection/dismantling planning
*PPE and proper procedures
*fall protection
*materials handling
*access
*working platforms
*foundations
*guys, ties and braces
*Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds
*specific regulations and standards
*components
*parts inspection
*erection/dismantling planning
*guys, ties and braces
*fall protection
*general safety
*access and platforms
*erection/dismantling procedures
*rolling scaffold assembly
*putlogs
*Tube and Clamp Scaffolds
*specific regulations and standards
*components
*parts inspection
*erection/dismantling planning
*guys, ties and braces
*fall protection
*general safety
*access and platforms
*erection/dismantling procedures
*buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
*System Scaffolds
*specific regulations and standards
*components
*parts inspection
*erection/dismantling planning
*guys, ties and braces
*fall protection
*general safety
*access and platforms
*erection/dismantling procedures
*buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
Scaffold erectors and dismantlers should all receive the general overview, and, in addition, specific training for the type of supported scaffold being erected or dismantled.
Nonmandatory Appendix E to Part J-2, Drawings and Illustrations.
This Appendix provides drawings of particular types of scaffolds and scaffold components, and graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and tie spacing patterns.
This Appendix is intended to provide visual guidance to assist the user in complying with the requirements of Part J-2, chapter 296-24 WAC.
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PART J-3POWERED PLATFORMS
NEW SECTION
WAC 296-24-875
Elevating work platforms.
(1) All applicable rules for design, construction, maintenance, operation, testing and use of manually propelled elevating work platforms must be in accordance with ANSI A92.3-1990.
(2) General requirements.
(a) Any manually propelled elevating work platform, when raised to its maximum working height, on level ground, must be capable of sustaining, without reaching instability, a minimum horizontal test force of fifty pounds or fifteen percent of the rated capacity, whichever is greater, applied to any point on the perimeter of the platform while the platform is carrying the rated work load.
(b) Any manually propelled elevating work platform, unless designed for such use by the manufacturer, must not be used on an inclined surface.
(c) Any work platform designed by the manufacturer to be operated on an inclined surface must also be capable of passing the stability tests outlined in (a) of this subsection while on such a surface. Procedures for maintaining stability must be clearly outlined in the special warnings section of the operating instructions and users must follow these instructions.
(d) If outriggers or stabilizers must be employed to meet the tests for stability outlined in (a) of this subsection, the operating instructions must require their use and such outriggers or stabilizers must be provided and used.
(e) The platform width must not be less than eighteen inches and must be provided with a surface to minimize slipping.
(f) The platform must be provided with a guardrail or other structure around its upper periphery and the guardrail must be at least thirty-eight inches high but no more than forty-five inches high, with a midrail approximately midway between the top rail and the platform surface.
(i) The guardrail system must be designed and constructed to withstand a load of twenty-five pounds per linear foot applied in a horizontal direction to the top rail or midrail.
(ii) The top rail or midrail must withstand a concentrated load of three hundred pounds applied vertically to the top of either rail midway between the supporting posts.
(iii) Guardrail terminal posts must withstand two hundred pounds applied in any direction at the top of the post.
(g) The platform must be provided with four-inch (nominal dimension) toeboards on all sides.
(h) Toeboards may be omitted at the access openings.
(i) The configuration of the work platform must include access for personnel to use in reaching the platform deck when it is in the lowered position.
(i) Any access system used in this way must have rungs or steps located on uniform centers not to exceed sixteen inches.
(ii) Steps or rungs must be provided with a face that minimizes slipping.
(3) Safety factor specifications.
(a) Where the platform is supporting its rated work load by a system of wire ropes or chains, or both, the safety factor of the wire rope or chain must not be less than eight to one, based on ultimate strength.
(b) All critical components of a hydraulic or pneumatic system used in a work platform must have a bursting strength that exceeds the pressure attained when the system is subjected to the equivalent of four times the rated work load. (Critical components are those in which failure would result in a free descent.)
(c) All noncritical hydraulic components must have a bursting strength safety factor of at least two to one.
(4) Fail safe requirements.
(a) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by an electromechanical assembly, the system must be designed to prevent free descent in the event of a generator or power failure.
(b) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder assembly, the system must be so equipped as to prevent free descent in the event of failure of a hydraulic or pneumatic line.
(c) Where the platform is horizontally extendable beyond the base of the machine, the system must be so equipped as to prevent descent in the event of failure of a hydraulic or pneumatic line, wire rope, or chain.
(d) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by a single hoist cable, the system must be protected by a broken-cable safety device which will prevent free descent of the platform.
(e) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by a manual-mechanical or manual-hydraulic assembly, the considerations established above must apply.
(f) The control system must be designed so that a single malfunction in the control system will not result in unintended machine motion.
(g) Hydraulically or pneumatically actuated outriggers or stabilizers, or both, must be so constructed as to prevent their retraction in the event of failure of a hydraulic or pneumatic line.
(5) Emergency lowering means. Any work platform equipped with a powered elevating assembly must be supplied with clearly marked emergency lowering means readily accessible from ground or floor level.
(6) Guarding. Mechanical power transmission apparatus must be guarded in accordance with WAC 296-24-205, General safety and health standards.
(7) Directional controls.
(a) All directional controls must be marked for the direction they control and must be of the type which automatically returns to the "off" or the neutral position when released.
(b) Controls must be protected against inadvertent operation.
(8) Motor requirements.
(a) Fuel lines of internal-combustion-engine-powered work platforms must be supported to minimize chafing and positioned to minimize exposure to engine exhaust heat. Liquid fuel lines must be hard lines except where isolation from vibration requires a flexible connection.
(b) LP-gas engine fuel systems must comply with the American National Standard for Storage and Handling of Liquified Petroleum Gases, ANSI/NFPA 58-1995.
(c) The exhaust system must be provided with a muffler that is positioned to minimize exposure to noise and exhaust gas of the operators and personnel located in proximity to the unit.
(9) Prevention of lateral movement. Each work platform must be provided with locking screws, floor locks, wheel-locking mechanisms, or other means of preventing unintended lateral motions while in use.
(10) Specifications display. The following information must be displayed on all work platforms in as permanent and as visible a manner as practical:
(a) Warnings, cautions, or restrictions for safe operation in accordance with American National Standard Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs, ANSI Z535.2-1991.
(b) Make, model, serial number, and manufacturer's name and address.
(c) Rated work load.
(d) Maximum platform height.
(e) Nominal voltage rating of batteries or rated voltage of AC line.
(f) Statement of the need for the operator's familiarity with the work platform before it is used.
(11) Alternative configuration statement. When a work platform is designed with alternative configurations:
(a) The manufacturer must clearly describe these alternatives, including the rated capacity in each situation.
(b) If the rated work load of a platform is the same in any designed configuration, these additional descriptions are not necessary.
(12) Insulation marking. A statement of whether or not the work platform is electrically insulated. If insulated, the level of protection and the applicable test standard must be stated in accordance with ANSI A92.2-1990.
(13) Maintenance and operating manuals requirement. An operating and maintenance manual(s) must be provided with each work platform and must contain:
(a) Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the work platform, including the data specified in subsection (10) of this section.
(b) The maximum hydraulic and pneumatic systems pressure and the maximum voltage of the electrical systems which are part of the work platform.
(c) Instructions regarding operation and maintenance.
(d) Replacement part(s) information.
(14) Rated load display. The rated work load must be clearly displayed at each entrance to the work platform.
(15) Management responsibilities.
(a) Employers' responsibilities must be in accordance with ANSI A92.3-1990.
(b) Only trained and authorized personnel must be permitted to operate the work platform.
(c) Work platforms that are not in safe operating condition must be removed from service until repaired.
(d) Repairs must be made by a qualified person in conformance with the manufacturer's operating and maintenance manuals.
(e) Operators must be trained in care and use before operation, care and use during operation, horizontal relocation, and additional requirements as specified in ANSI A92.3-1990.
(f) Modifications or alterations of work platforms must be made only with written permission of the manufacturer or any other equivalent entity.
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(1) All applicable rules for design, construction, maintenance, operation, testing and use of self propelled elevating work platforms must be in accordance with ANSI A92.6-1990.
(2) Minimum rated work load.
(a) The minimum rated work load of work platforms must not be less than two hundred fifty pounds.
(b) All structural load-supporting elements of the work platform must have a structural safety factor of not less than two based on the minimum yield strength of the material.
(c) All structural load-supporting elements of the work platform that are made of nonductile material (such as cast iron and fiberglass) must have a structural safety factor of not less than five based on the minimum ultimate strength of the material.
(d) Design and stability tests must be in accordance with ANSI A92.6-1990.
(e) Each production unit on level ground must sustain a load test with a platform load at least one hundred fifty percent of the rated capacity imposed. The test must include the movement of the platform through its entire range of motion.
(3) Driving interlock.
(a) The unit must use interlock means that will prevent driving the unit unless the platform height, platform configuration, or any combination of these, are adjusted to meet the stability test requirements.
(b) A work platform limited in driveable height by the interlock means may be elevated and used while stationary up to the maximum platform heights at which it will maintain stability during the following static test. At the maximum platform height, on level ground, with the platform carrying the rated work load, apply a horizontal test force of one hundred fifty pounds or fifteen percent of the rated platform load (whichever is greater) at the point on the perimeter of the platform most likely to cause overturning.
(4) Platform outrigger interlocks. Where outriggers, stabilizers, or extendable axles are required to meet the side load test, interlocks must prevent the platform from being raised above the height at which these devices are required unless the required devices are extended. Interlocks must also prevent the retraction of these devices while the platform is above that level.
(5) Platform requirement.
(a) A guardrail or other structure must be provided around its upper periphery, which must be at least thirty-eight inches high but no more than forty-five inches high, a midrail, and toeboards which must be not less than four inches high (nominal dimension). Guardrail and midrail chains, or the equivalent, may be substituted across an access opening. Toeboards may be omitted at the access opening.
(b) The work platform must have a minimum width of eighteen inches. Proper access must be provided for personnel to use in reaching the platform deck when it is in the lowered position.
(c) A floor surface must be provided for both the platform and the access that will minimize slipping.
(6) System safety factors.
(a) When the platform supports its rated work load by a system of wire ropes or chains, or both, the safety factor of the wire rope or chains must not be less than eight to one, based on ultimate strength.
(b) All critical hydraulic components, all pneumatic components, and all hoses of hydraulic or pneumatic systems must have a minimum bursting strength of at least four times the operating pressure for which the system is designed.
(c) Noncritical hydraulic components must have a minimum bursting strength of at least twice the operating pressure for which the system is designed.
(7) Safety design requirements.
(a) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by an electromechanical assembly, the system must be designed to prevent free descent in the event of a generator or power failure.
(b) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder assembly, the system must be so equipped as to prevent free descent in the event of a hydraulic or pneumatic line failure.
(c) Where the platform is horizontally extendable beyond the base of the machine, the system must be so equipped as to prevent descent in the event of a hydraulic or pneumatic line failure.
(d) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by a single hoist cable, the system must be protected by a broken-cable safety device that will prevent free descent of the platform.
(e) In addition to the primary operator controls, the work platform must be equipped with an emergency stop device located at the primary control station that will deactivate all powered functions.
(f) Hydraulically or pneumatically actuated outriggers or stabilizers, or both, must be designed to prevent their retraction in the event of a hydraulic or pneumatic line failure.
(g) Any work platform equipped with a powered elevating assembly must be supplied with clearly marked emergency lowering means readily accessible from ground level.
(h) Mechanical power transmission apparatus must be guarded in accordance with WAC 296-24-205, General safety and health standards.
(8) Directional controls.
(a) Directional controls must move in the direction of the function they control. The controls must be of the type that automatically return to the off or the neutral position when released.
(b) Such controls must be protected against inadvertent operation and must be clearly marked.
(9) Engine requirement.
(a) Fuel lines of internal-combustion-engine-powered work platforms must be supported to keep chafing to a minimum. They must be located to keep exposure to engine and exhaust heat to a minimum.
(b) Liquid fuel lines must be hard except where flexible connections are required for isolation from vibration.
(c) LP gas fuel systems must use flexible LP gas hose or hard lines.
(d) Exhaust lines must be equipped with mufflers. The lines must be located to minimize the exposure of noise and fumes to operators and personnel near the units.
(10) Each work platform must be equipped with a mechanical parking brake, which will hold the unit on any slope it is capable of climbing. Wheel chocks must be installed before using an aerial lift on an incline, provided they can be safely installed.
(11) Specifications display. The following information must be displayed on all work platforms in a clearly visible, accessible area and in as permanent a manner as possible:
(a) Warnings, cautions, or restrictions for safe operation in accordance with ANSI Z535.2-1991.
(b) Make, model, serial number, and manufacturer's name and address.
(c) Rated work load.
(d) Maximum platform height.
(e) Nominal voltage of the batteries if battery powered.
(f) A notice to study the operating/maintenance manual before using the equipment.
(g) Alternative configuration statement. If a work platform is susceptible to several alternative configurations, then the manufacturer must clearly describe these alternatives, including the rated capacity in each situation. If the rated work load of a work platform is the same in any configuration, these additional descriptions are not necessary.
(h) A clear statement of whether or not the platform and its enclosure are electrically insulated. If insulated, the level of protection and the applicable test standard must be stated, in accordance with ANSI 92.2-1990.
(i) The rated work load must be clearly displayed at each entrance to the platform.
(12) Lift manual requirement. Each work platform must be provided with an appropriate manual. The manual must contain:
(a) Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the work platform, including the data specified in subsection (11)(h) and (i) of this section.
(b) The maximum system pressure and the maximum voltage of the electrical systems that are part of the work platform.
(c) Instructions regarding operation, maintenance, and weld specifications.
(d) Replacement parts information.
(13) Inspection and maintenance.
(a) Each work platform must be inspected, maintained, repaired and kept in proper working order in accordance with the manufacturer's maintenance and repair manuals.
(b) Any work platform not in safe operating condition must be removed from service until it is repaired.
(c) All repairs must be made by a qualified service person in conformance with the manufacturer's maintenance and repair manuals.
(14) Operator requirements. Only trained and authorized personnel must be permitted to operate the work platform. Before using the work platform, the operator must:
(a) Read and understand the manufacturer's operating instructions and safety rules, and be trained by a qualified person on the contents of the manufacturer's instructions and safety rules.
(b) Read and understand all decals, warnings, and instructions on the work platform.
(c) On a daily basis, before the work platform is used, it must be given a thorough inspection, which must include:
(i) Inspection for defects such as cracked welds, hydraulic leaks, damaged control cable, loose wire connections, and tire damage.
(ii) Inspection of functional controls for proper operation.
(d) Any suspect items discovered through inspection must be carefully examined and a determination made by a qualified service person as to whether they constitute a safety hazard. All unsafe items must be corrected before further use of the work platform.
(e) Before the work platform is used, the operator must survey the area for hazards such as:
(i) Untamped earth fills.
(ii) Ditches.
(iii) Dropoffs or holes.
(iv) Bumps and floor obstructions.
(v) Debris.
(vi) Overhead obstructions and high-voltage conductors.
(vii) Other possible hazardous conditions.
(15) Requirement for operations. The work platform must be used only in accordance with the Manufacturer's Operating Instructions and Safety Rules, ANSI A92.6-1990, and this standard.
(a) Only trained and authorized personnel must be permitted to operate the work platform.
(b) Before each elevation of the work platform, the operator must:
(i) Check for overhead obstructions and high-voltage conductors. A minimum distance of ten feet from energized high-voltage conductors must be maintained at all times between the conductors and the operator and platform equipment.
(ii) Ensure that the work platform is elevated only on a firm and level surface.
(iii) Ensure that the load and its distribution on the platform are in accordance with the manufacturer's rated capacity. The manufacturer's recommended load limits must never be exceeded.
(iv) Ensure that outriggers and stabilizers are used if the manufacturer's instructions require their use.
(v) Ensure that guardrails are properly installed, and gates or openings are closed.
(c) Before and during driving while the platform is elevated, the operator must:
(i) Be required to look in the direction of, and keep a clear view of, the path of travel and assure that the path of travel is firm and level.
(ii) Maintain a safe distance from obstacles, debris, dropoffs, holes, depressions, ramps, or other hazards to safe elevated travel.
(iii) Maintain a safe distance from overhead obstacles.
(d) The operator must limit travel speed according to conditions. Conditions to be observed are: Ground surface, congestion, slope, location of personnel, and other factors that may create a hazard of collision or injury to personnel.
(e) Stunt driving and horseplay must not be permitted.
(f) Personnel must maintain a firm footing on the platform while working thereon unless they are secured by safety harness and lanyard devices fixed to manufacturer-approved hard points. Use of railings or planks, ladders or any other device on the work platform for achieving additional height must be prohibited.
(g) The operator must immediately report defects or malfunctions which become evident during operation and must stop use of the work platform until correction has been made.
(h) Altering or disabling of safety devices or interlocks must be prohibited.
(i) Care must be taken to prevent ropes, electric cords, hoses, etc., from tangling with the work platform when the platform is being elevated, lowered, or moved.
(j) Work platform rated capacities must not be exceeded when loads are transferred to the platform at elevated heights.
(k) The operator must ensure that the area surrounding the work platform is clear of personnel and equipment before lowering the platform.
(16) Fuel tanks must not be filled while the engine is running. Spillage must be avoided.
(17) Batteries must not be charged except in an open, well-ventilated area, free of flame, smoking, spark, or fire.
(18) Modifications. All modifications and alterations to work platforms must be certified in writing as being in conformance with ANSI A92.6-1990 by the manufacturer or any equivalent entity, such as a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
| Place illustration here. |
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(1) All applicable rules for design, construction, maintenance, operation, testing and use of boom supported elevating work platforms must be in accordance with ANSI A92.5-1992.
(2) Minimum rated work load. The minimum rated work load of a work platform must be three hundred pounds. Either single or multiple ratings may be used.
(a) Work platforms with single ratings must include means which clearly present the rated work load to the operator at the platform control station.
(b) Work platforms having multiple configurations with multiple ratings must have means which clearly describe the rated work load of each configuration to the operator at the platform control station. Examples of multiple configurations are:
(i) Outriggers extended to firm footing versus outriggers not extended.
(ii) Large platform versus small platform.
(iii) Extendable boom retracted versus extended.
(iv) Boom elevated versus lowered.
(v) Extendable axles extended versus retracted.
(3) Boom angle indicator: When the rated capacity of the alternate configuration depends on the angle the boom makes with the horizontal, the manufacturer must install means by which that angle can be determined. Such means must be clearly displayed to the operator at the platform control station.
(4) Structural safety.
(a) All load-supporting structural elements of the work platform must have a structural safety factor of not less than two to one based on the minimum yield strength of the materials used.
(b) The load-supporting structural elements of the work platform that are made of nonductile material which will not deform plastically before breaking must have a structural safety factor of not less than five to one based on the minimum ultimate strength of the materials used.
(c) The design stress used in determining the structural safety factor must be the maximum stresses developed within the element with the machine operating at its rated work load, used in the type of service for which it was designed, and operated in accordance with manufacturer's operation instructions.
(d) The design stress must include the effects of stress concentration and dynamic loading as shown in ANSI A92.5-1992.
(5) Platform stability.
(a) Each work platform must be capable of maintaining stability while sustaining a static load equal to one and one-third times its rated work load, concentrated anywhere twelve inches inside the perimeter of the platform, throughout its entire range of motion while on a slope of five degrees from the horizontal in the direction most likely to cause overturning.
(i) If having the outriggers, stabilizers, or extendable axles in contact with the supporting surface is part of the normal configuration to meet the stability requirements, they must be extended.
(ii) A visual inspection must be made to determine whether this test has produced an adverse effect on any component.
(b) Each work platform must sustain on level ground a test load equal to one and one-half times its rated work load throughout the entire range of motion in which the boom can be placed.
(i) The test load must be placed with its center of gravity twelve inches inboard from the guardrail while the unit is in the least stable position.
(ii) The work platform must remain stable during this test.
(iii) A visual inspection must be made to determine whether this test has produced an adverse effect on any component.
(c) Each work platform must be capable of maintaining stability when positioned on a five degree slope in its backward stability configuration in the direction and condition most likely to cause overturning, while sustaining a horizontal force of one hundred fifty pounds or fifteen percent of rated capacity, whichever is greater, applied to the upper perimeter of the platform in the direction most likely to cause overturning (see Fig. 1). Note that the most adverse condition may be with zero or with rated work load (concentrated one foot inside perimeter of platform), depending on basket configuration.
(i) If having the outriggers, stabilizers, or extendable axles in contact with the supporting surface is part of the normal configuration to meet stability requirements, they must be extended.
(ii) A visual inspection must be made to determine whether this test has produced an adverse effect on any component.
| Place illustration here. |
(a) All stepping, standing, and working surfaces must be skid resistant.
(b) Attachment points must be provided for a full body harness and lanyard for each person occupying the platform.
(7) Work platform controls. Work platforms must have both primary and secondary controls.
(a) Primary controls must be readily accessible to the operator on the platform.
(b) Secondary controls must be designed to override the primary controls and must be readily accessible from ground level.
(c) Both primary and secondary controls must be clearly marked, using permanent legible identification which can be easily understood.
(d) All directional controls must move in the direction of the function which they control when possible, and must be of the type which automatically returns to the "off" or the neutral position when released.
(e) Such controls must be protected against inadvertent operation.
(8) Outrigger interlocks. Where the work platform is equipped with outriggers, stabilizers, or extendable axles, interlocks must be provided to ensure that the platform cannot be positioned beyond the maximum travel height unless the outriggers, stabilizers, or extendable axles are properly set. Control circuits must ensure that the driving motor(s) cannot be activated unless the outriggers or stabilizers are disengaged and the platform has been lowered to the maximum travel height (MTH).
(9) Auxiliary operating means: All work platforms must be provided with an auxiliary means of lowering, retracting, and rotating in the event of primary power loss.
(10) Emergency stop: All work platforms must be equipped with an emergency stop device, readily accessible to the operator, which will effectively de-energize all powered systems in case of a malfunction.
(11) Tilt alarm: All work platforms must be fitted with an alarm or other suitable warning at the platform, which will be activated automatically when the machine base is more than five degrees out of level in any direction.
(12) System safety factors.
(a) Where the platform is supporting its rated work load by a system of wire ropes or lift chains, or both, the safety factor of the wire rope or chain must not be less than eight to one, based on ultimate strength.
(b) All critical components and hoses of hydraulic and pneumatic systems must have a minimum bursting strength of four times the operating pressure for which the system is designed.
(c) Noncritical components must have a minimum bursting strength of two times the operating pressure for which the system is designed.
(d) Critical components are defined as those in which a malfunction would result in a free descent of the platform.
(13) Failsafe requirements.
(a) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by an electromechanical assembly, the system must be so designed as to prevent free descent in the event of a generator or power failure.
(b) Where the elevation of the platform is accomplished by a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder assembly, the system must be so equipped as to prevent free descent in the event a hydraulic or pneumatic line bursts.
(c) Hydraulically or pneumatically actuated outriggers or stabilizers, or both, must be so designed as to prevent their retraction in the event a hydraulic or pneumatic line bursts.
(14) Engine requirement.
(a) Fuel lines of internal-combustion-engine-powered work platforms must be supported to keep chafing to a minimum and located to keep exposure to engine and exhaust heat to a minimum.
(b) Liquid fuel lines must be hard except where flexible connections are required for isolation from vibration.
(c) LP gas fuel systems must use flexible LP gas hose or hard lines.
(d) Exhaust lines must be equipped with mufflers and must be located to minimize the exposure to noise and fumes of operators and personnel located in the proximity of such units.
(15) Specifications display. There must be displayed on all work platforms, in a permanent manner, at a readily visible location, the following information:
(a) Special warnings, cautions, or restrictions necessary for safe operation in accordance with ANSI Z535.2-1991.
(b) Make, model, serial number, and manufacturer's name and address.
(c) Rated work load.
(d) Maximum platform height and maximum travel height.
(e) Reference to studying operating instructions in manual before use.
(f) Alternative configuration statement. If a work platform is capable of several alternative configurations and loads, the alternatives must be clearly described.
(g) A clear statement of whether or not the platform and its enclosure are electrically insulated. If they are electrically insulated, the voltage at which the platform is rated and the applicable test standard must be stated.
(h) The rated work load must be clearly displayed at each entrance to the platform and the operator control station.
(16) Lift manual requirements. Each work platform must be provided with a manufacturer's manual(s) containing the following information:
(a) Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the work platform, including the data specified in subsection (17) of this section.
(b) The maximum hydraulic operating pressure and the maximum voltage of the electrical systems which are part of the platform.
(c) Instructions regarding operation, safety rules, maintenance, and repair.
(d) Replacement parts information.
(17) Inspection and maintenance.
(a) Each work platform must be inspected, maintained, repaired, and kept in proper working condition in accordance with the manufacturer's maintenance and repair manuals.
(b) Any work platform found not to be in safe operating condition must be removed from service until repaired.
(c) All repairs must be made by a qualified person in conformance with the manufacturer's maintenance and repair manual(s).
(18) Operator requirements. Only trained and authorized persons must be permitted to operate the work platform. Before using the work platform, the operator must:
(a) Be instructed by a qualified person in the intended purpose and function of each of the controls.
(b) Read and understand the manufacturer's operating instructions and safety rules, or be trained by a qualified person on the contents of the manufacturer's operating instructions and safety rules.
(c) Understand by reading or by having a qualified person explain all decals, warnings, and instructions displayed on the work platform.
(d) Prior to use on each work shift, the work platform must be inspected for defects that would affect its safe operation and use. The inspection must consist of the following:
(i) Visual inspection for cracked welds or other structural defects, hydraulic leaks, damaged control cables, loose wire connections, and tire damage.
(ii) Function test of the operating controls to ensure that they perform their intended functions. Any suspect items must be carefully examined and a determination made by a qualified person as to whether they constitute a safety hazard. All unsafe items must be corrected before further use of the work platform.
(iii) Before the work platform is used and during use, the job site must be checked for hazards such as ditches, dropoffs or holes, bumps and floor obstructions, debris, overhead obstructions and high-voltage conductors, and other possible hazardous conditions.
(19) Requirements for operation. The work platform must be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions and safety rules, ANSI 92.6-1990 and this standard.
(a) Only trained and authorized personnel must be permitted to operate the work platform.
(b) Before each elevation of the work platform, the operator must:
(i) Check for overhead obstructions and high-voltage conductors. A minimum distance of ten feet from energized high-voltage conductors must be maintained at all times between the conductors and the operator and platform equipment.
(ii) Ensure the work platform is elevated only on a firm and level surface.
(iii) Ensure that the load and its distribution on the platform are in accordance with the manufacturer's rated capacity. The manufacturer's rated work load must never be exceeded.
(iv) Ensure that outriggers or stabilizers are used in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Wheel chocks must be installed before using an aerial lift on an incline, provided they can be safely installed.
(v) Ensure that platform guardrails are properly installed and gates or openings are closed.
(vi) Check to see that all occupants' full body harnesses are on and properly attached.
(c) Before and during driving while elevated, the operator must:
(i) Be required to look in the direction of, and keep a clear view of, the path of travel and make sure that the path is firm and level.
(ii) Maintain a safe distance from obstacles, debris, dropoffs, holes, depressions, ramps, and other hazards to safe elevated travel.
(iii) Maintain a safe distance from overhead obstacles.
(d) Under all travel conditions the operator must limit speed according to conditions of ground surface, congestion, slope, location of personnel, and other factors which may create a hazard of collision or injury to personnel.
(e) Stunt driving and horseplay must not be permitted.
(f) Personnel must maintain a firm footing on the platform while working thereon. Safety harness and lanyard devices fixed to attachment points provided and approved by the manufacturer must be used by all occupants. Use of railings, planks, ladders, or any other device on the work platform for achieving additional height must be prohibited.
(g) The operators must immediately report to their supervisor any defects or malfunctions which become evident during operation. Any defects or malfunctions that affect the safety of operation must be repaired prior to continued use of the work platform.
(h) Altering, modifying, or disabling safety devices or interlocks is prohibited.
(i) Care must be taken to prevent ropes, electric cords, hoses, and the like from becoming entangled in the work platform when it is being elevated, lowered, or moved.
(j) Work platform rated capacities must not be exceeded when live loads are transferred to the platform at elevated heights.
(k) The operator must ensure that the area surrounding the work platform is clear of personnel and equipment before lowering the platform.
(20) Refueling: Fuel tanks must not be filled while the engine is running. Caution must be used while filling tanks to avoid spilling fuel.
(21) Battery charging: Batteries must not be charged except in an open, well ventilated area free of flame, smoking, spark, and fire.
(22) Modifications: There must be no modification or alteration to work platforms without the modifications being approved and certified in writing by the manufacturer or other equivalent entity, such as a nationally recognized testing laboratory, to be in conformance with all applicable provisions of ANSI A92.5-1992 and this standard.
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(1) "General requirements."
(a) Unless otherwise provided in this section, aerial lifts acquired for use on or after January 22, 1973, must be designed and constructed in conformance with the applicable requirements of the American National Standards for "Vehicle Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms," ANSI A92.2-1969, including Appendix. Aerial lifts acquired before January 22, 1973, which do not meet the requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969, may not be used after January 1, 1976, unless they must have been modified so as to conform with the applicable design and construction requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969. Aerial lifts include the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to elevate personnel to job-sites above ground:
(i) Extensible boom platforms;
(ii) Aerial ladders;
(iii) Articulating boom platforms;
(iv) Vertical towers; and
(v) A combination of any such devices. Aerial equipment may be made of metal, wood, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), or other material; may be powered or manually operated; and are deemed to be aerial lifts whether or not they are capable of rotating about a substantially vertical axis.
(b) Aerial lifts may be "field modified" for uses other than those intended by the manufacturer provided the modification has been certified in writing by the manufacturer or by any other equivalent entity, such as a nationally recognized testing laboratory, to be in conformity with all applicable provisions of ANSI A92.2-1969 and this section and to be at least as safe as the equipment was before modification.
(2) "Specific requirements."
(a) Ladder trucks and tower trucks:
(i) Aerial ladders must be secured in the lower traveling position by the locking device on top of the truck cab, and the manually operated device at the base of the ladder before the truck is moved for highway travel.
(ii) A full body harness must be worn and a lanyard attached to the ladder rail or tower when working from ladder trucks or tower trucks.
(b) Extensible and articulating boom platforms.
(i) Lift controls must be tested each day prior to use to determine that such controls are in safe working condition.
(ii) Only authorized persons must operate an aerial lift.
(iii) Belting off to an adjacent pole, structure, or equipment while working from an aerial lift must not be permitted.
(iv) Employees must always stand firmly on the floor of the basket, and must not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or use planks, ladders, or other devices for a work position.
(v) A full body harness must be worn and a lanyard attached to the boom or basket when working from an aerial lift.
(vi) Boom and basket load limits specified by the manufacturer must not be exceeded.
(vii) The brakes must be set and when outriggers are used, they must be positioned on pads or a solid surface. Wheel chocks must be installed before using an aerial lift on an incline, provided they can be safely installed.
(viii) An aerial lift truck must not be moved when the boom is elevated in a working position with workers in the basket, except for equipment which is specifically designed for this type of operation in accordance with the provisions of subsection (1)(a) and (b) of this section.
(ix) Articulating boom and extensible boom platforms, primarily designed as personnel carriers, must have both platform (upper) and lower controls. Upper controls must be in or beside the platform within easy reach of the operator. Lower controls must provide for overriding the upper controls. Controls must be plainly marked as to their function. Lower level controls must not be operated unless permission has been obtained from the employee in the lift, except in case of emergency.
(x) Climbers must not be worn while performing work from an aerial lift.
(xi) The insulated portion of an aerial lift must not be altered in any manner that might reduce its insulating value.
(xii) Before moving an aerial lift for travel, the boom(s) must be inspected to see that it is properly cradled and outriggers are in stowed position except as provided in (b)(viii) of this subsection.
(c) Electrical tests. All electrical tests must conform to the requirements of ANSI A92.2-1990 section 5. However equivalent d.c. voltage tests may be used in lieu of the a.c. voltage specified in ANSI A92.2-1990; d.c. voltage tests which are approved by the equipment manufacturer or equivalent entity must be considered an equivalent test for the purpose of this subsection (2)(c).
(d) Bursting safety factor. The provisions of the American National Standards Institute standard ANSI A92.2-1990, section 4.9 Bursting Safety Factor must apply to all critical hydraulic and pneumatic components. Critical components are those in which a failure would result in a free fall or free rotation of the boom. All noncritical components must have a bursting safety factor of at least 2 to 1.
(e) Welding standards. All welding must conform to the following standards as applicable:
(i) Standard Qualification Procedure, AWS B3.0-41.
(ii) Recommended Practices for Automotive Welding Design, AWS D8.4-61.
Note: Nonmandatory Appendix C to this part lists examples of national consensus standards that are considered to provide employee protection equivalent to that provided through the application of ANSI A92.2-1990, where appropriate. Copies may be obtained from the American National Standards Institute.
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(1) Scope. This section covers powered platform installations permanently dedicated to interior or exterior building maintenance of a specific structure or group of structures. This section does not apply to suspended scaffolds (swinging scaffolds) used to service buildings on a temporary basis and covered under Part J-2 of this chapter, nor to suspended scaffolds used for construction work and covered under Part J-1 of chapter 296-155 WAC. Building maintenance includes, but is not limited to, such tasks as window cleaning, caulking, metal polishing, and reglazing.
(2) Application.
(a) New installations. This section applies to all permanent installations completed after July 23, 1990. Major modifications to existing installations completed after that date are also considered new installations under this section.
(b) Existing installations.
(i) Permanent installations in existence and/or completed before July 23, 1990, must comply with WAC 296-24-88010, 296-24-88025, 296-24-88030, 296-24-88035, and 296-24-88050.
(ii) In addition, permanent installations completed after August 27, 1971, and in existence and/or completed before July 23, 1990, must comply with WAC 296-24-88055.
(3) Assurance.
(a) Building owners of new installations must inform the employer before each use in writing that the installation meets the requirements of WAC 296-24-88015(1) and 296-24-88020(1) and the additional design criteria contained in other provisions of WAC 296-24-88015 and 296-24-88020 relating to: Required load sustaining capabilities of platforms, building components, hoisting and supporting equipment; stability factors for carriages, platforms and supporting equipment; maximum horizontal force for movement of carriages and davits; design of carriages, hoisting machines, wire rope and stabilization systems; and design criteria for electrical wiring and equipment.
(b) Building owners must base the information required in (a) of this subsection on the results of a field test of the installation before being placed into service and following any major alteration to an existing installation, as required in WAC 296-24-88010(1). The assurance must also be based on all other relevant available information, including, but not limited to, test data, equipment specifications and verification by a registered professional engineer.
(c) Building owners of all installations, new and existing, must inform the employer in writing that the installation has been inspected, tested and maintained in compliance with the requirements of WAC 296-24-88010 and 296-24-88025 and that all protection anchorages meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-88050 (3)(j), Appendix C.
(d) The employer shall not permit employees to use the installation prior to receiving assurance from the building owner that the installation meets the requirements contained in (a) and (c) of this subsection.
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Anemometer. An instrument for measuring wind velocity.
Angulated roping. A system of platform suspension in which the upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane of the building face than the corresponding attachment points on the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face of the building during its vertical travel.
ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
Babbitted fastenings. The method of providing wire rope attachments in which the ends of the wire strands are bent back and are held in a tapered socket by means of poured molten babbitt metal.
Brake-disc type. A brake in which the holding effect is obtained by frictional resistance between one or more faces of discs keyed to the rotating member to be held and fixed discs keyed to the stationary or housing member (pressure between the discs being applied axially).
Brake-self-energizing band type. An essentially unidirectional brake in which the holding effect is obtained by the snubbing action of a flexible band wrapped about a cylindrical wheel or drum affixed to the rotating member to be held, the connections and linkages being so arranged that the motion of the brake wheel or drum will act to increase the tension or holding force of the band.
Brake-shoe type. A brake in which the holding effect is obtained by applying the direct pressure of two or more segmental friction elements held to a stationary member against a cylindrical wheel or drum affixed to the rotating member to be held.
Building face rollers. A specialized form of guide roller designed to contact a portion of the outer face or wall structure of the building, and to assist in stabilizing the operators' platform during vertical travel.
Building maintenance. Operations such as window cleaning, caulking, metal polishing, reglazing, and general maintenance on building surfaces.
Cable. A conductor, or group of conductors, enclosed in a weatherproof sheath, that may be used to supply electrical power and/or control current for equipment or to provide voice communication circuits.
Carriage. A wheeled vehicle used for the horizontal movement and support of other equipment.
Certification. A written, signed, and dated statement confirming the performance of a requirement of this section.
Combination cable. A cable having both steel structural members capable of supporting the platform, and copper or other electrical conductors insulated from each other and the structural members by nonconducive barriers.
Competent person. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
Continuous pressure. Operation by means of buttons or switches, any one of which may be used to control the movement of the working platform or roof car, only as long as the button or switch is manually maintained in the actuating position.
Control. A system governing starting, stopping, direction, acceleration, speed, and retardation of moving members.
Controller. A device or group of devices, usually contained in a single enclosure, which serves to control in some predetermined manner the apparatus to which it is connected.
Davit. A device, used singly or in pairs, for suspending a powered platform from work, storage and rigging locations on the building being serviced. Unlike outriggers, a davit reacts its operating load into a single roof socket or carriage attachment.
Electrical ground. A conducting connection between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or some conducting body which serves in place of the earth.
Equivalent. Alternative designs, materials or methods to protect against a hazard which the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the methods, materials or designs specified in the standard.
Ground rigging. A method of suspending a working platform starting from a safe surface to a point of suspension above the safe surface.
Ground rigged davit. A davit which cannot be used to raise a suspended working platform above the building face being serviced.
Guide button. A building face anchor designed to engage a guide track mounted on a platform.
Guide roller. A rotating, bearing-mounted, generally cylindrical member, operating separately or as part of a guide shoe assembly, attached to the platform, and providing rolling contact with building guideways, or other building contact members.
Guide shoe. An assembly of rollers, slide members, or the equivalent, attached as a unit to the operators' platform, and designed to engage with the building members provided for the vertical guidance of the operators' platform.
Hoisting machine. A device intended to raise and lower a suspended or supported unit.
Hoist rated load. The hoist manufacturer's maximum allowable operating load.
Installation. All the equipment and all affected parts of a building which are associated with the performance of building maintenance using powered platforms.
Interlock. A device actuated by the operation of some other device with which it is directly associated, to govern succeeding operations of the same or allied devices.
Intermittent stabilization. A method of platform stabilization in which the angulated suspension wire rope(s) are secured to regularly spaced building anchors.
Lanyard. A flexible line of rope, wire rope or strap which is used to secure the body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline or anchorage.
Lifeline. A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
Live load. The total static weight of workers, tools, parts, and supplies that the equipment is designed to support.
Obstruction detector. A control that will stop the suspended or supported unit in the direction of travel if an obstruction is encountered, and will allow the unit to move only in a direction away from the obstruction.
Operating control. A mechanism regulating or guiding the operation of equipment that ensures a specific operating mode.
Operating device. A pushbutton, lever, or other manual device used to actuate a control.
Outrigger. A device, used singly or in pairs, for suspending a working platform from work, storage, and rigging locations on the building being serviced. Unlike davits, an outrigger reacts its operating moment load as at least two opposing vertical components acting into two or more distinct roof points and/or attachments.
Platform rated load. The combined weight of workers, tools, equipment and other material which is permitted to be carried by the working platform at the installation, as stated on the load rating plate.
Poured socket. The method of providing wire rope terminations in which the ends of the rope are held in a tapered socket by means of poured spelter or resins.
Powered platform. Equipment to provide access to the exterior of a building for maintenance, consisting of a suspended power-operated working platform, a roof car, or other suspension means, and the requisite operating and control devices.
Primary brake. A brake designed to be applied automatically whenever power to the prime mover is interrupted or discontinued.
Prime mover. The source of mechanical power for a machine.
Rated load. The manufacturer's specified maximum load to be lifted by a hoist or to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component.
Rated strength. The strength of wire rope, as designated by its manufacturer or vendor, based on standard testing procedures or acceptable engineering design practices.
Rated working load. The combined static weight of workers, materials, and suspended or supported equipment.
Registered professional engineer. A person who has been duly and currently registered and licensed by an authority within the United States or its territories to practice the profession of engineering.
Relay, direction. An electrically energized contactor responsive to an initiating control circuit, which in turn causes a moving member to travel in a particular direction.
Relay, potential for vertical travel. An electrically energized contactor responsive to initiating control circuit, which in turn controls the operation of a moving member in both directions. This relay usually operates in conjunction with direction relays, as covered under the definition "relay direction."
Roof car. A structure for the suspension of a working platform, providing for its horizontal movement to working positions.
Roof-powered platform. A powered platform having the raising and lowering mechanism located on a roof car.
Roof rigged davit. A davit used to raise the suspended working platform above the building face being serviced. This type of davit can also be used to raise a suspended working platform which has been ground-rigged.
Rope. The equipment used to suspend a component of an equipment installation, i.e., wire rope.
Safe surface. A horizontal surface intended to be occupied by personnel, which is so protected by a fall protection system that it can be reasonably assured that said occupants will be protected against falls.
Secondary brake. A brake designed to arrest the descent of the suspended or supported equipment in the event of an overspeed condition.
Self-powered platform. A powered platform having the raising and lowering mechanism located on the working platform.
Speed reducer. A positive type speed reducing machine.
Stability factor. The ratio of the stabilizing moment to the overturning moment.
Stabilizer tie. A flexible line connecting the building anchor and the suspension wire rope supporting the platform.
Supported equipment. Building maintenance equipment that is held or moved to its working position by means of attachment directly to the building or extensions of the building being maintained.
Suspended equipment. Building maintenance equipment that is suspended and raised or lowered to its working position by means of ropes or combination cables attached to some anchorage above the equipment.
Suspended scaffold (swinging scaffold). A scaffold supported on wire or other ropes, used for work on, or for providing access to, vertical sides of structures on a temporary basis. Such scaffold is not designed for use on a specific structure or group of structures.
Tail line. The nonsupporting end of the wire rope used to suspend the platform.
Tie-in guides. The portion of a building that provides continuous positive engagement between the building and a suspended or supported unit during its vertical travel on the face of the building.
Traction hoist. A type of hoisting machine that does not accumulate the suspension wire rope on the hoisting drum or sheave, and is designed to raise and lower a suspended load by the application of friction forces between the suspension wire rope and the drum or sheave.
Transportable outriggers. Outriggers designed to be moved from one work location to another.
Traveling cable. A cable made up of electrical or communication conductors or both, and providing electrical connection between the working platform and the roof car or other fixed point.
Trolley carriage. A carriage suspended from an overhead track structure.
Verified. Accepted by design, evaluation, or inspection by a registered professional engineer.
Weatherproof. Equipment so constructed or protected that exposure to the weather will not interfere with its proper operation.
Winding drum hoist. A type of hoisting machine that accumulates the suspension wire rope on the hoisting drum.
Working platform. The suspended or supported equipment intended to provide access to the face of the building and manned by persons engaged in building maintenance.
Wrap. One complete turn of the suspension wire rope around the surface of a hoist drum.
Yield point. The stress at which the material exhibits a permanent set of 0.2 percent.
Zinced fastenings. The method of providing wire rope attachments in which the splayed or fanned wire ends are held in a tapered socket by means of poured molten zinc.
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(1) Installations and alterations. All completed building maintenance equipment installations must be inspected and tested in the field before being placed in initial service to determine that all parts of the installation conform to applicable requirements of this standard, and that all safety and operating equipment is functioning as required. A similar inspection and test must be made following any major alteration to an existing installation. No hoist in an installation must be subjected to a load in excess of 125 percent of its rated load.
(2) Periodic inspections and tests.
(a) Related building supporting structures must undergo periodic inspection by a competent person at intervals not exceeding 12 months.
(b) All parts of the equipment including control systems must be inspected, and, where necessary, tested by a competent person at intervals specified by the manufacturer/supplier, but not to exceed 12 months, to determine that they are in safe operating condition. Parts subject to wear, such as wire ropes, bearings, gears, and governors must be inspected and/or tested to determine that they have not worn to such an extent as to affect the safe operation of the installation.
(c) The building owner must keep a certification record of each inspection and test required under (a) and (b) of this subsection. The certification record must include the date of the inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and the number, or other identifier, of the building support structure and equipment which was inspected. This certification record must be kept readily available for review by the director or an authorized representative and by the employer.
(d) Working platforms and their components must be inspected by the employer for visible defects before every use and after each occurrence which could affect the platform's structural integrity.
(3) Maintenance, inspections and tests.
(a) A maintenance inspection and, where necessary, a test must be made of each platform installation every 30 days, or where the work cycle is less than 30 days such inspection and/or test must be made prior to each work cycle. This inspection and test must follow procedures recommended by the manufacturer, and must be made by a competent person.
(b) The building owner must keep a certification record of each inspection and test performed under (a) of this subsection. The certification record must include the date of the inspection and test, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and/or test, and an identifier for the platform installation which was inspected. The certification record must be kept readily available for review by the director or an authorized representative and by the employer.
(4) Special inspection of governors and secondary brakes.
(a) Governors and secondary brakes must be inspected and tested at intervals specified by the manufacturer/supplier but not to exceed every 12 months.
(b) The results of the inspection and test must confirm that the initiating device for the secondary braking system operates at the proper overspeed.
(c) The results of the inspection and test must confirm that the secondary brake is functioning properly.
(d) If any hoisting machine or initiating device for the secondary brake system is removed from the equipment for testing, all reinstalled and directly related components must be reinspected prior to returning the equipment installation to service.
(e) Inspection of governors and secondary brakes must be performed by a competent person.
(f) The secondary brake governor and actuation device must be tested before each day's use. Where testing is not feasible, a visual inspection of the brake must be made instead to ensure that it is free to operate.
(5) Adverse weather. The operation of powered platforms during severe adverse weather conditions is prohibited.
(6) Suspension wire rope maintenance, inspection and replacement.
(a) Suspension wire rope must be maintained and used in accordance with procedures recommended by the wire rope manufacturer.
(b) Suspension wire rope must be inspected by a competent person for visible defects and gross damage to the rope before every use and after each occurrence which might affect the wire rope's integrity.
(c) A thorough inspection of suspension wire ropes in service must be made once a month. Suspension wire ropes that have been inactive for 30 days or longer must have a thorough inspection before they are placed into service. These thorough inspections of suspension wire ropes must be performed by a competent person.
(d) The need for replacement of a suspension wire rope must be determined by inspection and must be based on the condition of the wire rope. Any of the following conditions or combination of conditions will be cause for removal of the wire rope:
(i) Broken wires exceeding three wires in one strand or six wires in one rope lay;
(ii) Distortion of rope structure such as would result from crushing or kinking;
(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
(iv) Evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion;
(v) A broken wire within 18 inches (460.8 mm) of the end attachments;
(vi) Noticeable rusting and pitting;
(vii) Evidence of core failure (a lengthening of rope lay, protrusion of the rope core and a reduction in rope diameter suggests core failure); or
(viii) More than one valley break (broken wire);
(ix) Outer wire wear exceeds one-third of the original outer wire diameter;
(x) Any other condition which the competent person determines has significantly affected the integrity of the rope.
(e) The building owner must keep a certification record of each monthly inspection of a suspension wire rope as required in subdivision (c) of this subsection. The record must include the date of the inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and a number, or other identifier, of the wire rope which was inspected. This record of inspection must be made available for review by the director or an authorized representative and by the employer.
(7) Hoist inspection. Before lowering personnel below the top elevation of the building, the hoist must be tested each day in the lifting direction with the intended load to make certain it has sufficient capacity to raise the personnel back to the boarding level.
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(1) General requirements. The following requirements apply to affected parts of buildings which utilize working platforms for building maintenance.
(a) Structural supports, tie-downs, tie-in guides, anchoring devices and any affected parts of the building included in the installation must be designed by or under the direction of a registered professional engineer experienced in such design;
(b) Exterior installations must be capable of withstanding prevailing climatic conditions;
(c) The building installation must provide safe access to, and egress from, the equipment and sufficient space to conduct necessary maintenance of the equipment;
(d) The affected parts of the building must have the capability of sustaining all the loads imposed by the equipment; and
(e) The affected parts of the building must be designed so as to allow the equipment to be used without exposing employees to a hazardous condition.
(2) Tie-in guides.
(a) The exterior of each building must be provided with tie-in guides unless the conditions in (b) or (c) of this subsection are met.
| Note: | See Figure 1 in Appendix B of this section for a description of a typical continuous stabilization system utilizing tie-in guides. |
(c) Tie-in guides required in (a) of this subsection may be eliminated if one of the guide systems in items (i), (ii), or (iii) of this subdivision is provided, or an equivalent.
(i) Intermittent stabilization system. The system must keep the equipment in continuous contact with the building facade, and must prevent sudden horizontal movement of the platform. The system may be used together with continuous positive building guide systems using tie-in guides on the same building, provided the requirements for each system are met.
(A) The maximum vertical interval between building anchors must be 3 floors or 50 feet (15.3 m), whichever is less.
(B) Building anchors must be located vertically so that attachment of the stabilizer ties will not cause the platform suspension ropes to angulate the platform horizontally across the face of the building. The anchors must be positioned horizontally on the building face so as to be symmetrical about the platform suspension ropes.
(C) Building anchors must be easily visible to employees and must allow a stabilizer tie attachment for each of the platform suspension ropes at each vertical interval. If more than two suspension ropes are used on a platform, only the two building-side suspension ropes at the platform ends must require a stabilizer attachment.
(D) Building anchors which extend beyond the face of the building must be free of sharp edges or points. Where cables, suspension wire ropes and lifelines may be in contact with the building face, external building anchors must not interfere with their handling or operation.
(E) The intermittent stabilization system building anchors and components must be capable of sustaining without failure at least 4 times the maximum anticipated load applied or transmitted to the components and anchors. The minimum design wind load for each anchor must be 300 (1334 n) pounds, if 2 anchors share the wind load.
(F) The building anchors and stabilizer ties must be capable of sustaining anticipated horizontal and vertical loads from winds specified for roof storage design which may act on the platform and wire ropes if the platform is stranded on a building face. If the building anchors have different spacing than the suspension wire rope or if the building requires different suspension spacings on one platform, one building anchor and stabilizer tie must be capable of sustaining the wind loads.
| Note: | See Figure 2 in Appendix B of this section for a description of a typical intermittent stabilization system. |
(A) Guide buttons must be coordinated with platform mounted equipment of WAC 296-24-88020 (5)(f).
(B) Guide buttons must be located horizontally on the building face so as to allow engagement of each of the guide tracks mounted on the platform.
(C) Guide buttons must be located in vertical rows on the building face for proper engagement of the guide tracks mounted on the platform.
(D) Two guide buttons must engage each guide track at all times except for the initial engagement.
(E) Guide buttons which extend beyond the face of the building must be free of sharp edges or points. Where cables, ropes and lifelines may be in contact with the building face, guide buttons must not interfere with their handling or operation.
(F) Guide buttons, connections and seals must be capable of sustaining without damage at least the weight of the platform, or provision must be made in the guide tracks or guide track connectors to prevent the platform and its attachments from transmitting the weight of the platform to the guide buttons, connections and seals. In either case, the minimum design load must be 300 pounds (1334 n) per building anchor.
| Note: | See WAC 296-24-88020 (5)(f) for relevant equipment provisions. |
| Note: | See Figure 3 in Appendix B of this section for a description of a typical button guide stabilization system. |
(d) Tie-in guides for building interiors (atriums) may be eliminated when a registered professional engineer determines that an alternative stabilization system, including systems in (c)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this subsection, or a platform tie-off at each work station will provide equivalent safety.
(3) Roof guarding.
(a) Employees working on roofs while performing building maintenance must be protected by a perimeter guarding system which meets the requirements of WAC 296-24-75007(1).
(b) The perimeter guard must not be more than 6 inches (152 mm) inboard of the inside face of a barrier, i.e. the parapet wall, or roof edge curb of the building being serviced; however, the perimeter guard location must not exceed an 18 inch (457 mm) setback from the exterior building face.
(4) Equipment stops. Operational areas for trackless type equipment must be provided with structural stops, such as curbs, to prevent equipment from traveling outside its intended travel areas and to prevent a crushing or shearing hazard.
(5) Maintenance access. Means must be provided to traverse all carriages and their suspended equipment to a safe area for maintenance and storage.
(6) Elevated track.
(a) An elevated track system which is located 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a safe surface, and traversed by carriage supported equipment, must be provided with a walkway and guardrail system; or
(b) The working platform must be capable of being lowered, as part of its normal operation, to the lower safe surface for access and egress of the personnel and must be provided with a safe means of access and egress to the lower safe surface.
(7) Tie-down anchors. Imbedded tie-down anchors, fasteners, and affected structures must be resistant to corrosion.
(8) Cable stabilization.
(a) Hanging lifelines and all cables not in tension must be stabilized at each 200 foot (61 m) interval of vertical travel of the working platform beyond an initial 200 foot (61 m) distance.
(b) Hanging cables, other than suspended wire ropes, which are in constant tension must be stabilized when the vertical travel exceeds an initial 600 foot (183 m) distance, and at further intervals of 600 feet (183 m) or less.
(9) Emergency planning. A written emergency action plan must be developed and implemented for each kind of working platform operation. This plan must explain the emergency procedures which are to be followed in the event of a power failure, equipment failure or other emergencies which may be encountered. The plan must also include that employees be informed about the building emergency escape routes, procedures and alarm systems before operating a platform. Upon initial assignment and whenever the plan is changed the employer must review with each employee those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect himself or herself in the event of an emergency.
(10) Building maintenance. Repairs or major maintenance of those building portions that provide primary support for the suspended equipment must not affect the capability of the building to meet the requirements of this standard.
(11) Electrical requirements. The following electrical requirements apply to buildings which utilize working platforms for building maintenance.
(a) General building electrical installations must comply with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L, unless otherwise specified in this section;
(b) Building electrical wiring must be of such capacity that when full load is applied to the equipment power circuit not more than a five percent drop from building service vault voltage must occur at any power circuit outlet used by equipment regulated by this section;
(c) The equipment power circuit must be an independent electrical circuit that must remain separate from all other equipment within or on the building, other than power circuits used for hand tools that will be used in conjunction with the equipment. If the building is provided with an emergency power system, the equipment power circuit may also be connected to this system;
(d) The power circuit must be provided with a disconnect switch that can be locked in the "off" and "on" positions. The switch must be conveniently located with respect to the primary operating area of the equipment to allow the operators of the equipment access to the switch;
(e) The disconnect switch for the power circuit must be locked in the "on" position when the equipment is in use; and
(f) An effective two-way voice communication system must be provided between the equipment operators and persons stationed within the building being serviced. The communications facility must be operable and must be manned at all times by persons stationed within the building whenever the platform is being used.
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(1) General requirements. The following requirements apply to equipment which are part of a powered platform installation, such as platforms, stabilizing components, carriages, outriggers, davits, hoisting machines, wire ropes and electrical components.
(a) Equipment installations must be designed by or under the direction of a registered professional engineer experienced in such design;
(b) The design must provide for a minimum live load of 250 pounds (113.6 kg) for each occupant of a suspended or supported platform;
(c) Equipment that is exposed to wind when not in service must be designed to withstand forces generated by winds of at least 100 miles per hour (44.7 m/s) at 30 feet (9.2 m) above grade; and
(d) Equipment that is exposed to wind when in service must be designed to withstand forces generated by winds of at least 50 miles per hour (22.4 m/s) for all elevations.
(2) Construction requirements. Bolted connections must be self-locking or must otherwise be secured to prevent loss of the connections by vibration.
(3) Suspension methods. Elevated building maintenance equipment must be suspended by a carriage, outriggers, davits or an equivalent method.
(a) Carriages. Carriages used for suspension of elevated building maintenance equipment must comply with the following:
(i) The horizontal movement of a carriage must be controlled so as to ensure its safe movement and allow accurate positioning of the platform for vertical travel or storage;
(ii) Powered carriages must not exceed a traversing speed of 50 feet per minute (0.3 m/s);
(iii) The initiation of a traversing movement for a manually propelled carriage on a smooth level surface must not require a person to exert a horizontal force greater than 40 pounds (444.8 n);
(iv) Structural stops and curbs must be provided to prevent the traversing of the carriage beyond its designed limits of travel;
(v) Traversing controls for a powered carriage must be of a continuous pressure weatherproof type. Multiple controls when provided must be arranged to permit operation from only one control station at a time. An emergency stop device must be provided on each end of a powered carriage for interrupting power to the carriage drive motors;
(vi) The operating control(s) must be so connected that in the case of suspended equipment, traversing of a carriage is not possible until the suspended portion of the equipment is located at its uppermost designed position for traversing; and is free of contact with the face of the building or building guides. In addition, all protective devices and interlocks are to be in the proper position to allow traversing of the carriage;
(vii) Stability for underfoot supported carriages must be obtained by gravity, by an attachment to a structural support, or by a combination of gravity and a structural support. The use of flowing counterweights to achieve stability is prohibited.
(A) The stability factor against overturning must not be less than 2 for horizontal traversing of the carriage, including the effects of impact and wind.
(B) The carriages and their anchorages must be capable of resisting accidental over-tensioning of the wire ropes suspending the working platform, and this calculated value must include the effect of one and one-half times the stall capacity of the hoist motor. All parts of the installation must be capable of withstanding without damage to any part of the installation the forces resulting from the stall load of the hoist and one-half the wind load.
(C) Roof carriages which rely on having tie-down devices secured to the building to develop the required stability against overturning must be provided with an interlock which will prevent vertical platform movement unless the tie-down is engaged;
(viii) An automatically applied braking or locking system, or equivalent, must be provided that will prevent unintentional traversing of power-traversed or power assisted carriages;
(ix) A manual or automatic braking or locking system or equivalent, must be provided that will prevent unintentional traversing of manually propelled carriages;
(x) A means to lock out the power supply for the carriage must be provided;
(xi) Safe access to and egress from the carriage must be provided from a safe surface. If the carriage traverses an elevated area, any operating area on the carriage must be protected by a guardrail system in compliance with the provisions of subsection (5)(a)(vi) of this section. Any access gate must be self-closing and self-latching, or provided with an interlock;
(xii) Each carriage work station position must be identified by location markings and/or position indicators; and
(xiii) The motors must stall if the load on the hoist motors is at any time in excess of three times that necessary for lifting the working platform with its rated load.
(b) Transportable outriggers.
(i) Transportable outriggers may be used as a method of suspension for ground rigged working platforms where the point of suspension does not exceed 300 feet (91.5 m) above a safe surface. Tie-in guide system(s) must be provided which meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-88015(2).
(ii) Transportable outriggers must be used only with self-powered, ground rigged working platforms.
(iii) Each transportable outrigger must be secured with a tie-down to a verified anchorage on the building during the entire period of its use. The anchorage must be designed to have a stability factor of not less than 4 against overturning or upsetting of the outrigger.
(iv) Access to and egress from the working platform must be from and to a safe surface below the point of suspension.
(v) Each transportable outrigger must be designed for lateral stability to prevent roll-over in the event an accidental lateral load is applied to the outrigger. The accidental lateral load to be considered in this design must be not less than 70 percent of the rated load of the hoist.
(vi) Each transportable outrigger must be designed to support an ultimate load of not less than 4 times the rated load of the hoist.
(vii) Each transportable outrigger must be so located that the suspension wire ropes for two point suspended working platforms are hung parallel.
(viii) A transportable outrigger must be tied-back to a verified anchorage on the building with a rope equivalent in strength to the suspension rope.
(ix) The tie-back rope must be installed parallel to the centerline of the outrigger.
(c) Davits.
(i) Every davit installation, fixed or transportable, rotatable or nonrotatable must be designed and installed to insure that it has a stability factor against overturning of not less than 4.
(ii) The following requirements apply to roof rigged davit systems:
(A) Access to and egress from the working platform must be from a safe surface. Access or egress must not require persons to climb over a building's parapet or guard railing; and
(B) The working platform must be provided with wheels, casters or a carriage for traversing horizontally.
(iii) The following requirements apply to ground rigged davit systems:
(A) The point of suspension must not exceed 300 feet (91.5 m) above a safe surface. Guide system(s) must be provided which meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-88015(2);
(B) Access and egress to and from the working platform must only be from a safe surface below the point of suspension.
(iv) A rotating davit must not require a horizontal force in excess of 40 pounds (177.9 n) per person to initiate a rotating movement.
(v) The following requirements shall apply to transportable davits:
(A) A davit or part of a davit weighing more than 80 pounds (36 kg) must be provided with a means for its transport, which must keep the center of gravity of the davit at or below 36 inches (914 mm) above the safe surface during transport;
(B) A davit must be provided with a pivoting socket or with a base that will allow the insertion or removal of a davit at a position of not more than 35 degrees above the horizontal, with the complete davit inboard of the building face being serviced; and
(C) Means must be provided to lock the davit to its socket or base before it is used to suspend the platform.
(4) Hoisting machines.
(a) Raising and lowering of suspended or supported equipment must be performed only by a hoisting machine.
(b) Each hoisting machine must be capable of arresting any overspeed descent of the load.
(c) Each hoisting machine must be powered only by air, electric or hydraulic sources.
(d) Flammable liquids must not be carried on the working platform.
(e) Each hoisting machine must be capable of raising or lowering 125 percent of the rated load of the hoist.
(f) Moving parts of a hoisting machine must be enclosed or guarded in compliance with Part C of chapter 296-24 WAC.
(g) Winding drums, traction drums and sheaves and directional sheaves used in conjunction with hoisting machines must be compatible with, and sized for, the wire rope used.
(h) Each winding drum must be provided with a positive means of attaching the wire rope to the drum. The attachment must be capable of developing at least 4 times the rated load of the hoist.
(i) Each hoisting machine must be provided with a primary brake and at least one independent secondary brake, each capable of stopping and holding not less than 125 percent of the lifting capacity of the hoist.
(i) The primary brake must be directly connected to the drive train of the hoisting machine, and must not be connected through belts, chains, clutches, or set screw type devices. The brake must automatically set when power to the prime mover is interrupted.
(ii) The secondary brake must be an automatic emergency type of brake that, if actuated during each stopping cycle, must not engage before the hoist is stopped by the primary brake.
(iii) When a secondary brake is actuated, it must stop and hold the platform within a vertical distance of 24 inches (609.6 mm).
(j) Any component of a hoisting machine which requires lubrication for its protection and proper functioning must be provided with a means for that lubrication to be applied.
(5) Suspended equipment.
(a) General requirements.
(i) Each suspended unit component, except suspension ropes and guardrail systems, must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 4 times the maximum intended live load applied or transmitted to that component.
(ii) Each suspended unit component must be constructed of materials that will withstand anticipated weather conditions.
(iii) Each suspended unit must be provided with a load rating plate, conspicuously located, stating the unit weight and rated load of the suspended unit.
(iv) When the suspension points on a suspended unit are not at the unit ends, the unit must be capable of remaining continuously stable under all conditions of use and position of the live load, and must maintain at least a 1.5 to 1 stability factor against unit upset.
(v) Guide rollers, guide shoes or building face rollers must be provided, and must compensate for variations in building dimensions and for minor horizontal out-of-level variations of each suspended unit.
(vi) Each working platform of a suspended unit must be secured to the building facade by one or more of the following methods, or by an equivalent method:
(A) Continuous engagement to building anchors as provided in WAC 296-24-88015 (2)(a);
(B) Intermittent engagement to building anchors as provided in WAC 296-24-88015 (2)(c)(i);
(C) Button guide engagement as provided in WAC 296-24-88015 (2)(c)(ii);
(D) Angulated roping and building face rollers as provided in WAC 296-24-88015 (2)(c)(iii).
(vii) Each working platform of a suspended unit must be provided with a guardrail system on all sides which must meet the following requirements:
(A) The system must consist of a top guardrail, midrail, and a toeboard;
(B) The top guardrail must not be less than 38 inches (950 mm) high and must be able to withstand at least a 200-pound (890 n) force in any downward or outward direction;
(C) The midrail must be able to withstand at least a 75-pound (333 n) force in any downward or outward direction; and
(D) The areas between the guardrail and toeboard on the ends and outboard side, and the area between the midrail and toeboard on the inboard side, must be closed with a material that is capable of withstanding a load of 100 pounds (45.4 KG.) applied horizontally over any area of one square foot (.09 m2). The material must have all openings small enough to reject passage of life lines and potential falling objects which may be hazardous to persons below.
(E) Toeboards must be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds (222 n) applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the toeboard.
(F) Toeboards must be 4 inches (9 cm) minimum in length from their top edge to the level of the platform floor.
(G) Toeboards must be securely fastened in place at the outermost edge of the platform and have no more than one-half inch (1.3 cm) clearance above the platform floor.
(H) Toeboards must be solid or with an opening not over one inch (2.5 cm) in the greatest dimension.
(b) Two and four-point suspended working platforms.
(i) The working platform must be not less than 24 inches (610 mm) wide and must be provided with a minimum of a 12 inch (305 mm) wide passage at or past any obstruction on the platform.
(ii) The flooring must be of a slip-resistant type and must contain no opening that would allow the passage of life lines, cables and other potential falling objects. If a larger opening is provided, it must be protected by placing a material under the opening which must prevent the passage of life lines, cables and potential falling objects.
(iii) The working platform must be provided with a means of suspension that will restrict the platform's inboard to outboard roll about its longitudinal axis to a maximum of 15 degrees from a horizontal plane when moving the live load from the inboard to the outboard side of the platform.
(iv) Any cable suspended from above the platform must be provided with a means for storage to prevent accumulation of the cable on the floor of the platform.
(v) All operating controls for the vertical travel of the platform must be of the continuous-pressure type, and must be located on the platform.
(vi) Each operating station of every working platform must be provided with a means of interrupting the power supply to all hoist motors to stop any further powered ascent or descent of the platform.
(vii) The maximum rated speed of the platform must not exceed 50 feet per minute (0.3 ms) with single speed hoists, nor 75 feet per minute (0.4 ms) with multispeed hoists.
(viii) Provisions must be made for securing all tools, water tanks, and other accessories to prevent their movement or accumulation on the floor of the platform.
(ix) Portable fire extinguishers conforming to the provisions of WAC 296-24-585 and 296-24-592 must be provided and securely attached on all working platforms.
(x) Access to and egress from a working platform, except for those that land directly on a safe surface, must be provided by stairs, ladders, platforms and runways conforming to the provisions of Parts J-1 and J-2 of chapter 296-24 WAC. Access gates must be self-closing and self-latching.
(xi) Means of access to or egress from a working platform which is 48 inches (1.2 m) or more above a safe surface must be provided with a guardrail system or ladder handrails that conform to the provisions of Parts J-1 and J-2 of chapter 296-24 WAC.
(xii) The platform must be provided with a secondary wire rope suspension system if the platform contains overhead structures which restrict the emergency egress of employees. A horizontal lifeline or a direct connection anchorage must be provided, as part of a fall arrest system which meets the requirements of Appendix C, for each employee on such a platform.
(xiii) A vertical lifeline must be provided as part of a fall arrest system which meets the requirements of Appendix C, for each employee on a working platform suspended by 2 or more wire ropes, if the failure of one wire rope or suspension attachment will cause the platform to upset. If a secondary wire rope suspension is used, vertical lifelines are not required for the fall arrest system, provided that each employee is attached to a horizontal lifeline anchored to the platform.
(xiv) An emergency electric operating device must be provided on roof powered platforms near the hoisting machine for use in the event of failure of the normal operating device located on the working platform, or failure of the cable connected to the platform. The emergency electric operating device must be mounted in a secured compartment, and the compartment must be labeled with instructions for use. A means for opening the compartment must be mounted in a break-glass receptacle located near the emergency electric operating device or in an equipment secure and accessible location.
(c) Single point suspended working platforms.
(i) The requirements of (b)(i) through (xi) of this subsection must also apply to a single point working platform.
(ii) Each single point suspended working platform must be provided with a secondary wire rope suspension system, which will prevent the working platform from falling should there be a failure of the primary means of support, or if the platform contains overhead structures which restrict the egress of the employees. A horizontal life line or a direct connection anchorage must be provided, as part of a fall arrest system which meets the requirements of Appendix C, for each employee on the platform.
(d) Ground-rigged working platforms.
(i) Ground-rigged working platforms must comply with all the requirements of (b)(i) through (xiii) of this subsection.
(ii) After each day's use, the power supply within the building must be disconnected from a ground-rigged working platform, and the platform must be either disengaged from its suspension points or secured and stored at grade.
(e) Intermittently stabilized platforms.
(i) The platform must comply with (b)(i) through (xiii) of this subsection.
(ii) Each stabilizer tie must be equipped with a "quick connect-quick disconnect" device which cannot be accidently disengaged, for attachment to the building anchor, and must be resistant to adverse environmental conditions.
(iii) The platform must be provided with a stopping device that will interrupt the hoist power supply in the event the platform contacts a stabilizer tie during its ascent.
(iv) Building face rollers must not be placed at the anchor setting if exterior anchors are used on the building face.
(v) Stabilizer ties used on intermittently stabilized platforms must allow for the specific attachment length needed to effect the predetermined angulation of the suspended wire rope. The specific attachment length must be maintained at all building anchor locations.
(vi) The platform must be in continuous contact with the face of the building during ascent and descent.
(vii) The attachment and removal of stabilizer ties must not require the horizontal movement of the platform.
(viii) The platform-mounted equipment and its suspension wire ropes must not be physically damaged by the loads from the stabilizer tie or its building anchor. The platform, platform-mounted equipment and wire ropes must be able to withstand a load that is at least twice the ultimate strength of the stabilizer tie.
| Note: | See Figure 2 in Appendix B of this section for a description of a typical intermittent stabilization system. |
(i) The platform must comply with (b)(i) through (xiii) of this subsection.
(ii) Each guide track on the platform must engage a minimum of two guide buttons during any vertical travel of the platform following the initial button engagement.
(iii) Each guide track on a platform that is part of a roof rigged system must be provided with a storage position on the platform.
(iv) Each guide track on the platform must be sufficiently maneuverable by platform occupants to permit easy engagement of the guide buttons, and easy movement into and out of its storage position on the platform.
(v) Two guide tracks must be mounted on the platform and must provide continuous contact with the building face.
(vi) The load carrying components of the button guide stabilization system which transmit the load into the platform must be capable of supporting the weight of the platform, or provision must be made in the guide track connectors or platform attachments to prevent the weight of the platform from being transmitted to the platform attachments.
| Note: | See Figure 3 in Appendix B of this section for a description of a typical button guide stabilization system. |
(a) Supported equipment must maintain a vertical position in respect to the face of the building by means other than friction.
(b) Cog wheels or equivalent means must be incorporated to provide climbing traction between the supported equipment and the building guides. Additional guide wheels or shoes must be incorporated as may be necessary to ensure that the drive wheels are continuously held in positive engagement with the building guides.
(c) Launch guide mullions indexed to the building guides and retained in alignment with the building guides must be used to align drive wheels entering the building guides.
(d) Manned platforms used on supported equipment must comply with the requirements of (b)(i), (ii), and (iv) through (xi) of this subsection, covering suspended equipment.
(7) Suspension wire ropes and rope connections.
(a) Each specific installation must use suspension wire ropes or combination cable and connections meeting the specification recommended by the manufacturer of the hoisting machine used. Connections must be capable of developing at least 80 percent of the rated breaking strength of the wire rope.
(b) Each suspension rope must have a "Design Factor" of at least 10. The "Design Factor" is the ratio of the rated strength of the suspension wire rope to the rated working load, and must be calculated using the following formula:
F= |
S(N) W |
| Where: | |
| F= | Design factor |
| S= | Manufacturer's rated strength of one suspension rope |
| N= | Number of suspension ropes under load |
| W= | Rated working load on all ropes at any point of travel |
(c) Suspension wire rope grade must be at least improved plow steel or equivalent.
(d) Suspension wire ropes must be sized to conform with the required design factor, but must not be less than 5/16 inch (7.94 mm) in diameter.
(e) No more than one reverse bend in 6 wire rope lays must be permitted.
(f) A corrosion-resistant tag must be securely attached to one of the wire rope fastenings when a suspension wire rope is to be used at a specific location and will remain in that location. This tag must bear the following wire rope data:
(i) The diameter (inches and/or mm);
(ii) Construction classification;
(iii) Whether nonpreformed or preformed;
(iv) The grade of material;
(v) The manufacturer's rated strength;
(vi) The manufacturer's name;
(vii) The month and year the ropes were installed; and
(viii) The name of the person or company which installed the ropes.
(g) A new tag must be installed at each rope renewal.
(h) The original tag must be stamped with the date of the resocketing, or the original tag must be retained and a supplemental tag must be provided when ropes are resocketed. The supplemental tag must show the date of resocketing and the name of the person or company that resocketed the rope.
(i) Winding drum type hoists must contain at least 3 wraps of the suspension wire rope on the drum when the suspended unit has reached the lowest possible point of its vertical travel.
(j) Traction drum and sheave type hoists must be provided with a wire rope of sufficient length to reach the lowest possible point of vertical travel of the suspended unit, and an additional length of the wire rope of at least 4 feet (1.2 m).
(k) The lengthening or repairing of suspension wire ropes is prohibited.
(l) Babbitted fastenings for suspension wire rope are prohibited.
(8) Control circuits, power circuits and their components.
(a) Electrical wiring and equipment must comply with Part L of chapter 296-24 WAC, except as otherwise required by this section.
(b) Electrical runway conductor systems must be of a type designed for use in exterior locations, and must be located so that they do not come into contact with accumulated snow or water.
(c) Cables must be protected against damage resulting from overtensioning or from other causes.
(d) Devices must be included in the control system for the equipment which will provide protection against electrical overloads, three phase reversal and phase failure. The control system must have a separate method, independent of the direction control circuit, for breaking the power circuit in case of an emergency or malfunction.
(e) Suspended or supported equipment must have a control system which will require the operator of the equipment to follow predetermined procedures.
(f) The following requirements must apply to electrical protection devices:
(i) On installations where the carriage does not have a stability factor of at least 4 against overturning, electrical contract(s) must be provided and so connected that the operating devices for the suspended or supported equipment must be operative only when the carriage is located and mechanically retained at an established operating point.
(ii) Overload protection must be provided in the hoisting or suspension system to protect against the equipment operating in the "up" direction with a load in excess of 125 percent of the rated load of the platform; and
(iii) An automatic detector must be provided for each suspension point that will interrupt power to all hoisting motors for travel in the "down" direction, and apply the primary brakes if any suspension wire rope becomes slack. A continuous-pressure rigging-bypass switch designed for use during rigging is permitted. This switch must only be used during rigging.
(g) Upper and lower directional switches designed to prevent the travel of suspended units beyond safe upward and downward levels must be provided.
(h) Emergency stop switches must be provided on remote controlled, roof-powered manned platforms adjacent to each control station on the platform.
(i) Cables which are in constant tension must have overload devices which will prevent the tension in the cable from interfering with the load limiting device required in (f)(ii) of this subsection, or with the platform roll limiting device required in subsection (5)(b)(iii) of this section. The setting of these devices must be coordinated with other overload settings at the time of design of the system, and must be clearly indicated on or near the device. The device must interrupt the equipment travel in the "down" direction.
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(1) General maintenance. All parts of the equipment affecting safe operation must be maintained in proper working order so that they may perform the functions for which they were intended. The equipment must be taken out of service when it is not in proper working order.
(2) Cleaning.
(a) Control or power contactors and relays must be kept clean.
(b) All other parts must be kept clean if their proper functioning would be affected by the presence of dirt or other contaminants.
(3) Periodic resocketing of wire rope fastenings.
(a) Hoisting ropes utilizing poured socket fastenings must be resocketed at the nondrum ends at intervals not exceeding 24 months. In resocketing the ropes, a sufficient length must be cut from the end of the rope to remove damaged or fatigued portions.
(b) Resocketed ropes must conform to the requirements of WAC 296-24-88020(7).
(c) Limit switches affected by the resocketed ropes must be reset, if necessary.
(4) Periodic reshackling of suspension wire ropes. The hoisting ropes must be reshackled at the nondrum ends at intervals not exceeding 24 months. When reshackling the ropes, a sufficient length must be cut from the end of the rope to remove damaged or fatigued portions.
(5) Roof systems. Roof track systems, tie-downs, or similar equipment must be maintained in proper working order so that they perform the function for which they were intended.
(6) Building face guiding members. T-rails, indented mullions, or equivalent guides located in the face of a building must be maintained in proper working order so that they perform the functions for which they were intended. Brackets for cable stabilizers must similarly be maintained in proper working order.
(7) Inoperative safety devices. No person must render a required safety device or electrical protective device inoperative, except as necessary for tests, inspections, and maintenance. Immediately upon completion of such tests, inspections, and maintenance, the device must be restored to its normal operating condition.
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(1) Training.
(a) Working platforms must be operated only by persons who are proficient in the operation, safe use and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated.
(b) All employees who operate working platforms must be trained in the following:
(i) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their individual work tasks.
(ii) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular working platform to be operated.
(iii) Emergency action plan procedures required in WAC 296-24-88015(9).
(iv) Work procedures required in (d) of this subsection.
(v) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance.
(c) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms must be done by a competent person.
(d) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working platforms must be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction, may be used, in lieu of written work procedures, if employee communication is improved using this method. The operating manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system components can serve as the basis for these procedures.
(e) The employer must certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspecting a working platform by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training and the date that training was completed. The certification record must be prepared at the completion of the training required in (b) of this subsection, and must be maintained in a file for the duration of the employee's employment. The certification record must be kept readily available for review by the director or an authorized representative.
(2) Use.
(a) Working platforms must not be loaded in excess of the rated load, as stated on the platform load rating plate.
(b) Employees must be prohibited from working on snow, ice, or other slippery material covering platforms, except for the removal of such materials.
(c) Adequate precautions must be taken to protect the platform, wire ropes and life lines from damage due to acids or other corrosive substances, in accordance with the recommendations of the corrosive substance producer, supplier, platform manufacturer or other equivalent information sources. Platform members which have been exposed to acids or other corrosive substances must be washed down with a neutralizing solution, at a frequency recommended by the corrosive substance producer or supplier.
(d) Platform members, wire ropes and life lines must be protected when using a heat producing process. Wire ropes and life lines which have been contacted by the heat producing process must be considered to be permanently damaged and must not be used.
(e) The platform must not be operated in winds in excess of 25 miles per hour (40.2 km/hr) except to move it from an operating to a storage position. Wind speed must be determined based on the best available information, which includes on-site anemometer readings and local weather forecasts which predict wind velocities for the area.
(f) On exterior installations, an anemometer must be mounted on the platform to provide information of on-site wind velocities prior to and during the use of the platform. The anemometer may be a portable (hand held) unit which is temporarily mounted during platform use.
(g) Tools, materials and debris not related to the work in progress must not be allowed to accumulate on platforms. Stabilizer ties must be located so as to allow unencumbered passage along the full length of the platform and must be of such length so as not to become entangled in rollers, hoists or other machinery.
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Employees on working platforms must be protected by a personal fall arrest system meeting the requirements of Appendix C, Part I, WAC 296-24-88050 of this standard, and as otherwise provided by this standard.
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(1) Use of the Appendix. Appendix A provides examples of equipment and methods to assist the employer in meeting the requirements of the indicated provision of the standard. Employers may use other equipment or procedures which conform to the requirements of the standard. This Appendix neither adds to nor detracts from the mandatory requirements set forth in WAC 296-24-880 through 296-24-88055.
(2) Assurance. WAC 296-24-880(3) requires the building owner to inform the employer in writing that the powered platform installation complies with certain requirements of the standard, since the employer may not have the necessary information to make these determinations. The employer, however, remains responsible for meeting these requirements which have not been set off in WAC 296-24-880 (3)(a).
(3) Design requirements. The design requirements for each installation should be based on the limitations (stresses, deflections, etc.), established by nationally recognized standards as promulgated by the following organizations, or to equivalent standards:
| AA -- The Aluminum Association, 900 19th Street Northwest, Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20006 | ||
| Aluminum Construction Manual Specifications for Aluminum Structures Aluminum Standards and Data |
||
| AGMA -- American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, VA 22314 | ||
| AISC -- American Institute of Steel Construction, 1 East Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001 | ||
| ANSI -- American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 | ||
| ASCE -- American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 | ||
| ASME -- American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 | ||
| ASTM -- American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187 | ||
| AWS -- American Welding Society, Inc., Box 351040, 550 N.W. LeJeunne Road, Miami, FL 33126 | ||
| NEMA -- National Electric Manufacturers Association, 2101 L Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 | ||
Employers should be aware of the hazards associated with tie-in guides in a continuous stabilization system which was not designed properly. For example, joints in these track systems may become extended or discontinuous due to installation or building settlement. If this alignment problem is not corrected, the system could jam when a guide roller or guide shoe strikes a joint and this would cause a hazardous situation for employees. In another instance, faulty design will result in guide rollers being mounted in a line so they will jam in the track at the slightest misalignment.
(5) Building anchors (intermittent stabilization system). In the selection of the vertical distance between building anchors, certain factors should be given consideration. These factors include building height and architectural design, platform length and weight, wire rope angulation, and the wind velocities in the building area. Another factor to consider is the material of the building face, since this material may be adversely affected by the building rollers.
External or indented type building anchors are acceptable. Receptacles in the building facade used for the indented type should be kept clear of extraneous materials which will hinder their use. During the inspection of the platform installation, evidence of a failure or abuse of the anchors should be brought to the attention of the employer.
(6) Stabilizer tie length. A stabilizer tie should be long enough to provide for the planned angulation of the suspension cables. However, the length of the tie should not be excessive and become a problem by possibly becoming entangled in the building face rollers or parts of the platform machinery.
The attachment length may vary due to material elongation and this should be considered when selecting the material to be used. Consideration should also be given to the use of ties which are easily installed by employees, since this will encourage their use.
(7) Intermittent stabilization system. Intermittent stabilization systems may use different equipment, tie-in devices and methods to restrict the horizontal movement of a powered platform with respect to the face of the building. One acceptable method employs corrosion-resistant building anchors secured in the face of the building in vertical rows every third floor or 50 feet (15.3 m), whichever is less. The anchors are spaced horizontally to allow a stabilization attachment (stabilizer tie) for each of the two platform suspension wire ropes. The stabilizer tie consists of two parts. One part is a quick connect-quick disconnect device which utilizes a corrosion-resistant yoke and retainer spring that is designed to fit over the building anchors. The second part of the stabilizer tie is a lanyard which is used to maintain a fixed distance between the suspension wire rope and the face of the building.
In this method, as the suspended powered platform descends past the elevation of each anchor, the descent is halted and each of the platform occupants secures a stabilizer tie between a suspension wire rope and a building anchor. The procedure is repeated as each elevation of a building anchor is reached during the descent of the powered platform.
As the platform ascends, the procedure is reversed; that is, the stabilizer ties are removed as each elevation of a building anchor is reached. The removal of each stabilizer tie is assured since the platform is provided with stopping devices which will interrupt power to its hoist(s) in the event either stopping device contacts a stabilizer during the ascent of the platform.
Figure 2 of Appendix B illustrates another type of acceptable intermittent stabilization system which utilizes retaining pins as the quick connect-quick disconnect device in the stabilizer tie.
(8) Wire rope inspection. The inspection of the suspension wire rope is important since the rope gradually loses strength during its useful life. The purpose of the inspection is to determine whether the wire rope has sufficient integrity to support a platform with the required design factor.
If there is any doubt concerning the condition of a wire rope or its ability to perform the required work, the rope should be replaced. The cost of wire rope replacement is quite small if compared to the cost in terms of human injuries, equipment down time and replacement.
No listing of critical inspection factors, which serve as a basis for wire rope replacement in the standard, can be a substitute for an experienced inspector of wire rope. The listing serves as a user's guide to the accepted standards by which ropes must be judged.
Rope life can be prolonged if preventive maintenance is performed regularly. Cutting off an appropriate length of rope at the end termination before the core degrades and valley brakes appear minimizes degradation at these sections.
(9) General maintenance. In meeting the general maintenance requirement in WAC 296-24-88025(1), the employer should undertake the prompt replacement of broken, worn and damaged parts, switch contacts, brushes, and short flexible conductors of electrical devices. The components of the electrical service system and traveling cables should be replaced when damaged or significantly abraded. In addition, gears, shafts, bearings, brakes and hoisting drums should be kept in proper alignment.
(10) Training. In meeting the training requirement of WAC 296-24-88030(1), employers should use both on the job training and formal classroom training. The written work procedures used for this training should be obtained from the manufacturer, if possible, or prepared as necessary for the employee's information and use.
Employees who will operate powered platforms with intermittent stabilization systems should receive instruction in the specific ascent and descent procedures involving the assembly and disassembly of the stabilizer ties.
An acceptable training program should also include employee instruction in basic inspection procedures for the purpose of determining the need for repair and replacement of platform equipment. In addition, the program should cover the inspection, care and use of the personal fall protection equipment required in Appendix C, Part I, subsections (5) and (6).
In addition, the training program should also include emergency action plan elements. OSHA brochure #3088 (Rev.) 1985, "How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies," details the basic steps needed to prepare to handle emergencies in the workplace.
Following the completion of a training program, the employee should be required to demonstrate competency in operating the equipment safely. Supplemental training of the employee should be provided by the employer, as necessary, if the equipment used or other working conditions should change.
An employee who is required to work with chemical products on a platform should receive training in proper cleaning procedures, and in the hazards, care and handling of these products. In addition, the employee should be supplied with the appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and eye and face protection.
(11) Suspension and securing of powered platforms (equivalency). One acceptable method of demonstrating the equivalency of a method of suspending or securing a powered platform, as required in WAC 296-24-88015 (2)(c), 296-24-88020 (3) and (5)(a)(vi), is to provide an engineering analysis by a registered professional engineer. The analysis should demonstrate that the proposed method will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than any one of the methods specified in the standard.
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| The three drawings in Appendix B illustrate typical platform stabilization systems which are addressed in the standard. The drawings are to be used for reference purposes only, and do not illustrate all the mandatory requirements for each system. |
| Place illustration here. |
| Place illustration here. |
| Place illustration here. |
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(1) Use of the Appendix.
Part I of Appendix C sets out the mandatory criteria for
personal fall arrest systems used by all employees using powered
platforms. Part II sets out nonmandatory test procedures which
may be used to determine compliance with applicable requirements
contained in Part I of this Appendix. Part III provides
nonmandatory guidelines which are intended to assist employers in
complying with these provisions.
(2) Definitions.
Anchorage means a secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards, or deceleration devices which is capable of withstanding the forces specified in the applicable sections of chapter 296-24 WAC, and independent of the means of supporting or suspending the employee.
Buckle means any device for holding the body harness closed around the employee's body.
Competent person means an individual knowledgeable of fall protection equipment, including the manufacturers recommendations and instructions for the proper use, inspection, and maintenance; and who is capable of identifying existing and potential fall hazards; and who has the authority to take prompt corrective action to eliminate those hazards; and who is knowledgeable of the rules contained in this section regarding the erection, use, inspection, and maintenance of fall protection equipment and systems.
Connector means a device which is used to couple (connect) parts of the personal fall arrest system and positioning device systems together. It may be an independent component of the system, such as a carabiner, or it may be an integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or dee-ring sewn into a body belt or body harness, or a snap-hook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard).
Deceleration device means any mechanism, such as a rope grab, ripstitch lanyard, specially woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyards, automatic self retracting-lifeline/lanyard, etc., which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.
Deceleration distance means the additional vertical distance a falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate. It is measured as the distance between the location of an employee's full body harness attachment point at the moment of activation (at the onset of fall arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a full stop.
Equivalent means alternative designs, materials or methods to protect against a hazard which the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the methods, materials or designs specified in the standard.
Free fall means the act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.
Free fall distance means the vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment point on the employee's body harness between onset of the fall and just before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall. This distance excludes deceleration distance, and lifeline lanyard elongation, but includes any deceleration device slide distance or self-retracting lifeline/lanyard extension before they operate and fall arrest forces occur.
Full body harness means a configuration of connected straps to distribute a fall arresting force over at least the thighs, shoulders and pelvis, with provisions for attaching a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
Lanyard means a flexible line of webbing, rope, or cable used to secure a body belt or harness to a lifeline or an anchorage point usually 2, 4, or 6 feet long.
Lifeline means a vertical line from a fixed anchorage or between two horizontal anchorages, independent of walking or working surfaces, to which a lanyard or device is secured. Lifeline as referred to in this text is one which is part of a fall protection system used as back-up safety for an elevated worker.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of these.
Qualified means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Rope grab means a fall arrester that is designed to move up or down a lifeline suspended from a fixed overhead or horizontal anchorage point, or lifeline, to which the belt or harness is attached. In the event of a fall, the rope grab locks onto the lifeline rope through compression to arrest the fall. The use of a rope grab device is restricted for all restraint applications.
Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard means a deceleration device which contains a drum-wound line which may be slowly extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement, and which after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.
Snap-hook means a self-closing connecting device with a gatekeeper latch or similar arrangement that will remain closed until manually opened. This includes single action snap hooks that open when the gatekeeper is depressed and double action snap hooks that require a second action on a gatekeeper before the gate can be opened.
Tie-off means the act of an employee, wearing personal fall protection equipment, connecting directly or indirectly to an anchorage. It also means the condition of an employee being connected to an anchorage.
(3) Design for system components.
(a) Connectors must be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials.
(b) Connectors must have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges must be smooth to prevent damage to interfacing parts of the system.
(c) Lanyards and vertical lifelines which tie-off one employee must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(d) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less must have components capable of sustaining a minimum static tensile load of 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
(e) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards, and tearing and deforming lanyards must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5,400 pounds (23.9 kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
(f) Dee-rings and snap-hooks must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5000 pounds (22.2 N).
(g) Dee-rings and snap-hooks must be 100 percent proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3600 pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.
(h) Snap-hooks must be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected so as to prevent unintentional disengagement of the snap-hook by depression of the snap-hook keeper by the connected member, or must be a locking type snap-hook designed and used to prevent disengagement of the snap-hook by the contact of the snap-hook keeper by the connected member.
(i) Horizontal lifelines, where used, must be designed, and installed as part of a complete personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of at least 2, under the supervision of a qualified person.
(j) Anchorages to which personal fall arrest equipment is attached must be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per employee attached, or must be designed, installed, and used as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two, under the supervision of a qualified person.
(k) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lanyards, lifelines, and strength components of body harnesses, must be made from synthetic fibers or wire rope.
(4) System performance criteria.
(a) Personal fall arrest systems must, when stopping a fall:
(i) Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds (8 kN) when used with a body harness;
(ii) Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and
(iii) Must have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8 m), or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less.
(b)(i) When used by employees having a combined person and tool weight of less than 310 pounds (140 kg), personal fall arrest systems which meet the criteria and protocols contained in subsections (2), (3), and (4) in Part II of this Appendix must be considered as complying with the provisions of (a) of this subsection.
(ii) When used by employees having a combined tool and body weight of 310 pounds (140 kg) or more, personal fall arrest systems which meet the criteria and protocols contained in subsections (2), (3), and (4) of Part II may be considered as complying with the provisions of (a) of this subsection provided that the criteria and protocols are modified appropriately to provide proper protection for such heavier weights.
(5) Care and use.
(a) Snap-hooks, unless of a locking type designed and used to prevent disengagement from the following connections, must not be engaged:
(i) Directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
(ii) To each other;
(iii) To a dee-ring to which another snap-hook or other connector is attached;
(iv) To a horizontal lifeline; or
(v) To any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snap-hook such that the connected object could depress the snap-hook keeper a sufficient amount to release itself.
(b) Devices used to connect to a horizontal lifeline which may become a vertical lifeline must be capable of locking in either direction on the lifeline.
(c) Personal fall arrest systems must be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 m), nor contact any lower level.
(d) The attachment point of the body harness must be located in the center of the wearer's back near shoulder level, or above the wearer's head.
(e) When vertical lifelines are used, each employee must be provided with a separate lifeline.
(f) Personal fall arrest systems or components must be used only for employee fall protection.
(g) Personal fall arrest systems or components subjected to impact loading must be immediately removed from service and must not be used again for employee protection unless inspected and determined by a competent person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse.
(h) The employer must provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or must assure the self-rescue capability of employees.
(i) Before using a personal fall arrest system, and after any component or system is changed, employees must be trained in accordance with the requirements of WAC 296-24-88030(1), in the safe use of the system.
(6) Inspections. Personal fall arrest systems must be
inspected prior to each use for mildew, wear, damage and other
deterioration, and defective components must be removed from
service if their strength or function may be adversely affected.
Test methods for personal fall arrest systems
(nonmandatory)
(2) General conditions for all tests in Part II.
(a) Lifelines, lanyards and deceleration devices should be attached to an anchorage and connected to the body harness in the same manner as they would be when used to protect employees.
(b) The anchorage should be rigid, and should not have a deflection greater than .04 inches (1 mm) when a force of 2,250 pounds (10 kN) is applied.
(c) The frequency response of the load measuring instrumentation should be 120 Hz.
(d) The test weight used in the strength and force tests should be a rigid, metal, cylindrical or torso-shaped object with a girth of 38 inches plus or minus 4 inches (96 cm plus or minus 10 cm).
(e) The lanyard or lifeline used to create the free fall distance should be supplied with the system, or in its absence, the least elastic lanyard or lifeline available to be used with the system.
(f) The test weight for each test should be hoisted to the required level and should be quickly released without having any appreciable motion imparted to it.
(g) The system's performance should be evaluated taking into account the range of environmental conditions for which it is designed to be used.
(h) Following the test, the system need not be capable of further operation.
(3) Strength test.
(a) During the testing of all systems, a test weight of 300 pounds plus or minus 5 pounds (135 kg plus or minus 2.5 kg) should be used. (See subsection (2)(d) of this part.)
(b) The test consists of dropping the test weight once. A new unused system should be used for each test.
(c) For lanyard systems, the lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus 2 inches (1.83 m plus or minus 5 cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body belt or body harness.
(d) For rope-grab-type deceleration systems, the length of the lifeline above the centerline of the grabbing mechanism to the lifeline's anchorage point should not exceed 2 feet (0.61 m).
(e) For lanyard systems, for systems with deceleration devices which do not automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, and for systems with deceleration devices which have a connection distance in excess of one foot (0.3 m) (measured between the centerline of the lifeline and the attachment point to the body harness), the test weight should be rigged to free fall a distance of 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from a point that is 1.5 feet (46 cm) above the anchorage point, to its hanging location (6 feet below the anchorage). The test weight should fall without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or ground during the test. In some cases a nonelastic wire lanyard of sufficient length may need to be added to the system (for test purposes) to create the necessary free fall distance.
(f) For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, the test weight should be rigged to free fall a distance of 4 feet (1.22 m).
(g) Any weight which detaches from the harness should constitute failure for the strength test.
(4) Force test.
(a) General. The test consists of dropping the respective test weight specified in (b)(i) or (c)(i) of this subsection once. A new, unused system should be used for each test.
(b) For lanyard systems.
(i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or minus three pounds (100 kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used. (See subsection (2)(d) above.)
(ii) Lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus 2 inches (1.83 m plus or minus 5 cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body harness.
(iii) The test weight should fall free from the anchorage level to its hanging location (a total of 6 feet (1.83 m) free fall distance) without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or ground during the test.
(c) For all other systems.
(i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or minus 3 pounds (100 kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used. (See subsection (2)(d) above.)
(ii) The free fall distance to be used in the test should be the maximum fall distance physically permitted by the system during normal use conditions, up to a maximum free fall distance for the test weight of 6 feet (1.83 m), except as follows:
(A) For deceleration systems which have a connection link or lanyard, the test weight should free fall a distance equal to the connection distance (measured between the centerline of the lifeline and the attachment point to the body harness).
(B) For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, the test weight should free fall a distance equal to that permitted by the system in normal use. (For example, to test a system with a self-retracting lifeline or lanyard, the test weight should be supported and the system allowed to retract the lifeline or lanyard as it would in normal use. The test weight would then be released and the force and deceleration distance measured).
(d) A system fails the force test if the recorded maximum arresting force exceeds 2,520 pounds (11.2 kN) when using a body harness.
(e) The maximum elongation and deceleration distance should be recorded during the force test.
(5) Deceleration device tests.
(a) General. The device should be evaluated or tested under the environmental conditions, (such as rain, ice, grease, dirt, type of lifeline, etc.), for which the device is designed.
(b) Rope-grab-type deceleration devices.
(i) Devices should be moved on a lifeline 1,000 times over the same length of line a distance of not less than one foot (30.5 cm), and the mechanism should lock each time.
(ii) Unless the device is permanently marked to indicate the type(s) of lifeline which must be used, several types (different diameters and different materials), of lifelines should be used to test the device.
(c) Other self-activating-type deceleration devices. The
locking mechanisms of other self-activating-type deceleration
devices designed for more than one arrest should lock each of
1,000 times as they would in normal service.
(1) Selection and use considerations. The kind of personal fall arrest system selected should match the particular work situation, and any possible free fall distance should be kept to a minimum. Consideration should be given to the particular work environment. For example, the presence of acids, dirt, moisture, oil, grease, etc., and their effect on the system, should be evaluated. Hot or cold environments may also have an adverse affect on the system. Wire rope should not be used where an electrical hazard is anticipated. As required by the standard, the employer must plan to have means available to promptly rescue an employee should a fall occur, since the suspended employee may not be able to reach a work level independently.
Where lanyards, connectors, and lifelines are subject to damage by work operations such as welding, chemical cleaning, and sandblasting, the component should be protected, or other securing systems should be used. The employer should fully evaluate the work conditions and environment (including seasonal weather changes) before selecting the appropriate personal fall protection system. Once in use, the system's effectiveness should be monitored. In some cases, a program for cleaning and maintenance of the system may be necessary.
(2) Testing considerations. Before purchasing or putting into use a personal fall arrest system, an employer should obtain from the supplier information about the system based on its performance during testing so that the employer can know if the system meets this standard. Testing should be done using recognized test methods. Part II of this Appendix C contains test methods recognized for evaluating the performance of fall arrest systems. Not all systems may need to be individually tested; the performance of some systems may be based on data and calculations derived from testing of similar systems, provided that enough information is available to demonstrate similarity of function and design.
(3) Component compatibility considerations. Ideally, a personal fall arrest system is designed, tested, and supplied as a complete system. However, it is common practice for lanyards, connectors, lifelines, deceleration devices, and body harnesses to be interchanged since some components wear out before others. The employer and employee should realize that not all components are interchangeable. For instance, a lanyard should not be connected between a body harness and a deceleration device of the self-retracting type since this can result in additional free fall for which the system was not designed. Any substitution or change to a personal fall arrest system should be fully evaluated or tested by a competent person to determine that it meets the standard, before the modified system is put in use.
(4) Employee training considerations. Thorough employee training in the selection and use of personal fall arrest systems is imperative. As stated in the standard, before the equipment is used, employees must be trained in the safe use of the system. This should include the following: Application limits; proper anchoring and tie-off techniques; estimation of free fall distance, including determination of deceleration distance, and total fall distance to prevent striking a lower level; methods of use; and inspection and storage of the system. Careless or improper use of the equipment can result in serious injury or death. Employers and employees should become familiar with the material in this Appendix, as well as manufacturer's recommendations, before a system is used. Of uppermost importance is the reduction in strength caused by certain tie-offs (such as using knots, tying around sharp edges, etc.) and maximum permitted free fall distance. Also, to be stressed are the importance of inspections prior to use, the limitations of the equipment, and unique conditions at the worksite which may be important in determining the type of system to use.
(5) Instruction considerations. Employers should obtain comprehensive instructions from the supplier as to the system's proper use and application, including, where applicable:
(a) The force measured during the sample force test;
(b) The maximum elongation measured for lanyards during the force test;
(c) The deceleration distance measured for deceleration devices during the force test;
(d) Caution statements on critical use limitations;
(e) Application limits;
(f) Proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off techniques, including the proper dee-ring or other attachment point to use on the body harness for fall arrest;
(g) Proper climbing techniques;
(h) Methods of inspection, use, cleaning, and storage; and
(i) Specific lifelines which may be used. This information should be provided to employees during training.
(6) Inspection considerations. As stated in WAC 296-24-88050(6), personal fall arrest systems must be regularly inspected. Any component with any significant defect, such as cuts, tears, abrasions, mold, or undue stretching; alterations or additions which might affect its efficiency; damage due to deterioration; contact with fire, acids, or other corrosives; distorted hooks or faulty hook springs; tongues unfitted to the shoulder of buckles; loose or damaged mountings; nonfunctioning parts; or wearing or internal deterioration in the ropes must be withdrawn from service immediately, and should be tagged or marked as unusable, or destroyed.
(7) Rescue considerations. As required by WAC 296-24-88050 (5)(h) when personal fall arrest systems are used, the employer must assure that employees can be promptly rescued or can rescue themselves should a fall occur. The availability of rescue personnel, ladders or other rescue equipment should be evaluated. In some situations, equipment which allows employees to rescue themselves after the fall has been arrested may be desirable, such as devices which have descent capability.
(8) Tie-off considerations.
(a) One of the most important aspects of personal fall protection systems is fully planning the system before it is put into use. Probably the most overlooked component is planning for suitable anchorage points. Such planning should ideally be done before the structure or building is constructed so that anchorage points can be incorporated during construction for use later for window cleaning or other building maintenance. If properly planned, these anchorage points may be used during construction, as well as afterwards.
(b) Employers and employees should at all times be aware that the strength of a personal fall arrest system is based on its being attached to an anchoring system which does not significantly reduce the strength of the system (such as a properly dimensioned eye-bolt/snap-hook anchorage). Therefore, if a means of attachment is used that will reduce the strength of the system, that component should be replaced by a stronger one, but one that will also maintain the appropriate maximum arrest force characteristics.
(c) Tie-off using a knot in a rope lanyard or lifeline (at any location) can reduce the lifeline or lanyard strength by 50 percent or more. Therefore, a stronger lanyard or lifeline should be used to compensate for the weakening effect of the knot, or the lanyard length should be reduced (or the tie-off location raised) to minimize free fall distance, or the lanyard or lifeline should be replaced by one which has an appropriately incorporated connector to eliminate the need for a knot.
(d) Tie-off of a rope lanyard or lifeline around an "H" or "I" beam or similar support can reduce its strength as much as 70 percent due to the cutting action of the beam edges. Therefore, use should be made of a webbing lanyard or wire core lifeline around the beam; or the lanyard or lifeline should be protected from the edge; or free fall distance should be greatly minimized.
(e) Tie-off where the line passes over or around rough or sharp surfaces reduces strength drastically. Such a tie-off should be avoided or an alternative tie-off rigging should be used. Such alternatives may include use of a snap-hook/dee-ring connection, wire rope tie-off, an effective padding of the surfaces, or an abrasion-resistance strap around or over the problem surface.
(f) Horizontal lifelines may, depending on their geometry and angle of sag, be subjected to greater loads than the impact load imposed by an attached component. When the angle of horizontal lifeline sag is less than 30 degrees, the impact force imparted to the lifeline by an attached lanyard is greatly amplified. For example, with a sag angle of 15 degrees, the force amplification is about 2:1 and at 5 degrees sag, it is about 6:1. Depending on the angle of sag, and the line's elasticity, the strength of the horizontal lifeline and the anchorages to which it is attached should be increased a number of times over that of the lanyard. Extreme care should be taken in considering a horizontal lifeline for multiple tie-offs. The reason for this is that in multiple tie-offs to a horizontal lifeline, if one employee falls, the movement of the falling employee and the horizontal lifeline during arrest of the fall may cause other employees to also fall. Horizontal lifeline and anchorage strength should be increased for each additional employee to be tied-off. For these and other reasons, the design of systems using horizontal lifelines must only be done by qualified persons. Testing of installed lifelines and anchors prior to use is recommended.
(g) The strength of an eye-bolt is rated along the axis of the bolt and its strength is greatly reduced if the force is applied at an angle to this axis (in the direction of shear). Also, care should be exercised in selecting the proper diameter of the eye to avoid accidental disengagement of snap-hooks not designed to be compatible for the connection.
(h) Due to the significant reduction in the strength of the lifeline/lanyard (in some cases, as much as a 70 percent reduction), the sliding hitch knot should not be used for lifeline/lanyard connections except in emergency situations where no other available system is practical. The "one-and-one" sliding hitch knot should never be used because it is unreliable in stopping a fall. The "two-and-two," or "three-and-three" knot (preferable), may be used in emergency situations; however, care should be taken to limit free fall distance to a minimum because of reduced lifeline/lanyard strength.
(9) Vertical lifeline considerations. As required by the standard, each employee must have a separate lifeline when the lifeline is vertical. The reason for this is that in multiple tie-offs to a single lifeline, if one employee falls, the movement of the lifeline during the arrest of the fall may pull other employees' lanyards, causing them to fall as well.
(10) Snap-hook considerations.
(a) Required by this standard for all connections, locking snap-hooks incorporate a positive locking mechanism in addition to the spring loaded keeper, which will not allow the keeper to open under moderate pressure without someone first releasing the mechanism. Such a feature, properly designed, effectively prevents roll-out from occurring.
(b) As required by the standard WAC 296-24-88050 (5)(a) the following connections must be avoided (unless properly designed locking snap-hooks are used) because they are conditions which can result in roll-out when a nonlocking snap-hook is used:
• Direct connection of a snap-hook to a horizontal lifeline.
• Two (or more) snap-hooks connected to one dee-ring.
• Two snap-hooks connected to each other.
• A snap-hook connected back on its integral lanyard.
• A snap-hook connected to a webbing loop or webbing lanyard.
• Improper dimensions of the dee-ring, rebar, or other connection point in relation to the snap-hook dimensions which would allow the snap-hook keeper to be depressed by a turning motion of the snap-hook.
(11) Free fall considerations. The employer and employee should at all times be aware that a system's maximum arresting force is evaluated under normal use conditions established by the manufacturer, and in no case using a free fall distance in excess of 6 feet (1.8 m). A few extra feet of free fall can significantly increase the arresting force on the employee, possibly to the point of causing injury. Because of this, the free fall distance should be kept at a minimum, and, as required by the standard, in no case greater than 6 feet (1.8 m). To help assure this, the tie-off attachment point to the lifeline or anchor should be located at or above the connection point of the fall arrest equipment to harness. (Since otherwise additional free fall distance is added to the length of the connecting means (i.e. lanyard).) Attaching to the working surface will often result in a free fall greater than 6 feet (1.8 m). For instance, if a 6 foot (1.8 m) lanyard is used, the total free fall distance will be the distance from the working level to the body harness attachment point plus the 6 feet (1.8 m) of lanyard length. Another important consideration is that the arresting force which the fall system must withstand also goes up with greater distances of free fall, possibly exceeding the strength of the system.
(12) Elongation and deceleration distance considerations. Other factors involved in a proper tie-off are elongation and deceleration distance. During the arresting of a fall, a lanyard will experience a length of stretching or elongation, whereas activation of a deceleration device will result in a certain stopping distance. These distances should be available with the lanyard or device's instructions and must be added to the free fall distance to arrive at the total fall distance before an employee is fully stopped. The additional stopping distance may be very significant if the lanyard or deceleration device is attached near or at the end of a long lifeline, which may itself add considerable distance due to its own elongation. As required by the standard, sufficient distance to allow for all of these factors must also be maintained between the employee and obstructions below, to prevent an injury due to impact before the system fully arrests the fall. In addition, a minimum of 12 feet (3.7 m) of lifeline should be allowed below the securing point of a rope grab type deceleration device, and the end terminated to prevent the device from sliding off the lifeline. Alternatively, the lifeline should extend to the ground or the next working level below. These measures are suggested to prevent the worker from inadvertently moving past the end of the lifeline and having the rope grab become disengaged from the lifeline.
(13) Obstruction considerations. The location of the tie-off should also consider the hazard of obstructions in the potential fall path of the employee. Tie-offs which minimize the possibilities of exaggerated swinging should be considered.
(14) Other considerations. Because of the design of some personal fall arrest systems, additional considerations may be required for proper tie-off. For example, heavy deceleration devices of the self-retracting type should be secured overhead in order to avoid the weight of the device having to be supported by the employee. Also, if self-retracting equipment is connected to a horizontal lifeline, the sag in the lifeline should be minimized to prevent the device from sliding down the lifeline to a position which creates a swing hazard during fall arrest. In all cases, manufacturer's instructions should be followed.
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(1) Use of the appendix.
Appendix D sets out the mandatory building and equipment requirements for applicable permanent installations completed after August 27, 1971, and no later than July 23, 1990 which are exempt from WAC 296-24-880 through 296-24-88020.
| Note: | All existing installations subject to this Appendix must also comply with WAC 296-24-88010, 296-24-88025, 296-24-88030, 296-24-88035, and Appendix C. |
Angulated roping. A system of platform suspension in which the upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane of the building face than the corresponding attachment points on the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face of the building during its vertical travel.
ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
Babbitted fastenings. The method of providing wire rope attachments in which the ends of the wire strands are bent back and are held in a tapered socket by means of poured molten babbitt metal.
Brake -- disc type. A brake in which the holding effect is obtained by frictional resistance between one or more faces of discs keyed to the rotating member to be held and fixed discs keyed to the stationary or housing member (pressure between the discs being applied axially).
Brake -- self-energizing band type. An essentially undirectional brake in which the holding effect is obtained by the snubbing action of a flexible band wrapped about a cylindrical wheel or drum affixed to the rotating member to be held, the connections and linkages being so arranged that the motion of the brake wheel or drum will act to increase the tension or holding force of the band.
Brake -- shoe type. A brake in which the holding effect is obtained by applying the direct pressure of two or more segmental friction elements held to a stationary member against a cylindrical wheel or drum affixed to the rotating member to be held.
Building face rollers. A specialized form of guide roller designed to contact a portion of the outer face or wall structure of the building, and to assist in stabilizing the operators' platform during vertical travel.
Continuous pressure. Operation by means of buttons or switches, any one of which may be used to control the movement of the working platform or roof car, only as long as the button or switch is manually maintained in the actuating position.
Control. A system governing starting, stopping, direction, acceleration, speed, and retardation of moving members.
Controller. A device or group of devices, usually contained in a single enclosure, which serves to control in some predetermined manner the apparatus to which it is connected.
Electrical ground. A conducting connection between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or some conducting body which serves in place of the earth.
Guide roller. A rotating, bearing-mounted, generally cylindrical member, operating separately or as part of a guide shoe assembly, attached to the platform, and providing rolling contact with building guideways, or other building contact members.
Guide shoe. An assembly of rollers, slide members, or the equivalent, attached as a unit to the operators' platform, and designed to engage with the building members provided for the vertical guidance of the operators' platform.
Interlock. A device actuated by the operation of some other device with which it is directly associated, to govern succeeding operations of the same or allied devices.
Operating device. A pushbutton, lever, or other manual device used to actuate a control.
Powered platform. Equipment to provide access to the exterior of a building for maintenance, consisting of a suspended power-operated working platform, a roof car, or other suspension means, and the requisite operating and control devices.
Rated load. The combined weight of employees, tools, equipment, and other material which the working platform is designed and installed to lift.
Relay, direction. An electrically energized contactor responsive to an initiating control circuit, which in turn causes a moving member to travel in a particular direction.
Relay, potential for vertical travel. An electrically energized contactor responsive to initiating control circuit, which in turn controls the operation of a moving member in both directions. This relay usually operates in conjunction with direction relays, as covered under the definition, "relay, direction."
Roof car. A structure for the suspension of a working platform, providing for its horizontal movement to working positions.
Roof-powered platform. A powered platform having the raising and lowering mechanism located on a roof car.
Self-powered platform. A powered platform having the raising and lowering mechanism located on the working platform.
Traveling cable. A cable made up of electrical or communication conductors or both, and providing electrical connection between the working platform and the roof car or other fixed point.
Weatherproof. Equipment so constructed or protected that exposure to the weather will not interfere with its proper operation.
Working platform. The suspended structure arranged for vertical travel which provides access to the exterior of the building or structure.
Yield point. The stress at which the material exhibits a permanent set of 0.2 percent.
Zinced fastenings. The method of providing wire rope attachments in which the splayed or fanned wire ends are held in a tapered socket by means of poured molten zinc.
(3) General requirements.
(a) Design requirements. All powered platform installations for exterior building maintenance completed as of August 27, 1971, but no later than January 25, 1990, must meet all of the design, construction and installation requirements of Part II and III of the "American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance ANSI A120.1-1970" and of this Appendix. References must be made to appropriate parts of ANSI A120.1-1970 for detail specifications for equipment and special installations.
(b) Limitation. The requirements of this Appendix apply only to electric-powered platforms. It is not the intent of this appendix to prohibit the use of other types of power. Installation of powered platforms using other types of power is permitted, provided such platforms have adequate protective devices for the type of power used, and otherwise provide for reasonable safety of life and limb to users of equipment and to others who may be exposed.
(c) Types of powered platforms.
(i) For the purpose of applying this appendix, powered platforms are divided into two basic types, Type F and Type T.
(ii) Powered platforms designated as Type F must meet all the requirements in Part II of ANSI A120.1-1970, American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance. A basic requirement of Type F equipment is that the work platform is suspended by at least 4 wire ropes and designed so that failure of any one wire rope will not substantially alter the normal position of the working platform. Another basic requirement of Type F equipment is that only one layer of hoisting rope is permitted on winding drums. Type F powered platforms may be either roof-powered or self-powered.
(iii) Powered platforms designated as Type T must meet all the requirements in Part III of ANSI A120.1-1970 American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance, except for section 28, Safety Belts and Life Lines. A basic requirement of Type T equipment is that the working platform is suspended by at least 2 wire ropes. Failure of one wire rope would not permit the working platform to fall to the ground, but would upset its normal position. Type T powered platforms may be either roof-powered or self-powered.
(iv) The requirements of this section apply to powered platforms with winding drum type hoisting machines. It is not the intent of this section to prohibit powered platforms using other types of hoisting machines such as, but not limited to, traction drum hoisting machines, air powered machines, hydraulic powered machines, and internal combustion machines. Installation of powered platforms with other types of hoisting machines is permitted, provided adequate protective devices are used, and provided reasonable safety of life and limb to users of the equipment and to others who may be exposed is assured.
(v) Both Type F and Type T powered platforms must comply with the requirements of Appendix C of this standard.
(4) Type F powered platforms.
(a) Roof car, general.
(i) A roof car must be provided whenever it is necessary to move the working platform horizontally to working or storage positions.
(ii) The maximum rated speed at which a power traversed roof car may be moved in a horizontal direction shall be 50 feet per minute.
(b) Movement and positioning of roof car.
(i) Provision must be made to protect against having the roof car leave the roof or enter roof areas not designed for travel.
(ii) The horizontal motion of the roof cars must be positively controlled so as to insure proper movement and positioning of the roof car.
(iii) Roof car positioning devices must be provided to insure that the working platform is placed and retained in proper position for vertical travel and during storage.
(iv) Mechanical stops must be provided to prevent the traversing of the roof car beyond its normal limits of travel. Such stops must be capable of withstanding a force equal to 100 percent of the inertial effect of the roof car in motion with traversing power applied.
(v) The operating device of a power-operated roof car for traversing must be located on the roof car, the working platform, or both, and must be of the continuous pressure weather-proof electric type. If more than one operating device is provided, they must be so arranged that traversing is possible only from one operating device at a time.
(vi) The operating device must be so connected that it is not operable until:
(A) The working platform is located at its uppermost position of travel and is not in contact with the building face or fixed vertical guides in the face of the building; and
(B) All protective devices and interlocks are in a position for traversing.
(c) Roof car stability. Roof car stability must be determined by either items (i) or (ii), whichever is greater.
(i) The roof car must be continuously stable, considering overturning moment as determined by 125 percent rated load, plus maximum dead load and the prescribed wind loading.
(ii) The roof car and its anchorages must be capable of resisting accidental over-tensioning of the wire ropes suspending the working platform and this calculated value must include the effect of one and one-half times the value. For this calculation, the simultaneous effect of one-half wind load must be included, and the design stresses must not exceed those referred to in subsection (3)(a) of this Appendix.
(iii) If the load on the motors is at any time in excess of three times that required for lifting the working platform with its rated load the motor must stall.
(d) Access to the roof car. Safe access to the roof car and from the roof car to the working platform must be provided. If the access to the roof car at any point of its travel is not over the roof area or where otherwise necessary for safety, self-closing, self-locking gates must be provided. Applicable provisions WAC 296-24-735 through 296-24-810 must apply.
(e) Means for maintenance, repair, and storage. Means must be provided to run the roof car away from the roof perimeter, where necessary, and to provide a safe area for maintenance, repairs, and storage. Provisions must be made to secure the machine in the stored position. For stored machines subject to wind forces, see special design and anchorage requirements for "wind forces" in Part II, section 10.5.1.1 of ANSI A120.1-1970 American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance.
(f) General requirements for working platforms. The working platform must be of girder or truss construction and must be adequate to support its rated load under any position of loading, and comply with the provisions set forth in section 10 of ANSI A120.1-1970, American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance.
(g) Load rating plate. Each working platform must bear a manufacturer's load rating plate, conspicuously posted; stating the maximum permissible rated load. Load rating plates must be made of noncorrosive material and must have letters and figures stamped, etched, or cast on the surface. The minimum height of the letters and figures must be one-fourth inch.
(h) Minimum size. The working platform must have a minimum net width of 24 inches.
(i) Guardrails. Working platforms must be furnished with permanent guard rails not less than 38 inches high, and not more than 45 inches high at the front (building side). At the rear, and on the sides, the rail must not be less than 45 inches high. An intermediate guardrail must be provided around the entire platform between the top guardrail and the toeboard. The top rail must withstand a minimum of 200 pounds pressure.
(j) Toeboards. A four-inch toeboard must be provided along all sides of the working platform.
(k) Open spaces between guardrails and toeboards. The spaces between the intermediate guardrail and platform toeboard on the building side of the working platform, and between the top guardrail and the toeboard on other sides of the platform, must be filled with metallic mesh or similar material that will reject a ball one inch in diameter. The installed mesh must be capable of withstanding a load of 100 pounds applied horizontally over any area of 144 square inches. If the space between the platform and the building face does not exceed eight inches, and the platform is restrained by guides, the mesh may be omitted on the front side.
(l) Flooring. The platform flooring must be of the nonskid type, and if of open construction, must reject a 9/16-inch diameter ball, or be provided with a screen below the floor to reject a 9/16-inch diameter ball.
(m) Access gates. Where access gates are provided, they must be self-closing and self-locking.
(n) Operating device for vertical movement of the working platform.
(i) The normal operating device for the working platform must be located on the working platform and must be of the continuous pressure weatherproof electric type.
(ii) The operating device must be operable only when all electrical protective devices and interlocks on the working platform are in position for normal service and, the roof car, if provided, is at an established operating point.
(o) Emergency electric operative device.
(i) In addition, on roof-powered platforms, an emergency electric operating device must be provided near the hoisting machine for use in the event of failure of the normal operating device for the working platform, or failure of the traveling cable system. The emergency operating device must be mounted in a locked compartment and must have a legend mounted thereon reading: "For Emergency Operation Only. Establish Communication With Personnel on Working Platform Before Use."
(ii) A key for unlocking the compartment housing the emergency operating device must be mounted in a break-glass receptacle located near the emergency operating device.
(p) Manual cranking for emergency operation. Emergency operation of the main drive machine may be provided to allow manual cranking. This provision for manual operation must be designed so that not more than two persons will be required to perform this operation. The access to this provision must include a means to automatically make the machine inoperative electrically while under the emergency manual operation. The design must be such that the emergency brake is operative at or below governor tripping speed during manual operation.
(q) Arrangement and guarding of hoisting equipment.
(i) Hoisting equipment must consist of a power-driven drum or drum contained in the roof car (roof-powered platforms) or contained on the working platform (self-powered platform).
(ii) The hoisting equipment must be power-operated in both up and down directions.
(iii) Guard or other protective devices must be installed wherever rotating shafts or other mechanisms or gears may expose personnel to a hazard.
(iv) Friction devices or clutches must not be used for connecting the main driving mechanism to the drum or drums. Belt or chain-driven machines are prohibited.
(r) Hoisting motors.
(i) Hoisting motors must be electric and of weather-proof construction.
(ii) Hoisting motors must be in conformance with applicable provisions of subdivision (v) of this subsection, Electric Wiring and Equipment.
(iii) Hoisting motors must be directly connected to the hoisting machinery. Motor couplings, if used, must be of steel construction.
(s) Brakes. The hoisting machine(s) must have two independent braking means, each designed to stop and hold the working platform with 125 percent of rated load.
(t) Hoisting ropes and rope connections.
(i) Working platforms must be suspended by wire ropes of either 6 x 19 or 6 x 37 classification, preformed or nonpreformed.
(ii) (Reserved)
(iii) The minimum factor of safety must be 10, and must be calculated by the following formula:
F=SxN/W
Where
S=Manufacturer's rated breaking strength of one rope.
N=Number of ropes under load.
W=Maximum static load on all ropes with the platform and its rated load at any point of its travel.
(iv) Hoisting ropes must be sized to conform with the
required factor of safety, but in no case must the size be less
than 5/16 inch diameter.
(v) Winding drums must have at least three turns of rope remaining when the platform has landed at the lowest possible point of its travel.
(vi) The lengthening or repairing of wire rope by the joining of two or more lengths is prohibited.
(vii) The nondrum ends of the hoisting ropes must be provided with individual shackle rods which will permit individual adjustment of rope lengths, if required.
(viii) More than two reverse bends in each rope is prohibited.
(u) Rope tag data. A metal data tag must be securely attached to one of the wire rope fastenings. This data tag must bear the following wire rope data:
(i) The diameter in inches.
(ii) Construction classification.
(iii) Whether nonpreformed or preformed.
(iv) The grade of material used.
(v) The manufacturer's rated breaking strength.
(vi) Name of the manufacturer of the rope.
(vii) The month and year the ropes were installed.
(v) Electrical wiring and equipment.
(i) All electrical equipment and wiring must conform to the requirements of the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70-1987; ANSI C1-1987, except as modified by ANSI A120.1-1970 "American National Standard Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Exterior Building Maintenance." For detail design specifications for electrical equipment, see Part 2, ANSI A120.1-1970.
(ii) All motors and operation and control equipment must be supplied from a single power source.
(iii) The power supply for the powered platform must be an independent circuit supplied through a fused disconnect switch.
(iv) Electrical conductor parts of the power supply system must be protected against accidental contact.
(v) Electrical grounding must be provided.
(A) Provisions for electrical grounding must be included with the power-supply system.
(B) Controller cabinets, motor frames, hoisting machines, the working platform, roof car and roof car track system, and noncurrent carrying parts of electrical equipment, where provided, must be grounded.
(C) The controller, where used, must be so designed and installed that a single ground or short circuit will not prevent both the normal and final stopping device from stopping the working platform.
(D) Means must be provided on the roof car and working platform for grounding portable electric tools.
(E) The working platform must be grounded through a grounding connection in a traveling cable. Electrically powered tools utilized on the working platform must be grounded.
(vi) Electrical receptacles located on the roof or other exterior location must be of a weatherproof type and must be located so as not to be subject to contact with water or accumulated snow. The receptacles must be grounded and the electric cable must include a grounding conductor. The receptacle and plug must be a type designed to avoid hazard to persons inserting or withdrawing the plug. Provision must be made to prevent application of cable strain directly to the plug and receptacle.
(vii) Electric runway conductor systems must be of the type designed for use in exterior locations and must be located so as not to be subject to contact with water or accumulated snow. The conductors, collectors, and disconnecting means must conform to the same requirements as those for cranes and hoists in Article 610 of the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70-1987; ANSI C1-1987. A grounded conductor must parallel the power conductors and be so connected that it cannot be opened by the disconnecting means. The system must be designed to avoid hazard to persons in the area.
(viii) Electrical protective devices and interlocks of the weatherproof type must be provided.
(ix) Where the installation includes a roof car, electric contact(s) must be provided and so connected that the operating devices for the working platform must be operative only when the roof car is located and mechanically retained at an established operating point.
(x) Where the powered platform includes a power-operated roof car, the operating device for the roof car must be inoperative when the roof car is mechanically retained at an established operating point.
(xi) An electric contact must be provided and so connected that it will cause the down direction relay for vertical travel to open if the tension in the traveling cable exceeds safe limits.
(xii) An automatic overload device must be provided to cut off the electrical power to the circuit in all hoisting motors for travel in the up direction, should the load applied to the hoisting ropes at either end of the working platform exceed 125 percent of its normal tension with rated load, as shown on the manufacturer's data plate on the working platform.
(xiii) An automatic device must be provided for each hoisting rope which will cut off the electrical power to the hoisting motor or motors in the down direction and apply the brakes if any hoisting rope becomes slack.
(xiv) Upper and lower directional limit devices must be provided to prevent the travel of the working platform beyond the normal upper and lower limits of travel.
(xv) Operation of a directional limit device must prevent further motion in the appropriate direction, if the normal limit of travel has been reached.
(xvi) Directional limit devices, if driven from the hoisting machine by chains, tapes, or cables, must incorporate a device to disconnect the electric power from the hoisting machine and apply both the primary and secondary brakes in the event of failure of the driving means.
(xvii) Final terminal stopping devices of the working platform:
(A) Final terminal stopping devices for the working platform must be provided as a secondary means of preventing the working platform from over-traveling at the terminals.
(B) The device must be set to function as close to each terminal landing as practical, but in such a way that under normal operating conditions it will not function when the working platform is stopped by the normal terminal stopping device.
(C) Operation of the final terminal stopping device must open the potential relay for vertical travel, thereby disconnecting the electric power from the hoisting machine, and applying both the primary and secondary brakes.
(D) The final terminal stopping device for the upper limit of travel must be mounted so that it is operated directly by the motion of the working platform itself.
(xviii) Emergency stop switches must be provided in or adjacent to each operating device.
(xix) Emergency stop switches must:
(A) Have red operating buttons or handles.
(B) Be conspicuously and permanently marked "Stop."
(C) Be the manually opened and manually closed type.
(D) Be positively opened with the opening not solely dependent on springs.
(xx) The manual operation of an emergency stop switch associated with an operating device for the working platform must open the potential relay for vertical travel, thereby disconnecting the electric power from the hoisting machine and applying both the primary and secondary brakes.
(xxi) The manual operation of the emergency stop switch associated with the operating device for a power-driven roof car must cause the electrical power to the traverse machine to be interrupted, and the traverse machine brake to apply.
(w) Requirements for emergency communications.
(i) Communication equipment must be provided for each powered platform for use in an emergency.
(ii) Two-way communication must be established between personnel on the roof and personnel on the stalled working platform before any emergency operation of the working platform is undertaken by personnel on the roof.
(iii) The equipment must permit two-way voice communication between the working platform; and
(A) Designated personnel continuously available while the powered platform is in use; and
(B) Designated personnel on roof-powered platforms, undertaking emergency operation of the working platform by means of the emergency operating device located near the hoisting machine.
(iv) The emergency communication equipment must be one of the following types:
(A) Telephone connected to the central telephone exchange system; or
(B) Telephones on a limited system or an approved two-way radio system, provided designated personnel are available to receive a message during the time the powered platform is in use.
(5) Type T powered platforms.
(a) Roof car. The requirements of subsection (4)(a) through (4)(e) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms.
(b) Working platform. The requirements of subsection (4)(f) through (4)(p) of this Appendix apply to Type T powered platforms.
(i) The working platform must be suspended by at least two wire ropes.
(ii) The maximum rated speed at which the working platform of self-powered platforms may be moved in a vertical direction must not exceed 35 feet per minute.
(c) Hoisting equipment. The requirements of subsection (4)(q) and (r) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms.
(d) Brakes. Brakes requirements of subsection (4)(s) of this Appendix must apply.
(e) Hoisting ropes and rope connections.
(i) Subsection (4)(t)(i) through (vi) and (viii) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms.
(ii) Adjustable shackle rods in subsection (4)(t)(vii) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms, if the working platform is suspended by more than two wire ropes.
(f) Electrical wiring and equipment.
(i) The requirements of subsection (4)(v)(i) through (vi) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms. "Circuit protection limitation," "powered platform electrical service system," all operating services and control equipment must comply with the specifications contained in Part 2, section 26, ANSI A120.1-1970.
(ii) For electrical protective devices the requirements of subsection (4)(v)(i) through (viii) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms. Requirements for the "circuit potential limitation" must be in accordance with specifications contained in Part 2, section 26, of ANSI A120.1-1970.
(g) Emergency communications. All the requirements of subsection (4)(w) of this Appendix must apply to Type T powered platforms.
[]
(((1))) Handhold (handgrip).
A handhold is a device attached to the belt which can be grasped
by the passenger to provide a means of maintaining balance.
(((2))) Open type. One which has a handgrip surface fully
exposed and capable of being encircled by the passenger's
fingers.
(((3))) Closed type. A cup-shaped device, open at the top
in the direction of travel of the step for which it is to be
used, and closed at the bottom into which the passenger may place
fingers.
(((4))) Limit switch. A device, the purpose of which is to
cut off the power to the motor and apply the brakes to stop the
carrier in the event that a loaded step passes the terminal
landing.
(((5))) Manlift. A device consisting of a power-driven
endless belt moving in one direction only, and provided with
steps or platforms and handholds attached to it for the
transportation of personnel from floor to floor.
(((6))) Rated speed. Rated speed is the speed for which the
device is designed and installed.
(((7))) Split-rail switch. An electric limit switch
operated mechanically by the rollers on the manlift steps. It
consists of an additional hinged or "split" rail, mounted on the
regular guiderail, over which the step rollers pass. It is
spring-loaded in the "split" position. If the step supports no
load, the rollers will "bump" over the switch; if a loaded step
should pass over the section, the split rail will be forced
straight, tripping the switch and opening the electrical circuit.
(((8))) Step (platform). A step is a passenger carrying
unit.
(((9))) Travel. The travel is the distance between the
centers of the top and bottom pulleys.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-90001, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-90001, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-90001, filed 5/7/73.]
(1) Application. These standards apply to the construction, maintenance, inspection, and operation of manlifts in relation to accident causing hazards. Manlifts covered by these standards consist of platforms or brackets and accompanying handholds mounted on, or attached to an endless belt, operating vertically in one direction only and being supported by, and driven through pulleys, at the top and bottom. These manlifts are intended for conveyance of persons only. It is not intended that these standards cover moving stairways, elevators with enclosed platforms ("Paternoster" elevators), gravity lifts, nor conveyors used only for conveying material. These standards apply to manlifts used to carry only personnel trained and authorized by the employer in their use.
(2) Exceptions for new and existing equipment. The purpose of these standards is to provide reasonable safety for life and limb.
(3) Design requirements. All new manlift installations and
equipment installed after the effective date of these standards
((shall)) must meet the design requirements of the "American
National Safety Standard for Manlifts ANSI A90.1-1969," and the
requirements of this section.
(4) Reference to other codes. The following codes are applicable to this section. Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus ANSI B15.1-1953 (R 1958) and chapter 296-24 WAC Part C; chapter 296-24 WAC Part L; Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, ANSI A14.3-1956 and Safety Requirements for Floor and Wall Openings, Railings and Toeboards, ANSI A12.1-1967 and chapter 296-24 WAC Parts J-1 and J-2.
(5) Floor openings.
(a) Allowable size. Floor openings for both the "up" and
"down" runs ((shall)) must be not less than 28 inches nor more
than 36 inches in width for a 12-inch belt not less than 34
inches nor more than 38 inches for a 14-inch belt; and not less
than 36 inches nor more than 40 inches for a 16-inch belt and
((shall)) must extend not less than 24 inches, nor more than 28
inches from the face of the belt.
(b) Uniformity. All floor openings for a given manlift
((shall)) must be uniform in size and ((shall)) must be
approximately circular, and each ((shall)) must be located
vertically above the opening below it.
(6) Landing.
(a) Vertical clearance. The clearance between the floor or
mounting platform and the lower edge for the conical guard above
it required by WAC 296-24-90003(7) ((shall)) must not be less
than 7 feet 6 inches. Where this clearance cannot be obtained no
access to the manlift ((shall)) must be provided and the manlift
runway ((shall)) must be enclosed where it passes through such
floor.
(b) Clear landing space. The landing space adjacent to the
floor openings ((shall)) must be free from obstruction and kept
clear at all times. This landing space ((shall)) must be at
least 2 feet in width from the edge of the floor opening used for
mounting and dismounting.
(c) Lighting and landing. Adequate lighting not less than
5-foot candles, ((shall)) must be provided at each floor landing
at all times when the lift is in operation.
(d) Landing surface. The landing surfaces at the entrances
and exits to the manlift ((shall)) must be constructed and
maintained as to provide safe footing at all times.
(e) Emergency landings. Where there is a travel of 50 feet
or more between floor landings, one or more emergency landings
((shall)) must be provided so that there will be a landing
(either floor or emergency) for every 25 feet or less of manlift
travel.
(i) Emergency landings ((shall)) must be accessible from
both the "up" and "down" rungs of the manlift and ((shall)) must
give access to the ladder required in WAC 296-24-90003(12).
(ii) Emergency landings ((shall)) must be completely
enclosed with a standard railing and toeboard.
(iii) Platforms constructed to give access to bucket
elevators or other equipment for the purpose of inspection,
lubrication, and repair may also serve as emergency landings
under this rule. All such platforms will then be considered part
of the emergency landing and ((shall)) must be provided with
standard railings and toeboards.
(7) Guards on underside of floor openings.
(a) Fixed type. On the ascending side of the manlift floor
openings ((shall)) must be provided with a bevel guard or cone
meeting the following requirements:
(i) The cone ((shall)) must make an angle of not less than
45° with the horizontal. An angle of 60° or greater ((shall))
must be used where ceiling heights permit.
(ii) The lower edge of this guard ((shall)) must extend at
least 42 inches outward from any handhold on the belt. It
((shall)) must not extend beyond the upper surface of the floor
above.
(iii) The cone ((shall)) must be made of not less than No.
18 U.S. gauge sheet steel or material of equivalent strength or
stiffness. The lower edge ((shall)) must be rolled to a minimum
diameter of one-half inch and the interior ((shall)) must be
smooth with no rivets, bolts or screws protruding.
(b) Floating type. In lieu of the fixed guards specified in WAC 296-24-90003 (7)(a) a floating type safety cone may be used, such floating cones to be mounted on hinges at least 6 inches below the under side of the floor and so constructed as to actuate a limit switch should a force of 2 pounds be applied on the edge of the cone closest to the hinge. The depth of this floating cone need not exceed 12 inches.
(8) Protection of entrances and exits.
(a) Guardrail requirement. The entrances and exits at all
floor landings affording access to the manlift ((shall)) must be
guarded by a maze (staggered railing) or a handrail equipped with
self-closing gates.
(b) Construction. The rails ((shall)) must be standard
guardrails with toeboards meeting the provisions of the Safety
Requirements for Floor and Wall Openings, Railings and Toeboards,
ANSI A12.1-1967 and WAC 296-24-750 through 296-24-75011.
(c) Gates. Gates, if used, ((shall)) must open outward and
((shall)) must be self-closing. Corners of gates ((shall)) must
be rounded.
(d) Maze. Maze or staggered openings ((shall)) must offer
no direct passage between enclosure and outer floor space.
(e) Except where building layout prevents, entrances at all
landings ((shall)) must be in the same relative position.
(f) If located in buildings to which the public has access,
such manlift or manlifts ((shall)) must be located in an
enclosure protected by self-closing spring-locked doors. Keys to
such doors ((shall)) must be limited to authorized personnel.
(9) Guards for openings.
(a) Construction. The floor opening at each landing
((shall)) must be guarded on sides not used for entrance or exit
by a standard railing and toeboard or by panels or wire mesh of
not less than Number 10 U.S. gage, expanded metal of not less
than Number 13 U.S. gage or sheet metal of equivalent strength.
(b) Guardrails in stairwells. When belt manlift is
installed in a stairwell a standard guardrail ((shall)) must be
placed between the floor openings of the manlift and the
stairways.
(c) Height and location. Such rails or guards ((shall))
must be at least forty-two inches in height on the "up" running
side and sixty-six inches on the "down" running side. If a
guardrail is used the section of the guard above the rail may be
of the construction specified in WAC 296-24-90003 (9)(a) or may
consist of vertical or horizontal bars which will reject a ball
six inches in diameter. Rails or guards ((shall)) must be
located not more than one foot from the edge of the floor
opening.
(d) Safeguards required. Expanded metal, sheet metal or wood guards must be installed to cover the area from the floor to seven feet above the floor on each exposed side of the belt manlift at each floor landing, so persons cannot place their hands in the area where the step rollers travel.
(10) Bottom arrangement.
(a) Bottom landing. At the bottom landing the clear area
((shall)) must be not smaller than the area enclosed by the
guardrails on the floors above, and any wall in front of the
down-running side of the belt ((shall)) must be not less than 48
inches from the face of the belt. This space ((shall)) must not
be encroached upon by stairs or ladders.
(b) Location of lower pulley. The lower (boot) pulley
((shall)) must be installed so that it is supported by the lowest
landing served. The sides of the pulley support ((shall)) must
be guarded to prevent contact with the pulley or the steps.
(c) Mounting platform. A mounting platform ((shall)) must
be provided in front or to one side of the uprun at the lowest
landing, unless the floor level is such that the following
requirement can be met: The floor or platform ((shall)) must be
at or above the point at which the upper surface of the ascending
step completes its turn and assumes a horizontal position.
(d) Guardrails. To guard against persons walking under a
descending step, the area on the downside of the manlift
((shall)) must be guarded in accordance with WAC 296-24-90003(8).
To guard against a person getting between the mounting platform
and an ascending step, the area between the belt and the platform
((shall)) must be protected by a guardrail.
(11) Top arrangements.
(a) Clearance from floor. A top clearance ((shall)) must be
provided of at least 11 feet above the top terminal landing. This clearance ((shall)) must be maintained from a plane through
each face of the belt to a vertical cylindrical plane having a
diameter 2 feet greater than the diameter of the floor opening,
extending upward from the top floor to the ceiling on the
up-running side of the belt. No encroachment of structural or
machine supporting members within this space will be permitted.
(b) Pulley clearance.
(i) There ((shall)) must be a clearance of at least 5 feet
between the center of the head pulley shaft and any ceiling
obstruction.
(ii) The center of the head pulley shaft ((shall)) must be
not less than 6 feet above the top terminal landing.
(c) Emergency grab rail. An emergency grab bar or rail and
platform ((shall)) must be provided at the head pulley when the
distance to the head pulley is over 6 feet above the top landing,
otherwise only a grab bar or rail is to be provided to permit the
rider to swing free should the emergency stops become
inoperative.
(12) Emergency exit ladder. A fixed metal ladder accessible
from both the "up" and "down" run of the manlift ((shall)) must
be provided for the entire travel of the manlift. Such ladder
((shall)) must be in accordance with ANSI A14.3-1956, Safety Code
for Fixed Ladders and WAC 296-24-810 through 296-24-81013.
(13) Superstructure bracing. Manlift rails ((shall)) must
be secured in such a manner as to avoid spreading, vibration, and
misalignment.
(14) Illumination.
(a) General. Both runs of the manlift ((shall)) must be
illuminated at all times when the lift is in operation. An
intensity of not less than 1-foot candle ((shall)) must be
maintained at all points. (However, see WAC 296-24-90003 (6)(c)
for illumination requirements at landings.)
(b) Control of illumination. Lighting of manlift runways
((shall)) must be by means of circuits permanently tied into the
building circuits (no switches), or ((shall)) must be controlled
by switches at each landing. Where separate switches are
provided at each landing, any switch ((shall)) must turn on all
lights necessary to illuminate the entire runway.
(15) Weather protection. The entire manlift and its driving
mechanism ((shall)) must be protected from the weather at all
times.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-90003, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; Order 76-6, § 296-24-90003, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-90003, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-90003, filed 5/7/73.]
(1) Machines, general.
(a) Brakes. Brakes provided for stopping and holding a
manlift ((shall)) must be inherently self-engaging, by requiring
power or force from an external source to cause disengagement. The brake ((shall)) must be electrically released, and ((shall))
must be applied to the motor shaft for direct-connected units or
to the input shaft for belt-driven units. The brake ((shall))
must be capable of stopping and holding the manlift when the
descending side is loaded with 250 lb on each step.
(b) Belt.
(i) The belts ((shall)) must be of hard-woven canvas,
rubber-coated canvas, leather, or other material meeting the
strength requirements of WAC 296-24-90003(3) and having a
co-efficient of friction such that when used in conjunction with
an adequate tension device it will meet the brake test specified
in WAC 296-24-90005 (1)(a).
(ii) The width of the belt ((shall)) must be not less than
12 inches for a travel not exceeding 100 feet, not less than 14
inches for a travel greater than 100 feet but not exceeding 150
feet and 16 inches for a travel exceeding 150 feet.
(iii) A belt that has become torn while in use on a manlift
((shall)) must not be spliced and put back in service.
(iv) Belt fastenings. Belts ((shall)) must be fastened by a
lapped splice or ((shall)) must be butt spliced with a strap on
the side of the belt away from the pulley. For lapped splices,
the overlap of the belt at the splice ((shall)) must be not less
than three feet where the total travel of the manlift does not
exceed one hundred feet and not less than four feet, if the
travel exceeds one hundred feet.
Where butt splices are used the straps ((shall)) must extend
not less than three feet on one side of the butt for a travel not
in excess of one hundred feet, and four feet for a travel in
excess of one hundred feet.
For twelve inch belts, the joint ((shall)) must be fastened
with not less than twenty special elevator bolts, each of a
minimum diameter of one-quarter inch. These bolts ((shall)) must
be arranged symmetrically in five rows so arranged as to cover
the area of the joint effectively. The minimum number of bolts
for a belt width of fourteen inches ((shall)) must be not less
than twenty-three and for belt widths of sixteen inches, the
number of bolts ((shall)) must be not less than twenty-seven.
(v) Pulleys. Drive pulleys and idler (boot) pulleys
((shall)) must have a diameter not less than given in Table 1.
| TABLE 1 | ||
| Belt Construction |
Minimum Strength (lb. per inch of width) |
Minimum Pulley (diameter inches) |
5 ply |
1500 |
20 |
| 6 ply | 1800 | 20 |
| 7 ply | 2100 | 22 |
| Note: | Table No. 1 is included solely for the purpose of determining the minimum diameter of pulley required for the listed number of plys of belt construction. |
(2) Speed. Maximum speed. No manlift designed for a speed
in excess of 80 feet per minute ((shall)) must be installed.
(3) Platforms or steps.
(a) Minimum depth. Steps or platforms ((shall)) must be not
less than 12 inches nor more than 14 inches deep, measured from
the belt to the edge of the step or platform.
(b) Width. The width of the step or platform ((shall)) must
be not less than the width of the belt to which it is attached.
(c) Distance between steps. The distance between steps
((shall)) must be equally spaced and not less than 16 feet
measured from the upper surface of one step to the upper surface
of the next step above it.
(d) Angle of step. The surface of the step ((shall)) must
make approximately a right angle with the "up" and "down" run of
the belt, and ((shall)) must travel in the approximate horizontal
position with the "up" and "down" run of the belt.
(e) Surfaces. The upper or working surfaces of the step
((shall)) must be of a material having inherent nonslip
characteristics (coefficient of friction not less than 0.5) or
((shall)) must be covered completely by a nonslip tread securely
fastened to it.
(f) Strength of step supports. When subjected to a load of
400 pounds applied at the approximate center of the step, step
frames, or supports and their guides ((shall)) must be of
adequate strength to:
(i) Prevent the disengagement of any step roller.
(ii) Prevent any appreciable misalignment.
(iii) Prevent any visible deformation of the steps or its support.
(g) Prohibition of steps without handholds. No steps
((shall)) must be provided unless there is a corresponding
handhold above or below it meeting the requirements of WAC 296-24-90005(4). If a step is removed for repairs or
permanently, the handholds immediately above and below it
((shall)) must be removed before the lift is again placed in
service.
(4) Handholds.
(a) Location. Handholds attached to the belt ((shall)) must
be provided and installed so that they are not less than 4 feet
nor more than 4 feet 8 inches above the step tread. These
((shall)) must be so located as to be available on the both "up"
and "down" run of the belt.
(b) Size. The grab surface of the handhold ((shall)) must
be not less than 4 1/2 inches in width, not less than 3 inches in
depth, and ((shall)) must provide 2 inches of clearance from the
belt. Fastenings for handholds ((shall)) must be located not
less than 1 inch from the edge of the belt.
(c) Strength. The handhold ((shall)) must be capable of
withstanding, without damage, a load of 300 pounds applied
parallel to the run of the belt.
(d) Prohibition of handhold without steps. No handhold
((shall)) must be provided without a corresponding step. If a
handhold is removed permanently or temporarily, the corresponding
step and handhold for the opposite direction of travel ((shall))
must also be removed before the lift is again placed in service.
(e) Type. All handholds ((shall)) must be of the closed
type.
(5) Up limit stops.
(a) Requirements. Two separate automatic stop devices
((shall)) must be provided to cut off the power and apply the
brake when a loaded step passes the upper terminal landing. One
of these ((shall)) must consist of a split-rail switch
mechanically operated by the step roller and located not more
than 6 inches above the top terminal landing. The second
automatic stop device may consist of any of the following:
(i) Any split-rail switch placed 6 inches above and on the side opposite the first limit switch.
(ii) An electronic device.
(iii) A switch actuated by a lever, rod, or plate, the latter to be placed on the "up" side of the head pulley so as to just clear a passing step.
(b) Emergency stop switch, treadle type in pit on down side.
An emergency stop treadle switch ((shall)) must be placed in the
area below the lowest landing on the "down" side. This switch
must stop the mechanism if a person should fail to get off at the
lowest landing and be ejected from the step as it approaches its
position to travel around the boot pulley.
(c) Manual reset location. After the manlift has been
stopped by a stop device it ((shall)) must be necessary to reset
the automatic stop manually. The device ((shall)) must be so
located that a person resetting it ((shall)) must have a clear
view of both the "up" and "down" runs of the manlift. It
((shall)) must not be possible to reset the device from any step
or platform.
(d) Cut-off point. The initial limit stop device ((shall))
must function so that the manlift will be stopped before the
loaded step has reached a point of 24 inches above the top
terminal landing.
(e) Electrical requirements.
(i) Where such switches open the main motor circuit directly
they ((shall)) must be of the multipole type.
(ii) Where electronic devices are used they ((shall)) must
be so designed and installed that failure will result in shutting
off the power to the driving motor.
(iii) Where flammable vapors or dusts may be present all
electrical installations ((shall)) must be according to chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.
(iv) Unless of the oil-immersed type controller contacts
carrying the main motor current ((shall)) must be copper to
carbon or equal, except where the circuit is broken at two or
more points simultaneously.
(6) Emergency stop.
(a) General. An emergency stop means ((shall)) must be
provided.
(b) Location. This stop means ((shall)) must be within easy
reach of the ascending and descending runs of the belt.
(c) Operation. This stop means ((shall)) must be so
connected with the control lever or operating mechanism that it
will cut off the power and apply the brake when pulled in the
direction of travel.
(d) Rope. If rope is used, it ((shall)) must be not less
than three-eighths inch in diameter. Wire rope, unless
marlin-covered, ((shall)) must not be used.
(7) Instruction and warning signs.
(a) Instruction signs at landings or belts. Signs of
conspicuous and easily read style giving instructions for the use
of the manlift ((shall)) must be posted at each landing or
stenciled on the belt.
(i) Such signs ((shall)) must be of letters not less than 1
inch in height and of a color having high contrast with the
surface on which it is stenciled or painted (white or yellow on
black or black on white or gray).
(ii) The instructions ((shall)) must read approximately as
follows:
Face the belt.
Use the handholds.
To stop-pull rope.
(b) Top floor warning sign and light.
(i) At the top floor an illuminated sign ((shall)) must be
displayed bearing the following wording:
(ii) In addition to the sign required by WAC 296-24-90005(7), a red warning light of not less than 40-watt
rating ((shall)) must be provided immediately below the upper
landing terminal and so located as to shine in the passenger's
face.
(c) Bottom of manlift warning signs, light and buzzer.
(i) Sign or light. A sign or light warning any passengers
they are approaching the bottom landing ((shall)) must be posted
above bottom landing in a conspicuous place. Sign or light to be
similar in size to top warning light and sign noted above.
(ii) An electric buzzer. An electric buzzer ((shall)) must
be installed five feet above the bottom landing on the down side
to warn any riders they are approaching the bottom landing and
the buzzer ((shall)) must be activated automatically by the
weight of a load on a step.
(d) Visitor warning. A conspicuous sign having the
following legend-AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY-((shall)) must be displayed
at each landing. The sign ((shall)) must be of block letters not
less than 2 inches in height and ((shall)) must be of a color
offering high contrast with the background color.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-90005, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-90005, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; Order 74-27, § 296-24-90005, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-90005, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-90005, filed 5/7/73.]
(1) Proper use of
manlifts. No freight, packaged goods, pipe, lumber, or
construction materials of any kind ((shall)) must be handled on
any manlift.
[Order 73-5, § 296-24-90007, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-90007, filed 5/7/73.]
(1) Frequency. All
manlifts ((shall)) must be inspected by a competent designated
person at intervals of not more than 30 days. Limit switches
((shall)) must be checked weekly. Manlifts found to be unsafe
((shall)) must not be operated until properly repaired.
(2) Items covered. This periodic inspection ((shall)) must
cover but is not limited to the following items:
| Steps. | |
| Step fastenings. | |
| Rails. | |
| Rail supports and fastenings. | |
| Rollers and slides. | |
| Belt and belt tension. | |
| Handholds and fastenings. | |
| Floor landings. | |
| Guardrails. | |
| Lubrication. | |
| Limit switches. | |
| Warning signs and lights. | |
| Illumination. | |
| Drive pulley. | |
| Bottom (boot) pulley and clearance. | |
| Pulley supports. | |
| Motor. | |
| Driving mechanism. | |
| Brake. | |
| Electrical switches. | |
| Vibration and misalignment. | |
| "Skip" on up or down run when mounting step (indicating worn gears). |
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-90009, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-90009, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-90009, filed 5/7/73.]
The following sections of the Washington Administrative Code are repealed:
| WAC 296-24-825 | Safety requirements for scaffolding. |
| WAC 296-24-82501 | Definitions. |
| WAC 296-24-82503 | General requirements for all scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82505 | General requirements for wood pole scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82507 | Tube and coupler scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82509 | Tubular welded frame scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82511 | Outrigger scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82513 | Masons' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82515 | Two-point suspension scaffolds (swinging scaffolds). |
| WAC 296-24-82517 | Stone setters' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82519 | Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82521 | Boatswain's chairs. |
| WAC 296-24-82523 | Carpenters' bracket scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82525 | Bricklayers' square scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82527 | Horse scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82529 | Needle beam scaffold. |
| WAC 296-24-82531 | Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82533 | Interior hung scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82535 | Ladder-jack scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82537 | Window-jack scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82539 | Roofing brackets. |
| WAC 296-24-82541 | Crawling boards or chicken ladders. |
| WAC 296-24-82543 | Float or ship scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-82545 | Scope. |
| WAC 296-24-840 | Manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds (towers). |
| WAC 296-24-84001 | Definitions. |
| WAC 296-24-84003 | General requirements. |
| WAC 296-24-84005 | Mobile tubular welded frame scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-84007 | Mobile tubular welded sectional folding scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-84009 | Mobile tube and coupler scaffolds. |
| WAC 296-24-84011 | Mobile work platforms. |
| WAC 296-24-84013 | Mobile ladder stands. |
| WAC 296-24-870 | Power platforms for exterior building maintenance. |
| WAC 296-24-87001 | Definitions. |
| WAC 296-24-87009 | Inspections and tests. |
| WAC 296-24-87011 | Powered platform installations -- Affected parts of buildings. |
| WAC 296-24-87013 | Powered platform installations -- Equipment. |
| WAC 296-24-87015 | Maintenance. |
| WAC 296-24-87017 | Operations. |
| WAC 296-24-87019 | Personal fall protection. |
| WAC 296-24-87031 | Appendix A -- Guidelines (advisory). |
| WAC 296-24-87033 | Appendix B -- Exhibits (advisory). |
| WAC 296-24-87035 | Appendix C -- Personal fall arrest system (Part I -- Mandatory; Parts II and III -- Nonmandatory). |
| WAC 296-24-87037 | Appendix D -- Existing installations (mandatory). |
| WAC 296-24-885 | Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms. |
| WAC 296-24-88501 | Definitions. |
| WAC 296-24-88503 | General requirements. |
| WAC 296-24-88505 | Specific requirements. |