PROPOSED RULES
LABOR AND INDUSTRIES
Original Notice.
Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 05-08-113.
Title of Rule and Other Identifying Information: Portable ladders, the department is proposing to rewrite and clarify requirements relating to portable ladders. The department is repealing the rule in chapters 296-24, 296-155 and 296-800 WAC and proposing portable ladders as a new chapter. This rule making is part of our goal to rewrite all of WISHA's general occupational safety and health rules for clarity.
Hearing Location(s): Department of Labor and Industries Building, Room S117, 7273 Linderson Way S.W., Tumwater, WA, on August 1, 2005, at 1:30 p.m.
Date of Intended Adoption: September 7, 2005.
Submit Written Comments to: Cindy Ireland, Project Manager, Department of Labor and Industries, P.O. Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98507-4620, e-mail mooc235@lni.wa.gov, fax (360) 902-5529, by August 8, 2005.
Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Kim Johnson by July 18, 2005, TTY (360) 902-5008 or rhok235@lni.wa.gov.
Purpose of the Proposal and Its Anticipated Effects, Including Any Changes in Existing Rules: The purpose of this rule making is to make this rule easy to read, understand and more usable for employers. This proposal will place all portable ladder requirements (chapters 296-24, 296-155 and 296-800 WAC) into one chapter 296-876 WAC, Portable ladders. There are no anticipated effects.
AMENDED PARTS:
Add the word "fixed" into the title of this part.
Add the word "fixed" into the title of this part.
AMENDED SECTIONS:
WAC 296-155-475 Scope and application.
Add references to the new portable ladder and scaffold chapters.
Add the word "fixed" to the scope of this part.
WAC 296-155-47501 Definitions applicable to this part.
Delete the following definitions:
- extension trestle ladder, job-made ladder, ladder types, portable ladder, single rail ladder, special purpose ladder, step stool and trestle ladder.
WAC 296-155-480 Ladders.
Add the word "fixed" to the title of this section.
Delete the requirements relating to portable ladders from this section. Add language referencing the new portable ladder rule, chapter 296-876 WAC.
WAC 296-155-48080 Appendix A.
Delete the portable ladder ANSI references.
NEW CHAPTER:
Chapter 296-876 WAC, Portable ladders.
Move requirements relating to portable ladders from chapters 296-800, 296-24 and 296-155 WAC to this chapter. This rule making is part of our four-year plan to rewrite for clarity all of our general occupational safety and health rules.
NEW SECTIONS:
WAC 296-876-100 Scope.
Requirements relating to portable ladders, including job-made wooden ladders are being moved to this chapter.
WAC 296-876-200 Design and construction, section contents.
Create this section contents/summary page relating to design and construction of portable ladders.
WAC 296-876-20005 Design and construction.
Create this section to consolidate all of the design and construction requirements relating to portable ladders located in chapters 296-24, 296-155, and 296-800 WAC.
WAC 296-876-300 Ladder care, section contents.
Create this section contents/summary page relating to ladder care (condition, inspection, repair storage, and transport).
WAC 296-876-30005 Condition and inspection.
Requirements relating to the condition and inspection of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29005, 296-800-29010, 296-800-29020, 296-800-29025, and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-30010 Repair.
Requirements relating to the repair of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29025 and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-30015 Storage.
Requirements relating to the storage of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29010 and 296-800-29025 to this section.
WAC 296-876-30020 Transport.
Requirements relating to the transport of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29010 to this section.
WAC 296-876-400 Use -- Section contents.
Create this section contents/summary page relating to use of portable ladders.
WAC 296-876-40005 Designed use.
Requirements relating to the designed use of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29015, 296-800-29030, and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40010 Workplace activities or traffic.
Requirements relating to the workplace activities or traffic around portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29030 and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40015 Support.
Requirements relating to the support of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29015, 296-800-29030, and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40020 Set-up.
Requirements relating to the set-up of portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29015, 296-800-29030, and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40025 Climbing and descending.
Requirements relating to the climbing and descending on portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29005, 296-800-29015, 296-800-29030, and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40030 Getting on and off ladders at upper levels.
Requirements relating to getting on and off ladders at upper levels were moved from WAC 296-800-29030 and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40035 Exposed electrical hazards.
Requirements relating to exposed electrical hazards were moved from WAC 296-800-29030 and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40040 Persons on ladders.
Requirements relating to persons on portable ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29035 and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40045 Multi-section ladders.
Requirements relating to multi-section ladders were moved from WAC 296-24-78007, 296-24-79503, 296-800-29015, 296-800-29030, and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-40050 Self-supporting ladders.
Requirements relating to self-supporting ladders were moved from WAC 296-800-29040 and 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-500 Training -- Section contents.
Create this section contents/summary page relating to training.
WAC 296-876-50005 Training.
Requirements relating to training were moved from WAC 296-155-480 to this section.
WAC 296-876-600 Definitions.
The following definitions were consolidated from chapters 296-24, 296-155, and 296-800 WAC that relate to portable ladders:
- cleat, double-cleat ladder, equivalent, extension ladder, extension trestle ladder, failure, job-made ladder, ladder, ladder type, maximum intended load, portable ladder, reinforced plastic, reinforced plastic ladder, rung, sectional ladder, single-cleat ladder, single ladder, single-rail ladder, special-purpose ladder, step, stepladder, stress-grade lumber, trestle ladder, and working length.
REPEALED SECTIONS:
WAC 296-24-780 Portable wood ladders, 296-24-78003 Application
of requirements, 296-24-78005 Materials, and 296-24-78009
Ladder tests.
Requirements relating to portable wood ladders have been moved to chapter 296-876 WAC.
WAC 296-24-78007 Construction requirements.
Requirements relating to portable ladders have been moved to chapter 296-876 WAC.
Requirements relating to the design and construction of portable ladders have been moved to chapter 296-876 WAC.
WAC 296-24-795 Portable metal ladders, 296-24-79501 Terms,
296-24-79503 Requirements, and 296-24-79505 Testing.
Requirements relating to portable metal ladders have been moved to chapter 296-876 WAC.
WAC 296-800-290 Summary, 296-800-29005 Inspect your portable
metal ladders periodically, 296-800-29010 Make sure your
portable metal ladders are kept in good condition,
296-800-29015 Use your portable metal ladders safely,
296-800-29020 Inspect your portable wooden ladders frequently,
296-800-29025 Make sure your portable wooden ladders are kept
in good condition, 296-800-29030 Use your portable wooden
ladders safely and for their intended purpose, 296-800-29035
Safely use a portable wooden ladder when working more than
twenty-five feet above ground, and 296-800-29040 Use wooden
stepladders safely.
Requirements relating to portable ladders have been moved to chapter 296-876 WAC.
Reasons Supporting Proposal: See Purpose above.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060.
Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 49.17 RCW.
Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.
Name of Proponent: Department of Labor and Industries, governmental.
Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Tracy Spencer, Tumwater, (360) 902-5530; Implementation and Enforcement: Michael Wood, Tumwater, (360) 902-5495.
No small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW. According to RCW 19.85.030 (1)(a), a small business economic impact statement (SBEIS) is required only when a rule will "impose more than a minor cost on businesses in an industry." An analysis of the rule reveals that in addition to not imposing new costs on businesses, these revisions will make WISHA rules easier for employers and employees to understand and use, and thus save them time and resources. Therefore, no SBEIS is required.
A cost-benefit analysis is not required under RCW 34.05.328. There are no costs to assess within these rule amendments.
May 24, 2005
Judy Schurke
for Gary K. Weeks
Director
OTS-8011.1
REPEALER
The following sections of the Washington Administrative Code are repealed:
| WAC 296-800-290 | Summary. |
| WAC 296-800-29005 | Inspect your portable metal ladders periodically. |
| WAC 296-800-29010 | Make sure your portable metal ladders are kept in good condition. |
| WAC 296-800-29015 | Use your portable metal ladders safely. |
| WAC 296-800-29020 | Inspect your portable wooden ladders frequently. |
| WAC 296-800-29025 | Make sure your portable wooden ladders are kept in a good condition. |
| WAC 296-800-29030 | Use your portable wooden ladders safely and for their intended purpose. |
| WAC 296-800-29035 | Safely use a portable wooden ladder when working more than 25 feet above ground. |
| WAC 296-800-29040 | Use wooden stepladders safely. |
OTS-8010.1
PART J-1
WORKING SURFACES, GUARDING FLOORS AND WALL OPENINGS, FIXED LADDERS
((Working Surfaces, Ladders, Scaffolds))
| Note: | Requirements relating to portable ladders have been moved to chapter 296-876 WAC, Portable ladders. |
REPEALER
The following sections of the Washington Administrative Code are repealed:
| WAC 296-24-780 | Portable wood ladders. |
| WAC 296-24-78003 | Application of requirements. |
| WAC 296-24-78005 | Materials. |
| WAC 296-24-78007 | Construction requirements. |
| WAC 296-24-78009 | Ladder tests. |
| WAC 296-24-795 | Portable metal ladders. |
| WAC 296-24-79501 | Terms. |
| WAC 296-24-79503 | Requirements. |
| WAC 296-24-79505 | Testing. |
OTS-8013.1
PART J
STAIRWAYS AND FIXED LADDERS
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending Order 91-07, filed 11/22/91,
effective 12/24/91)
WAC 296-155-475
Scope and application.
This part
applies to all stairways and fixed ladders used in
construction, alteration, repair (including painting and
decorating), and demolition workplaces covered under chapter 296-155 WAC, and also sets forth, in specified circumstances,
when ladders and stairways are required to be provided. ((Additional requirements for ladders used on or with
scaffolds are contained in chapter 296-155 WAC, Part J-1.))
| Reference: | Requirements for ladders used on or with scaffolds are located in chapter 296-874 WAC, Scaffolds. |
| Requirements for portable ladders are located in chapter 296-876 WAC, Portable ladders. |
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-155-475, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-074 (Order 86-14), § 296-155-475, filed 1/21/86; Order 76-6, § 296-155-475, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-26, § 296-155-475, filed 5/7/74, effective 6/6/74.]
(2) Double-cleat ladder means a ladder similar in construction to a single-cleat ladder, but with a center rail to allow simultaneous two-way traffic for employees ascending or descending.
(3) Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods that the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the method or item specified in the standard.
(4) ((Extension trestle ladder means a self-supporting
portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestle
ladder base and a vertically adjustable extension section,
with a suitable means for locking the ladders together (also
see trestle ladder).
(5))) Failure means load refusal, breakage, or separation of component parts. Load refusal is the point where the structural members lose their ability to carry the loads.
(((6))) (5) Fixed ladder means a ladder that cannot be
readily moved or carried because it is an integral part of a
building or structure. A side-step fixed ladder is a fixed
ladder that requires a person getting off at the top to step
to the side of the ladder side rails to reach the landing. A
through fixed ladder is a fixed ladder that requires a person
getting off at the top to step between the side rails of the
ladder to reach the landing. For the purpose of this
standard, slip forms and scaffolds with built in ladders
permanently attached, are considered to be fixed ladders.
(((7))) (6) Handrail means a rail used to provide
employees with a handhold for support.
(((8))) (7) Individual-rung/step ladders means ladders
without a side rail or center rail support. Such ladders are
made by mounting individual steps or rungs directly to the
side or wall of the structure.
(((9) Job-made ladder means a ladder that is fabricated,
not commercially manufactured. This definition does not apply
to any individual-rung/step ladders.
(10) Ladder types. For the purpose of this standard ladder types are defined by the following types:
Type IA - Extra heavy duty industrial use.
Type I - Heavy duty industrial use such as utilities and contractors.
Type II - Medium duty industrial use such as painters, offices, and light industrial use.
Type III - Light duty household use.
(11))) (8) Landing means any area such as the ground,
roof, or platform that provides access/egress for a ladder.
(((12))) (9) Lower levels means those areas to which an
employee can fall from a stairway or ladder. Such areas
include ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways,
excavations, pits, tanks, material, water, equipment, and
similar surfaces. It does not include the surface from which
the employee falls.
(((13))) (10) Maximum intended load means the total load
of all employees, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted
loads, and other loads anticipated to be applied to a ladder
component at any one time.
(((14))) (11) Nosing means that portion of a tread
projecting beyond the face of the riser immediately below.
(((15))) (12) Platform means a walking/working surface
for persons, elevated above the surrounding floor or ground.
(((16))) (13) Point of access means all areas used by
employees for work-related passage from one area or level to
another. Such open areas include doorways, passageways,
stairway openings, studded walls, and various other permanent
or temporary openings used for such travel.
(((17) Portable ladder means a ladder that can be readily
moved or carried.
(18))) (14) Riser height means the vertical distance from the top of a tread to the top of the next higher tread or platform/landing or the distance from the top of a platform/landing to the top of the next higher tread or platform/landing.
(((19))) (15) Side-step fixed ladder. See "fixed
ladder."
(((20))) (16) Single-cleat ladder means a ladder
consisting of a pair of side rails, connected together by
cleats, rungs, or steps.
(((21) Single-rail ladder means a portable ladder with
rungs, cleats, or steps mounted on a single rail instead of
the normal two rails used on most other ladders. Single rail
ladders are prohibited from use.
(22) Special purpose ladder means a portable ladder that represents either a modification or a combination of design or construction features in one of the general purpose types of ladders previously defined, in order to adapt the ladder to special or specific uses.
(23))) (17) Spiral stairway means a series of steps attached to a vertical pole and progressing upward in a winding fashion within a cylindrical space.
(((24))) (18) Stairrail system means a vertical barrier
erected along the unprotected sides and edges of a stairway to
prevent employees from falling to lower levels. The top
surface of a stairrail system may also be a "handrail."
(((25) Step stool (ladder type) means a self-supporting,
foldable, portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, 32 inches
or less in overall size, with flat steps and without a pail
shelf, designed to be climbed on the ladder top cap as well as
all steps. The side rails may continue above the top cap.
(26))) (19) Through fixed ladder. See "fixed ladder."
(((27))) (20) Tread depth means the horizontal distance
from front to back of a tread (excluding nosing, if any).
(((28) Trestle ladder means a self-supporting portable
ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two sections
hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base. The
size is designated by the length of the side rails measured
along the front edge.
(29))) (21) Unprotected sides and edges means any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a stairway where there is no stairrail system or wall 36 inches (.9 m) or more in height, and any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a stairway landing, or ladder platform where there is no wall or guardrail system 39 inches (1 m) or more in height.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-155-47501, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91.]
(1) General. The following requirements apply to all
fixed ladders as indicated((, including job-made ladders)).
(a) Ladders shall be capable of supporting ((the
following loads)), without failure((:
(i) Each self-supporting portable ladder: At least four times the maximum intended load, except that each extra-heavy-duty type 1A metal or plastic ladder shall sustain at least 3.3 times the maximum intended load. The ability of a ladder to sustain the loads indicated in this section shall be determined by applying or transmitting the requisite load to the ladder in a downward vertical direction. Ladders built and tested in conformance with the applicable provisions of appendix A of this part will be deemed to meet this requirement.
(ii) Each portable ladder that is not self-supporting: At least four times the maximum intended load, except that each extra-heavy-duty type 1A metal or plastic ladders shall sustain at least 3.3 times the maximum intended load. The ability of a ladder to sustain the loads indicated in this section shall be determined by applying or transmitting the requisite load to the ladder in a downward vertical direction when the ladder is placed at an angle of 75 1/2 degrees from the horizontal. Ladders built and tested in conformance with the applicable provisions of appendix A will be deemed to meet this requirement.
(iii) Each fixed ladder:)), at least two loads of 250 pounds (114 kg) each, concentrated between any two consecutive attachments (the number and position of additional concentrated loads of 250 pounds (114 kg) each, determined from anticipated usage of the ladder, shall also be included), plus anticipated loads caused by ice buildup, winds, rigging, and impact loads resulting from the use of ladder safety devices. Each step or rung shall be capable of supporting a single concentrated load of at least 250 pounds (114 kg) applied in the middle of the step or rung. Ladders built in conformance with the applicable provisions of appendix A will be deemed to meet this requirement.
(b) Ladder rungs, cleats, and steps shall be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use.
(c)(((i))) Rungs, cleats, and steps of ((portable ladders
(except as provided below) and)) fixed ladders (including
individual-rung/step ladders) shall be spaced not less than 10
inches (25 cm) apart, nor more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart,
as measured between centerlines of the rungs, cleats, and
steps.
(((ii) Rungs, cleats, and steps of step stools shall be
not less than 8 inches (20 cm) apart, nor more than 12 inches
(31 cm) apart, as measured between centerlines of the rungs,
cleats, and steps.
(iii) Rungs, cleats, and steps of the base section of extension trestle ladders shall be not less than 8 inches (20 cm) nor more than 18 inches (46 cm) apart, as measured between centerlines of the rungs, cleats, and steps. The rung spacing on the extension section of the extension trestle ladder shall be not less than 6 inches (15 cm) nor more than 12 inches (31 cm), as measured between centerlines of the rungs, cleats, and steps.
(iv) Cleats on job-made ladders shall be inset into the edges of the side-rails one-half inch, or filler blocks shall be used on the side-rails between the cleats.
(v) Cleats on job-made ladders shall be secured to each rail with three 10d common wire nails or other fasteners of equivalent strength.))
(d)(((i))) The minimum clear distance between the sides
of individual-rung/step ladders and the minimum clear distance
between the side rails of other fixed ladders shall be 16
inches (41 cm).
(((ii) The minimum clear distance between side rails for
all portable ladders shall be 11 1/2 inches (29 cm).))
(e) The rungs of individual-rung/step ladders shall be shaped such that employees' feet cannot slide off the end of the rungs.
(f)(((i))) The rungs and steps of fixed metal ladders
manufactured after the effective date of this standard, shall
be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with skid-resistant
material, or otherwise treated to minimize slipping.
(((ii) The rungs and steps of portable metal ladders
shall be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with
skid-resistant material, or otherwise treated to minimize
slipping.
(g) Ladders shall not be tied or fastened together to provide longer sections unless they are specifically designed for such use.
(h) A metal spreader or locking device shall be provided on each stepladder to hold the front and back sections in an open position when the ladder is being used.
(i) When splicing is required to obtain a given length of side rail, the resulting side rail must be at least equivalent in strength to a one-piece side rail made of the same material.
(j))) (g) Except when portable ladders are used to gain access to fixed ladders (such as those on utility towers, billboards, and other structures where the bottom of the fixed ladder is elevated to limit access), when two or more separate ladders are used to reach an elevated work area, the ladders shall be offset with a platform or landing between the ladders. (The requirements to have guardrail systems with toeboards for falling object and overhead protection on platforms and landings are set forth in chapter 296-155 WAC, Part K.)
(((k))) (h) Ladder components shall be surfaced so as to
prevent injury to an employee from punctures or lacerations,
and to prevent snagging of clothing.
(((l))) (i) Wood ladders shall not be coated with any
opaque covering, except for identification or warning labels
which may be placed on one face only of a side rail.
(((m))) (j) The minimum perpendicular clearance between
fixed ladder rungs, cleats, and steps, and any obstruction
behind the ladder shall be 7 inches (18 cm), except in the
case of an elevator pit ladder, for which a minimum
perpendicular clearance of 4 1/2 inches (11 cm) is required.
(((n))) (k) The minimum perpendicular clearance between
the center line of fixed ladder rungs, cleats, and steps, and
any obstruction on the climbing side of the ladder shall be 30
inches (76 cm), except as provided in (((o))) (l) of this
subsection.
(((o))) (l) When unavoidable obstructions are
encountered, the minimum perpendicular clearance between the
centerline of fixed ladder rungs, cleats, and steps, and the
obstruction on the climbing side of the ladder may be reduced
to 24 inches (61 cm), provided that a deflection device is
installed to guide employees around the obstruction.
(((p))) (m) Through fixed ladders at their point of
access/egress shall have a step-across distance of not less
than 7 inches (18 cm) nor more than 12 inches (30 cm) as
measured from the centerline of the steps or rungs to the
nearest edge of the landing area. If the normal step-across
distance exceeds 12 inches (30 cm), a landing platform shall
be provided to reduce the distance to the specified limit.
(((q))) (n) Fixed ladders without cages or wells shall
have a clear width to the nearest permanent object of at least
15 inches (38 cm) on each side of the centerline of the
ladder.
(((r))) (o) Fixed ladders shall be provided with cages,
wells, ladder safety devices, or self-retracting lifelines
where the length of climb is less than 24 feet (7.3 m) but the
top of the ladder is at a distance greater than 24 feet (7.3
m) above lower levels.
(((s))) (p) Where the total length of a climb equals or
exceeds 24 feet (7.3 m), fixed ladders shall be equipped with
one of the following:
(i) Ladder safety devices; or
(ii) Self-retracting lifelines, and rest platforms at intervals not to exceed 150 feet (45.7 m); or
(iii) A cage or well, and multiple ladder sections, each ladder section not to exceed 50 feet (15.2 m) in length. Ladder sections shall be offset from adjacent sections, and landing platforms shall be provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet (15.2 m).
(((t))) (q) Cages for fixed ladders shall conform to all
of the following:
(i) Horizontal bands shall be fastened to the side rails of rail ladders, or directly to the structure, building, or equipment for individual-rung ladders;
(ii) Vertical bars shall be on the inside of the horizontal bands and shall be fastened to them;
(iii) Cages shall extend not less than 27 inches (68 cm), or more than 30 inches (76 cm) from the centerline of the step or rung (excluding the flare at the bottom of the cage), and shall not be less than 27 inches (68 cm) in width;
(iv) The inside of the cage shall be clear of projections;
(v) Horizontal bands shall be spaced not more than 4 feet (1.2 m) on center vertically;
(vi) Vertical bars shall be spaced at intervals not more than 9 1/2 inches (24 cm) on center horizontally;
(vii) The bottom of the cage shall be at a level not less than 7 feet (2.1 m) nor more than 8 feet (2.4 m) above the point of access to the bottom of the ladder. The bottom of the cage shall be flared not less than 4 inches (10 cm) all around within the distance between the bottom horizontal band and the next higher band;
(viii) The top of the cage shall be a minimum of 42 inches (1.1 m) above the top of the platform, or the point of access at the top of the ladder, with provision for access to the platform or other point of access.
(((u))) (r) Wells for fixed ladders shall conform to all
of the following:
(i) They shall completely encircle the ladder;
(ii) They shall be free of projections;
(iii) Their inside face on the climbing side of the ladder shall extend not less than 27 inches (68 cm) nor more than 30 inches (76 cm) from the centerline of the step or rung;
(iv) The inside clear width shall be at least 30 inches (76 cm);
(v) The bottom of the wall on the access side shall start at a level not less than 7 feet (2.1 m) nor more than 8 feet (2.4 m) above the point of access to the bottom of the ladder.
(((v))) (s) Ladder safety devices, and related support
systems, for fixed ladders shall conform to all of the
following:
(i) They shall be capable of withstanding without failure a drop test consisting of an 18-inch (41 cm) drop of a 500-pound (226 kg) weight;
(ii) They shall permit the employee using the device to ascend or descend without continually having to hold, push or pull any part of the device, leaving both hands free for climbing;
(iii) They shall be activated within 2 feet (.61 m) after a fall occurs, and limit the descending velocity of an employee to 7 feet/sec. (2.1 m/sec.) or less;
(iv) The connection between the carrier or lifeline and the point of attachment to the body belt or harness shall not exceed 9 inches (23 cm) in length.
(((w))) (t) The mounting of ladder safety devices for
fixed ladders shall conform to the following:
(i) Mountings for rigid carriers shall be attached at each end of the carrier, with intermediate mountings, as necessary, spaced along the entire length of the carrier, to provide the strength necessary to stop employees' falls.
(ii) Mountings for flexible carriers shall be attached at each end of the carrier. When the system is exposed to wind, cable guides for flexible carriers shall be installed at a minimum spacing of 25 feet (7.6 m) and maximum spacing of 40 feet (12.2 m) along the entire length of the carrier, to prevent wind damage to the system.
(iii) The design and installation of mountings and cable guides shall not reduce the design strength of the ladder.
(((x))) (u) The side rails of through or side-step fixed
ladders shall extend 42 inches (1.1 m) above the top of the
access level or landing platform served by the ladder. For a
parapet ladder, the access level shall be the roof if the
parapet is cut to permit passage through the parapet; if the
parapet is continuous, the access level shall be the top of
the parapet.
(((y))) (v) For through-fixed-ladder extensions, the
steps or rungs shall be omitted from the extension and the
extension of the side rails shall be flared to provide not
less than 24 inches (61 cm) nor more than 30 inches (76 cm)
clearance between side rails. Where ladder safety devices are
provided, the maximum clearance between side rails of the
extensions shall not exceed 36 inches (91 cm).
(((z))) (w) For side-step fixed ladders, the side rails
and the steps or rungs shall be continuous in the extension.
(((aa))) (x) Individual-rung/step ladders, except those
used where their access openings are covered with manhole
covers or hatches, shall extend at least 42 inches (1.1 m)
above an access level or landing platform either by the
continuation of the rung spacings as horizontal grab bars or
by providing vertical grab bars that shall have the same
lateral spacing as the vertical legs of the rungs.
(2) Use. The following requirements apply to the use of
all fixed ladders, ((including job-made ladders,)) except as
otherwise indicated:
(a) ((When portable ladders are used for access to an
upper landing surface, the ladder side rails shall extend at
least 3 feet (.9 m) above the upper landing surface to which
the ladder is used to gain access; or, when such an extension
is not possible because of the ladder's length, then the
ladder shall be secured at its top to a rigid support that
will not deflect, and a grasping device, such as a grabrail,
shall be provided to assist employees in mounting and
dismounting the ladder. In no case shall the extension be
such that ladder deflection under a load would, by itself,
cause the ladder to slip off its support.
(b))) Ladders shall be maintained free of oil, grease, and other slipping hazards.
(((c))) (b) Ladders shall not be loaded beyond the
maximum intended load for which they were built, nor beyond
their manufacturer's rated capacity.
(((d))) (c) Ladders shall be used only for the purpose
for which they were designed.
(((e)(i) Nonself-supporting ladders shall be used at an
angle such that the horizontal distance from the top support
to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter of the
working length of the ladder (the distance along the ladder
between the foot and the top support).
(ii) Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails shall be used at an angle such that the horizontal distance is one-eighth the working length of the ladder.
(iii))) (d) Fixed ladders shall be used at a pitch no greater than 90 degrees from the horizontal, as measured to the back side of the ladder.
(((f) Ladders shall be used only on stable and level
surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental displacement.
(g) Ladders shall not be used on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental displacement. Slip-resistant feet shall not be used as a substitute for care in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder that is used upon slippery surfaces including, but not limited to, flat metal or concrete surfaces that are constructed so they cannot be prevented from becoming slippery.
(h) Ladders placed in any location where they can be displaced by workplace activities or traffic, such as in passageways, doorways, or driveways, shall be secured to prevent accidental displacement, or a barricade shall be used to keep the activities or traffic away from the ladder.
(i))) (e) The area around the top and bottom of ladders shall be kept clear.
(((j) The top of a nonself-supporting ladder shall be
placed with the two rails supported equally unless it is
equipped with a single support attachment.
(k) Ladders shall not be moved, shifted, or extended while occupied.
(l) Ladders shall have nonconductive side rails if they are used where the employee or the ladder could contact exposed energized electrical equipment, except as provided in the following:
(i) Portable metal or other portable conductive ladders shall not be used on or near energized line or equipment except where nonconductive ladders present a greater electrical hazard than conductive ladders. A greater electrical hazard would be static electricity such as might be found in extra high voltage substations.
(ii) All conductive or metal ladders shall be prominently marked and identified as being conductive.
(iii) All conductive or metal ladders shall be grounded when used near energized lines or equipment.
(m) The top or top step of a stepladder shall not be used as a step.
(n) Cross-bracing on the rear section of stepladders shall not be used for climbing unless the ladders are designed and provided with steps for climbing on both front and rear sections.
(o))) (f) Ladders shall be inspected by a competent person for visible defects on a periodic basis and after any occurrence that could affect their safe use.
(((p) Portable ladders with structural defects, such as,
but not limited to, broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps,
broken or split rails, corroded components, or other faulty or
defective components, shall either be immediately marked in a
manner that readily identifies them as defective, or be tagged
with "do not use" or similar language, and shall be withdrawn
from service until repaired.
(q))) (g) Fixed ladders with structural defects, such as, but not limited to, broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps, broken or split rails, or corroded components, shall be withdrawn from service until repaired. The requirement to withdraw a defective ladder from service is satisfied if the ladder is either:
(i) Immediately tagged with "do not use" or similar language;
(ii) Marked in a manner that readily identifies it as defective;
(iii) Or blocked (such as with a plywood attachment that spans several rungs).
(((r))) (h) Ladder repairs shall restore the ladder to a
condition meeting its original design criteria, before the
ladder is returned to use.
(((s))) (i) Single-rail ladders shall not be used.
(((t))) (j) When ascending or descending a ladder, the
user shall face the ladder.
(((u))) (k) Employees shall not ascend or descend ladders
while carrying tools or materials that might interfere with
the free use of both hands.
(((v) When working from a ladder, the ladder shall be
secured at both top and bottom.
(w))) (l) No type of work shall be performed on a ladder over twenty-five feet from the ground or floor that requires the use of both hands to perform the work, unless a safety belt is worn and the safety lanyard is secured to the ladder.
(((x))) (m) Any work that requires wearing eye
protection, respirators, or handling of pressure equipment
shall not be performed from a ladder more than twenty-five
feet above the surrounding surface.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 96-24-051, § 296-155-480, filed 11/27/96, effective 2/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-10-016, § 296-155-480, filed 4/25/95, effective 10/1/95; 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-155-480, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-155-480, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-155-480, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; 90-09-026 (Order 90-01), § 296-155-480, filed 4/10/90, effective 5/25/90. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-074 (Order 86-14), § 296-155-480, filed 1/21/86. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150, and 49.17.240. 79-08-115 (Order 79-9), § 296-155-480, filed 7/31/79; Order 76-29, § 296-155-480, filed 9/30/76; Order 76-6, § 296-155-480, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-26, § 296-155-480, filed 5/7/74, effective 6/6/74.]
((** Manufactured portable wood ladders: American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) A14.1-1982 -- American
National Standard for Ladders-Portable Wood-Safety
Requirements.
** Manufactured portable metal ladders: ANSI A14.2-1982 -- American National Standard for Ladders -- Portable Metal-Safety Requirements.
** Manufactured fixed ladders: ANSI A14.3-1984 -- American National Standard for Ladders-Fixed-Safety Requirements.
** Job-made ladders: ANSI A14.4-1979 -- Safety Requirements for Job-Made Ladders.
** Plastic ladders: ANSI A14.5-1982 -- American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Reinforced Plastic-Safety Requirements.))
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-155-48080, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91.]
OTS-7998.1
PORTABLE LADDERS
| Exemption: | This chapter does not apply to portable ladders used: |
| By the fire services for fire combat that are covered by Safety standards for fire fighters, chapter 296-305 WAC; | |
| OR | |
| For agriculture activities covered by Safety standards for agriculture, chapter 296-307 WAC. |
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To make sure portable ladders meet design and construction requirements.
Design and construction
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IMPORTANT:
Design and construction requirements of this section do not apply to special purpose ladders.
Definition:
A special purpose ladder is a portable ladder that is made by modifying or combining design or construction features of the general-purpose types of ladders in order to adapt the ladder to special or specific uses.
You must:
Make sure portable ladders and job-made wooden ladders manufactured on or after January 1, 2006, meet the design and construction requirements and specifications of the appropriate American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard:
ANSI A14.1-2000, American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Wood-Safety Requirements.
ANSI A14.2-2000, American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Metal-Safety Requirements.
ANSI A14.5-2000, American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Reinforced Plastic-Safety Requirements.
ANSI A14.4-2002, American National Standard Safety Requirements for Job-Made Wooden Ladders.
Make sure portable ladders manufactured before January 1, 2006, meet the design and construction requirements and specifications of the appropriate ANSI standard in effect on the date of manufacture:
ANSI A14.1, American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Wood-Safety Requirements.
ANSI A14.2, American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Metal-Safety Requirements.
ANSI A14.5, American National Standard for Ladders-Portable Reinforced Plastic-Safety Requirements.
| Note: | A commercially manufactured portable ladder should have a label indicating it meets the requirements of the ANSI standard. If in doubt, check with the manufacturer. |
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Your responsibility:
To make sure portable ladders are inspected, maintained, stored and transported properly.
Condition and inspection
Repair
Storage
Transport
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You must:
Keep portable ladders in good, usable condition. Good, usable condition includes, but is not limited to:
Joints between the steps or rungs and the side rails are tight.
Rungs, cleats, or steps are not bent, broken, or missing.
Side rails are not bent, broken, or split.
All bolts and rivets are in place and secure.
Hardware, fittings and accessories are securely attached and working properly.
Ropes are not frayed or badly worn.
Moveable parts operate freely without binding or excessive play.
Safety feet and other auxiliary equipment are not excessively worn.
Metal components are not corroded.
There are no other faulty or defective components.
Make sure wood ladders are not coated with an opaque covering except for the minimum amount necessary for identification and warning information which may be placed on one face only of a side rail.
Have a competent person inspect a ladder:
When required by Table 1, Ladder Inspection Criteria;
AND
After any other occurrence that could affect safe use.
Make sure any ladder with structural damage or other hazardous defect is:
Marked to identify it as defective or tagged with "do not use" or similar language;
AND
Removed from service.
| Note: | Ladders subjected to certain acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a reduction in strength. Consult the manufacturer or a qualified person prior to use. |
Ladder Inspection Criteria
Table 1
| When the ladder is: | Do the following: | |
| First placed into service and periodically while in service | | Inspect the ladder for visible defects, including, but not limited to: |
| | Working parts; | |
| AND | ||
| | Rung or step connections to the side rails. | |
| Damaged by impact or tips over | | Visually inspect the ladder: |
| | Metal and reinforced plastic ladders for dents or bends in the side rails and excessively dented rungs or steps. | |
| | Wood ladders for cracks or splits in the side rails and rungs or steps. | |
| | Check: | |
| | Rung or step connections to the side rails. | |
| | Hardware connections. | |
| | Rivets for shear damage. | |
| | All other components. | |
| Exposed to excessive heat such as a fire | | Visually inspect the ladder for damage. |
| | Test for deflection and strength characteristics using the "in-service use tests” contained in the appropriate ANSI. | |
| Exemption: Job-made wooden ladders are not to be subjected to load or impact tests. Those tests may weaken lumber components or fasteners, causing hidden damage that could result in sudden failure during use. |
||
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You must:
Make sure repairs restore the ladder to a condition meeting its original design criteria.
Prohibit repairs to a defective side rail.
| Note: | A commercially manufactured ladder with a defective side rail cannot be repaired by the user. Side rail repair can only be done by the manufacturer. |
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You must:
Make sure material is not put on ladders in storage.
| Note: | Store portable ladders on racks designed to protect them when not in use. The racks should have enough supporting points to prevent the ladder from sagging. |
| Do not store wood ladders near sources of heat, moisture, or dampness. |
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You must:
Properly support ladders while transporting them on vehicles.
Make sure ladders transported in a truck rack are positively secured in a fixed position that prevents chafing or abrasion.
| Note: | Securing the ladder to each support point will greatly reduce damage due to road shock. |
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Your responsibility:
To use portable ladders safely.
Designed use
Workplace activities or traffic
Support
Set-up
Climbing and descending
Getting on and off ladders at upper levels
Exposed electrical hazards
Persons on ladders
Multisection ladders
Self-supporting ladders
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You must:
Use ladders only for their intended purpose.
| Note: | Unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer, do not use a ladder as a: |
| Brace. | |
| Skid. | |
| Lever. | |
| Guy or gin pole. | |
| Gangway. | |
| Platform. | |
| Scaffold plank. | |
| Material hoist. |
Make sure not to overload ladders. Do not exceed either the:
Maximum intended load;
OR
Manufacturer's rated capacity.
Definition:
The maximum intended load is the total load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads, and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a ladder or ladder component at any one time.
| Note: | Ladders are designated by type according to their maximum intended load and use as shown in the following table: |
| Duty Rating | Ladder Type | Use | Maximum Intended Load (Pounds) |
| Extra Heavy-Duty | IA | Industry, utilities, contractors | 300 |
| Heavy-Duty | I | Industry, utilities, contractors | 250 |
| Medium-Duty | II | Painters, offices, light maintenance | 225 |
| Light-Duty | III | General household use | 200 |
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You must:
Protect ladders that are set-up in a location where they could be displaced by workplace activities or traffic by either:
Securing the ladder to prevent accidental displacement;
OR
Using a barricade to keep the activities or traffic away from the ladder.
Protect ladders that are set-up in front of doors that open towards the ladder by doing at least one of the following:
Block the door open.
Lock the door.
Guard the door to keep it from opening into the ladder.
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You must:
Place the ladder either:
With a secure footing on a firm, level support surface;
OR
Secure the ladder to prevent accidental displacement.
Make sure a ladder is not placed on ice, snow, or other slippery surface unless the ladder is prevented from accidental displacement by either:
Securing it;
OR
Providing the ladder with slip-resistant feet.
| Note: | Slip-resistant feet are not a substitute for care in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder that is used on a slippery surface. |
Make sure ladders are not placed on boxes, barrels, or other unstable bases to obtain additional height.
Place a straight ladder so the side rails are equally supported by the top support, unless the ladder is equipped with a single support attachment.
Make sure the top support of the ladder is reasonably rigid and able to support the load.
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You must:
Set-up nonself-supporting ladders at a safe angle. The ladder is set at the proper angle when the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter the working length of the ladder.
Set-up job-made ladders with spliced side rails so that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is not greater than one-eighth the working length of the ladder.
Definition:
The working length of a nonself-supporting ladder is the length, measured along the rails, from the base support point of the ladder to the point of bearing at the top.
|
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You must:
Have both hands free to hold on to the ladder.
Face the ladder when climbing or descending.
Keep ladders free of oil, grease, or other slippery materials.
Keep the area around the top and bottom of ladders clear.
Make sure single-rail ladders are not used.
Definition:
A single-rail ladder is a portable ladder with crosspieces mounted on a single rail.
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You must:
Make sure a ladder used to access an upper level has the side rails extend at least three feet (.9 m) above the landing surface if the ladder length permits.
Do the following if a ladder used to access an upper level is not long enough to obtain a three-foot side rail extension above the landing surface:
Secure the ladder at the top to a rigid support that will not deflect.
Provide a grasping device, such as a grabrail, to assist in mounting and dismounting the ladder.
Make sure the ladder deflection under a load would not, by itself, cause it to slip off its support.
Make sure, if two or more separate ladders are used to reach an elevated work area, that the ladders are offset with a platform or landing between them.
| Exemption: | A platform or landing is not required when a portable ladder is used to reach a fixed ladder on structures such as utility towers and billboards where the bottom of the fixed ladder is elevated to limit access. |
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You must:
Use ladders with nonconductive side rails where the ladder could contact uninsulated, energized electric lines or equipment.
Metal ladders or other ladders specifically designed to permit grounding or dissipation of static electricity may be used around high static electrical fields if all of the following are met:
Using nonconductive ladders would present a greater hazard than using conductive ladders.
Ladders are prominently marked and identified as being conductive.
Ladders are grounded when used near energized lines or equipment.
| Note: | Examples of ladders with conductive side rails are metal ladders, and wood or reinforced plastic ladders with metal side rail reinforcement. |
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You must:
Make sure a ladder is not moved, shifted, or adjusted while anyone is on it.
Secure the ladder at the top and bottom when working from it.
Use a safety belt with a lanyard that is secured to the ladder when doing any work that:
Requires the use of both hands;
AND
Is done from a ladder more than twenty-five feet above the ground or floor.
Prohibit work being done from a ladder more than twenty-five feet above the ground or floor if the work requires either:
Wearing eye protection or a respirator;
OR
Handling pressure equipment.
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You must:
Make sure not to tie or fasten ladder sections together to make longer ladders unless:
The ladder manufacturer endorses this type of use;
AND
You have hardware fittings specifically designed for this purpose.
Make sure each section of a multisection ladder, when fully extended and locked in position to be used, overlaps the adjacent section as indicated in Table 2, Minimum Required Overlap for Extension Ladders.
Table 2
Minimum Required Overlap for Extension Ladders
| If the ladder size (feet) is: | Minimum required overlap for a two-section ladder is (feet): |
| Up to and including 36 | 3 |
| Over 36 up to and including 48 | 4 |
| Over 48 up to and including 60 | 5 |
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You must:
Make sure self-supporting ladders are not used as single ladders or in the partially closed position.
Make sure stepladders are fully opened with the spreaders locked.
Make sure not to climb on the rear braces of a self-supporting ladder unless they are designed and recommended for that purpose by the manufacturer.
Prohibit standing or stepping on the:
Top cap and top step of a step or trestle ladder.
Bucket or pail shelf of a self-supporting ladder.
| Exemption: | The restriction against using the top step is not applicable if it is eighteen inches or more below the top cap. |
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Your responsibility:
To train employees who use portable ladders.
Training
[]
You must:
Train employees to recognize ladder hazards and the procedures to minimize these hazards.
Have a competent person train employees that use portable ladders in at least the following topics:
The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling ladders.
The maximum intended load capacities of ladders that are used.
The requirements of this chapter.
Retrain employees as necessary to make sure they know and understand the content of the original training.
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Cleat
A ladder crosspiece used in climbing or descending. Also called a step or rung.
Double-cleat ladder
A job-made ladder with two side rails and a center rail connected with continuous cleats. It allows personnel to climb and descend at the same time.
Equivalent
An alternative design, material or method to protect against a hazard. You have to demonstrate it provides an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the method, material or design specified in the rule.
Extension ladder
A nonself-supporting portable ladder consisting of two or more sections. The sections travel in guides or brackets that allow the length of the ladder to be changed. The size is designated by the sum of the lengths of each section, measured along the side rails.
Extension trestle ladder
A self-supporting portable ladder that is adjustable in length. It consists of a trestle ladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with suitable means for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by the length of the trestle ladder base.
Failure
The ladder or ladder component loses the ability to carry the load, breaks, or separates into component parts.
Job-made ladder
A ladder that is made, not commercially manufactured, to fit a specific job situation. They are for temporary use until a particular phase of construction is completed or until permanent stairways or fixed ladders are ready to use.
Ladder
A device having steps, rungs, or cleats that can be used to climb or descend.
Ladder type
The designation that identifies the maximum intended load (working load) of the ladder. Ladder types are as follows:
Type IA - Extra heavy duty industrial use - three hundred lbs.
Type I - Heavy duty industrial use such as utilities and contractors - two hundred fifty lbs.
Type II - Medium duty industrial use such as painters, offices, and light industrial use - two hundred twenty-five lbs.
Type III - Light duty household use - two hundred lbs.
Maximum intended load
The total load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads, and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a ladder or ladder component at any one time. Sometimes referred to as working load.
Portable ladder
A ladder that can be readily moved or carried.
Reinforced plastic
A plastic that has high-strength fillers embedded in the base resin to increase strength.
Reinforced plastic ladder
A ladder whose side rails are reinforced plastic. The crosspieces, hardware, and fasteners may be made of metal or other suitable material.
Rung
A ladder crosspiece used in climbing or descending. Also called a cleat or step.
Sectional ladder
A nonself-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, that has two or more sections that can be combined to function as a single ladder. The size is designated by the overall length of the assembled sections.
Single-cleat ladder
A ladder consisting of a pair of side rails connected by cleats, rungs, or steps.
Single ladder
A nonself-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of one section. The size is designated by the overall length of the side rail.
Single-rail ladder
A portable ladder with crosspieces mounted on a single rail. Single-rail ladders are prohibited from use.
Special-purpose ladder
A portable ladder that is made by modifying or combining design or construction features of the general-purpose types of ladders in order to adapt the ladder to special or specific uses.
Step
A ladder crosspiece used in climbing or descending. Also called a cleat or rung.
Stepladder
A self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, with flat steps and hinged at the top. The size is designated by the overall length of the ladder measured along the front edge of the side rails.
Stress-grade lumber
Lumber that has been assigned allowable stress (allowable stress design) or reference strengths (load resistance factor design) values. It is identified by the grademark or certificate of inspection issued by a lumber inspection bureau or agency accredited by the Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee. The grademark specifies the grade, species, and dryness of the lumber.
Trestle ladder
A self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two sections hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base. The size is designated by the length of the side rails measured along the front edge.
Working length
The length of a nonself-supporting ladder, measured along the rails, from the base support point of the ladder to the point of bearing at the top.
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