Original Notice.

     Expedited rule making -- Proposed notice was filed as WSR 12-12-062.

     Title of Rule and Other Identifying Information: Chapter 296-155 WAC, Safety standards for construction work. Specifically, Part F-1 - Rigging requirements for material handling and Part L - Cranes, rigging, and personnel lifting. References throughout chapter 296-155 WAC are being updated as well.

     Hearing Location(s): DoubleTree by Hilton, Spokane City Center, 322 North Spokane Falls Court, Spokane, WA 99201, at 9:00 a.m., on November 8, 2012; at the Department of Labor and Industries, 7273 Linderson Way S.W., Tumwater, WA 98501, at 9:00 a.m., on November 13, 2012; and at the DoubleTree by Hilton, Seattle Airport, 18740 International Boulevard, Seattle, WA 98188, at 9:00 a.m., on November 14, 2012.

     Date of Intended Adoption: December 4, 2012.

     Submit Written Comments to: Cindy Ireland, P.O. Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98504, e-mail cynthia.ireland@lni.wa.gov, fax (360) 902-5619, by 5 p.m., November 20, 2012.

     Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Beverly Clark by October 23, 2012, at (360) 902-5516 or beverly.clark@lni.wa.gov.

     Purpose of the Proposal and Its Anticipated Effects, Including Any Changes in Existing Rules: The department filed expedited proposed rules under WSR 12-12-062 addressing the following issues: Extending the date by which the requirement relating to written and practical testing requirements for qualified riggers is effective; the addition of language to be at-least-as-effective-as the federal rule; and clarification of the scope of the rule to include the following existing requirements: Rigging for all construction activities (WAC 296-155-556); and personnel lifting with attached or suspended platforms using cranes or derricks (WAC 296-155-547). The department received five written objections to the expedited rule process.

     In consideration of the objections received and other feedback from stakeholders, this proposed rule moves the rigging requirements for material handling equipment to a separate part under chapter 296-155 WAC, Part F-1. The rigger qualification requirements for material handling is changed to be more consistent with the previous rigger qualifications for material handling equipment, eliminating the requirement for written and practical testing for riggers to be considered qualified when conducting rigging on material handling equipment. This proposed rule language also includes changes in the expedited rules filed for which no objections were received: Extending the date by which the requirement relating to written and practical testing requirements for qualified riggers is effective under chapter 296-155 WAC, Part L; the addition of language to be at-least-as-effective-as the federal rule; and clarification of the scope of the rule to include personnel lifting with attached or suspended platforms using cranes or derricks (WAC 296-155-547).

     NEW SECTIONS:

     Chapter 296-155 WAC, Part F-1 Rigging requirements for material handling.

•	Create this new part relating to rigging requirements for material handling.

     WAC 296-155-336 Rigging requirements for material handling.

•	There are no requirements in this section.

     WAC 296-155-33600 Scope.

•	Create this section explaining what Part F-1 pertains to.

     WAC 296-155-33605 Definitions.

•

Adds the following applicable definitions to this part: Angle of loading, anti two-block device, basket hitch, below-the-hook lifting device, bird caging, braided wire rope, bridle wire rope sling, cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint, cable laid grommet-hand tucked, center of gravity, choker hitch, come-a-long, competent person, cross rod, design factor, electrical contact, fabric (metal mesh), fall zone, flange points, hitch (hitched), hoist, hoisting, hoisting equipment, hook latch, load, load ratings, master coupling link, master link, mechanical coupling link (alloy steel chain), operational controls, procedures, qualified person, qualified rigger, rated capacity, rotation resistant rope, RPE, RPSE, running wire rope, safety or health standard, section, sling, spiral, standing wire rope, two blocking, vertical hitch, wire rope, working load.

     WAC 296-155-337 Rigging -- General requirements.

•	There are no requirements in this section.

     WAC 296-155-33700 Rigger qualifications.

•	Create this section outlining the qualifications for riggers who do rigging while doing material handling activities.

     WAC 296-155-33705 General requirements.

•	General requirements relating to all rigging are located in this section. These requirements are either in the current federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-338 Slings.

•	There are no requirements in this section.

     WAC 296-155-33800 Chain slings.

•	Requirements relating to chain slings are located in this section. These requirements are either in the current federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33805 Wire rope slings.

•	Requirements relating to wire rope slings are located in this section. These requirements are either in the current federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33810 Metal mesh slings.

•	Requirements relating to metal mesh slings are located in this section. These requirements are either in the current federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33815 Synthetic rope slings.

•	Requirements relating to synthetic rope slings are located in this section. These requirements are either in current federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33820 Synthetic webbing slings.

•	Requirements relating to synthetic webbing slings are located in this section. These requirements are either in current federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33825 Synthetic roundslings.

•	Requirements relating to synthetic roundslings are located in this section. These requirements are either in federal rule, current state rule or are in an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-339 Rigging hardware and lifting devices other than slings and rigging hardware.

•	There are no requirements in this section.

     WAC 296-155-33900 General requirements.

•	General requirements relating to rigging hardware are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33905 Shackles.

•	Requirements relating to shackles are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33910 Adjustable hardware.

•	Requirements relating to adjustable hardware are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33915 Compression hardware.

•	Requirements relating to compression hardware are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33920 Links, rings, and swivels.

•	Requirements relating to links, rings, and swivels are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-33925 Rigging blocks.

•	Requirements relating to rigging blocks are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-340 Lifting devices other than slings and rigging hardware.

•	There are no requirements in this section.

     WAC 296-155-34005 Structural and mechanical lifters.

•	Requirements relating to structural and mechanical lifters are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-34010 Vacuum lifters.

•	Requirements relating to vacuum lifters are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-34015 Close proximity lifting magnets.

•	Requirements relating to close proximity lifting magnets are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-34020 Remotely operated lifting magnets.

•	Requirements relating to remotely operated lifting magnets are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     WAC 296-155-34025 Scrap and material handling grapples.

•	Requirements relating to scrap and material handling grapples are located in this section. These requirements came from an industry consensus standard.

     AMENDED SECTIONS:

     Chapter 296-155 WAC, Part F Material handling, storage, use and disposal.

•	Remove the words "material handling" from the title of this part.

     WAC 296-155-529 Crane certifier accreditation and crane certification.

•	Change the title of this section to Scope and definitions. The crane certifier accreditation starts with WAC 296-155-531.

     WAC 296-155-52900 Scope.

•

Reformat this section by breaking out the information and creating new subsections. The first section, subsection (3) provides a list of equipment being exempted from the crane certifier accreditation and operator qualifications and certification portion of the rule. Create a subsection (4) that provides a list of equipment that would be exempted from Part L of this chapter.

o	The equipment that would be exempted from the certifier accreditation and operator qualifications:

▪	Cranes having a maximum capacity of one ton or less.
▪	Powered industrial trucks (forklifts) when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.
▪	Service cranes with booms that rotate manually.
▪	Overhead/bridge, gantry cranes, semi-gantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment having the same fundamental characteristics, irrespective of whether it travels on tracks, wheels, or other means, when performing construction activities and not permanently installed.

o	The equipment that would be exempted from Part L of this chapter:

▪	Equipment included in subsection (1) of this section while it has been converted or adapted for nonhoisting/lifting use. Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not limited to, power shovels, excavators and concrete pumps.
▪	Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader backhoes, track loaders.
▪	Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to clear wrecks and haul vehicles.
▪	Equipment originally designed as vehicle-mounted aerial devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevating work platforms.
▪	Hydraulic jacking systems, including telescopic/hydraulic gantries.
▪	Stacker cranes.
▪	Mechanic's truck with a hoisting device when used in activities related to equipment maintenance and repair.
▪	Equipment that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall.
▪	Dedicated drilling rigs.
▪	Gin poles used for the erection of communication towers.
▪	Tree trimming and tree removal work.
▪	Anchor handling or dredge-related operations with a vessel or barge using an affixed A-frame.
▪	Roustabouts.
▪	Machines equipped with a boom that is limited to up and down movement only and does not rotate.
▪	Conveyors.
▪	Pump hoists with booms that do not rotate.
▪	Cranes and their operators used on-site in manufacturing facilities or powerhouses for occasional or routine maintenance and repair work.
▪	Helicopter cranes.
▪	Permanently installed overhead/bridge, gantry cranes, semi-gantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and others having the same fundamental characteristics.
▪	Digger derricks when used for activities that are covered under chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers, or chapter 296-32 WAC, Safety standards for telecommunications. Cranes other than digger derricks when used for activities that are covered under chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers, or chapter 296-32 WAC, Safety standards for telecommunications, are NOT exempt.
▪	Powered industrial trucks (forklifts) except when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.

•	Add a note for clarity that reads, "Rigging requirements for material handling is located in Part F-1 of this chapter."
•	In subsection (1), add the words "the following." The first sentence reads, "Except as provided in subsection (3) of this section, this part applies to the following:"
•	Create a new subsection (1)(b) for clarity. It reads, "Personnel lifting with attached or suspended platforms using cranes or derricks (WAC 296-155-547)."
•	Renumber subsections (5) through (8).

     WAC 296-155-52902 Definitions.

•	In the definition of "attachments" change the word "means" to "mean" and "or" to "of" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Attachments mean any device that expands the range of tasks that can be done by the crane/derrick. Examples include, but are not limited to: An auger, drill, magnet, pile-driver, and boom-attached personnel platform."
•	Add a definition for "Jib stop" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Jib stop (also referred to as a jib backstop), is the same type of device as a boom stop but is for a fixed or luffing jib."
•	Delete the last sentence in the definition of "mobile cranes." The federal definition had this sentence in their proposed rule but did not in their adopted rule. The sentence being removed reads, "These are referred to in Europe as a crane mounted on a truck carrier."

     WAC 296-155-53300 Operator qualifications and certification.

•	In the note after Table 3, add the words "covered under this part" for clarity. It reads, "Cranes and other lifting machines covered under this part that are exempt can be found in WAC 296-155-52900(3)."

     WAC 296-155-53306 Rigger qualifications.

•	In subsection (1), clarify the language for consistency. It reads, "The rigger must meet the qualification requirements (subsection (3) of this section) prior to performing hoisting activities for assembly and disassembly work (WAC 296-155-53402 (19)(a)). A qualified rigger is required whenever employees are engaged in hooking, unhooking, or guiding the load, or in the initial connection of a load to a component or structure, and are within the fall zone (WAC 296-155-53400 (43)(c)). This requirement must be met by using either Option (1) or Option (2)."
•	In subsection (3)(g), modify the note to allow an additional one hundred eighty days for employers to come into compliance with the requirement relating to having qualified riggers pass a written and practical test. It reads, "The provisions of subsection (3)(g) of this section are not required until February 1, 2013."
•	Add a new note for clarity. It reads, "This section does not require that each and every worker associated with the rigging of a component or structure to be a "fully qualified rigger" as defined in this section, the requirement is for at least one of the workers to be a fully qualified rigger. However, all other associated workers must be qualified by training or experience to perform their assigned tasks (WAC 296-155-035(2))."

     WAC 296-155-53400 General requirements.

•	In subsection (1), add the words "covered under this part." It reads, "All cranes and derricks covered under this part, except for those exempted in WAC 296-155-52900(3), must be certified annually by an accredited certifier recognized by the department, for detailed information about this certification see WAC 296-155-532."
•	In subsection (2), add the words "covered under this part." It reads, "All crane and derrick operators covered under this part, except for those exempted in WAC 296-155-52900(3), must be qualified as required by WAC 296-155-533."
•	In subsection (4)(a), replace the word "provide" with the words "develop and ensure compliance with" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Where the manufacturer procedures are unavailable, the employer must develop and ensure compliance with all procedures necessary for the safe operation of the crane/derrick and attachments."
•	In subsection (29), replace the language to match the federal equivalent. It reads,
	"(a) Load hooks (including latched and unlatched types), ball assemblies and load blocks must be of sufficient weight to overhaul the line from the highest hook position for boom or boom and jib lengths and the number of parts of the line in use.
	(b) Crane hooks must be equipped with latches or self-locking devices unless a qualified person determines that it is safer to hoist and place the load without latches (or with latches removed/tied back or otherwise disabled) and routes for the loads are pre-planned to ensure that no employee is required to work in the fall zone except for employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.
	(c) The latch or self-locking device (when used) must bridge the throat opening of the hook for the purpose of retaining slings or other lifting devices under slack conditions."
•	In subsection (43)(a), add the words "to the extent consistent with public safety" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Where available, hoisting routes that minimize the exposure of employees to hoisted loads must be used to the extent consistent with public safety."
•	In subsection (43)(c)(ii), add a reference to subsection (29)(b).
•	In subsection (54)(d), add language to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "If the competent person determines that there is slack rope condition requiring respooling of the rope, it must be verified (before starting the lift) that the rope is seated on the drum and in the sheaves as the slack is removed."
•	In subsection (61), add language to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Except for proof load testing required under WAC 296-155-53202 through 296-155-53212, no crane/derrick is permitted to be loaded beyond the specifications of the load rating chart, unless authorized by the crane manufacturer. The operator must not be required to operate the crane/derrick in a manner that would violate this requirement."
•	Add a new subsection (64) to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "The brakes must be adjusted in accordance with manufacturer procedures to prevent unintended movement."
•	Renumber the remaining subsections.

     WAC 296-155-53402 Assembly/disassembly.

•	After subsection (1)(b), add a note to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Note: The employer must follow manufacturer procedures when an employer uses synthetic slings during assembly or disassembly of cranes/derricks, see subsection (19) of this section."
•	In subsection (18)(b), add language relating to locomotive cranes to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "The outriggers must be set to remove the crane weight from the wheels, except for locomotive cranes (see subsection (18)(f) of this section for use of outriggers or locomotive cranes)."
•	Add a subsection (18)(f) relating to locomotive cranes to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "For locomotive cranes, when using outriggers or stabilizers to handle loads, the manufacturer's procedures must be followed. When lifting loads without using outriggers or stabilizers, the manufacturer's procedures must be met regarding truck wedges or screws."

     WAC 296-155-53403 Fall protection.

•	In subsection (2)(b), add language relating to boom walkways to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Boom walkway criteria. The walkways must be at least twelve inches wide."
•	In subsection (3)(b), add the word "derricks" for consistency.
•	After subsection (5)(b), add a note for clarity. It reads, "Note: If the equipment is running and the employee is at or near the draw-works, precautions should be taken to ensure the fall protection gear will not become entangled."
•	After subsection (6), add a note for clarity. It reads, "Note: If the equipment is running and the employee is at or near the draw-works, precautions should be taken to ensure the fall protection gear will not become entangled."
•	After subsection (9)(a), add a note for clarity. It reads, "Note: If the equipment is running and the employee is at or near the draw-works, precautions should be taken to ensure the fall protection gear will not become entangled."

     WAC 296-155-53404 Wire rope.

•	In subsection (2)(c), update a reference.

     WAC 296-155-53406 Signals.

•	After subsection (3)(a), add a reference to the hand signal chart located in the appendices of this part. It reads, "See WAC 296-155-56400 for the hand signal chart."

     WAC 296-155-53408 Power line safety.

•	In subsection (1)(b)(iii)(A)(IV), add a note that defines what a dedicated spotter is. Copied this definition from WAC 296-155-52902, it reads, "Note: To be considered a dedicated spotter, the requirements of WAC 296-155-53302 (signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the power line and; the equipment, the load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached."
•	In subsection (2)(b)(iv)(B)(IV), add a note that defines what a dedicated spotter is. Copied this definition from WAC 296-155-52902, it reads, "Note: To be considered a dedicated spotter, the requirements of WAC 296-155-53302 (signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the power line and; the equipment, the load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached."
•	In subsection (2)(d)(ii)(D), correct a reference.
•	In subsection (4), bold the word "all."
•	In subsection (4)(d)(i), add the language "but are not limited to" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "The power line owner/operator or registered professional engineer who is a qualified person with respect to electrical power transmission and distribution determines the minimum clearance distance that must be maintained to prevent electrical contact in light of the on-site conditions. The factors that must be considered in making this determination include, but are not limited to: Conditions affecting atmospheric conductivity; time necessary to bring the crane/derrick, load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories) to a complete stop; wind conditions; degree of sway in the power line; lighting conditions, and other conditions affecting the ability to prevent electrical contact."
•	In subsection (4)(e)(ii)(A), add the language "but are not limited to" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Be equipped with a visual aid to assist in identifying the minimum clearance distance. Examples of a visual aid include, but are not limited to: A clearly visible line painted on the ground; a clearly visible line on stanchions; a set of clearly visible line-of-sight landmarks (such as a fence post behind the dedicated spotter and a building corner ahead of the dedicated spotter)."
•	In subsection (4)(e)(ii)(D), add a note that defines what a dedicated spotter is. Copied this definition from WAC 296-155-52902, it reads, "Note: To be considered a dedicated spotter, the requirements of WAC 296-155-53302 (signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the power line and; the equipment, the load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached."

     WAC 296-155-53409 Training.

•	In subsection (1)(d)(iii), add the words "covered under this part" and update a reference. It reads, "For operators using equipment covered under this part that are exempt in WAC 296-155-52900 (3)(b), the employer must ensure that each operator is trained on the safe operation of the equipment the operator will be using."
•	Add a new subsection (1)(e) to match the federal equivalent and renumber. It reads,
	"(e) The employer must train each operator of the equipment covered by this part in the following practices:
	(i) On friction equipment, whenever moving a boom off a support, first raise the boom a short distance (sufficient to take the load of the boom) to determine if the boom hoist brake needs to be adjusted. On other types of equipment with a boom, the same practice is applicable, except that typically there is no means of adjusting the brake; if the brake does not hold, a repair is necessary. See WAC 296-155-53400 (68) and (69).
	(ii) Where available, the manufacturer's emergency procedures for halting unintended equipment movement."
•	Add a new subsection (2)(c) to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Whenever the employer is required to provide training under this part, the employer must provide the training at no cost to the employee."

     WAC 296-155-54200 Overhead/bridge and gantry cranes -- General.

•	In subsection (2), remove the words "in a manufacturing facility or a powerhouse" to be consistent with the federal equivalent. It reads, "Overhead and gantry cranes that are not permanently installed must follow the applicable requirements in chapter 296-155 WAC Part L."

     WAC 296-155-54410 Sideboom cranes.

•	In subsection (1), update a reference.

     WAC 296-155-55110 Proof load test platforms and rigging.

•

In subsection (1)(a)(ii), add the words "by controlled load lowering, braked," to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "The platform must be lowered by controlled load lowering, braked, and held in a suspended position for a minimum of five minutes with the test load evenly distributed on the platform."

     WAC 296-155-55115 Trial lift.

•

In subsection (6)(a), add the words "with the personnel and materials/tools on board" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "The platform must be hoisted a few inches with the personnel and materials/tools on board and inspected by a competent person to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced."

     WAC 296-155-55210 Crane or derrick operation requirements for personnel lifting.

•	In subsection (1)(f), add the word "cautious" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Perform all movements of the platform or crane/derrick in a slow, controlled, cautious manner to minimize sudden movement of the platform;"
•	In subsection (1)(j)(ii), replace the word "or" with "and must be" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "The crane/derrick operator must be at a set of crane controls that include boom and swing functions of the crane, and must be on-site and in view of the crane/derrick and platform."

     WAC 296-155-55300 Personnel lifting requirements.

•

In subsection (2), add the words "sustained or gusts" to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "Personnel platforms cannot be used in winds (sustained or gusts) in excess of twenty mph (32.2 km/hr) or in electric storms, snow, ice, sleet, or other adverse weather conditions which could affect the safety of personnel."

     WAC 296-155-556 Rigging -- General requirements.

•	Deleted the words "The rigging requirements in this part apply to all construction activities."

     WAC 296-155-55600 General requirements.

•	In subsection (1), add clarifying language for consistency. It reads, "Employers must use at least one qualified rigger as follows:"
•	In subsection (1)(a), remove the words "additionally, qualified riggers are required."
•	In subsection (1)(b), add clarifying language and a note for consistency. It reads, "Whenever employees are engaged in hooking, unhooking, or guiding a load, or in the initial connection of a load to a component or structure, and are within the fall zone (WAC 296-155-53400 (43)(c)." The note reads, "Note: See qualified rigger requirements located in WAC 296-155-53306."
•	Create a new subsection (9) and add language to match the federal equivalent and renumber. It reads, "Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, must be marked to indicate the safe working loads and must be proof tested prior to use to one hundred and twenty-five percent of their rated load."
•	Create a new subsection (12) and add language to match the federal equivalent. It reads, "All rigging hardware must have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer that indicate the recommended safe working load."
•	Renumber the subsections in this section.

     WAC 296-155-55805 Wire rope slings.

•	In subsection (8), create a new subsection (8)(d) and add language to match the federal equivalent and renumber. It reads, "Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles must be covered or blunted."
•	In subsection (8), create a new subsection (8)(e) and add language to match the federal equivalent and renumber. It reads, "A sling must not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling."

     WAC 296-155-55820 Synthetic webbing slings.

•	In subsection (6)(a), create a new subsection (6)(a)(vi) and add language to match the federal equivalent and renumber. It reads, "Fittings must be of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the sling."
•	In subsection (6), create a new subsection (6)(b) and add language to match the federal equivalent and renumber. It reads, "Webbing. Synthetic webbing must be of uniform thickness and width and selvage edges must not be split from the webbing's width."

     WAC 296-155-56100 General requirements.

•	In subsection (3)(c), add the words "at least one of the workers" for clarity. It reads, "At least one of the workers using rigging hardware must meet the requirements of WAC 296-155-53306."

     WAC 296-155-56400 Mobile crane hand signal chart.

•	Deleted the illustration in this section and added the following language, "See ASME B30.5 - 2011, Standard hand signals for controlling crane operations."

     WAC 296-155-704 Hoisting and rigging.

•

In subsection (3)(b), add language for clarity. It reads, "A qualified rigger (when a crane/derrick is being used as the hoisting machinery) is a rigger that meets the requirements in WAC 296-155-53306 and all rigging gear must be inspected prior to each shift in accordance with WAC 296-155-556 through 296-155-56220. A qualified rigger (when hoisting machinery other than a crane/derrick is being used) must meet the requirements in WAC 296-155-33700 and all rigging gear must be inspected prior to each shift in accordance with WAC 296-155-337 through 296-155-34025."

     REPEALED SECTION:

     WAC 296-155-329 Qualified person -- Rigging.

     Reasons Supporting Proposal: See above.

     Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and 49.17.060.

     Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

     Rule is necessary because of federal law, 29 C.F.R. 1926 Subparts H and CC.

     Name of Proponent: Department of labor and industries, governmental.

     Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Alan Lundeen, Tumwater, Washington, (360) 902-4758; Implementation and Enforcement: Anne F. Soiza, Tumwater, Washington, (360) 902-5090.

     No small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW. Changes are exempt when: Explicitly and specifically dictated by federal statute; correct typographical errors or clarifies language without changing its effect; or are adopted from national consensus codes. RCW 19.85.025, referencing RCW 34.05.310 (4)(c) - (d). In addition, the analysis of the rule reveals that in addition to not imposing new costs on businesses, these revisions will actually make division of occupational safety and health rules easier for employers and employees to understand and use, and thus actually save them time.

     A cost-benefit analysis is not required under RCW 34.05.328. No cost-benefit analysis was prepared. Changes are exempt when: Explicitly and specifically dictated by federal statute; correct typographical errors or clarifies language without changing its effect; or are adopted from national consensus codes. RCW 34.05.328 (5)(b)(iii) - (v). No new costs are imposed by this proposed rule.

October 2, 2012

Judy Schurke

Director

OTS-4788.4

PART F

((MATERIAL HANDLING,)) STORAGE,

USE, AND DISPOSALPART F-1

     RIGGING REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIAL HANDLING
NEW SECTION
WAC 296-155-336   Rigging requirements for material handling.  

[]

     (2) This part does not apply to power-operated cranes and derricks when performing construction activities that fall under the scope of Part L of this chapter.

[]

     Anti two-block device means a device that, when activated, disengages all crane functions whose movement can cause two-blocking.

     Basket hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load and both loop eyes or end fittings are attached to the lifting device.

     Below-the-hook lifting device means a device used for attaching loads to a hoist. The device may contain components such as slings, hooks, rigging hardware, and lifting attachments.

     Bird caging means the twisting of fiber or wire rope in an isolated area of the rope in the opposite direction of the rope lay, thereby causing it to take on the appearance of a bird cage.

     Braided wire rope means a wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes.

     Bridle wire rope sling means a sling composed of multiple legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.

     Cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint means a wire rope sling made endless from one continuous length of cable laid rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.

     Cable laid grommet-hand tucked means an endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of rope formed to make a body composed of six ropes around a rope core. The rope ends are tucked into the body, thus forming the core. No sleeves are used.

     Center of gravity means the center of gravity of any object is the point in the object around which its weight is evenly distributed. If you could put a support under that point, you could balance the object on the support.

     Choker hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load, then through one loop eye, end fitting, or other device, with the other loop eye or end fitting attached to the lifting device. This hitch can be done with a sliding choker hook or similar device.

     Come-a-long means a mechanical device typically consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end that is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage.

     Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

     Cross rod means a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form a complete fabric. See Figure 11.

     Design factor means the ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength and rated load.

     Electrical contact means when a person, object, or equipment makes contact or comes close in proximity with an energized conductor or equipment that allows the passage of current.

     Fabric (metal mesh) means the flexible portion of the sling exclusive of end fittings consisting of a series of transverse spirals and cross rods.

     Fall zone means the area (including, but not limited to, the area directly beneath the load) in which it is reasonably foreseeable that partially or completely suspended materials could fall in the event of an accident.

     Flange points means a point of contact between rope and drum flange where the rope changes layers.

     Hitch (hitched) means a method of rigging (attaching) a sling temporarily to a load or object for the purpose of lifting.

     Hoist means a mechanical device for lifting and lowering loads by winding rope onto or off a drum.

     Hoisting means the act of raising, lowering or otherwise moving a load in the air with equipment covered by this standard. As used in this standard, "hoisting" can be done by means other than wire rope/hoist drum equipment.

     Hoisting equipment means a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally. The machine may be fixed or mobile and be driven manually, by power, or by a combination of both.

     Hook latch means a mechanical device used to close the throat opening of a hook.

     Load is the weight of the object being lifted or lowered, including the weight of the load-attaching equipment such as the load block, ropes, slings, shackles, and any other auxiliary attachment.

     Load ratings means a set of rated loads for stipulated hoisting equipment configurations and operating conditions.

     Master coupling link means an alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links.

     Master link means forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling.

     Mechanical coupling link (alloy steel chain) means a nonwelded, mechanically closed link used primarily to attach fittings to alloy steel chain.

     Operational controls means levers, switches, pedals and other devices for controlling equipment operation.

     Procedures include, but are not limited to: Instructions, diagrams, recommendations, warnings, specifications, protocols, and limitations.

     Qualified person means a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, successfully demonstrated the ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

     Qualified rigger is a rigger who meets the requirements in WAC 296-155-33700.

     Rated capacity means the maximum working load permitted by the manufacturer under specified working conditions. Such working conditions typically include a specific combination of factors such as equipment configuration, radii, boom length, and other parameters of use.

     Rotation resistant rope means a type of wire rope construction which reduces the tendency of a rope to rotate about its axis under load. Usually, this consists of an inner system of core strands laid in one direction covered by an outer system of strands laid in the opposite direction.

     RPE means a registered professional engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).

     RPSE means a registered professional structural engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).

     Running wire rope is a wire rope that moves over sheaves or drums.

     Safety or health standard means a standard adopted under this chapter.

     Section means a section of this part, unless otherwise specified.

     Sling means an assembly to be used for lifting when connected to a lifting mechanism. The upper portion of the sling is connected to the lifting mechanism and the lower supports the load, as described in this part.

     Spiral means a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated.

     Standing wire rope means a supporting wire rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components connected by the wire rope.

     Two blocking means a condition in which a component that is uppermost on the hoist line such as the load block, hook block, overhaul ball, or similar component, comes in contact with the boom tip, fixed upper block or similar component. This binds the system and continued application of power can cause failure of the hoist rope or other component.

     Vertical hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the load is attached to the loop eye or end fitting at one end of the sling and the loop eye or end fitting at the other end is attached to the lifting device. Any hitch less than five degrees from the vertical may be considered a vertical hitch.

     Wire rope means a flexible rope constructed by laying steel wires into various patterns of multiwired strands around a core system to produce a helically wound rope.

     Working load means the external load applied to the hoisting equipment, including the personnel lifting platform, its contents, and the load attaching equipment, such as lowered load block, shackles, and slings.

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     • "Know and understand of the requirements for slings, rigging hardware, and below-the-hook lifting devices, including their limitations, rigging practices, associated hazards, and inspection requirements;

     • "Know and understand the application of the type of hitches used;

     • "Know and understand load weight estimation, center of gravity, effect of angle on rigging components, and load turning.

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     (2) All slings in use must meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction, testing, maintenance and operation as prescribed in ASME B30.9-2010.

     (3) All rigging hardware in use must meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction, testing, maintenance and operation as prescribed in ASME B30.26-2010.

     (4) All rigging gear must be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations or a qualified person.

     (5) All below-the-hook lifting devices in use must meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction, testing, maintenance and operation as prescribed in ASME B30.20-2010.

     (6) All hooks in use must meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction, testing, maintenance and operation as prescribed in ASME B30.10-2009.

     (7) Repair of hooks must be approved by the manufacturer or qualified person and as follows:

     (a) Cracks, nicks, and gouges may be repaired by a competent person, all other repairs are done by the manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (b) Grind longitudinally, following the contour of the hook;

     (c) Do not reduce the dimension of the hook more than ten percent from the original.

     (8) Hooks must not be modified by welding and/or drilling unless written approval by the manufacturer has been received.

     (9) A qualified person must inspect the rigging equipment before each day or shift and:

     (a) Consider the application the equipment will be used for, and determine if it's safe for use;

     (b) Remove the equipment from service if using it will create a hazard or meets any of the removal criteria listed in this chapter.

     (10) The rated load of the rigging equipment must not be exceeded.

     (11) All rigging hardware must be inspected in accordance with Table 1, each day before using. If a daily inspection is not feasible because the hardware is in a semipermanent or inaccessible location, a periodic inspection is allowed instead of daily.

     (12) Rigging hardware must be removed from service when it shows any conditions listed in Table 1, or any other hazardous condition.

     (14) Welding of rigging hardware is prohibited unless authorized by the manufacturer or an RPE.

     (15) Replacement parts must meet or exceed the original rigging hardware manufacturer's specifications.

     (16) Rigging hardware selection must have the characteristics suitable for the application and environment where it will be used.

     (17) Workers must keep all parts of their body from between the load and any rigging during the lift.

     (18) If handling intermodal shipping containers at a construction site, the employer must follow the requirements in chapter 296-56 WAC, longshore, stevedore and waterfront related operations, Part F, Specialized terminals and the guidelines found in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3874 - Series 1 Freight Containers, fifth edition - Handling and Securing.

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     (2) The following requirements must be met if manufacturing your own chain slings:

     (a) Have a design factor of four;

     (b) Meet the rated load requirements in subsection (9) of this section.

     (3) Rate chain slings with the load capacity of the lowest rated component of the sling. For example, if you use fittings that are rated lower than the sling material itself, identify the sling with the lower rated capacity.

     (4) Makeshift fittings, such as hooks or links formed from bolts, rods, or other parts are prohibited.

     (5) All chain slings must have legible identification information attached to the sling which includes the following information:

     (a) Name or trademark of the manufacturer;

     (b) Grade;

     (c) Nominal chain size;

     (d) Number of legs;

     (e) Rated loads for the vertical hitch and bridle hitch and the angle upon which it is based;

     (f) Length (reach);

     (g) Individual sling identification (e.g., serial numbers);

     (h) Repairing agency, if the sling was ever repaired.

     (6) Inspections.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect chain slings before their initial use, according to Table 2, both:

     (i) When the sling is new; and

     (ii) Whenever a repair, alteration, or modification has been done.

     (b) A qualified person must perform a visual inspection for damage, each day or shift the chain sling is used. Immediately remove from service any sling damaged beyond the criteria in Table 2.

     (c) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections on chain slings according to Table 2.

     (i) Each link and component must be examined individually, taking care to expose and examine all surfaces including the inner link surfaces.

     (ii) Remove slings from use:

     • If any of the conditions in Table 2 are found;

     • When they have been exposed to temperatures above one thousand degrees Fahrenheit.

     (d) A written record of the most recent periodic inspection must be kept, including the condition of the sling.

Note:

An external code mark on the sling is an acceptable means of recording the inspection as long as the code can be traced back to a record.

     (a) Chain slings must be repaired as follows:

     (i) Slings must only be repaired by the manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (ii) Chain used for sling repair must be alloy steel chain manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM A 391/A 391M for Grade 80 chain and ASTM A 973/A 973M for Grade 100 chain;

     (iii) Components for alloy steel chain slings must be manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM A 952/A 952M;

     (iv) The use of mechanical coupling links within the body of a chain sling to connect two pieces of chain is prohibited;

     (v) Replace cracked, broken, or bent chain links or components instead of repairing them.

     (b) The sling must be marked to show the repairing agency.

     (c) Repaired slings must be proof tested according to the requirements in subsection (8) of this section. If only replacing components of the sling, and the components were individually proof tested, the sling does not have to be tested as a whole.

Note:

For additional requirements relating to repair and modification see WAC 296-155-33705(9).

     (8) Proof test chain slings. Prior to initial use, all new and repaired chain and components of an alloy steel chain sling, either individually or as an assembly must be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person. Follow the requirements in Table 4, Chain Sling Proof Load Requirements.

Note:	Rated loads are based on the following factors:
	• Strength of sling materials;
	• Design factor;
	• Type of hitch;
	• Angle of loading.

     (a) Chain slings must be used within the rated loads shown in Tables 1 through 4 of ASME B30.9-2010. For angles that are not shown in these tables, either use the rated load for the next lower angle or one calculated by a qualified person.

     (b) The use of horizontal sling angles less than thirty degrees are prohibited, unless recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person. See Figure 1, Multiple-Leg Bridle Sling Hitch.

     (c) Rated loads must be verified for slings used in a choker meet the values shown in the above referenced tables provided that the angle of choke is one hundred twenty degrees or greater. See Figure 2, Single-Leg Choker Hitch.

     (d) Rated loads for angles of choke less than one hundred twenty degrees must be determined by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

Figure 1 Multiple-Leg Bridle Sling Hitch

Figure 2 Single-Leg Choker Hitch

     (10) Use of chain slings.

     (a) Shorten or adjust slings using only methods approved by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (b) Slings must not be shortened or lengthened by knotting or twisting.

     (c) Twisting and kinking must be avoided.

     (d) Hitch slings in a way that provides control of the load.

     (e) Balance the load in slings used in a basket hitch to prevent it from slipping.

     (f) Slings must be protected from sharp edges of the load. See Figure 3.

     (g) The sling must be prevented from snagging anything during the lift, with or without load.

Softeners can be made from split pipe, padding or blocking

Figure 3 Softeners

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     (a) Wire rope slings must be made from new or unused regular lay wire rope. The wire rope must be manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM A 1023-02 and ASTM A 586.

     (b) The following fabrication methods must be used to make wire rope slings:

     (i) Hand splicing;

     (ii) Turnback eye;

     (iii) Return loop;

     (iv) Flemish eye mechanical splicing;

     (v) Poured or swaged socketing.

     (c) Wire rope slings must have a design factor of five.

     (d) Wire rope slings must meet the requirements in Table 6.

     (e) Using any of the following when making wire rope slings is prohibited:

     (i) Rotation resistant wire rope;

     (ii) Malleable cast iron clips;

     (iii) Knots;

     (iv) Wire rope clips, unless:

     • The application of the sling prevents using prefabricated slings;

     • The specific application is designed by a qualified person.

     (f) Wire rope clips, if used, must be installed and maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the clip manufacturer or a qualified person, or in accordance with the provisions of ASME B30.26-2010.

     (g) Slings made with wire rope clips must not be used as a choker hitch.

Note:

If using wire rope clips under these conditions, follow the guidance given in Table 5.

Figure 4 Minimum Sling Length For rope with 6x19 and 6x36 classification or Cable Laid Slings

Figure 5 Minimum Braided Sling Length

     (2) Wire rope sling fittings.

     (a) Fittings must be used according to the fitting manufacturer's directions.

     (b) Rate slings with the load capacity of the lowest rated component of the sling. For example, if you use fittings that are rated lower than the sling material itself, identify the sling with the lower rated capacity.

     (c) Weld any end attachments, except covers to thimbles, before assembling the sling.

     (3) Identification information. All wire rope slings must have legible identification information attached to the sling which includes the information below, see sample tag in Figure 6. For slings in use that are manufactured before the effective date of this rule, the information below must be added before use or at the time the periodic inspection is completed.

     (a) Name or trademark of the manufacturer.

     (b) Diameter or size.

     (c) Rated loads for the types of hitches used and the angle that the load is based on.

     (d) Number of legs, if more than one.

     (e) Repairing agency, if the sling is ever repaired.

Figure 6 Sample Wire Rope Sling ID Tag

Note:

Sample tag for a 1/2" single-leg sling 6x19 or 6x36 classification, extra improved plow steel (EIPS) grade fiber core (FC) wire rope with a mechanical splice (ton = 2,000 lb).

     (4) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect wire rope slings before their initial use, according to Table 7, both:

     (i) When the sling is new; and

     (ii) Whenever a repair, alteration, or modification has been done.

     (b) A qualified person must perform a visual inspection for damage, each day or shift the wire rope sling is used:

     (i) Include all fastenings and attachments;

     (ii) Immediately remove any sling from service that is damaged beyond the criteria listed in Table 7; or

     (iii) Remove fiber core wire rope slings that have been exposed to temperatures higher than one hundred eighty degrees Fahrenheit.

     (c) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections on wire rope slings according to Table 7.

     (5) Repair, alterations, or modifications.

     (a) Repair wire rope slings as follows:

     (i) Make sure slings are only repaired by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (ii) Mark the sling to show the repairing agency;

     (iii) Do not repair wire rope used in slings, wire rope must be replaced. Only end attachments and fittings can be repaired on a wire rope sling.

     (b) Modification or alterations to end attachments or fittings must be considered as repairs and must conform to all other provisions of this part.

     (c) Proof load test repaired slings according to the requirements in subsection (6) of this section.

     (6) Proof load tests. Make sure the sling manufacturer or a qualified person proof load tests the following slings before initial use, according to Table 8:

     (a) All repaired slings;

     (b) All slings incorporating previously used or welded fittings;

     (c) For single- or multiple-leg slings and endless slings, each leg must be proof loaded according to the requirements listed in Table 8 based on fabrication method. The proof load test must not exceed fifty percent of the component ropes' or structural strands' minimum breaking strength;

     (e) Proof load testing for master links must be in accordance with Table 9.

Note:	Rated loads are based on the following factors:
	• Strength of sling material;
	• Design factor;
	• Type of hitch;
	• Angle of loading (see Figure 7, Angle of Loading);
	• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used (D/d) (see Figure 8, D/d ratio);
	• Fabrication efficiency.

     (a) Wire rope slings must be used within the rated loads shown in Tables 7 through 15 in ASME B30.9-2010. For angles that are not shown in these tables, either use the rated load for the next lower angle or have a qualified person calculate the rated load.

     (b) Prohibit the use of horizontal sling angles less than thirty degrees unless recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person. See Figure 7.

     (c) Rated loads for slings used in a choker hitch must conform to the values shown in the above referenced tables, provided that the angle of choke is one hundred twenty degrees or greater. See Figure 9 and Table 10, Angle of Choke.

     (d) Use either Figure 9 and Table 10, the manufacturer, or a qualified person to determine the rated load if the angle of choke in a choker hitch is less than one hundred twenty degrees.

     (i) Inspect the entire length of the sling including splices, end attachments, and fittings.

     (ii) Remove slings from use if any of the conditions in Table 7 are found.

     (iii) Keep a record of the most recent periodic inspection available, including the condition of the sling.

Note:

An external code mark on the sling is an acceptable means of recording the inspection as long as the code can be traced back to a record.

Figure 7 Angle of Loading

Figure 8 D/d Ratio

Note:

When D is 25 times the component rope diameter (d) the D/d ratio is expressed as 25/1.

Figure 9 Angle of Choke

     (a) Hitch the slings in a way that provides control of the load.

     (b) Shorten or adjust slings using only the methods approved by the manufacturer or qualified person.

     • Do not shorten or lengthen by knotting, twisting, or by wire rope clips.

     (c) Keep all parts of the human body from between the sling and the load, crane, or hoist hook.

     (d) Prohibit all of the following:

     (i) Intentional shock loading;

     (ii) Avoid twisting and kinking.

     (e) Decrease the rated load of the sling when D/d ratios (Figure 8 smaller than twenty-five to one. Consult the sling manufacturer for specific data or refer to the Wire Rope Sling User's Manual (wire rope technical board).

     (f) Follow Table 11, Use of Wire Rope Slings or Clips, when using any of the identified wire rope slings or clips.

     (g) Slings in contact with edges, corners, or protrusions must be protected with a material of sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage to the sling. See Figure 3.

Figure 10

	Installation and Loading
	Proper Installation Requires
	• Correct number of clips for wire rope size
	• Correct spacing of clips
	• Correct turnback length
	• Correct torque on nuts
	• Correct orientation of saddle on live end

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     (a) Name or trademark of the manufacturer;

     (b) Rated loads for the types of hitches used, and the angle they're based on;

     (c) Width and gauge;

     (d) Number of legs, if more than one;

     (e) Individual sling identification (e.g., serial numbers);

     (f) Repairing agency, if the sling has ever been repaired.

     (2) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect metal mesh slings before their initial use, according to Table 12, both:

     (i) When the sling is new; and

     (ii) Whenever a repair, alteration, or modification has been done.

     (b) A qualified person must perform a visual inspection for damage, each day or shift the metal mesh sling is used. Immediately remove from service any sling damaged beyond the criteria in Table 12.

     (c) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections on metal mesh slings according to Table 12.

     (i) Inspect the entire length, including splices, end attachments, and fittings.

     (ii) Remove slings from use if any of the conditions in Table 12 are found.

     (iii) Keep a record of the most recent periodic inspection available, including the condition of the sling.

Note:

An external code mark on the sling is an acceptable means of recording the inspection as long as the code can be traced back to a record.

     (a) Make sure slings are only repaired by the manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (b) Straightening of spiral or cross rods, or forcing a spiral into position is prohibited (see Figure 11);

     (c) Mark the sling to show the repairing agency;

     (d) Replace cracked, broken, bent or damaged metal mesh or components instead of repairing them;

     (e) Proof load test repaired slings according to subsection (4) of this section.

     (4) Proof load testing.

     (a) Make sure the sling manufacturer or a qualified person proof load tests all new and repaired metal mesh slings before initial use;

     (b) Use a proof load test that is a minimum of two times the vertical hitch rated load.

     (5) Rated load.

Note:	Rated loads are based on the following factors:
	• Strength of sling material;
	• Design factor;
	• Type of hitch;
	• Angle of loading.

     (a) Metal mesh slings must be used within the rated loads shown in Table 7 in ASME B30.9-2010. For angles that are not shown in these tables, use either the rated load for the next lower angle or one calculated by a qualified person.

     (b) Rate slings with the load capacity of the lowest rated component of the sling. For example, if fittings are rated lower than the sling material itself, identify the sling with the lower rated capacity.

     (c) The use of horizontal sling angles less than thirty degrees is prohibited, unless recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (d) Rated loads for slings used in a choker hitch must conform to the values shown in the above referenced table, provided that the angle of choke is one hundred twenty degrees or greater.

     (e) Have the manufacturer or a qualified person determine the rated load if the angle of choke in a choker hitch is less than one hundred twenty degrees.

Figure 11 Metal Mesh Sling

     (6) Use of metal mesh slings.

     (a) Use metal mesh slings safely by doing all of the following:

     (i) Shorten or adjust slings using only the methods approved by the manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (ii) Sling legs must not be kinked;

     (iii) Hitch slings in a way that provides control of the load.

     (b) Keep all parts of the human body from between the sling and the load, crane, or hoist hook.

     (c) Prohibit the following:

     (i) The use of metal mesh slings as bridles on suspended personnel platforms;

     (ii) Intentional shock loading;

     (iii) Straightening a spiral or cross rod or forcing a spiral into position;

     (iv) Avoid twisting and kinking.

Note:

Slings in contact with edges, corners, or protrusions should be protected with a material of sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage. See Figure 3.

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     (a) Name or trademark of the manufacturer;

     (b) Manufacturer's code or stock number;

     (c) Type of fiber material;

     (d) Rated loads for the types of hitches used, and the angle that the load is based on;

     (e) Number of legs, if more than one;

     (f) Repairing agency, if the sling has ever been repaired.

Figure 12 Synthetic Fiber Rope Slings

     (2) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect synthetic fiber rope slings before their initial use, according to Table 13, both:

     (i) When the sling is new; and

     (ii) Whenever a repair, alteration, or modification has been done.

     (b) A qualified person must perform a visual inspection for damage, each day or shift the synthetic fiber rope sling is used. Immediately remove any sling from service that is damaged beyond the criteria listed in Table 13.

     (c) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections on synthetic fiber rope slings, according to Table 13.

     (i) Examine each sling and component individually, taking care to expose and examine all surfaces.

     (ii) Inspect the entire length including splices, end attachments, and fittings.

     (iii) Remove slings from use if any of the conditions in Table 13 are found.

     (iv) Keep a record of the most recent periodic inspection available, including the condition of the sling.

Note:

An external code mark on the sling is an acceptable means of recording the inspection as long as the code can be traced back to a record.

     (a) Synthetic rope slings must only be repaired by the manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (b) Mark the sling to show the repairing agency;

     (c) Use components that meet the requirements of this part for sling repair;

     (d) Do not repair slings by knotting or resplicing existing sling ropes;

     (e) Proof load test repaired slings according to the requirements in subsection (4) of this section.

     (4) Proof load test. The sling manufacturer or a qualified person must proof load test repaired slings and slings incorporating previously used or welded fittings before initial use, according to Table 14:

Note:	Rated loads are based on the following factors:
	• Strength of the sling material;
	• Design factor;
	• Type of hitch (see Figure 13, Hitch Types for Synthetic Rope Slings);
	• Angle of loading (see Figure 7, Angle of Loading);
	• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used (see Figure 8, D/d Ratio).

     (a) Synthetic rope slings must be used within the rated loads shown in Tables 18 and 19 in ASME B30.9-2010. For angles that are not shown in these tables, either use the rated load for the next lower angle or one calculated by a qualified person.

     (b) Rate slings with the load capacity of the lowest rated component of the sling. For example, if you use fittings that are rated lower than the sling material itself, identify the sling with the lower-rated capacity.

     (c) The use of horizontal sling angles less than thirty degrees is prohibited, unless recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person. (See Figure 7.)

     (d) Rated loads for slings used in a choker hitch must conform to the values shown in the above referenced tables, provided that the angle of choke is one hundred twenty degrees or greater.

     (e) Use Figure 9, the manufacturer, or a qualified person to determine the rated load if the angle of choke in a choker hitch is less than one hundred twenty degrees.

Figure 13 Hitch Types for Synthetic Rope

The symbols below represent load or support in contact with the rope sling. The contact surface diameter divided by the rope diameter is designated D/d ratio as described in Figure 9.
	Represents a contact surface which must have a diameter of curvature at least double the diameter of the rope from which the sling is made.
	Represents a contact surface which must have a diameter of curvature at least eight times the diameter of the rope.
	Represents a load in choker hitch and illustrates the rotary force on the load and/or the slippage of the rope in contact with the load. Diameter of curvature of load surface must be at least double the diameter of the rope.

Note:

Legs five degrees or less from vertical may be considered vertical. For slings more than five degrees vertical, the actual angle must be used.

     (6) Use of synthetic ropes.

     (a) Use synthetic rope slings safely by doing all of the following:

     (i) Shorten or adjust slings only with methods approved by the manufacturer or qualified person;

     (ii) Slings must not be shortened or lengthened by knotting or twisting;

     (iii) Hitch slings in a way that provides control of the load;

     (iv) Slings in contact with edges, corners, protrusions, or abrasive surfaces must be protected with a material of sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage, see Figure 3;

     (v) Do not allow the sling or load to rotate when hand -tucked slings are used in a single leg vertical lift application; and

     (vi) Keep all parts of the human body from between the sling and the load, crane, or hoist hook.

     (b) All of the following is prohibited:

     (i) Intentional shock loading; and

     (ii) Twisting or kinking.

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     (a) Name or trademark of the manufacturer;

     (b) Manufacturer's code or stock number;

     (c) Rated loads for the types of hitches used, and the angle that the load is based on;

     (d) Type of synthetic web material;

     (e) Number of legs, if more than one;

     (f) Repairing agency, if the sling is ever repaired.

Figure 14 Synthetic Webbing Slings

     (2) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect synthetic webbing slings before their initial use, according to Table 14:

     (i) When the sling is new; and

     (ii) Whenever a repair, alteration, or modification has been done.

     (b) A qualified person must perform a visual inspection for damage, each day or shift the synthetic webbing sling is used. Immediately remove from service any sling that is damaged beyond the criteria listed in Table 15.

     (c) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections on synthetic webbing slings, according to Table 15.

     (i) Examine each sling and component individually, taking care to expose and examine all surfaces.

     (ii) Remove slings from use if any of the conditions in Table 15 are found.

     (iii) Keep a written record of the most recent periodic inspection available, including the condition of the sling.

Note:

An external code mark on the sling is an acceptable means of recording the inspection as long as the code can be traced back to a record.

     (a) Meet the following requirements when repairing synthetic webbing slings:

     (i) Slings are only to be repaired by the manufacturer or a qualified person;

     (ii) Temporary repairs are prohibited;

     (iii) Mark the sling to show the repairing agency;

     (iv) Components used for sling repair must meet the requirements of this part;

     (v) Cracked, broken, melted, or otherwise damaged webbing material or fittings other than hooks must not be repaired;

     (vi) Load bearing splices must not be repaired;

     (b) Proof load test repaired slings according to the requirements in subsection (4) of this section.

     (4) Proof load test. The sling manufacturer or a qualified person must proof load test repaired slings and slings that have been altered or modified before initial use according to Table 16:

Note:	Rated loads are based on the following factors:
	• Strength of the material;
	• Design factor;
	• Type of hitch;
	• Angle of loading (see Figure 7, Angle of Loading);
	• Fabrication efficiency;
	• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used.

     (a) Synthetic web slings must be used within the rated loads shown in Tables 20 through 24 in ASME B30.9-2010. For angles that are not shown in these tables, use either the rated load for the next lower angle or one calculated by a qualified person.

     (b) Rate slings with the load capacity of the lowest rated component of the sling. For example, if you use fittings that are rated lower than the sling material itself, identify the sling with the lower-rated capacity.

     (c) The use of horizontal sling angles less than thirty degrees is prohibited, unless recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person. (See Figure 7.)

     (d) Use Figure 9, Angle of Choke, the manufacturer, or a qualified person to determine the rated load if the angle of choke in a choker hitch is less than one hundred twenty degrees.

     (e) Rated loads for slings used in a choker hitch must conform to the values shown in the above referenced tables, provided that the angle of choke is one hundred twenty degrees or greater. (See Figure 9.)

     (6) Use of synthetic webbing slings.

     (a) Use synthetic webbing slings safely by meeting all of the following requirements:

     (i) Shorten or adjust slings only with methods approved by the manufacturer or qualified person;

     (ii) Slings must not be shortened or lengthened by knotting or twisting;

     (iii) Hitch slings in a way that provides control of the load;

     (iv) Protect slings with material of sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage from sharp edges, corners, protrusions, or abrasive surfaces. See Figure 3;

     (v) Keep all parts of the human body from between the sling and the load, crane, or hoist hook.

     (b) Intentional shock loading is prohibited.

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     (a) Name or trademark of the manufacturer;

     (b) Manufacturer's code or stock number;

     (c) Core material;

     (d) Cover material if different from core material;

     (e) Rated loads for the types of hitches used, and the angle that the load is based on;

     (f) Number of legs, if more than one;

     (g) Repairing agency, if the sling is ever repaired.

Figure 15 Synthetic Roundslings

     (2) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect synthetic roundslings before their initial use, according to Table 17, both:

     (i) When the sling is new; and

     (ii) Whenever a repair, alteration, or modification has been done.

     (b) A qualified person must perform a visual inspection for damage, each day or shift the synthetic roundsling is used. Immediately remove from service any sling that is damaged beyond the criteria listed in Table 17.

     (c) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections on synthetic roundslings, according to Table 17.

     (i) Examine each sling and component individually, taking care to expose and examine all surfaces.

     (ii) Remove slings from use if any of the conditions in Table 17 are found.

     (iii) Keep a written record of the most recent periodic inspection available, including the condition of the sling.

Note:

An external code mark on the sling is an acceptable means of recording the inspection as long as the code can be traced back to a record.

     (a) Meet the following requirements when repairing synthetic roundslings:

     (i) Only the manufacturer or a qualified person can repair slings;

     (ii) Mark the sling to show the repairing agency;

     (iii) Only use components that meet the requirements of this rule to repair slings;

     (iv) Replace cracked, broken, or bent fittings other than hooks; do not repair them.

     (b) Both of the following are prohibited:

     (i) Temporary repairs of roundslings or fittings; and

     (ii) The repair of load bearing yarns.

     Proof load test repaired slings according to the requirements in subsection (4) of this section.

     (4) Proof load tests. The sling manufacturer or a qualified person must proof load test repaired slings and slings that have been altered or modified before initial use, according to Table 18:

Note:	Rated loads are based on the following factors:
	• Strength of the material.
	• Design factor.
	• Type of hitch.
	• Angle of loading. (See Figure 7, Angle of Loading.)
	• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used.

     (a) Synthetic roundslings must be used within the rated loads shown in Table 25 in ASME B30.9-2010. For angles that are not shown in these tables, either use the rated load for the next lower angle or one calculated by a qualified person.

     (b) Rate slings with the load capacity of the lowest rated component of the sling. For example, if you use fittings that are rated lower than the sling material itself, identify the sling with the lower rated capacity.

     (c) Prohibit the use of horizontal sling angles less than thirty degrees unless recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (d) Use Figure 7, Angle of Choke, the manufacturer, or a qualified person to determine the rated load if the angle of choke in a choker hitch is less than one hundred twenty degrees.

     (e) Rated loads for slings used in a choker hitch must conform to the values shown in the above referenced Table 10 provided that the angle of choke is one hundred twenty degrees or greater. (See Figure 7.)

     (6) Use of synthetic roundslings.

     (a) Use methods approved by the manufacturer or qualified person to shorten or adjust slings. Slings must not be shortened or lengthened by knotting or twisting.

     (b) Hitch slings in a way that provides control of the load.

     (c) Protect slings with material of sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage from sharp edges, corners, protrusions, or abrasive surfaces. (See Figure 3.)

     (d) Keep all parts of the human body from between the sling and the load, crane, or hoist hook.

     (e) Intentional shock loading is prohibited.

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     (a) A qualified person must perform an inspection on all hardware according to Table 19, each day before using. If a daily inspection is not feasible because the hardware is in a semipermanent or inaccessible location, a periodic inspection is allowed instead of daily.

     (b) Hardware must be removed from service when it shows any conditions listed in Table 19, or any other hazardous condition.

     (a) Rigging hardware must be repaired, altered or modified according to the hardware manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (b) Welding of hardware is prohibited unless authorized by the manufacturer.

     (c) Replacement parts must meet or exceed the original rigging hardware manufacturer's specifications.

     (3) Hardware use.

     (a) Hardware must be selected with the characteristics suitable for the application and environment where it will be used.

     (b) The rated load of the hardware must not be exceeded.

     (c) At least one of the workers using rigging hardware must meet the requirements of WAC 296-155-33700.

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     (2) Screw pins must be:

     (a) Fully engaged, with the shoulder in contact with the shackle body (see Figure 16, Typical Shackle Components).

     (b) Rigged in a way that keeps the pin from unscrewing while in use.

     (c) Secured from rotation or loosening if used for long-term installations.

     (3) Cotter pins must be kept in good working condition.

     (4) If the shackle is side loaded, reduce the rated load, according to the recommendations of the manufacturer or a qualified person (see Figure 17, Side Loading).

Note:

See Figure 18, Shackle Types, for examples of types of shackles covered by this rule.

Figure 16 Typical Shackle Components

Figure 17 Side Loading

Side Loading Angle, deg.	% Rated Load Reduction
In-line (0) to 5	None
6 to 45	30%
46 to 90	50%
Over 90	Not permitted unless authorized by manufacturer or qualified person

Figure 18 Shackle Types

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     (a) Locking nuts, if used, must be compatible with the threads of the turnbuckle end. (See Figure 19, Turnbuckle Types.)

     (b) For long-term installations, secure turnbuckles in a way that prevents unscrewing.

     (c) Turnbuckle end fitting threads must be fully engaged in the body threads.

     (d) Components, including pins, bolts, nuts, or cotter pins used with jaw ends, must be in good working condition prior to use.

Notes:	• See Figure 19 for types of turnbuckles covered by this rule.
	• Pipe bodies conceal the length of thread engagement. Verify full engagement before loading. (See Figure 19.)

Figure 19 Turnbuckle Types

     (2) Eyebolts. Follow these rigging practices for eyebolts:

     (a) Eyebolts not shouldered to the load must only be used for in-line loads. (See Figure 20, Eyebolts.)

     (b) Only shoulder eyebolts must be used for angular lifting.

     (i) The shoulder must be flush and securely tightened against the load.

     (ii) The working load limit (WLL) must be reduced as shown in Figure 31.

     (iii) For angular lifts, the plane of the eye must be aligned with the direction of loading. If needed, flat washers can be used under the shoulder to position the plane of the eye. (See Figure 20.)

     (c) When using eyebolts in a tapped blind hole, the effective thread length must be at least one and one-half times the diameter of the bolt for engagement in steel. (See Figure 20.) For other engagements, or engagements in other materials, contact the eyebolt manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (d) When using eyebolts in a tapped through-hole of less than one diameter thickness, a nut must be used under the load, and must be fully engaged and tightened securely against the load. (See Figure 20.)

     (e) When eyebolts are used in an untapped through-hole, the nut under the load must be fully engaged. If the eyebolt is not shouldered to the load, a second nut on top of the load should be used if possible. (See Figure 20.)

Note:

See Figure 20 for examples of eyebolts covered by this rule.

Figure 20 Eyebolts

     (3) Eye nuts. Follow these rigging practices for eye nuts (see Figure 21, Eye Nuts):

     (a) The threads of eye nuts must be fully engaged;

     (b) Eye nuts must only be used for in-line loads;

     (c) Components must be in good working condition prior to use.

Figure 21 Eye Nuts

     (4) Swivel hoist rings. Follow these rigging practices for swivel hoist rings:

     (a) The swivel hoist ring working load limit (WLL) must meet or exceed the anticipated angular rigging tension. (See Figure 22, Angle of Loading.)

     (b) Swivel hoist rings must be tightened to the torque specifications of the manufacturer.

     (c) The swivel hoist ring must be free to rotate and pivot without interference during lifting. (See Figure 23, Swivel Hoist Rings.)

     (d) The load applied to the swivel hoist ring must be centered in the bail to prevent side loading.

     (e) Any attached lifting component must be narrower than the inside width of the bail to avoid spreading.

     (f) When using swivel hoist rings in a threaded-hole, the effective thread length must be one and one-half times the diameter of the bolt for steel. (See Figure 23.) For other thread engagements or engagement in other materials, contact the manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (g) When using swivel hoist rings in a through-hole application, a nut and washer must be used. A washer and nut must be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The nut must be fully engaged. (See Figure 23.)

     (h) The bushing flange must fully contact the load surface. (See Figure 23.)

     (i) Spacers or washers must not be used between the bushing flange and the mounting surface of the load being lifted.

Note:

See Figure 23 for examples of swivel hoist rings covered by this rule.

Figure 22 Angle of Loading (Adjustable Hardware)

Figure 23 Swivel Hoist Rings

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     (a) Before installing a wire rope clip on plastic coated or plastic impregnated wire rope, the wire rope clip manufacturer, wire rope manufacturer or a qualified person must be consulted.

     (b) For U-bolt clips used to create end terminations, the saddle must be placed on the live end of the wire rope, with the U-bolt on the dead end side. (See Figure 24, Wire Rope Clips.)

     (c) The assembly must be tested by loading the connection to at least the expected working load. After unloading, retighten the wire rope clips to the torque recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (d) Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for the minimum number of clips, spacing and turn-back measurements, and to the recommended torque values. In the absence of the manufacturer's recommendations follow Table 5.

Figure 24 Wire Rope Clips

     (2) Wedge sockets. Follow these assembly requirements for wedge sockets:

     (a) Wedge sockets must be assembled as recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (b) Before installing a wedge socket on plastic coated or plastic impregnated wire rope the wedge socket manufacturer, wire rope manufacturer or a qualified person must be consulted.

     (c) The assembler must match the proper wedge with the socket for the wire rope to be installed. Wedges must not be interchanged between different manufacturers' sockets or models.

     (d) The live end of the wire rope in the wedge socket cavity must be in alignment with the socket's pin. (See Figure 25, Wedge Sockets.)

     (e) The length of the dead end tail of the wire rope must be as required by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (f) The tail of the dead end of the wire rope extending beyond the wedge socket must be secured as recommended by the wedge socket manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (g) The dead end of the wire rope must not be secured to the live end of the wire rope in a way that restricts the movement of the live end. (See Figure 25.)

     (h) After assembly the connection must be loaded to fully seat the wedge before use.

Figure 25 Wedge Sockets

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     (a) The link or ring must be of the proper shape and size to make sure it seats properly in the hook or lifting device.

     (b) Multiple slings or rigging hardware gathered in a link or ring must not exceed a one hundred twenty degree included angle. (See Figure 22, Angle of Loading.)

Note:

See Figure 26, Links and Rings, for examples of links and rings covered by this rule.

Figure 26 Links and Rings

     (2) Follow these rigging practices for swivels:

     (a) Swivels must only be used on in-line loads. (See Figure 27, Swivels.)

Note:

Swivels are positioning hardware, and are not intended to be rotated under load.

     (b) Swivels must be of the proper shape and size to make sure it seats correctly in the hook or lifting device.

     (c) All swivel components must be kept in good working condition.

Figure 27 Swivels

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     (2) The rope must be in the sheave groove when the rigging block begins to take load.

     (3) The load line multiplied by the block load factor must not exceed the rated load of the rigging block. (See Figure 28, Block Load Factor Multipliers.)

     (4) Load line fittings must not contact the rigging block sheave(s).

Example: Load = 1,000 lb

Line Pull: 1,000 lb χ 2 = 500 lb

Load Block "C" = 500 lb x 2 = 1,000 lb

(line pull x factor for 0 deg. angle)

Load Block "D" = 500 lb x 1.87 + 500 lb = 1,435 lb

(line pull x factor for 40 deg. angle + dead-end load)

Load Block "E" = 500 lb x 0.84 = 420 lb

(line pull x factor for 130 deg. angle)

Load Block "F" = 500 lb x 1.41 = 705 lb

(line pull x factor for 90 deg. angle)

Figure 28 Block Load Factor Multipliers

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     (2) The rated load of the lifting device must be legibly marked on the main structure or on a tag attached to it where it is visible. If the lifting device is made up of several lifters, each detachable from the group, these lifters must also be marked with their individual rated loads.

     (3) All structural and mechanical lifting devices must be marked with the following information:

     (a) Manufacturer's name and address;

     (b) Serial number;

     (c) Lifter weight, if over one hundred pounds (45 kg);

     (d) Rated load as required in subsection (2) of this section;

     (e) Name and address of repairer or modifier, when the lifting device has been repaired or modified.

     (4) Installation.

     (a) Structural and mechanical lifters must be assembled and installed according to manufacturer's instructions.

     (b) The installer must check for correct rotation of all motors.

     (5) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect all new, altered, repaired, or modified lifting devices according to Tables 20 and 21. The inspection of altered, repaired or modified lifting devices can be limited to the parts affected, if a qualified person determines that is all that is needed.

     (b) The operator must inspect the lifting device before and during every lift for any indication of damage. Check the following items:

     (i) Surface of the load for debris;

     (ii) Condition and operation of the controls; and

     (iii) Condition and operation of the indicators and meters when installed.

     (c) Lifting devices must be inspected, by the operator or another competent person, according to Table 20.

     (i) If any damage is found, have a qualified person determine whether there is a hazard.

     (ii) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (i) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (ii) Dated inspection reports must be kept of the most recent periodic inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must perform an operational test on new, altered, repaired, or modified lifters before use. The qualified person can limit the testing of altered, repaired or modified lifters to the parts affected.

     (b) The following items must be tested:

     (i) Lifters with moving parts must be tested to determine that the lifter operates according to the manufacturer's instructions.

     (ii) Lifters with manually operated or automatic latches must be tested to determine that the latch operates according to manufacturer's instructions.

     (iii) All indicator lights, gages, horns, bells, alarms, pointers, and other warning devices must be tested.

     (c) Dated reports of all operational tests must be kept on file.

     (7) Repair.

     (a) Structural and mechanical lifting devices must be repaired as follows:

     (i) Adjustments and testing must be done only by a qualified person;

     (ii) Replacement parts used must be at least equal to the original manufacturer's specifications;

     (iii) The device must be inspected according to subsection (5) of this section before returning to service.

     (b) The following precautions must be taken before repairs on a lifting device are started:

     (i) Disconnect, lock out and tag all sources of power "Out of Service," if applicable;

     (ii) Tag the lifting device removed from service for repair "Out of Service."

     (8) Lifting devices must be operated only by qualified personnel.

     (9) Operators must do the following:

     (a) Test all controls before use, each shift;

     (b) Consult a competent person before handling the load whenever there is any doubt as to safety;    

     (c) Respond only to instructions from competent persons, except for stop signals. The operator must obey a stop order at all times, no matter who gives it;

     (d) Do not load the lifting device in excess of its rated load or with any load that it is not specifically designed for;

     (e) Apply the lifter to the load according to the instruction manual;

     (f) Check that:

     (i) Lifter ropes or chains are not kinked.

     (ii) Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other.

     (g) Bring the lifter over the load in a way that minimizes swinging;

     (h) Keep the load or lifter from contacting any obstruction;

     (i) Set down any attached load and store the lifting device before leaving it;

     (j) Check that all personnel are clear of the load;

     (k) Using the lifter for side pulls or sliding the load is prohibited, unless specifically authorized by a qualified person;

     (l) Riding on loads or the lifting device is prohibited.

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     (2) Rated load.

     (a) The rated load of each lifter and each pad must be legibly marked on the main structure or on a tag attached to it where it is visible. The marking must refer to the instruction manual for information about decreases in rating due to loads:

     (i) Rigidity;

     (ii) Strength;

     (iii) Overhang;

     (iv) Surface condition;

     (v) Angle of load;

     (vi) Temperature;

     (vii) Number of pads;

     (viii) Elevation and vacuum level.

     (b) If the vacuum lifting device has shut-off valves on individual pads or groups of pads, the rated load of each pad must also be marked.

     (3) The vacuum lifter must be clearly marked on the main structure with all of the following:

     (a) Manufacturer's name and address;

     (b) Model number;

     (c) Serial number;

     (d) Lifter weight;

     (e) Electrical power requirements, if applicable;

     (f) Pressure and volume of compressed air required, if applicable;

     (g) Rated load, as required in subsection (2) of this section;

     (h) If repaired or modified, the name, address, and lifter identification of repairer or modifier.

     (4) Installation.

     (a) Vacuum lifters must be assembled and installed according to manufacturer's instructions.

     (b) The installer must check:

     (i) That the power supply is the same as what is shown on the nameplate.

     (ii) For correct rotation of all motors.

     (c) Connect the electrical power supply to the vacuum lifter to either:

     (i) The line side of the crane disconnect; or

     (ii) An independent circuit.

     (5) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect all new, altered, repaired, or modified vacuum lifters. A qualified person can limit the inspection of altered, repaired or modified lifters to the affected parts.

     (b) The operator must inspect the lifter before and during every lift for any indication of damage, including all of the following:

     (i) Surface of the load for debris;

     (ii) Seal of the vacuum pad for debris;

     (iii) Condition and operation of the controls;

     (iv) Condition and operation of the indicators, meters and pumps when installed.

     (c) Lifters must be inspected, by the operator or another competent person, according to Table 22.

     (d) A qualified person must determine whether signs of damage indicate a hazard.

     (e) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (f) A qualified person must perform a periodic inspection of vacuum lifters according to Table 23. Include the items in Table 22 of this section.

     (g) Dated inspection records must be kept on all critical items such as supporting structure, motors, controls, and other auxiliary components.

     (h) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (a) A qualified person must perform an operational test on new, altered, repaired, or modified vacuum lifters before use. The qualified person can limit the testing of altered, repaired or modified lifters to the parts affected.

     (b) The following items must be tested:

     (i) Moving parts;

     (ii) Latches;

     (iii) Stops;

     (iv) Limit switches;

     (v) Control devices;

     (vi) Vacuum lines;

     (vii) The seals and connections must be tested for leaks by attaching a smooth nonporous clean material to the vacuum pad or pads and then stopping the vacuum source. The vacuum level in the system must not decrease more than the manufacturer's specified rate.

     (c) Dated reports of all operations tests must be kept on file.

     (7) Load tests.

     (a) Prior to initial use, all new, altered, repaired, or modified vacuum lifting devices must be load tested and inspected by a qualified person. The qualified person can limit the test to the areas affected by the alteration, repair or modification.

     (b) Test loads must not be more than one hundred twenty-five percent of the rated load of the system, unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

     (c) Written reports must be kept confirming the load rating of the vacuum lifting device.

     (d) The load test must consist of one of the following procedures:

     (i) Actual load test:

     (A) Attach pads to the designated test load.

     (B) Raise the test load a small distance to make sure the load is supported by the vacuum-lifting device.

     (C) Hold the load for two minutes.

     (D) Lower the load for release.

     (ii) Simulated load test. Using a test fixture, apply forces to all load bearing components either individually or in assemblies equivalent to the forces encountered by the components if they were supporting a load that was one hundred twenty-five percent of the rated load.

     (e) After the test, the vacuum lifting device must be visually inspected. Any condition that constitutes a hazard must be corrected before the lifting device is placed in service. If the correction affects the structure, then the lifter must be retested.

     (8) Repair.

     (a) Repair vacuum lifting devices as follows:

     (i) Adjustments and testing must be done only by a qualified person;

     (ii) Use replacement parts that are at least equal to the original manufacturer's specification;

     (iii) The lifting device must be inspected before returning to service as required in subsection (5) of this section.

     (b) Take the following precautions before repairs on a lifting device are started:

     (i) Move the vacuum-lifting device to an area where it will cause the least interference with other operations;

     (ii) Disconnect, lock out and tag all sources of power "Out of Service," if applicable;

     (iii) Tag the lifting device removed from service for repair "Out of Service."

     (9) Lifting devices must be operated only by qualified personnel.

     (10) Operators must do the following:

     (a) Test all controls before use during a shift;

     (b) Consult a competent person before handling the load whenever safety is in doubt;

     (c) Respond only to instructions from competent persons, except for stop orders. The operator must obey a stop order at all times, no matter who gives it;

     (d) Do not load the lifter in excess of its rated load or with any load that it isn't specifically designed for;

     (e) Apply the lifter to the load according to the manufacturer's instructions;

     (f) Check that:

     (i) Ropes or chains are not kinked.

     (ii) Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other.

     (iii) The pad contact surface is clean and free of loose particles.

     (g) Check that vacuum lines are not:

     (i) Kinked or twisted.

     (ii) Wrapped around or looped over parts of the lifting device that will move during the lift.

     (h) Bring the lifter over the load in a way that minimizes swinging;

     (i) Lift the load a few inches to make sure that the lifting device was correctly applied;

     (j) Keep the load or lifter from contacting any obstruction;

     (k) Do the following if power goes off while making a lift:

     (i) Warn all people in the area;

     (ii) Set the load down if possible.

     (l) Set down any attached load and store the lifting device before leaving it;

     (m) Check that all personnel are clear of the load;

     (n) Using the lifter for side pulls or sliding the load is prohibited, unless specifically authorized by a qualified person;

     (o) Riding on the load or the lifter is prohibited.

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     (2) Rated load.

     (a) General application magnets must have the rated load (capacity) marked either on the lifting magnet or on a tag attached to it. The marking must refer to the instruction manual for information about decreases in rating due to the loads.

     (i) Surface condition.

     (ii) Thickness.

     (iii) Percentage of contact with the magnet.

     (iv) Temperature.

     (v) Metallurgical composition.

     (vi) Deflection.

     (b) Specified application magnets must have the rated load (capacity) either on the lifting magnet or on a tag attached to it, referring to the specific loads for which the capacity applies.

     (3) Identification. All close proximity lifting magnets must be marked with the following information:

     (a) Manufacturer's name and address;

     (b) Model and lifting magnet unit identification;

     (c) Weight of lifting magnet;

     (d) Rated load, as required in subsection (2) of this section;

     (e) Duty cycle, if applicable;

     (f) Cold current (amps) at sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit (twenty degrees Celsius), if applicable; and

     (g) Voltage of primary power supply or battery, if applicable.

     (h) If repaired or modified, name and address of repairer or modifier and (a) through (g) of this subsection if changed.

     (4) Lifting magnets must be installed according to manufacturer's instructions.

     (5) Inspection.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect all new, altered, repaired, or modified lifting magnets according to Tables 24 and 25. The inspection of altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets can be limited to the parts affected, if a qualified person determines that is all that is needed.

     (b) The operator must inspect the lifting magnet before and during every lift for any indication of damage. Check all of the following items:

     (i) Lifting magnet face and surface of the load for foreign materials and smoothness;

     (ii) Condition and operation of the:

     (A) Control handle of a manually controlled permanent magnet;

     (B) Indicators and meters when installed.

     (c) Lifting magnets must be inspected, by the operator or another competent person, according to Table 24.

     (d) A qualified person must determine whether signs of damage indicate a hazard.

     (e) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (g) Dated inspection records must be kept on all critical items such as structural and suspension members, lifting magnet face, lifting bail, control handle, indicators and meters.

     (h) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (a) All new, altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets must be tested either by or under the direction of a qualified person before use. The qualified person can limit the testing of altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets to the parts affected.

     (b) The following items must be tested:

     (i) Moving parts;

     (ii) Latches;

     (iii) Stops;

     (iv) Switches;

     (v) Control devices;

     (vi) Alarms; and

     (vii) Warning devices, including:

     (A) Indicator lights;

     (B) Gauges;

     (C) Horns;

     (D) Bells; and

     (E) Pointers.

     (c) Dated reports of all operational tests must be kept on file.

     (7) Load tests.

     (a) Prior to initial use, all new, altered, repaired, or modified close proximity lifting devices must be load tested and inspected by a qualified person. The qualified person can limit the test to the areas affected by the alteration, repair, or modification.

     (b) The breakaway force of lifting magnets must be tested according to manufacturer's directions or ANSI B30.20-2010.

     (8) Repair.

     (a) Close proximity lifting magnets must be repaired as follows:

     (i) Adjustments and testing must be done by or under the direction of a qualified person;

     (ii) Replacement parts used must be at least equal to the original manufacturer's specifications;

     (iii) The magnet must be inspected before returning to service as required in subsection (5) of this section.

     (b) The following precautions must be taken before repairs on a magnet are started:

     (i) Disconnect, lock out and tag all sources of power "Out of Service," if applicable; and

     (ii) Tag any lifting magnet removed from service for repair "Out of Service."

     (9) Lifting magnets must be operated only by qualified personnel.

     (10) Operators must do the following:

     (a) Test all controls before use, each shift;

     (b) Check all meters and indicators for proper operation before making a lift;

     (c) Consult a competent person before handling the load whenever there is any doubt as to safety;

     (d) Respond only to instructions from competent persons, except for stop orders. Operators must obey a stop order at all times, no matter who gives it;

     (e) Do not load the lifting magnet in excess of its rated load or with any load that it isn't specifically designed for;

     (f) Apply the magnet to the load according to the instruction manual;

     (g) Check that:

     (i) Lifter ropes or chains are not kinked;

     (ii) Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other;

     (iii) The lifting magnet face and the contact area on the load are clean.

     (h) Bring the magnet over the load in a way that minimizes swinging;

     (i) Lift the load a few inches to make sure that the lifting magnet has been correctly applied;

     (j) Keep the load or lifting magnet from contact with any obstruction;

     (k) Set down any attached load and store the lifting magnet before leaving it;

     (l) Check that all people near the lift are warned before lifting;

     (m) Using the lifter for side pulls or sliding the load is prohibited, unless specifically authorized by a qualified person; and

     (n) Riding on loads or the lifting magnet is prohibited.

[]

     (2) Identification. All remotely operated lifting magnets must be marked with the following information:

     (a) Manufacturer's name and address;

     (b) Model or unit identification;

     (c) Weight of lifting magnet;

     (d) Duty cycle;

     (e) Cold current;

     (f) Voltage;

     (g) If repaired or modified, name and address of repairer or modifier and (a) through (g) of this subsection if changed.

     (3) Lifting magnets must be installed according to manufacturer's instructions.

     (4) Inspections.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect all new, altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets according to Tables 26 and 27. A qualified person can limit the inspection of altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets to the parts affected.

     (b) Lifting magnets must be inspected, by the operator or another competent person, according to Table 26.

     (c) A qualified person must determine whether signs of damage indicate a hazard.

     (d) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (e) A qualified person must perform periodic inspections of remotely operated lifting magnets according to Table 27. Include the items in Table 26.

     (f) Make records of apparent external conditions to provide the basis for a continuing evaluation.

     (g) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (a) All new, altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets must be tested either by or under the direction of a qualified person before use. The qualified person can limit the testing of altered, repaired or modified lifting magnets to the parts affected.

     (b) The following items must be tested:

     (i) All electrical equipment for proper operation;

     (ii) Warning devices, including:

     (A) Indicator lights;

     (B) Gauges;

     (C) Horns;

     (D) Bells; and

     (E) Pointers.

     (c) Dated reports of all operational tests must be kept on file.

     (6) Repair.

     (a) Remotely operated lifting magnets must be repaired as follows:

     (i) Have adjustments and testing done only by or under the direction of a qualified person;

     (ii) Use replacement parts that are at least equal to the original manufacturer's specifications; and

     (iii) Inspect the lifter according to subsection (4) of this section, before returning to service.

     (b) The following precautions must be taken before repairs on a lifter are started:

     (i) Disconnect, lock out and tag all sources of power "Out of Service."

     (ii) Tag any magnet removed from service for repair "Out of Service."

     (7) Lifting devices must be operated only by qualified personnel.

     (8) Operators must do the following:

     (a) Test all controls before use during a shift;

     (b) Consult a competent person before handling the load whenever there is any doubt as to safety;

     (c) Respond only to instructions from competent persons, except for stop orders. Operators must obey a stop order at all times, no matter who gives it;

     (d) Do not load the lifting magnet in excess of its rated load or with any load that it is not specifically designed for;

     (e) Apply the lifting magnet to the load according to the instruction manual;

     (f) Check that:

     (i) Lifter ropes or chains are not kinked;

     (ii) Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other.

     (g) Bring the lifting magnet over the load in a way that minimizes swinging;

     (h) Keep the load or magnet from contact with any obstruction;

     (i) Set down any attached load and store the lifting magnet before leaving it;

     (j) Check that all people are clear of the load;

     (k) Using the lifter for side pulls or sliding the load is prohibited, unless specifically authorized by a qualified person; and

     (l) Riding on loads or the lifting magnet is prohibited.

[]

     (2) Identification. All grapples must be marked with the following information:

     (a) Manufacturer's name and address;

     (b) Serial number or unit identification;

     (c) Grapple weight;

     (d) Rated voltage, if applicable;

     (e) Operating hydraulic pressure(s), if applicable;

     (f) Rated capacity;

     (g) If repaired or modified, name and address of repairer or modifier and (a) through (f) of this subsection if changed.

     (3) Grapple installation.

     (a) Grapples must be installed according to manufacturer's instructions.

     (b) The hydraulic flows and pressures must be the same as shown in the manufacturer's instructions.

     (4) Inspections.

     (a) A qualified person must inspect all new, altered, repaired and modified grapples according to Table 28. A qualified person can limit the inspection of altered, repaired or modified grapples to the parts affected.

     (b) Grapples must be visually inspected each shift they are used, by the operator or another competent person, according to Table 28.

     (c) A qualified person must determine whether signs of damage indicate a hazard.

     (d) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (f) Data inspection reports must be kept on critical items such as structural members, fasteners, lifting parts, hydraulic hoses, fittings and tubing, hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders.

     (g) Hazardous conditions must be corrected before continuing use.

     (a) All new, altered, repaired or modified grapples must be tested either by or under the direction of a qualified person before use. The qualified person can limit the testing of altered, repaired or modified grapples to the parts affected.

     (b) All warning devices must be tested, including:

     (i) Indicator lights;

     (ii) Gauges;

     (iii) Horns;

     (iv) Bells;

     (v) Pointers;

     (vi) Other warning devices.

     (c) Dated reports of all operational tests must be kept on file.

     (6) Repair.

     (a) Grapples must be repaired as follows:

     (i) Have adjustments and testing done only by or under the direction of a qualified person;

     (ii) Use replacement parts that are at least equal to the original manufacturer's specifications;

     (iii) Inspect the grapple according to subsection (4) of this section, before returning to service;

     (b) The following precautions must be taken before repairs on a grapple are started:

     (i) Disconnect, lock out and tag all sources of power "Out of Service";

     (ii) Tag any grapple removed from service for repair "Out of Service."

     (7) Grapples must be operated only by qualified personnel.

     (8) Operators must do the following:

     (a) Test all controls before use during a shift;

     (b) Check all meters and indicators for proper operation before making a lift;

     (c) Consult a competent person before handling the load whenever there is any doubt as to safety;

     (d) Respond only to instructions from competent persons, except for stop orders. An operator must obey a stop order at all times, no matter who gives it;

     (e) Do not load grapples in excess of the rated load or with any load that they are not specifically designed for;

     (f) Apply the grapple to the load according to the instruction manual;

     (g) Bring the grapple over the load in a way that minimizes swinging;

     (h) Keep the load or grapple from contact with any obstruction;

     (i) Set down any attached load and store the grapple before leaving it;

     (j) Don't let anyone ride on loads or the grapple;

     (k) Check that all people stay clear of the load.

[]

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, 49.17.400, 49.17.410, 49.17.420, 49.17.430, and 49.17.440. 08-22-080, § 296-155-529, filed 11/4/08, effective 1/1/10.]

     (a) Power-operated cranes and derricks used in construction that can hoist, lower and horizontally move a suspended load (with or without attachments). Such equipment includes, but is not limited to: Articulating boom cranes (such as knuckle-boom cranes); crawler cranes; floating cranes; cranes on barges; locomotive cranes; mobile cranes (such as wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, and boom truck cranes); multipurpose machines when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load; industrial cranes (such as carry-deck cranes); cranes being used as dedicated pile drivers; service/mechanic trucks with a hoisting device; a crane on a monorail; tower cranes (such as fixed jib ("hammerhead boom"), luffing boom and self-erecting); pedestal cranes; portal cranes; overhead and gantry cranes; straddle cranes; side-boom tractors; derricks; and variations of such equipment((.)); and

     (b) Personnel lifting with attached or suspended platforms using cranes or derricks (WAC 296-155-547).

     (2) Attachments. This standard applies to equipment included in subsection (1) of this section when used with attachments. Such attachments, whether crane-attached or suspended include, but are not limited to:

     • Hooks;

     • Magnets;

     • Grapples;

     • Clamshell buckets;

     • Orange peel buckets;

     • Concrete buckets;

     • Draglines;

     • Personnel platforms;

     • Augers or drills; and

     • Pile driving equipment.

     (3) The equipment listed below are exempted from WAC ((296-155-529)) 296-155-531 and 296-155-532 (Crane certifier accreditation and crane certification) through 296-155-53300 (Operator qualifications and certification):

     (a) Cranes having a maximum rated capacity of one ton or less ((are exempt from this rule for the purposes of crane certification and operator certification)). See WAC 296-155-53414 for additional requirements.

     (b) ((Equipment included in subsection (1) of this section while it has been converted or adapted for nonhoisting/lifting use. Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not limited to, power shovels, excavators and concrete pumps.

     (c) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader backhoes, track loaders. This machinery is also excluded when used with chains, slings or other rigging to lift suspended loads. For rigging requirements see WAC 296-155-556 through 296-155-562.

     (d) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to clear wrecks and haul vehicles.

     (e) Digger derricks when used for activities that are covered under chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers, or chapter 296-32 WAC, Safety standards for telecommunications. Cranes other than digger derricks when used for activities that are covered under chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers, or chapter 296-32 WAC, Safety standards for telecommunications are NOT exempt.

     (f) Equipment originally designed as vehicle-mounted aerial devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevating work platforms.

     (g) Hydraulic jacking systems, including telescopic/hydraulic gantries.

     (h) Stacker cranes.

     (i))) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts) ((except)) when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load((. (Powered industrial trucks including their attachments do not need to be certified by an accredited certifier)) are exempted from WAC 296-155-532 (crane certification). Operators must also follow the requirements in chapter 296-863 WAC, Forklifts and other powered industrial trucks ((and WAC 296-155-53300 of this chapter.)

     (j) Mechanic's truck with a hoisting device when used in activities related to equipment maintenance and repair.

     (k) Equipment that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall.

     (l) Overhead/bridge cranes or hoists that travel or trolley manually.

     (m) Dedicated drilling rigs.

     (n) Gin poles used for the erection of communication towers.

     (o) Tree trimming and tree removal work.

     (p) Anchor handling or dredge-related operations with a vessel or barge using an affixed A-frame.

     (q) Roustabouts)).

     (((r))) (c) Service cranes with booms that rotate manually.

     (((s) Machines equipped with a boom that is limited to up and down movement only and does not rotate.

     (t) Conveyors.

     (u) Pump hoists with booms that do not rotate.

     (v) Permanently installed)) (d) Overhead/bridge, gantry cranes, semi-gantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, ((and others)) launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment having the same fundamental characteristics ((which are located in manufacturing facilities or powerhouses.

     (w) Cranes and their operators used on-site in manufacturing facilities or powerhouses for occasional or routine maintenance and repair work.

     (x) Helicopter cranes.

     (4) Digger derricks that do not meet the exemption criteria in subsection (3)(e) of this section must comply with WAC 296-155-529 (Crane certifier accreditation and crane certification) through WAC 296-155-53300 (Operator qualifications and certification) one hundred eighty days after the effective date of this section)), irrespective of whether it travels on tracks, wheels, or other means, when performing construction activities and not permanently installed.

     (4) The equipment listed below are exempt from this part:

     (a) Equipment included in subsection (1) of this section while it has been converted or adapted for nonhoisting/lifting use. Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not limited to, power shovels, excavators and concrete pumps.

     (b) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader backhoes, track loaders. This machinery is also excluded when used with chains, slings or other rigging to lift suspended loads.

     (c) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to clear wrecks and haul vehicles.

     (d) Equipment originally designed as vehicle-mounted aerial devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevating work platforms.

     (e) Hydraulic jacking systems, including telescopic/hydraulic gantries.

     (f) Stacker cranes.

     (g) Mechanic's truck with a hoisting device when used in activities related to equipment maintenance and repair.

     (h) Equipment that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall.

     (i) Dedicated drilling rigs.

     (j) Gin poles used for the erection of communication towers.

     (k) Tree trimming and tree removal work.

     (l) Anchor handling or dredge-related operations with a vessel or barge using an affixed A-frame.

     (m) Roustabouts.

     (n) Machines equipped with a boom that is limited to up and down movement only and does not rotate.

     (o) Conveyors.

     (p) Pump hoists with booms that do not rotate.

     (q) Cranes and their operators used on-site in manufacturing facilities or powerhouses for occasional or routine maintenance and repair work.

     (r) Helicopter cranes.

     (s) Permanently installed overhead/bridge, gantry cranes, semi-gantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and others having the same fundamental characteristics.

     (t) Digger derricks when used for activities that are covered under chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers, or chapter 296-32 WAC, Safety standards for telecommunications. Cranes other than digger derricks when used for activities that are covered under chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers, or chapter 296-32 WAC, Safety standards for telecommunications are NOT exempt.

     (u) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts) except when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.

Note:

Rigging requirements for material handling is located in Part F-1 of this chapter.

     (5) Digger derricks that do not meet the exemption criteria in subsection (4) of this section must comply with WAC 296-155-531 (crane certifier accreditation and crane certification) through WAC 296-155-53300 (Operator qualifications and certification) one hundred eighty days after the effective date of this section.

     (((5))) (6) Where provisions of this standard direct an operator, crewmember, or other employee to take certain actions, the employer must establish, effectively communicate to the relevant persons, and enforce work rules, to ensure compliance with such provisions.

     (((6))) (7) Work covered by chapter 296-45 WAC, Safety standards for electrical workers is deemed in compliance with WAC 296-155-53408.

     (((7))) (8) WAC 296-155-53400 (35) through (39) does not apply to cranes designed for use on railroad tracks, when used on railroad tracks that are used as part of the general railroad system of transportation that is regulated pursuant to the Federal Railroad Administration under C.F.R. 49, Part 213, and that comply with applicable Federal Railroad Administration requirements. See WAC 296-155-53400(39).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.440, 49.17.060, and 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart CC. 12-01-086, § 296-155-52900, filed 12/20/11, effective 2/1/12. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 10-14-100, § 296-155-52900, filed 7/6/10, effective 9/1/10. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, 49.17.400, 49.17.410, 49.17.420, 49.17.430, and 49.17.440. 08-22-080, § 296-155-52900, filed 11/4/08, effective 1/1/10.]

     A/D director (assembly/disassembly) director means an individual who meets the requirements in this part for an A/D director, irrespective of the person's formal job title or whether the person is nonmanagement or management personnel.

     Angle of loading means the acute angle between horizontal and the leg of the rigging, often referred to as horizontal angle. See Figures 18 and 33.

     Anti two-block device means a device that, when activated, disengages all crane functions whose movement can cause two-blocking.

     Apprentice operator or trainee means a crane operator who has not met requirements established by the department under RCW 49.17.430.

     Articulating boom crane means a crane whose boom consists of a series of folding, pin connected structural members, typically manipulated to extend or retract by power from hydraulic cylinders.

     Assembly/disassembly means the assembly and/or disassembly of components or attachments covered under this part. With regard to tower cranes, "erecting and climbing" replaces the term "assembly," and "dismantling" replaces the term "disassembly." Regardless of whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed in stages, the process of increasing height of the crane is an erection process.

     Assist crane means a crane used to assist in assembling or disassembling a crane.

     Attachments mean((s)) any device that expands the range ((or)) of tasks that can be done by the crane/derrick. Examples include, but are not limited to: An auger, drill, magnet, pile-driver, and boom-attached personnel platform.

     Audible signal means a signal made by a distinct sound or series of sounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, sounds made by a bell, horn, or whistle.

     Basket hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load and both loop eyes or end fittings are attached to the lifting device.

     Below-the-hook lifting device means a device used for attaching loads to a hoist. The device may contain components such as slings, hooks, rigging hardware, and lifting attachments.

     Bird caging means the twisting of fiber or wire rope in an isolated area of the rope in the opposite direction of the rope lay, thereby causing it to take on the appearance of a bird cage.

     Blocking (also referred to as "cribbing") means wood or other material used to support equipment or a component and distribute loads to the ground. It is typically used to support latticed boom sections during assembly/disassembly and under outrigger and stabilizer floats.

     Boatswain's chair means a single-point adjustable suspension scaffold consisting of a seat or sling (which may be incorporated into a full body harness) designed to support one employee in a sitting position.

     Bogie. See "travel bogie."

     Boom (other than tower crane) means an inclined spar, strut, or other long structural member which supports the upper hoisting tackle on a crane or derrick. Typically, the length and vertical angle of the boom can be varied to achieve increased height or height and reach when lifting loads. Booms can usually be grouped into general categories of hydraulically extendible, cantilevered type, latticed section, cable supported type or articulating type.

     Boom (tower cranes) on tower cranes: If the "boom" (i.e., principal horizontal structure) is fixed, it is referred to as a jib; if it is moveable up and down, it is referred to as a boom.

     Boom angle indicator means a device which measures the angle of the boom relative to horizontal.

     Boom hoist limiting device includes boom hoist disengaging device, boom hoist shut-off, boom hoist disconnect, boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoist kick-outs, automatic boom stop device, or derricking limiter. This type of device disengages boom hoist power when the boom reaches a predetermined operating angle. It also sets brakes or closes valves to prevent the boom from lowering after power is disengaged.

     Boom length indicator indicates the length of the permanent part of the boom (such as ruled markings on the boom) or, as in some computerized systems, the length of the boom with extensions/attachments.

     Boom stop includes boom stops (belly straps with struts/standoff), telescoping boom stops, attachment boom stops, and backstops. These devices restrict the boom from moving above a certain maximum angle and toppling over backward.

     Boom suspension systems means a system of pendants, running ropes, sheaves, and other hardware which supports the boom tip and controls the boom angle.

     Braided wire rope means a wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes.

     Bridle wire rope sling means a sling composed of multiple legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.

     Builder means the builder/constructor of derricks.

     Cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint means a wire rope sling made endless from one continuous length of cable laid rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.

     Cable laid grommet-hand tucked means an endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of rope formed to make a body composed of six ropes around a rope core. The rope ends are tucked into the body, thus forming the core. No sleeves are used.

     Center of gravity means the center of gravity of any object is the point in the object around which its weight is evenly distributed. If you could put a support under that point, you could balance the object on the support.

     Certified crane inspector means a crane certifier accredited by the department.

     Certified welder means a welder who meets nationally recognized certification requirements applicable to the task being performed.

     Choker hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load, then through one loop eye, end fitting, or other device, with the other loop eye or end fitting attached to the lifting device. This hitch can be done with a sliding choker hook or similar device.

     Climbing means the process in which a tower crane is raised or lowered to a new working height, either by adding or removing tower sections to the top of the crane (top climbing), or by a system in which the entire crane is raised or lowered inside the structure (inside climbing).

     Come-a-long means a mechanical device typically consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end that is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage.

     Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

     Construction work means (for the purposes of this part) all or any part of excavation, construction, erection, alteration, repair, demolition, and dismantling of buildings and other structures and all related operations; the excavation, construction, alteration, and repair of sewers, trenches, caissons, conduits, pipelines, roads, and all related operations; the moving of buildings and other structures, and the construction, alteration, repair, or removal of wharfs, docks, bridges, culverts, trestles, piers, abutments, or any other related construction, alteration, repair, or removal work. Construction work does not include the normal day-to-day activities at manufacturing facilities or powerhouses.

     Controlled load lowering means lowering a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather that the load hoist brake, to lower the load.

     Controlling entity means an employer that is a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity which has the overall responsibility for the construction of the projects, its planning, quality, and completion.

     Counterjib (counterweight jib) means a horizontal member of the tower crane on which the counterweights and usually the hoisting machinery are mounted.

     Counterweight means weight used to supplement the weight of equipment in providing stability for lifting loads by counterbalancing those loads.

     Crane means power-operated equipment used in construction that can hoist, lower, and horizontally move a suspended load. "Crane" includes, but is not limited to: Articulating boom cranes, such as knuckle-boom cranes; crawler cranes; floating cranes; cranes on barges; locomotive cranes; mobile cranes, such as wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck mounted, and boom truck cranes; multipurpose machines when configured to hoist and lower by means of a winch or hook and horizontally move a suspended load; industrial cranes, such as carry-deck cranes; dedicated pile drivers; service/mechanic trucks with a hoisting device; a crane on a monorail; tower cranes, such as fixed jib, hammerhead boom, luffing boom, and self-erecting; pedestal cranes; portal cranes; overhead and gantry cranes; straddle cranes; side-boom tractors; derricks; and variations of such equipment.

     Crane/derrick type means cranes or derricks as established by American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Crane operator means an individual engaged in the operation of a crane.

     Crane level indicator means a device for determining true horizontal (also see safety devices).

     Crawler crane means equipment that has a type of base mounting which incorporates a continuous belt of sprocket driven track.

     Critical lift means a lift that:

     • Exceeds seventy-five percent of the crane or derrick rated load chart capacity; or

     • Requires the use of more than one crane or derrick.

     Cross rod means a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form a complete fabric. See Figure 22.

     Crossover points means locations on a wire rope which is spooled on a drum where one layer of rope climbs up on and crosses over the previous layer. This takes place at each flange of the drum as the rope is spooled onto the drum, reaches the flange, and begins to wrap back in the opposite direction.

     Dedicated channel means a line of communication assigned by the employer who controls the communication system to only one signal person and crane/derrick or to a coordinated group of cranes/derricks/signal persons.

     Dedicated drilling rig means a machine which creates bore holes and/or shafts in the ground.

     Dedicated pile-driver is a machine that is designed to function exclusively as a pile-driver. These machines typically have the ability to both hoist the material that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive that material.

     Dedicated spotter (power lines): To be considered a dedicated spotter, the requirements of WAC 296-155-53302 (Signal person qualifications) must be met and his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the power line and the equipment, the load line and load (including rigging and lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached.

     Derrick is an apparatus consisting of a mast or equivalent member held at the end by guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use with a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes.

     Design factor means the ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength and rated load.

     Digger derrick means a multipurpose vehicle-mounted machine which is primarily designed to accommodate components that dig holes, set poles, and position materials and apparatus.

     Directly under the load means a part or all of an employee is directly beneath the load.

     Dismantling includes partial dismantling (such as dismantling to shorten a boom or substitute a different component).

     Drum rotation indicator is a device on a crane or hoist which indicates in which direction and at what relative speed a particular hoist drum is turning.

     Electrical contact means when a person, object, or equipment makes contact or comes close in proximity with an energized conductor or equipment that allows the passage of current.

     Employer-made equipment means floating cranes/derricks designed and built by an employer for the employer's own use.

     Encroachment is where any part of the crane, load line or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) breaches a minimum clearance distance that this part requires to be maintained from a power line.

     Equipment criteria means instructions, recommendations, limitations and specifications.

     Fabric (metal mesh) means the flexible portion of the sling exclusive of end fittings consisting of a series of transverse spirals and cross rods.

     Fall protection equipment means guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems.

     Fall restraint system means a fall protection system that prevents the user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors, and other necessary equipment. The other components typically include a lanyard, and may also include a lifeline and other devices.

     Fall zone means the area (including, but not limited to, the area directly beneath the load) in which it is reasonably foreseeable that partially or completely suspended materials could fall in the event of an accident.

     Flange points means a point of contact between rope and drum flange where the rope changes layers.

     Floating cranes/derricks means equipment designed by the manufacturer (or employer) for marine use by permanent attachment to a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation.

     Free fall (of the load line) means when only the brake is used to regulate the descent of the load line (the drive mechanism is not used to drive the load down faster or retard its lowering).

     Free rated load test means testing stability and operation of crane, carrier, wheels, tires, tracks, brakes, etc., under load, when lifting without outriggers and/or traveling with the load are permitted at the activity for the type of crane being tested.

     Free surface effect is the uncontrolled transverse movement of liquids in compartments which reduce a vessel's transverse stability.

     Functional testing means the testing of a crane, typically done with a light load or no load, to verify the proper operation of a crane's primary function, i.e., hoisting, braking, booming, swinging, etc. A functional test is contrasted to testing the crane's structural integrity with heavy loads.

     Gin pole derrick means a boom without a mast which has guys arranged from its top to permit leaning the mast in one or more directions. The load is lifted and lowered by ropes reeved through sheaves or blocks at the top of the mast and the lower block.

     Ground conditions means the ability of the ground to support the crane/derrick (including slope, compaction, and firmness).

     Ground crew means those individuals who are involved in the personnel lift, other than the hoisting equipment operator and the platform occupants. These individuals include riggers, signal persons, and supervision.

     Gudgeon pins means a pin connecting the mast cap to the mast allowing rotation of the mast.

     Guy means a rope used to steady or secure the mast, boom, or other member in the desired position.

     Hairpin anchors means a hairpin-shaped, guy-supporting anchor that is placed in footings or walls before concrete is poured and held in place by the cured concrete.

     Hitch (hitched) means a method of rigging (attaching) a sling temporarily to a load or object for the purpose of lifting.

     Hoist means a mechanical device for lifting and lowering loads by winding rope onto or off a drum.

     Hoisting means the act of raising, lowering or otherwise moving a load in the air with equipment covered by this standard. As used in this standard, "hoisting" can be done by means other than wire rope/hoist drum equipment.

     Hoisting equipment means a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally. The machine may be fixed or mobile and be driven manually, by power, or by a combination of both.

     Hook latch means a mechanical device used to close the throat opening of a hook.

     Insulating link/device means an insulating device listed, labeled, or accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory in accordance with 29 C.F.R. 1910.7.

     Intermediate rail means the middle member of a barrier along the edges of a platform, located approximately one-half the distance between the platform floor and top rail.

     Jib means an extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset to various angles in the vertical plane of the boom. For tower cranes, see boom (tower cranes).

     Jib stop (also referred to as a jib backstop), is the same type of device as a boom stop but is for a fixed or luffing jib.

     Land crane/derrick means equipment not originally designed by the manufacturer for marine use by permanent attachment to barges, pontoons, vessels, or other means of flotation.

     List means the angle of inclination about the longitudinal axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel, or other means of flotation.

     Live boom means a boom whose lowering is controlled by a brake without the aid of other lowering retarding devices (free-fall capable).

     Live load line means a load line whose lowering is controlled by a brake without the aid of other lowering retarding devices (free-fall capable).

     Load is the weight of the object being lifted or lowered, including the weight of the load-attaching equipment such as the load block, ropes, slings, shackles, and any other auxiliary attachment.

     Load moment (or rated capacity) indicator means a system which aids the equipment operator by sensing the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load X radius. It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and indicates to the operator the percentage of capacity at which the equipment is working. Lights, bells, or buzzers may be incorporated as a warning of an approaching overload condition.

     Load moment (or rated capacity) limiter means a system which aids the equipment operator by sensing the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load X radius. It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and when the rated capacity is reached, it shuts off power to those equipment functions which can increase the severity of loading on the equipment, e.g., hoisting, telescoping out, or luffing out. Typically, those functions which decrease the severity of loading on the equipment remain operational, e.g., lowering, telescoping in, or luffing in.

     Load ratings means a set of rated loads for stipulated hoisting equipment configurations and operating conditions.

     Load sustaining/bearing parts means those parts of a crane that support the crane or load and upon failure could cause dropping, uncontrolled shifting, or uncontrolled movement of the crane or load.

     Locomotive crane means a crane mounted on a base or car equipped for travel on a railroad track.

     Luffing boom is a member hinged to the rotating superstructure and used for supporting the hoisting tackle.

     Luffing jib limiting device is similar to a boom hoist limiting device, except that it limits the movement of the luffing jib.

     Marine worksite means a construction worksite located in, on or above the water.

     Master coupling link means an alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links.

     Master link means forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling.

     Mechanical coupling link (alloy steel chain) means a nonwelded, mechanically closed link used primarily to attach fittings to alloy steel chain.

     Mobile cranes means a lifting device incorporating a cable suspended latticed boom or hydraulic telescopic boom designed to be moved between operating locations by transport over the road. ((These are referred to in Europe as a crane mounted on a truck carrier.))

     Moving point-to-point means the times during which an employee is in the process of going to or from a work station.

     Multipurpose machine means a machine that is designed to be configured in various ways, at least one of which allows it to hoist (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load. For example, a machine that can rotate and can be configured with removable forks/tongs (for use as a forklift) or with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch. When configured with the forks/tongs, it is not covered by this part. When configured with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch, it is covered by this part.

     Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up to five independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.

     Nationally recognized accrediting agency is an organization that, due to its independence and expertise, is widely recognized as competent to accredit testing organizations.

     Nonconductive means that, because of the nature and condition of the materials used, and the conditions of use (including environmental conditions and condition of the material), the object in question has the property of not becoming energized (that is, it has high dielectric properties offering a high resistance to the passage of current under the conditions of use).

     Nonstandard tower crane base means any deviation from the structural support or base configuration recommended by the crane manufacturer.

     Occasional or routine maintenance and repair work means regular, customary and foreseeable work necessary to keep equipment in good repair and/or condition. This also includes regular, customary and foreseeable work necessary to return equipment to sound condition after damage.

     Operational aid means an accessory that provides information to facilitate operation of a crane or that takes control of particular functions without action of the operator when a limiting condition is sensed. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, the following: Anti-two-block device, rated capacity indicator, rated capacity (load) limiter, boom angle or radius indicator, lattice boom hoist disconnect device, boom length indicator, drum rotation indicator, load indicator, and wind speed indicator.

     Operational controls means levers, switches, pedals and other devices for controlling equipment operation.

     Operator is a person who is operating the equipment.

     Outriggers means extendable or fixed members attached to the mounting base, which rests on supports at the outer ends, used to support the crane.

     Overhead/bridge and gantry cranes includes overhead/bridge cranes, cranes on monorails, under hung cranes, semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment, irrespective of whether it travels on tracks, wheels, or other means.

     Pendants includes both wire and bar types. Wire type: A fixed length of wire rope with mechanical fittings at both ends for pinning segments of wire rope together. Bar type: Instead of wire rope, a bar is used. Pendants are typically used in a latticed boom crane system to easily change the length of the boom suspension system without completely changing the rope on the drum when the boom length is increased or decreased.

     Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, and a body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these.

     Personnel lifting means raising, lowering, or transporting personnel using a crane/derrick.

     Personnel platform - Boom attached means a platform attached to the boom of the crane.

     Personnel platform - Suspended means a platform attached to a crane/derrick using wire rope, chain, or a jointed attachment and that has no installed motion controls for the platform itself.

     Personnel platform suspension system means the rope or chain slings and other components, including fastening devices, used to connect the crane/derrick to the personnel platform.

     Platform occupant means a person who is within the guardrail barrier while the personnel platform is in a hoisted position.

     Platform rating means the maximum capacity of a personnel lifting platform, established by the platform manufacturer, in terms of total weight and the number of occupants allowed.

     Portal crane is a type of crane consisting of a rotating upper structure, hoist machinery, and boom mounted on top of a structural gantry which may be fixed in one location or have travel capability. The gantry legs or columns usually have portal openings in between to allow passage of traffic beneath the gantry.

     Power controlled lowering means a system or device in the power train, other than the load hoist brake, that can regulate the lowering rate of speed of the load hoist mechanism.

     Powerhouse means a plant wherein electric energy is produced by conversion from some other form of energy (e.g., chemical, nuclear, solar, mechanical, or hydraulic) by means of suitable apparatus. This includes all generating station auxiliaries and other associated equipment required for the operation of the plant. Not included are stations producing power exclusively for use with communication systems.

     Power lines means electrical distribution and electrical transmission lines.

     Procedures include, but are not limited to: Instructions, diagrams, recommendations, warnings, specifications, protocols, and limitations.

     Proximity alarm is a device that provides a warning of proximity to a power line that has been listed, labeled or accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory in accordance with 29 C.F.R. 1910.7.

     Qualified crane operator means a crane operator who meets the requirements established by the department under RCW 49.17.430.

     Qualified evaluator (not a third party) means a person employed by the signal person's or the rigger's employer (as applicable) who has demonstrated that he/she is competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the qualification requirements in this part for a signal person or a rigger.

     Qualified evaluator (third party) means an entity that, due to its independence and expertise, has demonstrated that it is competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the qualification requirements in this part for a signal person or a rigger.

     Qualified person means a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, successfully demonstrated the ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

     Qualified rigger is a rigger who meets the requirements in WAC 296-155-53306.

     Qualified signal person is a signal person who meets the requirements in WAC 296-155-53302.

     Range control limit device is a device that can be set by an equipment operator to limit movement of the boom or jib tip to a plane or multiple planes.

     Range control warning device is a device that can be set by an equipment operator to warn that the boom or jib tip is at a plane or multiple planes.

     Rated capacity means the maximum working load permitted by the manufacturer under specified working conditions. Such working conditions typically include a specific combination of factors such as equipment configuration, radii, boom length, and other parameters of use.

     Rated capacity indicator, see load moment indicator.

     Rated capacity limiter, see load moment limiter.

     Repetitive pickup points refer to, when operating on a short cycle operation, the rope being used on a single layer and being spooled repetitively over a short portion of the drum.

     Rotation resistant rope means a type of wire rope construction which reduces the tendency of a rope to rotate about its axis under load. Usually, this consists of an inner system of core strands laid in one direction covered by an outer system of strands laid in the opposite direction.

     RPE means a registered professional engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).

     RPSE means a registered professional structural engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).

     Running wire rope is a wire rope that moves over sheaves or drums.

     Runway means a firm, level surface designed, prepared and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.

     Safety devices, examples of safety devices are, but are not limited to, the following: Horn, boom/jib or trolley stops, crane level indicator, hydraulic holding device/check valve, rail clamps, rail stops, brakes, deadman control or forced neutral return control, emergency stop switch, guards, handrails, audible and visual alarms, etc.

     Safety or health standard means a standard adopted under this chapter.

     Section means a section of this part, unless otherwise specified.

     Side-boom crane means a track-type or wheel-type tractor having a boom mounted on the side of the tractor, used for lifting, lowering, or transporting a load suspended on the load hook. The boom or hook can be lifted or lowered in a vertical direction only.

     Sling means an assembly to be used for lifting when connected to a lifting mechanism. The upper portion of the sling is connected to the lifting mechanism and the lower supports the load, as described in this part.

     Special hazard warnings means warnings of site-specific hazards (for example, proximity of power lines).

     Spiral means a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated.

     Stability (flotation device) means the tendency of a barge, pontoons, vessel, or other means of flotation to return to an upright position after having been inclined by an external force.

     Stabilizer means an extendable or fixed member attached to the mounting base to increase the stability of the crane, but that may not have the capability of relieving all of the weight from the wheels or tracks.

     Standard method means the hand signals established in the applicable ASME B30 series and WAC 296-155-56400, Mobile crane hand signal chart.

     Standing wire rope means a supporting wire rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components connected by the wire rope.

     Superstructure: See upperworks.

     Supporting materials means blocking, mats, cribbing, marsh buggies (in marshes/wetlands), or similar supporting materials or devices.

     Taglines means a rope (usually fiber) attached to a lifted load for purposes of controlling load spinning and pendular motions or used to stabilize a bucket or magnet during material handling operations.

     Tender means an individual responsible for monitoring and communication with a diver.

     Tilt up or tilt down operation means raising/lowering a load from the horizontal to vertical or vertical to horizontal.

     Toe board means a vertical barrier at foot level, along the edges of the platform, to protect against material from falling over the edge.

     Top rail means the top member of a barrier along the edges of a platform to protect against persons from falling off the platform.

     Tower crane means a type of lifting structure which utilizes a vertical mast or tower to support a working boom (jib) in an elevated position. Loads are suspended from the working boom. While the working boom may be of the fixed type (horizontal or angled) or have luffing capability, it can always rotate to swing loads, either by rotating on the top of the tower (top slewing) or by the rotation of the tower (bottom slewing). The tower base may be fixed in one location or ballasted and moveable between locations. Mobile cranes that are configured with a luffing jib and/or tower attachments are not considered tower cranes under this part.

     Travel means the function of the hoisting equipment moving under its own power from one location to another.

     Travel bogie (tower cranes) means an assembly of two or more axles arranged to permit vertical wheel displacement and equalize the loading on the wheels.

     Trim means the angle of inclination about the transverse axis of a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation.

     Two blocking means a condition in which a component that is uppermost on the hoist line such as the load block, hook block, overhaul ball, or similar component, comes in contact with the boom tip, fixed upper block or similar component. This binds the system and continued application of power can cause failure of the hoist rope or other component.

     Unavailable procedures means procedures that are no longer available from the manufacturer, or have never been available from the manufacturer.

     Upperstructure: See upperworks.

     Upperworks means the revolving frame of equipment on which the operating machinery (and many cases the engine) are mounted along with the operator's cab. The counterweight is typically supported on the rear of the upperstructure and the boom or other front end attachment is mounted on the front.

     Up to means "up to and including."

     Vertical hitch means a method of rigging a sling in which the load is attached to the loop eye or end fitting at one end of the sling and the loop eye or end fitting at the other end is attached to the lifting device. Any hitch less than five degrees from the vertical may be considered a vertical hitch.

     Wire rope means a flexible rope constructed by laying steel wires into various patterns of multiwired strands around a core system to produce a helically wound rope.

     Working load means the external load applied to the hoisting equipment, including the personnel lifting platform, its contents, and the load attaching equipment, such as lowered load block, shackles, and slings.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.440, 49.17.060, and 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart CC. 12-01-086, § 296-155-52902, filed 12/20/11, effective 2/1/12. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 10-14-100, § 296-155-52902, filed 7/6/10, effective 9/1/10. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, 49.17.400, 49.17.410, 49.17.420, 49.17.430, and 49.17.440. 08-22-080, § 296-155-52902, filed 11/4/08, effective 1/1/10.]

     (a) Has a valid crane operator certificate, for the type of crane to be operated, issued by a crane operator testing organization which has an accredited program, accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency. The operator certification must include a successful passing of a written and practical examination for each crane category listed in Table 3 and by crane type for mobile cranes.

     (b) A determination through a written test that:

     (i) The individual knows the information necessary for safe operation of the specific type of crane/derrick the individual will operate, including all of the following:

     (A) The controls and operational/performance characteristics.

     (B) Use of, and the ability to calculate, load/capacity information on a variety of configurations of the crane/derrick.

     (C) Procedures for preventing and responding to power line contact.

     (D) Technical knowledge similar to the subject matter criteria listed in WAC 296-155-56420 of this part applicable to the specific type of crane/derrick the individual will operate. Use of WAC 296-155-56420 criteria meets the requirements of this provision.

     (E) Technical knowledge applicable to:

     (I) The suitability of the supporting ground and surface to handle expected loads.

     (II) Site hazards.

     (III) Site access.

     (F) This part, including applicable incorporated materials.

     (ii) The individual is able to read and locate relevant information in the equipment manual and other materials containing information referred to in (i) of this subsection.

     (c) A determination through a practical test that the individual has the skills necessary for safe operation of the crane/derrick, including the following:

     (i) Ability to recognize, from visual and auditory observation, the items listed in WAC 296-155-53405(2).

     (ii) Operational and maneuvering skills.

     (iii) Application of load chart information.

     (iv) Application of safe shut-down and securing procedures.

Notes:	• An operator's certificate issued by the accredited testing agency is valid for a five-year period, and must be renewed to ensure operators maintain qualified operator status.
	• For self-erecting tower cranes, the department will accept a tower crane certification issued by a nationally accrediting testing agency.
	• For derricks, the department will accept, at a minimum, a lattice boom truck or crawler mobile crane operator's certificate.
	• An operator will be deemed qualified to operate a crane if the operator is certified under (a) of this subsection for the type and capacity of the crane or for higher-capacity crane of the same type.

     (d) If there is no accredited written or practical test for operator certification available, the employer must ensure the operator has been completely trained, evaluated and tested by the employer on the operating procedures for the piece of equipment in use as recommended by the crane/equipment manufacturer and the applicable ASME standard. This process must be documented and made available upon request.

     (e) Has crane hours of experience as shown in Table 3; and

     (f) Pass a substance abuse test conducted by a recognized laboratory.

Exemption:

When it is necessary in the performance of their duties, manufacture representatives, factory representatives and maintenance personnel are not required to be certified crane operators.

     (a) The employee ("trainee/apprentice") must be provided with sufficient training prior to operating the crane to enable the trainee to operate the crane safely under limitations established by this section (including continuous supervision) and any additional limitations established by the employer.

     (b) The tasks performed by the trainee/apprentice while operating the crane must be within the trainee's ability, as determined by the supervising qualified crane operator.

     (c) Qualified crane/derrick operator. While operating the crane/derrick, the trainee/apprentice must be continuously supervised by a qualified crane/derrick operator who meets the following requirements:

     (i) The qualified crane/derrick operator is an employee or agent of the trainee's/apprentice's employer.

     (ii) The qualified crane/derrick operator under this section is familiar with the proper use of the crane's/derrick's controls.

     (iii) While supervising the trainee/apprentice, the qualified crane/derrick operator performs no tasks that detract from the qualified crane/derrick operator's ability to supervise the trainee/apprentice.

     (iv) For cranes other than tower cranes: The qualified crane/derrick operator and the trainee/apprentice must be in direct line of sight of each other. In addition, they must communicate verbally or by hand signal.

     (v) For tower cranes: The qualified crane operator and the trainee/apprentice must be in direct communication with each other.

     (d) The trainee/apprentice must not operate the crane in any of the following circumstances:

     (i) If any part of the crane, load line or load (including rigging and lifting accessories), if operated up to the crane's maximum working radius in the work zone, could get within twenty feet of a power line that is up to three hundred fifty kV, or within fifty feet of a power line that is over three hundred fifty kV;

     (ii) If the crane is used to hoist personnel;

     (iii) In a multiple-crane or multiple load line lift situations; or

     (iv) Multiple-lift rigging, as defined in WAC 296-155-52902, can only be accomplished by the trainee/apprentice when the qualified crane operator determines that the trainee's/apprentice's skills are sufficient for this high-skill work.

     (v) Critical lifts, as defined in WAC 296-155-52902, can only be accomplished by the trainee/apprentice when the qualified crane operator determines that the trainee's/apprentice's skills are sufficient for this high-skill work.

     (3) The employer must obtain documentation showing hours of crane operator experience and crane related experience separated out by crane type and capacity.

Note:

The employer may accept a signed declaration from the crane operator attesting to actual hours of crane operator experience and crane related experience separated out by crane type and capacity. For sample declaration form see WAC 296-155-56425.

     (4) The department may recognize crane operator certification from another state or territory of the United States as equivalent to qualified crane operator requirements if the department determines that the other jurisdiction's credentialing standards are substantially similar to the qualified crane operator requirements.

     (5) Crane operator experience and crane related experience must be documented and separated out by crane type and capacity; this documentation need only show the minimum amount of hours as outlined in Table 3 above. If the employer is documenting crane operating and/or related crane experience hours, the employer must provide a copy of the hours to the operator as soon as practical, if requested.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.440, 49.17.060, and 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart CC. 12-01-086, § 296-155-53300, filed 12/20/11, effective 2/1/12. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 10-14-100, § 296-155-53300, filed 7/6/10, effective 9/1/10. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, 49.17.400, 49.17.410, 49.17.420, 49.17.430, and 49.17.440. 08-22-080, § 296-155-53300, filed 11/4/08, effective 1/1/10.]

     (a) Option (1) - Third-party qualified evaluator. The rigger has documentation from a third-party qualified evaluator showing that the rigger meets the qualification requirements listed in subsection (3) of this section.

     (b) Option (2) - Employer's qualified evaluator. The employer has its qualified evaluator assess the individual and determine that the individual meets the qualification requirements listed in subsection (3) of this section and provides documentation of that determination. An assessment by an employer's qualified evaluator under this option is not portable meaning other employers are not permitted to use this qualification to meet the requirements of this section.

     (c) The employer must make the documentation for whichever option is used available at the site while the rigger is employed by the employer. The documentation must specify each type of rigging for which the rigger meets the requirements of subsection (3) of this section.

     (2) If subsequent actions by the rigger indicate that the individual may not meet the qualification requirements listed in subsection (3) of this section, the employer must not allow the individual to continue working as a rigger until retraining is provided and a reassessment is made in accordance with subsection (1) of this section that confirms that the individual meets the qualification requirements.

     (3) Qualification requirements. Each rigger must:

     (a) Know and understand the requirements located in ASME B30.7-2006, Base-Mounted Drum Hoists, B30.9-2010, Slings, B30.10-2009, Hooks, B30.16-2007, Overhead Hoists (Underhung), B30.20-2010, Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices, B30.21-2005, Manually Lever Operated Hoists and B30.26-2004, Rigging Hardware, as applicable.

     (b) Know and understand the type of sling and hitch used. For example, if synthetic web slings are used, the rigger must know and understand the removal criteria for this type of sling and how to properly use the sling.

     (c) Be competent in the application of the type of hitches used.

     (d) Have a basic understanding of slings, rigging hardware and below-the-hook lifting devices (as applicable); their limitations, rigging practices, associated hazards and inspection requirements.

     (e) Know and understand load weight estimation, center of gravity, effect of angles on rigging components, load turning, knots/tag lines, chain hoist/come-a-long usage, winch and block usage, and basic hand signals, as applicable.

     (f) Know and understand the relevant requirements of WAC 296-155-556 through 296-155-56220 and this section.

     (g) Demonstrate that they meet the requirements in (a) through (e) of this subsection through a written test and through a practical test. All tests must be documented.

Notes:	• The provisions of subsection (3)(g) of this section are ((applicable one hundred eighty days after the effective date of this section)) not required until February 1, 2013.
	• This section does not require that each and every worker associated with the rigging of a component or structure to be a "fully qualified rigger" as defined in this section, the requirement is for at least one of the workers to be a fully qualified rigger. However, all other associated workers must be qualified by training or experience to perform their assigned tasks (WAC 296-155-035(2)).

     (4) Qualification period. A rigger qualification cannot exceed a five-year period; this qualification must be renewed every five years to ensure riggers maintain qualified status. At a minimum, this renewal must include a documented written exam.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.440, 49.17.060, and 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart CC. 12-01-086, § 296-155-53306, filed 12/20/11, effective 2/1/12.]

     (2) All crane and derrick operators covered under this part, except for those exempted in WAC 296-155-52900(3), must be qualified as required by WAC 296-155-533.

     (3)(a) Cranes must meet the requirements for design, construction, installation and testing as prescribed in the applicable ASME standard at the time the crane or derrick was manufactured.

     (b) Where manufacturer's specifications are not available the limitations assigned to the crane must be based on the determinations of a registered professional engineer (RPE), competent in this field and such determinations must be appropriately documented and recorded.

     (c) Attachments used with cranes must not exceed the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the manufacturer or RPE.

     (4) Unavailable operation procedures.

     (a) Where the manufacturer procedures are unavailable, the employer must ((provide)) develop and ensure compliance with all procedures necessary for the safe operation of the crane/derrick and attachments.

     (b) Procedures for the operational controls must be developed by a qualified person.

     (c) Procedures related to the capacity of the crane/derrick must be developed and signed by a registered professional engineer familiar with this equipment.

     (5) Warning decals and placards must be installed and legible as prescribed by this part and the crane manufacturer.

     (6) The procedures applicable to the operation of the crane/derrick including a legible and applicable operator's manual and load rating chart, written in the English language with customary grammar and punctuation, must be in the operator's cab or station when the crane is in operation. Where rated capacities are available in the cab only in electronic form: In the event of a failure which makes the rated capacities inaccessible, the operator must immediately cease operations or follow safe shut-down procedures until the rated capacities (in electronic or other form) are available.

     (7) Rated capacity and related information. The information available in the operator's cab or station (see WAC 296-155-53400(6)) regarding "rated capacity" and related information must include, at a minimum, the following information:

     (a) A complete range of the manufacturer's rated capacities, as follows:

     (i) At all manufacturer approved operating radii, boom angles, work areas, boom lengths and configurations, jib lengths and angles (or offset).

     (ii) Alternate ratings for use and nonuse of optional equipment which affects rated capacities, such as outriggers, stabilizers, and extra counterweights.

     (iii) When available from the manufacturer load ratings where structural competence governs lifting performance must be identified.

     (b) A work area chart for which capacities are listed in the load chart.

Note:

An example of this type of chart for mobile cranes is in WAC 296-155-56435.

     (c) The work area figure and load chart must clearly indicate the areas where no load is to be handled.

     (d) Recommended reeving for the hoist lines must be shown.

     (e) Recommended parts of hoist reeving, size, and type of wire rope for various crane loads.

     (f) Recommended boom hoist reeving diagram, where applicable; size, type, and length of wire rope.

     (g) Tire pressure (where applicable).

     (h) Caution or warnings relative to limitations on cranes and operating procedures, including an indication of the least stable direction.

     (i) Position of the gantry and requirements for intermediate boom suspension (where applicable).

     (j) Instructions for boom erection and conditions under which the boom, or boom and jib combinations, may be raised or lowered.

     (k) Whether the hoist holding mechanism is automatically or manually controlled, whether free fall is available, or any combination of these.

     (l) The maximum telescopic travel length of each boom telescopic section.

     (m) Whether sections are telescoped manually or with power.

     (n) The sequence and procedure for extending and retracting the telescopic boom section.

     (o) Maximum loads permitted during the boom extending operation, and any limiting conditions or cautions.

     (p) Hydraulic relief valve settings specified by the manufacturer.

     (8) All manufacturer procedures applicable to the operational functions of cranes/derricks, including its use with attachments must be complied with.

     (9) The operator must not engage in any practice or activity that diverts his/her attention while actually engaged in operating the crane/derrick, such as the use of cellular phones (other than when used for signal communications).

     (10) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguisher rating of 10 BC, must be installed in the cab or at the machinery housing. Additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers can be found in WAC 296-800-300.

     (11) Cabs. Cranes/derricks with cabs must meet the following requirements:

     (a) Cabs must be designed with a form of adjustable ventilation and method for clearing the windshield for maintaining visibility and air circulation. Examples of means for adjustable ventilation include air conditioner or window that can be opened (for ventilation and air circulation); examples of means for maintaining visibility include heater (for preventing windshield icing), defroster, fan, windshield wiper.

     (b) Cab doors (swinging, sliding) must be designed to prevent inadvertent opening or closing while traveling or operating the machine. Swinging doors adjacent to the operator must open outward. Sliding operator doors must open rearward.

     (c) Windows.

     (i) The cab must have windows in front and on both sides of the operator. Forward vertical visibility must be sufficient to give the operator a view of the boom point at all times.

     (ii) Windows may have sections designed to be opened or readily removed. Windows with sections designed to be opened must be designed so that they can be secured to prevent inadvertent closure.

     (iii) Windows must be of safety glass or material with similar optical and safety properties that introduce no visible distortion or otherwise obscure visibility that interferes with the safe operation of the equipment.

     (d) A clear passageway must be provided from the operator's station to an exit door on the operator's side.

     (e) Areas of the cab roof that serve as a workstation for rigging, maintenance, or other equipment-related tasks must be capable of supporting two hundred fifty pounds without permanent distortion.

     (12) Personal belongings must be stored in such a manner as to not interfere with access or operation of the crane.

     (13) Rigging gear, tools, oil cans, waste, and other articles must be stored in the toolbox or another appropriate location, and must not be permitted to lie loose in or about the cab or operator's work station.

     (14) Operating controls must be properly marked to indicate the function of the controls in each position.

     (15) The employer must designate a competent person who must inspect the cranes and components daily when used, and periodically during use to make sure it is in safe operating condition. Any deficiencies that effect the safe operation of the crane must be repaired, or defective parts replaced, before continued use.

Note:

For additional requirements relating to inspections see WAC 296-155-53405.

     (16) Before starting the engine, the operator must verify that all controls are in the proper starting position and that all personnel are in the clear.

     (17) While in operation, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or other moving parts or equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees, or otherwise create a hazard. Guarding must meet the requirements of chapter 296-806 WAC, Machine safety.

     (18) Neither the load nor the boom is allowed to be lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on their respective drums.

     (19) All exhaust pipes, turbochargers, and charge air coolers must be guarded or insulated in areas where contact by employees is possible in the performance of normal duties and are discharged in a direction away from the operator.

     (20) Hydraulic and pneumatic lines must be protected from damage to the extent feasible.

     (21) Friction mechanisms. Where friction mechanisms (such as brakes and clutches) are used to control the boom hoist or load line hoist, they must be:

     (a) Of a size and thermal capacity sufficient to control all rated loads with the minimum recommended reeving.

     (b) Adjustable to permit compensation for lining wear to maintain proper operation.

     (22) Hydraulic load hoists. Hydraulic drums must have an integrally mounted holding device or internal static brake to prevent load hoist movement in the event of hydraulic failure.

     (23) Whenever internal combustion engine powered crane/derrick exhausts in enclosed spaces, tests must be made and recorded to see that employees are not exposed to unsafe concentrations of toxic gases or oxygen deficient atmospheres. (See chapter 296-62 WAC, General occupational health standards and chapter 296-841 WAC, Airborne contaminants.)

     (24) If access to the cab roof is necessary, a ladder or steps must be provided to give access to a cab roof.

     (25) All steps, running boards, and ladders must be of substantial construction and in good repair at all times.

     (26) Guardrails, handholds, and steps must be provided on cranes for easy access to the cab in accordance with Parts C-1 and J of this chapter.

     (27) Platforms and walkways must have antiskid surfaces.

     (28) Cranes/derricks fuel tank filler pipe must be located in such a position, or protected in such a manner, as to not allow spill or overflow to run onto the engine, exhaust, or electrical equipment of any crane being fueled. In addition, cranes/derricks must be refueled as follows:

     (a) Make sure the engine is turned off before refueling.

     (b) When refueling with gasoline using portable containers, make sure only an approved safety-type can with an automatic closing cap and flame arrester is used.

     (c) Smoking or open flames is prohibited in the refueling area.

     (29) Crane hook ball assemblies and load blocks.

     (a) ((All crane hook ball assemblies and load blocks must be labeled with their rated capacity and their weight.)) Load hooks (including latched and unlatched types), ball assemblies, and load blocks must be of sufficient weight to overhaul the line from the highest hook position for boom or boom and jib lengths and the number of parts of the line in use.

     (b) Crane hooks must be equipped with latches or self-locking devices unless a qualified person determines that it is safer to hoist and place the load without latches (or with the latches removed/tied back(().)) or otherwise disabled) and routes for the loads are preplanned to ensure that no employee is required to work in the fall zone except for employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.

     (c) The latch or self-locking device (when used) must bridge the throat opening of the hook for the purpose of retaining slings or other lifting devices under slack conditions.

     (30) Repair or replace a hook when it shows:

     (a) Any cracks, nicks, or gouges.

     (b) Wear of more than ten percent of the original sectional dimension, or as recommended by the manufacturer.

     (c) Any visibly apparent bend or twist from the plane of the unbent hook.

     (d) Any distortion causing an increase in the throat opening of five percent, not to exceed one-fourth inch or as recommended by the manufacturer.

     (e) Repair or replace hook latches or self-locking devices when they become inoperative.

     (31) A qualified person must determine if a damaged hook needs to be replaced or can be repaired.

     (32) When repairing a hook, the requirements below must be followed:

     (a) Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, only a qualified person can repair cracks, nicks and gouges by grinding longitudinally, following the contour of the hook.

Note:

The dimension of the hook cannot be reduced more than ten percent of its original value, unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer.

     (b) All other repairs must be performed by the hook manufacturer or the qualified person.

     (c) Weld repairs or reshaping must not be performed on hooks, unless approved by the manufacturer.

     (33) Replacement parts, such as load pins for clevis hooks must be at least equal to the original manufacturer's specifications.

Note:

For requirements relating to wedge sockets, see WAC 296-155-56115(2).

     (34) Before traveling a crane with a load, it must be determined that this practice is not prohibited by the manufacturer. If not, a qualified person must be responsible for the operation. Decisions such as the necessity to reduce crane ratings, load position, boom location, ground support, travel route, and speed of movement must be in accordance with that person's determination. Specified tire pressure must be maintained. The boom should be carried in line with the direction of travel. Sudden starts and stops should be avoided.

     (35) The crane/derrick must not be assembled or used unless ground conditions are firm, drained, and graded to a sufficient extent as determined by a competent person, so that, in conjunction (if necessary) with the use of supporting materials, the crane/derrick manufacturer's specifications for adequate support and degree of level of the crane/derrick are met. The requirement for the ground to be drained does not apply to marshes/wetlands. For additional requirements for self-erecting tower cranes, see WAC 296-155-54100.

     (36) The controlling entity must:

     (a) Ensure that ground preparations necessary to meet the requirements in subsection (35) of this section are provided.

     (b) Inform the user of the crane/derrick and the operator of the location of hazards beneath the crane/derrick set-up area (such as voids, tanks, utilities) if those hazards are identified in documents (such as site drawings, as-built drawings, and soil analyses) if they are available to the controlling entity that are in the possession of the controlling entity (whether at the site or off-site) or the hazards are otherwise known to that controlling entity.

     (37) If there is no controlling entity for the project, the requirement in subsection (36)(a) of this section must be met by the employer that has authority at the site to make or arrange for ground preparations needed to meet subsection (35) of this section.

     (38) If the assembly/disassembly director or the operator determines that ground conditions do not meet the requirements in subsection (35) of this section, that person's employer must have a discussion with the controlling entity regarding the ground preparations that are needed so that, with the use of suitable supporting materials/devices (if necessary), the requirements in subsection (35) of this section can be met.

     (39) This section does not apply to cranes designed for use on railroad tracks when used on railroad tracks that are part of the general railroad system of transportation that is regulated pursuant to the Federal Railroad Administration under 49 C.F.R. Part 213, and that comply with applicable Federal Railroad Administration requirements.

     (40) Multiple crane/derrick coordination. Where any part of a crane/derrick is within the working radius of another crane/derrick, the controlling entity must institute a system to coordinate operations. If there is no controlling entity, the employer (if there is only one employer operating the multiple pieces of equipment), or employers, must institute such a system.

     (41) Multiple crane or multiple load line lifts.

     (a) Plan development. Before beginning a crane/derrick operation in which more than one crane/derrick will be supporting the load or multiple load lines on one crane will be supporting the load, the operation must be planned. The planning must meet the following requirements:

     (i) The plan must be developed by a qualified person.

     (ii) The plan must be designed to ensure that the requirements of this part are met.

     (iii) Where the qualified person determines that engineering expertise is needed for the planning, the employer must ensure that it is provided.

     (b) Plan implementation.

     (i) The multiple-crane/derrick lift or multiple load line lifts must be directed by a person who meets the criteria for both a competent person and a qualified person, or by a competent person who is assisted by one or more qualified persons (lift director).

     (ii) The lift director must review the plan in a meeting with all workers who will be involved with the operation.

     (42) Work area control. Swing radius hazards.

     (a) The requirements in (b) of this subsection apply where there are accessible areas in which the crane's rotating superstructure (whether permanently or temporarily mounted) poses a reasonably foreseeable risk of:

     (i) Striking and injuring an employee; or

     (ii) Pinching/crushing an employee against another part of the crane or another object.

     (b) To prevent employees from entering these hazard areas, the employer must:

     (i) Train each employee assigned to work on or near the crane (authorized personnel) in how to recognize struck-by and pinch/crush hazard areas posed by the rotating superstructure.

     (ii) Erect and maintain control lines, warning lines, railings or similar barriers to mark the boundaries of the hazard areas.

Exception:

When the employer can demonstrate that it is neither feasible to erect such barriers on the ground nor on the crane, the hazard areas must be clearly marked by a combination of warning signs (such as Danger-Swing/Crush Zone) and high visibility markings on the crane that identify the hazard areas. In addition, the employer must train each employee to understand what these markings signify.

     (c) Protecting employees in the hazard area.

     (i) Before an employee goes to a location in the hazard area that is out of view of the operator, the employee (or someone instructed by the employee) must ensure that the operator is informed that he/she is going to that location.

     (ii) Where the operator knows that an employee went to a location covered by subsection (43)(c)(i) of this section, the operator must not rotate the superstructure until the operator is informed in accordance with a prearranged system of communication that the employee is in a safe position.

     (d) Where any part of a crane/derrick is within the working radius of another crane/derrick, the controlling entity must institute a system to coordinate operations. If there is no controlling entity, the employer (if there is only one employer operating the multiple pieces of equipment), or employers, must institute such a system.

     (43) Keeping clear of the load.

     (a) Where available, hoisting routes that minimize the exposure of employees to hoisted loads must be used to the extent consistent with public safety.

     (b) While the operator is not moving a suspended load, no employee is allowed to be within the fall zone, except for employees:

     (i) Engaged in hooking, unhooking or guiding a load; or

     (ii) Engaged in the initial attachment of the load to a component structure; or

     (iii) Operating a concrete hopper or concrete bucket.

     (c) When employees are engaged in hooking, unhooking, or guiding the load, or in the initial connection of a load to a component or structure, and are within the fall zone, all of the following criteria must be met:

     (i) The materials being hoisted must be rigged to prevent unintentional displacement.

     (ii) Hooks with self-closing latches or their equivalent must be used, see subsection (29)(b) of this section. "J" hooks are permitted to be used for setting wooden trusses.

     (iii) The materials must be rigged by a qualified rigger.

     (d) Receiving a load. Only employees needed to receive a load are permitted to be within the fall zone when a load is being landed.

     (e) During a tilt-up or tilt-down operation:

     (i) Employees are not allowed to be directly under the load.

     (ii) Only employees' essential to the operation are allowed to be in the fall zone (but not directly under the suspended load).

Note:	An employee is essential to the operation if the employee is conducting one of the following operations and the employer can demonstrate it is infeasible for the employee to perform that operation from outside the fall zone:
	• Physically guide the load;
	• Closely monitor and give instructions regarding the load's movement; or
	• Either detach it from or initially attach it to another component or structure (such as, but not limited to, making an initial connection or installing bracing).

     (f) Boom free fall is prohibited when an employee is in the fall zone of the boom or load, and load line free fall is prohibited when an employee is directly under the load. See subsections (44) through (47) of this section.

     (44) Boom free fall prohibitions.

     (a) The use of cranes in which the boom is designed to free fall (live boom) is prohibited in each of the following circumstances:

     (i) An employee is in the fall zone of the boom or load.

     (ii) An employee is being hoisted.

     (iii) The load or boom is directly over a power line, or over any part of the area listed in Table 4 located in WAC 296-155-53408, clearance distance to each side of the power line; or any part of the area extending the Table 4 clearance distance to each side of the power line is within the radius of vertical travel of the boom or the load.

     (iv) The load is over a shaft, except where there are no employees in the shaft.

     (v) The load is over a cofferdam, except where there are no employees in the fall zone of the boom or the load.

     (vi) Lifting operations are taking place in a refinery or tank farm.

     (b) The use of cranes in which the boom is designed to free fall (live boom) is permitted only where none of the circumstances listed in (a) of this subsection are present and:

     (i) The crane was manufactured prior to October 31, 1984; or

     (ii) The crane is a floating crane or a land crane on a vessel/flotation device.

     (45) Preventing boom free fall. Where the use of a crane with a boom that is designed to free fall (live boom) is prohibited (see subsection (44)(a) of this section), the boom hoist must have a secondary mechanism or device designed to prevent the boom from falling in the event the primary system used to hold or regulate the boom hoist fails, as follows:

     (a) Friction drums must have:

     (i) A friction clutch and, in addition, a braking device, to allow for controlled boom lowering.

     (ii) A secondary braking or locking device, which is manually or automatically engaged, to back-up the primary brake while the boom is held (such as a secondary friction brake or a ratchet and pawl device).

     (b) Hydraulic drums must have an integrally mounted holding device or internal static brake to prevent boom hoist movement in the event of hydraulic failure.

     (c) Neither clutches nor hydraulic motors must be considered brake or locking devices for purposes of this part.

     (d) Hydraulic boom cylinders must have an integrally mounted holding device.

     (46) Preventing uncontrolled retraction. Hydraulic telescoping booms must have an integrally mounted holding device to prevent the boom from retracting in the event of hydraulic failure.

     (47) Load line free fall. In each of the following circumstances, controlled load lowering is required and free fall of the load line hoist is prohibited:

     (a) An employee is directly under the load.

     (b) An employee is being hoisted.

     (c) The load is directly over a power line, or over any part of the area listed in Table 4, located in WAC 296-155-53408, clearance distance to each side of the power line; or any part of the area extending the Table 4 of WAC 296-155-53408, clearance distance to each side of the power line is within the radius of vertical travel of the load.

     (d) The load is over a shaft.

     (e) The load is over a cofferdam, except where there are no employees in the fall zone of the load.

     (48) Employees must not be allowed to ride on the hook or load.

     (49) The hoist rope must not be wrapped around the load.

     (50) All loads must be attached to the hook by means of suitable slings or other devices of sufficient lifting capacity.

     (51) When moving a load it must be well secured and balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few inches.

     (52) Leaving the crane/derrick unattended. The operator must not leave the controls while the load is suspended, except where all of the following are met:

     (a) The operator remains adjacent to the crane/derrick and is not engaged in any other duties.

     (b) The load is to be held suspended for a period of time exceeding normal lifting operations.

     (c) The competent person determines that it is safe to do so and implements measures necessary to restrain the boom hoist and telescoping, load, swing, and outrigger or stabilizer functions.

     (d) Barricades or caution lines, and notices, are erected to prevent all employees from entering the fall zone. No employees, including those listed in subsection (43)(b), (d), and (e) of this section, are permitted in the fall zone.

Exemption:

The provisions in this section do not apply to working gear (such as slings, spreader bars, ladders, and welding machines) where the weight of the working gear is negligible relative to the lifting capacity of the equipment as positioned, and the working gear is suspended over an area other than an entrance or exit.

Note:	For additional requirements relating to leaving the crane unattended for tower, self-erecting, overhead/bridge and derricks see:
	• WAC 296-155-53915, Tower cranes -- Operations;
	• WAC 296-155-54115, Self-erecting tower cranes -- Operations;
	• WAC 296-155-54215, Overhead/bridge cranes and gantry cranes -- Operations;
	• WAC 296-155-54320, Derricks -- Operations.

     (53) While moving the load the lift and swing path must be clear of obstructions.

     (54) Before starting to lift the following conditions must be met:

     (a) The hoist rope must not be kinked.

     (b) Multiple-part lines must not be twisted around each other.

     (c) The hook must be brought over the load in such a manner as to minimize swinging.

     (d) If the competent person determines that there is slack rope condition requiring respooling of the rope, it must be ((determined)) verified (before starting the lift) that the rope is seated on the drum and in the sheaves as the slack is removed.

     (e) The competent person must adjust the crane/derrick and/or operations to address the effect of wind, ice, and snow on equipment stability and rated capacity.

     (f) If possible, the load must be free to be lifted; it is neither caught nor attached to other objects.

     (55) During lifting operations, care must be taken that there is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load and that the load boom or other parts of the crane do not contact any obstruction. Rotational speed of the crane/derrick must be such that the load does not swing out beyond the radius at which it can be controlled.

     (56) Side loading of booms (jibs) must be limited to freely suspended loads. Cranes must not be used for dragging loads sideways.

     (57) The operator must test the brakes each time a load that is ninety percent or more of the maximum line pull is handled by lifting the load a few inches and applying the brakes. In duty cycle and repetitive lifts where each lift is ninety percent or more of the maximum line pull, this requirement applies to the first lift but not to successive lifts.

     (58) Modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the crane/derrick are prohibited except where the requirements of (a) or (b) of this subsection are met. For recertification requirements see WAC 296-155-53214 (1)(c).

     (a) Manufacturer review and approval.

     (i) The manufacturer approves the modifications/additions in writing.

     (ii) The load charts, procedures, instruction manuals and instruction plates/tags/decals are modified as necessary to accord with the modification/addition.

     (iii) The original safety factor of the crane/derrick is not reduced.

     (b) Where manufacturer is unavailable or has refused to review a request. The manufacturer is provided a detailed description of the proposed modification/addition, is asked to approve the modification/addition, but it declines to review the technical merits of the proposal or fails, within thirty days, to acknowledge the request or initiate the review, and all of the following are met:

     (i) A registered professional engineer who is a qualified person with respect to the crane/derrick involved:

     (A) Approves the modification/addition and specifies the crane/derrick configurations to which that approval applies; and

     (B) Modifies load charts, procedures, instruction manuals and instruction plates/tags/decals as necessary to accord with the modification/addition.

     (ii) The original safety factor of the crane/derrick is not reduced.

     (c) Manufacturer does not complete the review within one hundred twenty days of the request. The manufacturer is provided a detailed description of the proposed modification/addition, is asked to approve the modification/addition, agrees to review the technical merits of the proposal, but fails to complete the review of the proposal within one hundred twenty days of the date it was provided the detailed description of the proposed modification/addition, and the requirements of subsection (58)(b)(i) and (ii) of this section are met.

     (d) Multiple manufacturers of equipment designed for use on marine worksites. The equipment is designed for marine worksites, contains major structural components from more than one manufacturer, and the requirements of subsection (58)(b)(i) and (ii) of this section are met.

     (59) No modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the crane can be made by the employer without the manufacturers' written approval. If components of more than one crane manufacturer are being combined, the employer must obtain written approval from all manufacturers prior to use. If the manufacturer(s) is/are not available a registered professional structural engineer's (RPSE) written approval must be obtained. If such modifications or changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals, must be changed accordingly. In no case must the original safety factor of the crane be reduced.

Note:

The provisions in subsections (58) and (59) of this section do not apply to modifications made or approved by the U.S. military.

     (60) All applicable controls must be tested by the operator at the start of a new shift, if possible. If any controls fail to operate properly, they must be adjusted or repaired before operations are initiated.

     (61) Except for proof load testing required under WAC 296-155-53202 through 296-155-53212, no crane/derrick is permitted to be loaded beyond the specifications of the load rating chart, unless authorized by the crane manufacturer. The operator must not be required to operate the crane/derrick in a manner that would violate this requirement.

     (62) Load weight. The operator must verify that the load is within the rated capacity of the crane/derrick by at least one of the following methods:

     (a) The weight of the load must be determined from a reliable source recognized by the industry (such as the load's manufacturer), or by a reliable calculation method recognized by the industry (such as calculating a steel beam from measured dimensions and a known per foot weight), or by other equally reliable means. In addition, when requested by the operator, this information must be provided to the operator prior to the lift; or

     (b) The operator must begin hoisting the load to determine, using a load weighing device, load moment indicator, rated capacity indicator, or rated capacity limiter. If the load exceeds seventy-five percent of the maximum rated capacity at the longest radius that will be used during the lift operation, the operator must not proceed with the lift until it is verified that the weight of the load is in accordance with (a) of this subsection.

     (63) Tag lines or restraint lines must be used when rotation or swinging of the load is hazardous or if the load needs guidance. Tag lines are not required when all of the following criteria are met:

     • The suspended load can be expected to remain still when in a static (nonmoving) condition or does not swing or rotate in a hazardous manner;

     • The movement of the crane or boom cannot be expected to cause the load to swing or rotate in an uncontrolled manner that may create a hazard;

     • The operator is in control of the movement of the load and a hazardous condition is not created.

     (64) All brakes must be adjusted in accordance with manufacturer procedures to prevent unintended movement.

     (65) Safety devices and/or operational aids must not be used as a substitute for the exercise of professional judgment by the operator.

     (((65))) (66) Storm warning. When a local storm warning has been issued, the competent person must determine whether it is necessary to implement manufacturer recommendations for securing the crane/derrick.

     (((66))) (67) Whenever there is a concern as to safety, the operator has the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads until a qualified person has determined that safety has been assured.

     (((67))) (68) Tag-out.

     (a) Tagging out of service. Where the employer has taken the crane/derrick out of service, a tag must be placed in the cab or at the operator station stating that the equipment is out of service and is not to be used. Where the employer has taken a function(s) out of service, a tag must be placed in a conspicuous position stating that the function is out of service and is not to be used.

     (b) Response to do not operate/tag-out signs.

     (i) If there is a warning (tag-out or maintenance/do not operate) sign on the crane/derrick or starting control, the operator must not activate the switch or start the crane/derrick until the sign has been removed by a person authorized to remove it, or until the operator has verified that:

     (A) No one is servicing, working on or otherwise in a dangerous position around the machine.

     (B) The crane/derrick has been repaired and is working properly.

     (ii) If there is a warning (tag-out or maintenance/do not operate) sign on any other switch or control, the operator must not activate that switch or control until the sign has been removed by a person authorized to remove it, or until the operator has verified that the requirements in (b)(i)(A) and (B) of this subsection have been met.

Note:

For additional lockout/tagout procedures for electrical circuits, see WAC 296-155-429.

     (((68))) (69) If crane/derrick adjustments or repairs are necessary:

     (a) The operator must, in writing, promptly inform the person designated by the employer to receive such information and, where there are successive shifts, to the next operator; and

     (b) The employer must notify all affected employees, at the beginning of each shift, of the necessary adjustments or repairs and all alternative measures.

     (((69))) (70) All cranes and derricks mounted on barges or other floating structures must meet the requirements as outlined in ASME B30.8-2004 for construction, installation, inspection, maintenance and operation.

     (((70))) (71) Swinging locomotive cranes. A locomotive crane must not be swung into a position where railway cars on an adjacent track could strike it, until it is determined that cars are not being moved on the adjacent track and that proper flag protection has been established.

     (((71))) (72) Remote control cranes/derricks. Before an operator leaves the crane/derrick to operate remotely, the operator must ensure that the crane/derrick will be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Provisions must be made to prevent simultaneous activation of controls when more than one control station (remote control) is provided.

     (((72))) (73) Remote-operated cranes/derricks must function so that if the control signal for any crane/derrick motion becomes ineffective, the crane/derrick motion must stop.

     (((73))) (74) Remote-operated cranes/derricks must be equipped with an "emergency stop" system, located at the operator's remote station to provide the means to remove power from the crane in the event of a malfunction.

     (((74))) (75) A preventative maintenance program must be established based on the recommendation of the crane/derrick manufacturer. If manufacturer's recommendations are not available, then those of a qualified person must be followed. Dated records must be kept available.

     (((75))) (76) Working with a diver. The employer must meet the following additional requirements when working with a diver in the water:

     (a) If a crane/derrick is used to get a diver into and out of the water, it must not be used for any other purpose until the diver is removed from the water. When used for more than one diver, it must not be used for any other purpose until all divers are all out of the water.

     (b) The operator must remain at the controls of the crane/derrick at all times.

     (c) In addition to the requirements in WAC 296-155-53406, Signals, either:

     (i) A clear line of sight must be maintained between the operator and dive tender; or

     (ii) The signals between the operator and dive tender must be transmitted electronically.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.440, 49.17.060, and 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart CC. 12-01-086, § 296-155-53400, filed 12/20/11, effective 2/1/12.]

     (a) Manufacturer procedures applicable to assembly and disassembly; or

     (b) Employer procedures for assembly and disassembly. Employer procedures may be used only where the employer can demonstrate that the procedures used meet the requirements in subsection (17) of this section.

Note:

The employer must follow manufacturer procedures when an employer uses synthetic slings during assembly or disassembly of cranes/derricks, see subsection (19) of this section.

     (2) Supervision - Competent/qualified person.

     (a) Assembly/disassembly must be directed by a person who meets the criteria for both a competent person and a qualified person, or by a competent person who is assisted by one or more qualified persons (assembly/disassembly director).

     (b) Where the assembly/disassembly is being performed by only one person, that person must meet the criteria for both a competent person and a qualified person. For purposes of this part, that person is considered the assembly/disassembly director.

     (3) Knowledge of procedures. The assembly/disassembly director must understand the applicable assembly/disassembly procedures.

     (4) Review of procedures. The assembly/disassembly director must review the applicable assembly/disassembly procedures immediately prior to the commencement of assembly/disassembly unless the assembly/disassembly director has applied them to the same type and configuration of crane/derrick (including accessories, if any).

     (5) Preassembly inspection.

     (a) Prior to assembling crane/derrick components or attachments the assembly/disassembly director must inspect these components and attachments to ensure that they meet the manufacturer's recommendations. This inspection must include a visual inspection to ensure that the components and attachments are of sound physical condition and functional within the manufacturer's recommendations.

     (b) Documentation of this inspection must remain at the job site while the crane/derrick is in use.

     (6) Crew instructions.

     (a) Before commencing assembly/disassembly operations, the assembly/disassembly director must ensure that the crew members understand the following:

     (i) Their tasks;

     (ii) The hazards associated with their tasks;

     (iii) The hazardous positions/locations that they need to avoid.

     (b) During assembly/disassembly operations, before a crew member takes on a different task, or when adding new personnel during the operations, the requirements in (a)(i) through (iii) of this subsection must be met.

     (7) Protecting assembly/disassembly crew members out of operator view.

     (a) Before a crew member goes to a location that is out of view of the operator and is either: In, on, under, or near the crane/derrick (or load) where the crew member could be injured by movement of the crane/derrick (or load), the crew member must inform the operator that they are going to that location.

     (b) Where the operator knows that a crew member went to a location covered by (a) of this subsection, the operator must not move any part of the crane/derrick (or load) until the operator is informed in accordance with a prearranged system of communication that the crew member is in a safe position.

     (8) Working under the boom, jib or other components.

     (a) When pins (or similar devices) are being removed, employees must not be under the boom, jib, or other components, except where the requirements in (b) of this subsection are met.

     (b) Exception. Where the employer demonstrates that site constraints require one or more employees to be under the boom, jib, or other components when pins (or similar devices) are being removed, the assembly/disassembly director must implement procedures that minimize the risk of unintended dangerous movement and minimize the duration and extent of exposure under the boom. (See WAC 296-155-56430, Assembly/disassembly -- Working under the boom, jib or other components -- Sample procedures for minimizing the risk of unintended dangerous boom movement.)

     (9) Capacity limits. During all phases of assembly/disassembly, rated capacity limits for loads imposed on the crane/derrick, components (including rigging), lifting lugs and crane/derrick accessories must not be exceeded.

     (10) Addressing specific hazards. The assembly/disassembly director supervising the assembly/disassembly operation must address the hazards associated with the operation, which include:

     (a) Site and ground bearing conditions. Site and ground conditions must be adequate for safe assembly/disassembly operations and to support the crane/derrick during assembly/disassembly (see WAC 296-155-53400 (34) through (38) for ground condition requirements).

     (b) Blocking material. The size, amount, condition and method of stacking blocking must be sufficient to sustain the loads and maintain stability.

     (c) Proper location of blocking. When used to support lattice booms or components, blocking must be appropriately placed to:

     (i) Protect the structural integrity of the crane/derrick; and

     (ii) Prevent dangerous movement and collapse.

     (d) Verifying assist crane loads. When using an assist crane, the loads that will be imposed on the assist crane at each phase of assembly/disassembly must be verified in accordance with WAC 296-155-53400(61) before assembly/disassembly begins.

     (e) Boom and jib pick points. The point(s) of attachment of rigging to a boom (or boom sections or jib or jib sections) must be suitable for preventing structural damage and facilitating safe handling of these components.

     (f) Center of gravity.

     (i) The center of gravity of the load must be identified if it is necessary for the method used for maintaining stability.

     (ii) Where there is insufficient information to accurately identify the center of gravity, measures designed to prevent unintended dangerous movement resulting from an inaccurate identification of the center of gravity must be used. (See WAC 296-155-56430, Assembly/disassembly -- Working under the boom, jib or other components -- Sample procedures for minimizing the risk of unintended dangerous boom movement.)

     (g) Stability upon pin removal. The boom sections, boom suspension systems (such as gantry A-frames and jib struts), and components must be rigged or supported to maintain stability upon the removal of the pins.

     (h) Snagging. Suspension ropes and pendants must not be allowed to catch on the boom or jib connection pins or cotter pins (including keepers and locking pins).

     (i) Struck by counterweights. The potential for unexpected movement from inadequately supported counterweights and from hoisting counterweights.

     (j) Boom hoist brake failure. Each time reliance is to be placed on the boom hoist brake to prevent boom movement during assembly/disassembly, the brake must be tested prior to such reliance to determine if it is sufficient to prevent boom movement. If it is not sufficient, a boom hoist pawl, other locking device/back-up braking device, or another method of preventing dangerous movement of the boom (such as blocking or using an assist crane) from a boom hoist brake failure must be used.

     (k) Loss of backward stability. Backward stability before swinging the upperworks, travel, and when attaching or removing crane/derrick components.

Figure 2. Lack of backward stability results in superstructure toppling.

     (l) Wind speed and weather. The effect of wind speed and weather on the crane/derrick.