(TABLE N-1: Part 2--Class II & III)

(TABLE N-1: Part 3--Groups in classes, None--A, B, C, and D)

Groups in classes	None	A	B	C	D	A	B	C	D
Types of trucks authorized:
Diesel:
Type D. . . .	D** . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type DS. . .	s . . . . . . . . . . . . DS
Type DY	. . . . . . . . . . . . DY
Electric:
Type E. . . .	E** . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type ES. . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . ES
Type EE. . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . EE
Type EX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .				EX	. . . . . . . . . . . . EX
Gasoline:
Type G. . . .	G** . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type GS. . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . GS
LP-Gas:
Type LP. . .	LP** . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type LPS								LPS
Paragraph Ref. in No. 505	210.211	201(a)		203		209(a)		204
				(a)				(a), (b)

**	Trucks conforming to these types may also be used -- see WAC 296-24-23007 (2)(h) and (j).
	References in parentheses are to the corresponding classification as used in the National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70, ANSI Standard CI-1968) for the convenience of persons familiar with those classifications.

(TABLE N-1: Part 4--Groups in class--E, F, G, and None)

Groups in classes

E

F

G

E

F

G

None

None

Types of trucks authorized:

Diesel:

Type D . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type DS . . . . . . . . . . . . DS

. . . . . . . . . . . . DS

Type DY . . . . . . . . . . . . DY

. . . . . . . . . . . . DY

. . . . . . . . . . . . DY

Electric:

Type E . . . . . . . . . . . . E

Type ES . . . . . . . . . . . . ES

. . . . . . . . . . . . ES

Type EE . . . . . . . . . . . . EE

. . . . . . . . . . . . EE

. . . . . . . . . . . . EE

Type EX. . . . . . . .

EX. . .

EX . . . . . . . . . . . . EX

. . . . . . . . . . . . EX

. . . . . . . . . . . . EX

Gasoline:

Type G . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type GS . . . . . . . . . . . . GS

. . . . . . . . . . . . GS

LP-Gas:

Type LP . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type LPS . . . . . . . . . . . . LPS

. . . . . . . . . . . . LPS

Paragraph Ref. in No. 505

202(a)

205(a)

209(a)

206

207(a)

208(a)

(a), (b)

**	Trucks conforming to these types may also be used -- see WAC 296-24-23007 (2)(h) and (j).
	References in parentheses are to the corresponding classification as used in the National Electrical Code (NFPA No. 70, ANSI Standard CI-1968) for the convenience of persons familiar with those classifications.))

Place illustration here.

Height=384 valign="center">Place illustration here.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.      91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-23007, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23007, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23007, filed 5/7/73.]

((Power-operated)) Powered industrial trucks that ((have been)) were originally approved for the use of gasoline for fuel, when converted to the use of liquefied petroleum gas fuel in accordance with WAC 296-24-23035, may be used in ((those)) locations where G, GS ((or)), LP, ((and)) or LPS designated trucks have been specified ((in the preceding sections)).

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23009, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23009, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) High lift rider trucks ((shall)) must be fitted with an overhead guard manufactured in accordance with WAC 296-24-23003(2), unless operating conditions do not permit.

(2) If the type of load presents a hazard, the user ((shall)) must equip ((fork)) powered industrial trucks (forklifts) with a vertical load backrest extension manufactured in accordance with WAC 296-24-23003(2).

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23011, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23011, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) ((The storage and handling of)) Liquid fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel ((shall)) must be handled and stored in accordance with NFPA Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30-((1969)) 1996).

(2) ((The storage and handling of)) Liquefied petroleum gas fuel ((shall)) must be handled and stored in accordance with NFPA Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA No. 58-((1969)) 1998).

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23013, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23013, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) Battery charging installations ((shall)) must be located in areas designated for that purpose.

(2) Battery charging factivities ((shall)) must be provided ((for)) with a means for each of the following:

• Flushing and neutralizing spilled electrolyte, ((for))

• Fire protection, ((for protecting)) protection of charging apparatus from damage by trucks, and ((for))

• Adequate ventilation for dispersal of fumes from gassing batteries.

(3) When racks are used for support of batteries, they should be made of materials nonconductive to spark generation or be coated or covered to achieve this objective.

(4) A conveyor, overhead hoist, or equivalent material handling equipment ((shall)) must be provided for handling batteries.

(5) Reinstalled batteries ((shall)) must be properly positioned and secured in the truck.

(6) A carboy tiler or siphon ((shall)) must be provided for handling electrolyte to minimize potential for spillage.

(7) When charging batteries, acid ((shall)) must be poured into water; water ((shall)) must not be poured into acid.

(8) Trucks ((shall)) must be properly positioned and brake applied before attempting to change or charge batteries.

(9) When charging batteries, the vent caps should be kept in place to avoid electrolyte spray((.)) and care ((shall)) must be taken to assure that vent caps are functioning.      The battery (or compartment) cover(s) ((shall)) must be open to dissipate heat.

(10) Smoking ((shall)) must be prohibited in the charging area.

(11) Precautions ((shall)) must be taken to prevent open flames, sparks, or electric arcs in battery charging areas.

(12) Tools and other metallic objects ((shall)) must be kept away from the top of uncovered batteries.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23015, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23015, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) Controlled lighting of adequate intensity should be provided in operating areas.      (See American National Standard Practice for Industrial Lighting, ((All.1-1965 (R1970))) ANSI/IS UP-7-1990.)

(2) Where general lighting is less than 2 lumen per square foot, auxiliary directional lighting ((shall)) must be provided on the truck.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23017, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23017, filed 5/7/73.]

(((1) Concentration levels of carbon monoxide gas created by powered industrial truck operations shall not exceed the levels specified in WAC 296-62-075 (general occupational health standards).

(2) Questions concerning degree of concentration and methods of sampling to ascertain the conditions should be referred to a qualified industrial hygienist.)) Concentration levels of carbon monoxide gas created by powered industrial truck operations must not exceed the levels specified in WAC 296-62-075, Part L (general operational health standards). Questions concerning degree of concentration and methods of sampling to ascertain the conditions should be referred to a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23019, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23019, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) Portable and powered dockboards ((shall)) must be strong enough to carry the load imposed on them.

(2) Portable dockboards ((shall)) must be secured in position, either by being anchored or equipped with devices which will prevent their slipping.

(3) Powered dockboards ((shall)) must be designed and constructed in accordance with Commercial Standard CS202-56 (1956) "Industrial Lifts and Hinged Loading Ramps" published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

(4) Handholds, or other effective means, ((shall)) must be provided on portable dockboards to permit safe handling.

(5) Positive protection ((shall)) must be provided to prevent railroad cars from being moved while dockboards or bridge plates are in position.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23021, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23021, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) The brakes of highway trucks ((shall)) must be set and wheel chocks placed under the rear wheels to prevent the trucks from rolling while they are boarded with powered industrial trucks.

(2) Wheel stops or other recognized positive protection ((shall)) must be provided to prevent railroad cars from moving during loading or unloading operations.

(3) Fixed jacks may be necessary to support a semitrailer and prevent up-ending during the loading or unloading when the trailer is not coupled to a tractor.

(4) Positive protection ((shall)) must be provided to prevent railroad cars from being moved while dockboards or bridge plates are in position.

(5) Trucks/trailers equipped with a rear-end protection device (to prevent cars from being wedged underneath the rear end during a collision((,))) may ((facilitate the)) use ((of)) a mechanical means to secure ((the truck/trailer)) it to the loading dock ((attaching to the device)).      Wheel chocks ((will)) are not ((be)) required when ((the following provisions are utilized)):

(a) A positive mechanical means to secure trucks or trailers is permitted((, provided that the system is installed and used in a manner that effectively)) if it prevents movement away from the dock during loading, unloading, and boarding by hand trucks or powered industrial trucks.

(b) All ((of the)) installed mechanical equipment ((shall)) must be ((installed,)) maintained((,)) and used as recommended by the manufacturer.

(c) ((Any)) Damaged mechanical equipment ((shall)) must be removed from service immediately ((and shall not be used as a means of complying with the requirements to secure trucks and trailers)).

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.      91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-24-23023, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23023, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23023, filed 5/7/73.]

((Only trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to operate a powered industrial truck.      Methods shall be devised to train operators in the safe operation of powered industrial trucks.)) (1) Safe operation.

(a) The employer must ensure that each powered industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specified in this section.

(b) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck (except for training purposes), the employer must ensure that each operator has successfully completed the training required by this section.

(2) Training program implementation.

(a) Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only:

(i) Under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train operators and evaluate their competence; and

(ii) Where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees.

Note:

The employer, or any other qualified person of the employer's choosing, may give required training and evaluation.

(b) Training must consist of a combination of:

• Formalized instruction (which may include lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, video tape and/or written material);

• Practical training (demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee); and

• Evaluation of the operator's performance in the workplace.

(c) All operator training and evaluation must be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and evaluate their competence.

(3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators must receive initial training in the topics that follow, except in topics that the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employer's workplace.

(a) Truck-related topics:

• Operating instructions, warnings, and precautions for the types of truck the operator will be authorized to operate;

• Differences between the truck and the automobile;

• Truck controls and instrumentation: Where they are located, what they do, and how they work;

• Engine or motor operation;

• Steering and maneuvering;

• Visibility (including restrictions due to loading);

• Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations;

• Vehicle capacity;

• Vehicle stability;

• Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform;

• Refueling and/or charging and recharging of batteries;

• Operating limitations;

• Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operator's manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate.

(b) Workplace-related topics:

• Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated;

• Composition of loads to be carried and load stability;

• Load manipulation, stacking, and unshackling;

• Pedestrian traffic in areas where the vehicle will be operated;

• Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated;

• Hazardous (classified) locations where the vehicle will be operated;

• Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicle's stability;

• Closed environments and other areas where insufficient ventilation or poor vehicle maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust;

• Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that could affect safe operation.

(4) Refresher training and evaluation.

(a) Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, must be conducted as required by subsection (2)(b) of this section, to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered industrial truck safely.

(b) Refresher training in relevant topics must be provided to the operator when:

• The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner;

• The operator has been involved in an accident or near-miss incident;

• The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the truck safely;

• The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or

• A condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck.

(c) An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operator's performance must be conducted at least once every three years.

(5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in subsection (3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely, within three years.

(6) Record keeping. Employers must keep records showing that each operator has been trained and evaluated as required by this section. These records must include the name of the operator, the date of the training, the date(s) of the evaluation, and the name of the person(s) giving the training or evaluation.

(7) Implementation dates. The employer must ensure that operators of powered industrial trucks are trained, as appropriate, by the effective date of this section. Employees hired on or after the effective date of this section must be trained and evaluated prior to being assigned to operate a powered industrial truck.

(8) Nonmandatory guidance. To assist employers in implementing operator training requirements, a nonmandatory appendix has been added as WAC 296-24-23037. This appendix does not add to, alter, or reduce the requirements of this section.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23025, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23025, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) Powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must not be driven up to anyone ((standing)) in front of a bench or other fixed object.

(2) ((No person shall be allowed to stand or pass)) Employers must not allow people under the elevated portion of any powered industrial truck, whether loaded or empty.

(3) ((Unauthorized personnel shall not be permitted)) Employers must not allow people to ride on powered industrial trucks((.)) unless a safe place to ride ((shall be)) is provided ((where riding of trucks is authorized)).

(4) The employer ((shall)) must prohibit ((arms or legs)) any body part from being placed between the uprights of the mast or outside the running lines of the truck.

(5) When leaving a powered industrial truck unattended, load engaging means ((shall)) must be fully lowered, controls ((shall)) must be neutralized, power ((shall)) must be shut off, and brakes set.      Wheels blocked if the truck is parked on an incline.

(a) A powered industrial truck is unattended when the operator is 25 feet or more away from the vehicle, which remains in view, or whenever the operator leaves the vehicle and it is not in view.

(b) When the operator of ((an)) a powered industrial truck is dismounted and within 25 feet of the truck, still in view, the load engaging means ((shall)) must be fully lowered, controls neutralized, and the brakes set to prevent movement.

(6) A safe distance ((shall)) must be maintained from the edge of ramps ((or)), platforms while on any elevated dock, or platform or freight car.      Powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must not be used for opening or closing freight car doors unless the truck is using an approved device specifically designed to open and close doors.

(a) The design of the door opening or closing device ((shall)) must require the force applied by the device to the door to be in a direction parallel with the door travel.

(b) The powered industrial truck operator ((shall)) must be trained in the use of the door opening or closing device and keep the operation in full view while opening or closing.

(c) ((Employees or other persons will)) People must stand clear while the door is being moved with a device.

(7) Brakes ((shall)) must be set and wheel blocks ((shall)) must be in place to prevent movement of trucks, trailers, or railroad cars while loading or unloading.      Fixed jacks may be necessary to support a semitrailer during loading or unloading when the trailer is not coupled to a tractor.      The flooring of trucks, trailers, and railroad cars ((shall)) must be checked for breaks and weakness before they are driven onto.      Mechanical means may be utilized to secure trucks/trailers to loading docks in lieu of wheel chocks to prevent movement (reference WAC 296-24-23023).

(8) There ((shall)) must be sufficient headroom under overhead installations, lights, pipes, sprinkler system, etc.

(9) An overhead guard ((shall)) must be used as protection against falling objects.      It should be noted that an overhead guard is intended to offer protection from the impact of small packages, boxes, bagged material, etc., representative of the job application, but not to withstand the impact of a falling capacity load.

(10) A load backrest extension ((shall)) must be used ((whenever necessary)) to ((minimize the possibility of the load or)) prevent any part of ((it)) the load from falling rearward.

(11) Employers must use only approved powered industrial trucks ((shall be used)) in hazardous locations.

(12) Whenever a truck is equipped with vertical only, or vertical and horizontal controls ((elevatable)) that can be elevated with the lifting carriage or forks for lifting personnel, the following additional precautions ((shall)) must be taken ((for the protection of personnel being elevated.)):

(a) ((Use of)) A safety platform ((firmly)) secured to the lifting carriage and/or forks must be used.

(b) A means ((shall)) must be provided ((whereby personnel)) for people on the platform ((can)) to shut ((off)) the power off to the truck.

(c) ((Such)) Protection from falling objects as ((indicated)) necessary by the operating conditions ((shall)) must be provided.

(13) When using powered industrial trucks (forklifts) as elevated work platforms((.)) a platform or structure built specifically for hoisting persons may be used ((providing)) if the following requirements are complied with:

(a) The structure must be securely attached to the forks and ((shall)) must have standard guardrails and toeboards installed on all sides.

(b) The hydraulic system ((shall)) must be so designed that the lift mechanism will not drop faster than 135 feet per minute in the event of a failure in any part of the system.      Forklifts used for elevating work platforms ((shall)) must be identified ((that they are so)) as being designed for that purpose.

(c) A safety strap ((shall)) must be installed or the control lever ((shall)) must be locked to prevent the boom from tilting.

(d) An operator ((shall)) must attend the lift equipment while workers are on the platform.

(e) The operator ((shall)) must be in the normal operating position while raising or lowering the platform.

(f) Except when inching or maneuvering the powered industrial truck at a very slow speed, the vehicle ((shall)) must not ((travel)) be moved from point to point while workers are on the platform ((except that inching or maneuvering at very slow speed is permissible)).

(g) The area between workers on the platform and the mast ((shall)) must be ((adequately)) guarded to prevent contact with chains or other shear points.

(14) Access to fire aisles, ((access to)) stairways, and fire equipment ((shall)) must be kept clear.

(15) An active operator protection restraint device (such as a seatbelt or lap-bar) or system must be used, when provided.

(16) Powered industrial trucks used as order pickers (see Figure 1), that do not have standard guardrails on all open sides, must be equipped with a safety harness, lanyard, and a tie-off point approved by the manufacturer. Fall protection equipment must meet the criteria outlined in WAC 296-24-87035, Appendix C - personal fall arrest systems.

Place illustration here.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.      91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-24-23027, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; Order 74-27, § 296-24-23027, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23027, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23027, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) All traffic regulations ((shall)) must be observed, including authorized plant speed limits.      A ((safe)) distance ((shall be maintained)) of approximately three truck lengths from the truck ahead((, and)) must be maintained. The powered industrial truck ((shall)) must be kept under control at all times.

(2) The right of way ((shall)) must be yielded to ambulances, fire trucks, or other vehicles in emergency situations.

(3) Employers must not allow other powered industrial trucks traveling in the same direction to be passed at intersections, blind spots, or other dangerous locations ((shall not be passed)).

(4) The driver ((shall be required to)) must slow down and sound the horn at cross aisles and other locations where vision is obstructed.      If the load being carried obstructs forward view, the driver ((shall be required to)) must travel with the load trailing.

(5) Railroad tracks ((shall)) must be crossed diagonally wherever possible.      Parking closer than 8 feet from the center of railroad tracks is prohibited.

(6) The driver ((shall be required to)) must look in the direction of, and keep a clear view of the path of travel.

(7) Grades ((shall)) must be ascended or descended slowly.

(a) When ascending or descending grades in excess of 10 percent, loaded powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must be driven with the load upgrade.

(b) Unloaded powered industrial trucks should be operated on all grades with the load engaging means downgrade.

(c) On all grades the load and load engaging means ((shall)) must be tilted back if applicable, and raised only as far as necessary to clear the road surface.

(8) ((Under all travel conditions the)) Powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must be operated at a speed that will permit it to be brought to a stop in a safe manner.

(9) Employers must not permit stunt driving and horseplay ((shall not be permitted)).

(10) The driver ((shall be required to)) must slow down ((for)) on wet and/or slippery floors.

(11) Dockboard or bridge plates, ((shall)) must be properly secured before they are driven over.      Dockboard or bridge plates ((shall)) must be driven over carefully and slowly and their rated capacity never exceeded.

(12) Elevators ((shall)) must be approached slowly, and then entered squarely after the elevator car is properly leveled.      Once on the elevator, the controls shall be neutralized, power shut off, and the brakes set.

(13) Motorized hand trucks must enter elevator or other confined areas with load end forward.

(14) ((Running)) Powered industrial truck operators must avoid driving over loose objects on the roadway surface ((shall be avoided)).

(15) While negotiating turns, speed ((shall)) must be reduced to a safe level((, by means of turning the hand steering wheel in a smooth, sweeping motion.      Except when maneuvering at a very low speed, the hand steering wheel shall be turned at a moderate, even rate)).

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23029, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23029, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) Only stable or safely arranged loads ((shall)) must be handled.      ((Caution shall be exercised when handling off-center loads which cannot be centered.))

(2) Powered industrial trucks must only be operated if the load((s)) is within the rated capacity ((of the truck shall be handled)) including long, high or multiple-tiered loads.

(3) ((The long or high (including multiple-tiered) loads which may affect capacity shall be adjusted.

(4) When attachments are used, particular care should be taken in securing, manipulating, positioning, and transporting the load. ))     Powered industrial trucks equipped with attachments ((shall)) must be operated as partially loaded trucks when not handling a load.

(((5))) (4) A load engaging means ((shall)) must be placed under the load as far as possible; the mast ((shall)) must be carefully tilted backward to stabilize the load.

(((6) Extreme care shall be used when tilting the load forward or backward, particularly when high tiering.)) (5) Tilting forward with load engaging means elevated ((shall)) must be prohibited except to pick up a load.      An elevated load ((shall)) must not be tilted forward except when the load is in a deposit position over a rack or stack.      When stacking or tiering, only enough backward tilt to stabilize the load ((shall)) must be used.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23031, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23031, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) ((If at any time)) A powered industrial truck ((is)) found to be in need of repair, defective, or in any way unsafe, ((the truck shall)) must be taken out of service until it has been restored to safe operating condition.

(2) Fuel tanks ((shall)) must not be filled while the engine is running.      Spillage ((shall)) must be avoided.

(3) Spillage of oil or fuel ((shall)) must be carefully washed away or completely evaporated and the fuel tank cap replaced before restarting engine.

(4) ((No truck shall)) Powered industrial trucks must not be operated with a leak in the fuel system ((until the leak has been corrected)).

(5) Open flames ((shall)) must not be used for checking electrolyte level in storage batteries or gasoline level in fuel tanks.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23033, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23033, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) ((Any power operated)) Powered industrial trucks not in safe operating condition ((shall)) must be removed from service.      All repairs ((shall)) must be made by authorized personnel.

(2) ((No)) Employers must not allow repairs ((shall)) to be made in Classes I, II, and III locations.

(3) ((Those)) Repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of powered industrial trucks which involve fire hazards ((shall)) must be conducted only in locations designated for such repairs.

(4) Powered industrial trucks in need of repair((s)) to the electrical system ((shall)) must have the battery disconnected prior to starting such repairs.

(5) All parts of any such industrial truck requiring replacement ((shall)) must be replaced only ((by)) with parts equivalent ((as)) to ((safety with)) those used in the original design.

(6) Powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must not be altered so that the relative positions of the various parts are different from ((what they were when)) that originally received from the manufacturer((, nor shall they be)). Employers must also insure that the powered industrial trucks are not altered, either by the addition of extra parts not provided by the manufacturer or by the elimination of any parts, except as provided in WAC 296-24-23003.      Additional counterweighting of ((fork)) powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must not be done unless approved by the truck manufacturer.

(7) Powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must be examined before being placed in service, and ((shall)) must not be placed in service if the examination shows any condition adversely affecting the safety of the vehicle.      Such examination ((shall)) must be made at least daily.

Where industrial trucks are used on a round-the-clock basis, they ((shall)) must be examined after each shift.      Defects when found ((shall)) must be immediately reported and corrected.

(8) Water mufflers ((shall)) must be filled daily or as frequently as is necessary to prevent depletion of the supply of water below 75 percent of the filled capacity.      ((Vehicles)) Powered industrial trucks with mufflers having screens or other parts that may become clogged ((shall)) must not be operated while such screens or parts are clogged.      Any vehicle that emits hazardous sparks or flames from the exhaust system ((shall)) must immediately be removed from service, and not returned to service until the cause for the emission of such sparks and flames has been eliminated.

(9) When the temperature of any part of any powered industrial truck is found to be in excess of its normal operating temperature, thus creating a hazardous condition, ((the vehicle shall)) it must be removed from service and not returned to service until the cause for such overheating has been eliminated.

(10) Powered industrial trucks ((shall)) must be kept in a clean condition, free of lint, excess oil, and grease.      Noncombustible agents should be used for cleaning trucks.      Low flash point (below 100°F.) solvents shall not be used.      High flash point (at or above 100°F.) solvents may be used.      Precautions regarding toxicity, ventilation, and fire hazard ((shall)) must be consonant with the agent or solvent used.

(11) ((Where it is necessary to use antifreeze in the engine cooling system, only those products having glycol base shall be used.

(12))) Powered industrial trucks originally approved for the use of gasoline for fuel may be converted to liquefied petroleum gas fuel provided the complete conversion results in a truck which embodies the features specified for LP or LPS designated trucks.      Such conversion equipment ((shall)) must be approved.      The description of the component parts of this conversion system and the recommended method of installation on specific trucks are contained in the "listed by report."

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23035, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23035, filed 5/7/73.]

(1) Definitions. The following definitions may help to explain the principle of stability:

"Center of gravity" means the point on an object at which all of the object's weight is concentrated. For symmetrical loads, the center of gravity is at the middle of the load.

"Counterweight" means the weight that is built into the truck's basic structure and is used to offset the load's weight and to maximize the vehicle's resistance to tipping over.

"Fulcrum" means the truck's axis of rotation when it tips over.

"Grade" means the slope of a surface, which is usually measured as the number of feet of rise or fall over a hundred foot horizontal distance (the slope is expressed as a percent).

"Lateral stability" means a truck's resistance to overturning sideways.

"Line of action" means an imaginary vertical line through an object's center of gravity.

"Load center" means the horizontal distance from the load's edge (or the fork's or other attachment's vertical face) to the line of action through the load's center of gravity.

"Longitudinal stability" means the truck's resistance to overturning forward or rearward.

"Moment" means the product of the object's weight times the distance from a fixed point (usually the fulcrum). In the case of a powered industrial truck, the distance is measured from the point at which the truck will tip over to the object's line of action. The distance is always measured perpendicular to the line of action.

"Track" means the distance between the wheels on the same axle of the truck.

"Wheelbase" means the distance between the centerline of the vehicle's front and rear wheels.

(2) General.

(a) Determining the stability of a powered industrial truck is simple once a few basic principles are understood. There are many factors that contribute to a vehicle's stability: The vehicle's wheelbase, track, and height; the load's weight distribution; and the vehicle's counterweight location (if the vehicle is so equipped).

(b) The "stability triangle," used in most stability discussions, demonstrates stability simply (see Figures 2 and 3).

(3) Basic principles.

(a) Whether an object is stable depends on the object's "moment" (see definitions, this section) at one end of a system being greater than, equal to, or smaller than the object's moment at the system's other end. This principle can be seen in the way a seesaw or teeter-totter works: That is, if the product of the load and distance from the fulcrum (moment) is equal to the moment at the device's other end, the device is balanced and it will not move. However, if there is a greater moment at one end of the device, the device will try to move downward at the end with the greater moment.

(b) The longitudinal stability of a counterbalanced powered industrial truck depends on the vehicle's moment and the load's moment. In other words, if the mathematic product of the load moment (the distance from the front wheels, the approximate point at which the vehicle would tip forward) to the load's center of gravity times the load's weight is less than the vehicle's moment, the system is balanced and will not tip forward. However, if the load's moment is greater than the vehicle's moment, the greater load-moment will force the truck to tip forward.

(4) The stability triangle.

(a) Almost all counterbalanced powered industrial trucks have a three-point suspension system, that is, the vehicle is supported at three points. This is true even if the vehicle has four wheels. The truck's steer axle is attached to the truck by a pivot pin in the axle's center. When the points are connected with imaginary lines, this three-point support forms a triangle called the stability triangle. Figure 2 depicts the stability triangle.

(b) When the vehicle's line of action, or load center, falls within the stability triangle, the vehicle is stable and will not tip over. However, when the vehicle's line of action or the vehicle/load combination falls outside the stability triangle, the vehicle is unstable and may tip over.

(5) Longitudinal stability.

(a) The axis of rotation when a truck tips forward is the front wheels' points of contact with the pavement. When a powered industrial truck tips forward, the truck will rotate about this line. When a truck is stable, the vehicle-moment must exceed the load-moment. As long as the vehicle-moment is equal to or exceeds the load-moment, the vehicle will not tip over. On the other hand, if the load-moment slightly exceeds the vehicle-moment, the truck will begin to tip forward, thereby causing the rear to lose contact with the floor or ground and resulting in loss of steering control. If the load-moment greatly exceeds the vehicle-moment, the truck will tip forward.

(b) To determine the maximum safe load-moment, the truck manufacturer normally rates the truck at a maximum load at a given distance from the front face of the forks. The specified distance from the front face of the forks to the line of action of the load is commonly called the load center. Because larger trucks normally handle loads that are physically larger, these vehicles have greater load centers. Trucks with a capacity of 30,000 pounds or less are normally rated at a given load weight at a 24-inch load center. Trucks with a capacity greater than 30,000 pounds are normally rated at a given load weight at a 36-or 48-inch load center. To safely operate the vehicle, the operator should always check the data plate to determine the maximum allowable weight at the rated load center.

(c) Although the true load-moment distance is measured from the front wheels, this distance is greater than the distance from the front face of the forks. Calculating the maximum allowable load-moment using the load-center distance always provides a lower load-moment than the truck was designed to handle. When handling unusual loads, such as those that are larger than 48 inches long (the center of gravity is greater than 24 inches) or that have an offset center of gravity, etc., a maximum allowable load-moment should be calculated and used to determine whether a load can be safely handled. For example, if an operator is operating a 3,000-pound capacity truck (with a 24-inch load center), the maximum allowable load-moment is 72,000 inch-pounds (3,000 times 24). If a load is 60 inches long (30-inch load center), then the maximum that this load can weigh is 2,400 pounds (72,000 divided by 30).

(6) Lateral stability.

(a) The vehicle's lateral stability is determined by the line of action's position (a vertical line that passes through the combined vehicle's and load's center of gravity) relative to the stability triangle. When the vehicle is not loaded, the truck's center of gravity location is the only factor to be considered in determining the truck's stability. As long as the line of action of the combined vehicle's and load's center of gravity falls within the stability triangle, the truck is stable and will not tip over. However, if the line of action falls outside the stability triangle, the truck is not stable and may tip over. Refer to Figure 3.

(b) Factors that affect the vehicle's lateral stability include the load's placement on the truck, the height of the load above the surface on which the vehicle is operating, and the vehicle's degree of lean.

(7) Dynamic stability.

(a) Up to this point, the stability of a powered industrial truck has been discussed without considering the dynamic forces that result when the vehicle and load are put into motion. The weight's transfer and the resultant shift in the center of gravity due to the dynamic forces created when the machine is moving, braking, cornering, lifting, tilting, and lowering loads, etc., are important stability considerations.

(b) When determining whether a load can be safely handled, the operator should exercise extra caution when handling loads that cause the vehicle to approach its maximum design characteristics. For example, if an operator must handle a maximum load, the load should be carried at the lowest position possible, the truck should be accelerated slowly and evenly, and the forks should be tilted forward cautiously. However, no precise rules can be formulated to cover all of these eventualities.

Place illustration here.

Notes:

1.	When the vehicle is loaded, the combined center of gravity shifts toward line B-C. Theoretically the maximum load will result in the center of gravity at the line B-C. In actual practice, the combined center of gravity should never be at line B-C.
2.	The addition of additional counterweight will cause the truck center of gravity to shift toward point A and result in a truck that is less stable laterally.

Place illustration here.

When the vehicle's line of action, or load center falls within the stability triangle, the vehicle is stable and will not tip over. However, when the vehicle's line of action or the vehicle/load combination falls outside the stability triangle, the vehicle is unstable and may tip over.

[]

OTS-3243.1

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-05-046, filed 2/13/98, effective 4/15/98)

WAC 296-155-615
Material handling equipment.

(1) Earthmoving equipment; general.

(a) These rules apply to the following types of earth-moving equipment: Scrapers, loaders, crawler or wheel tractors, bulldozers, off-highway trucks, graders, agricultural and industrial tractors, and similar equipment.      The promulgation of specific rules for compactors and rubber-tired "skid-steer" equipment is reserved pending consideration of standards currently being developed.

(b) Seat belts.

(i) Seat belts shall be provided on all equipment covered by this section and shall meet the requirements of the Society of Automotive Engineers, J386-1969, Seat Belts for Construction Equipment.      Seat belts for agricultural and light industrial tractors shall meet the seat belt requirements of Society of Automotive Engineers J333a-1970, Operator Protection for Agricultural and Light Industrial Tractors.

(ii) Seat belts need not be provided for equipment which is designed only for standup operation.

(iii) Seat belts shall not be provided for equipment which does not have rollover protective structure (ROPS) or adequate canopy protection.

(c) Access roadways and grades.

(i) No employer shall move or cause to be moved construction equipment or vehicles upon any access roadway or grade unless the access roadway or grade is constructed and maintained to accommodate safely the movement of the equipment and vehicles involved.

(ii) Every emergency access ramp and berm used by an employer shall be constructed to restrain and control runaway vehicles.

(d) Brakes.      All earthmoving equipment mentioned in WAC 296-155-615 (1)(a) shall have a service braking system capable of stopping and holding the equipment fully loaded, as specified in Society of Automotive Engineers SAE-J237, Loader Dozer-197l, J236, Graders-1971, and J319b, Scrapers-1971.      Brake systems for self-propelled rubber-tired off-highway equipment manufactured after January 1, 1972 shall meet the applicable minimum performance criteria set forth in the following Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practices:

Self-propelled scrapers			SAE J319b-1971
Self-propelled graders			SAE J236-1971
Trucks and wagons			SAE J166-1971
Front end loaders and dozer			SAE J237-1971

(e) Fenders.      Pneumatic-tired earthmoving haulage equipment (trucks, scrapers, tractors, and trailing units) whose maximum speed exceeds 15 miles per hour, shall be equipped with fenders on all wheels to meet the requirements of Society of Automotive Engineers SAE J321a- 1970, Fenders for Pneumatic-Tired Earthmoving Haulage Equipment.      An employer may, of course, at any time seek to show under WAC 296-155-010, that the uncovered wheels present no hazard to personnel from flying materials.

(f) Rollover protective structures (ROPS).      See Part V of this chapter for requirements for rollover protective structures and overhead protection.

(g) Rollover protective structures for off-highway trucks.      The promulgation of standards for rollover protective structures for off-highway trucks is reserved pending further study and development.

(h) Specific effective dates -- Brakes and fenders.      Equipment mentioned in WAC 296-155-615 (d) and (e) and manufactured after January 1, 1972, which is used by any employer after that date, shall comply with the applicable rules prescribed therein concerning brakes.      Equipment mentioned in WAC 296-155-615 (d) and (e) and manufactured before January 1, 1972, which is used by any employer after that date, shall meet the applicable rules prescribed herein not later than October 1, 1974.      It should be noted that employers may request variations from the applicable brakes standards required by this part.      Employers wishing to seek variations from the applicable brakes rules may submit any requests for variations in accordance with WAC 296-155-010.      Any statements should specify how the variation would protect the safety of the employees by providing for any compensating restrictions on the operation of equipment.

(i) Audible alarms.

(i) All bidirectional machines, such as rollers, compactors, front-end loaders, bulldozers, and similar equipment, shall be equipped with a horn, distinguishable from the surrounding noise level, which shall be operated as needed when the machine is moving in either direction.      The horn shall be maintained in an operative condition.

(ii) No employer shall permit earthmoving or compacting equipment which has an obstructed view to the rear to be used in reverse gear unless the equipment has in operation a reverse signal alarm distinguishable from the surrounding noise level or an employee signals that it is safe to do so.

(iii) In circumstances where the surrounding noise level is of such amplitude that reverse signal alarms are not effective, amber strobe lights shall be used.

(iv) Operators of equipment which does not have an obstructed view to the rear shall look to the rear while operating the equipment in reverse.

(j) Scissor points.      Scissor points on all front-end loaders, which constitute a hazard to the operator during normal operation, shall be guarded.

(k) Tractor motors shall be cranked only by operators or other experienced persons.

(l) Waterproof and comfortable seat cushions shall be provided on tractors at all times when working.

(m) Riders, except mechanics and persons in training to operate equipment, shall not be allowed on equipment unless a seat with a seatbelt is provided and used.

(n) Winch lines shall be maintained in good condition and provided with spliced eye, knob or hook in working end, except under conditions where unspliced end is required.

(o) No repairs on blade or dozer equipment shall be initiated unless motor has been stopped and dozer blade is resting on the ground or securely blocked.      The same shall apply to carry-all gates.

(p) Bulldozer blades and carryall gates shall rest on the ground or on blocking when machines are not in operation.

(q) Operator shall not leave controls of tractor with master clutch engaged.

(r) Personnel shall not get on or off machine while machine is in motion.

(s) Where excessive dust conditions are created, such areas shall be sprinkled with water to maintain dust at a minimum.

(t) Respirators shall be worn by operators when subject to harmful dust exposure.

(2) Excavating and other equipment.

(a) Tractors covered in subsection (1) of this section shall have seat belts as required for the operators when seated in the normal seating arrangement for tractor operation, even though backhoes, breakers, or other similar attachments are used on these machines for excavating or other work.

(b) For the purposes of this part and of Part L of this chapter, the nomenclatures and descriptions for measurement of dimensions of machinery and attachments shall be as described in Society of Automotive Engineers 1970 Handbook, pages 1088 through 1103.

(c) The safety requirements, ratios, or limitations applicable to machines or attachment usage covered in Power Crane and Shovel Association's Standards No. 1 and No. 2 of 1968, and No. 3 of 1969, shall be complied with, and shall apply to cranes, machines, and attachments under this part.

(3) Lifting and hauling equipment (other than equipment covered under Part L of this chapter).      Industrial trucks (including forklifts) shall meet the requirements of WAC 296-24-230, 296-155-605 and the following:

(a) Lift trucks, stackers, etc., shall have the rated capacity clearly posted on the vehicle so as to be clearly visible to the operator.      When auxiliary removable counter-weights are provided by the manufacturer, corresponding alternate rated capacities also shall be clearly shown on the vehicle.      These ratings shall not be exceeded.

(b) No modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment shall be made without the manufacturer's or professional engineer's written approval.      If such modifications or changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly.      In no case shall the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced.

(c) If a load is lifted by two or more trucks working in unison, the proportion of the total load carried by any one truck shall not exceed its capacity.

(d) Steering or spinner knobs shall not be attached to the steering wheel unless the steering mechanism is of a type that prevents road reactions from causing the steering handwheel to spin.      The steering knob shall be mounted within the periphery of the wheel.

(e) All high lift rider industrial trucks shall be equipped with overhead guards which meet the configuration and structural requirements as defined in paragraph 502 of American National Standards Institute B56.1-1975, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks.

(f) All industrial trucks in use shall meet the applicable requirements of design, construction, stability, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation, as defined in American National Standards Institute B56.1-1975, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks.

(g) Unauthorized personnel shall not be permitted to ride on powered industrial trucks.      A safe place to ride shall be provided where riding of trucks is authorized.

(h) When a forklift truck is used for elevating workers a platform shall be specifically built for that purpose and shall comply with the following requirements:

(i) The platform shall be securely attached to the forks and shall have standard guardrails and toeboards on all open sides.

(ii) The hydraulic system of the forklift shall be so designed that the lift mechanism will not drop faster than one hundred thirty-five feet per minute in the event of a failure in any part of the system.      Forklifts used for elevating platforms shall be identified that they are so designed.

(iii) A safety strap shall be installed or the control lever shall be locked to prevent the boom from tilting.

(iv) An operator shall be at the controls of the forklift equipment while persons are on the platform.

(v) The operator shall be in the normal operating position while raising or lowering the platform.

(vi) The vehicle shall not travel from point to point while workers are on the platform except that inching or maneuvering at very slow speed is permissible.

(vii) The area between workers on the platform and the mast shall be adequately guarded to prevent contact with chains or other shear points.

(viii) All platforms shall be visually inspected daily or before each use by the person in charge of the work being performed, and shall be tested as frequently as is necessary to maintain minimum safety factors.

(ix) Whenever a truck, except for high lift order picker trucks, is equipped with vertical hoisting controls elevatable with the lifting carriage or forks, the following precautions shall be taken for the protection of personnel being elevated.

(A) Provide a platform secured to the lifting carriage and/or forks.

(B) Provide means whereby personnel on the platform can shut off power to the truck.

(C) Provide such protection from falling objects as indicated necessary by the operating conditions.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060.      98-05-046, § 296-155-615, filed 2/13/98, effective 4/15/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.      94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-155-615, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050.      86-03-074 (Order 86-14), § 296-155-615, filed 1/21/86; Order 74-26, § 296-155-615, filed 5/7/74, effective 6/6/74.]

OTS-3242.1

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 99-02-024, filed 12/30/98, effective 3/30/99)

WAC 296-56-60077
Powered industrial trucks.

(1) Applicability.      This section applies to every type of powered industrial truck used for material or equipment handling within a marine terminal.      Employers must comply with the provisions of WAC 296-24-230 and this section. It does not apply to over-the-road vehicles.

(2) General.

(a) Modifications, such as adding counterweights, that might affect the vehicle's capacity or safety shall not be performed without either the manufacturer's prior written approval or the written approval of a professional engineer experienced with the equipment who has consulted with the manufacturer, if available.      Capacity, operation and maintenance instruction plates, tags or decals shall be changed to conform to the equipment as modified.

(b) Unauthorized personnel shall not ride on powered industrial trucks.      A safe place to ride shall be provided when riding is authorized.

(c) When a powered industrial truck is left unattended, load-engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized and brakes set.      Unless the truck is in view and within twenty-five feet (7.6 m) of the operator, power shall be shut off.      Wheels shall be blocked or curbed if the truck is on an incline.

(d) Powered industrial trucks shall not be operated inside highway vehicles or railcars having damage which could affect operational safety.

(e) Powered industrial trucks shall be marked with their rated capacities, which shall be visible to the operator.

(f) Only stable and safely arranged loads within the rated capacity of the truck shall be handled.

(g) Drivers shall ascend and descend grades slowly.

(h) Drivers shall slow down and sound the horn at crossaisles and other locations where visibility is obstructed.

(i) If the load obstructs the forward view drivers shall travel with the load trailing.

(j) Steering knobs shall not be used unless the truck is equipped with power steering.

(k) When powered industrial trucks use cargo lifting devices that have a means of engagement hidden from the operator, a means shall be provided to enable the operator to determine that the cargo has been engaged.

(l) When cargo is being towed on pipe trucks or similar equipment, a safe means shall be provided to protect the driver from sliding loads.

(3) Maintenance.

(a) Only designated persons shall perform maintenance and repair.

(b) Batteries on all powered trucks shall be disconnected during repairs to the primary electrical system unless power is necessary for testing and repair.      On trucks equipped with systems capable of storing residual energy, that energy shall be safely discharged before work on the primary electrical system begins.

(c) Replacement parts whose function might affect operational safety shall be equivalent in strength and performance capability to the original parts which they replace.

(d) Braking systems or other mechanisms used for braking shall be operable and in safe condition.

(e) Powered industrial trucks shall be maintained in safe working order.      Safety devices shall not be removed or made inoperative except as otherwise provided in this section.      Trucks with a fuel system leak or any other safety defect shall not be operated.

(f) Those repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of industrial trucks which involve fire hazards shall be conducted only in locations designated as safe for such repairs.

(4) Approved trucks.

(a) "Approved power-operated industrial truck" means one listed or approved for the intended use by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.

(b) Approved trucks acquired and used after February 15, 1972, shall bear a label or other identification indicating testing laboratory approval.

(c) When the atmosphere in an area is hazardous and the provisions of United States Coast Guard regulations at 33 CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only power-operated industrial trucks approved for such locations shall be used.

(5) Duties of operator.

(a) A power-driven vehicle operator's special duties are:

(i) To operate the vehicle in a safe manner.

(ii) To test brakes, steering gear, lights, horns, or other warning devices, clutches, etc., before starting work.

(iii) To have the vehicle at all times under control so that it can be brought to an emergency stop in the clear space in front of the vehicle.

(iv) To back down any incline of two percent or more when traveling with a load on the fork lift jitney.

(b) Unobstructed view.      When traveling, power-propelled vehicles shall at all times be operated in a manner giving the operator a reasonably unobstructed view in the direction of travel.      Where this is impractical, the operator shall be directed in travel, by a person designated to do so.

(c) Employee riding safety.      Operators and authorized passengers shall not be permitted to ride with legs or arms extending outside any vehicle nor shall they be permitted to ride while standing unless the vehicle is designed to be operated from a standing position.

(d) Moving vehicles.      Vehicles shall be controlled manually while being pushed or towed except when a tow bar is used.      Special precautions shall be taken when pushing vehicles where view is obstructed.      Vehicles shall not be pushed with blades of a forklift.

(e) Moving highway trailers.      In all cargo operations involving the use of highway trailers, trailers shall be moved in such a manner that the moving trailer is completely under control at all times.      Special caution shall be exercised when such trailers are moving on inclines.      Trailers shall be loaded in a manner which will prevent the cargo from shifting, and the load in the trailer shall be evenly distributed so as not to cause the trailer to tip to one side.

(f) Prohibited forms of riding.      Riding on tongue or handles of trailers or forks of power-propelled vehicles is prohibited.

(g) Regular seats for riders.      No one except the operator shall ride on power-driven vehicles unless regular seats are provided to accommodate passengers.

(h) Jumping on or off moving vehicles.      Employees shall not jump on or off moving vehicles.

(i) Reporting defects.      If a power-driven vehicle is at any time found to be in any way unsafe, the operator shall report same immediately to the person in charge and such vehicle shall not be used for production work until it has been made safe.

(6) Vehicle equipment and maintenance.

(a) Horns and lights.      All power-propelled vehicles shall be provided with horns or other warning devices.

(b) Power-propelled vehicles used for night work, when required to travel away from an illuminated work area shall be equipped with a light or lights directed in the direction of travel in order to safely travel about the area.

(c) Guards on operator's platform.      Every power truck operated from an end platform or standing position shall be equipped with a substantial guard securely attached to the platform or frame of the vehicle in such a manner as to protect the operator from falling objects and so designed that the operator can easily mount or dismount from the operating station.

(d) Seat cushions.      All vehicles having a driver's seat shall be provided with resilient seat cushions fixed in place.

(e) Securing of counterbalances.      Counterbalances of all power-driven vehicles shall be positively secured to prevent accidental dislodging, but may be a removable type which may be removed, if desired, prior to hoisting the vehicle.

(f) Exhaust pipes and mufflers.      Exhaust pipes and mufflers of internal combustion engines, where workers are exposed to contact shall be isolated or insulated.      Exhaust pipes shall be constructed to discharge not less than seventy-two inches above the floor on jitneys and eighty-four inches on forklifts or less than twenty inches from the floor.

(g) Ventilation where internal combustion vehicles are used.      Internal combustion engines may be used only in areas where adequate ventilation is provided.

(h) Concentration levels of carbon monoxide gas created by powered industrial truck operations shall not exceed the levels specified in WAC 296-56-60055.

(i) When disputes arise concerning degree of concentration, methods of sampling to ascertain the conditions should be referred to a qualified industrial hygienist.

(j) Cargo truck couplings.      Couplings installed on cargo trucks (four-wheelers) shall be of a type which will prevent accidental disengaging.

(k) Operating levers.      Operating levers on power-driven vehicles shall be so placed as not to project toward the operator's body.

(l) Front axle assembly.      The front axle assembly on all trailers shall be securely fastened to the truck bed.

(m) Air line hook-up.      Tractors hauling heavy duty highway trailers shall have an air line brake hook-up.

(n) Floor mats.      On power-driven vehicles where the operator stands on a platform, resilient foot mats shall be securely attached.

(o) Cleaning vehicles.      All power-propelled vehicles shall be cleaned at frequent intervals to remove any accumulation of dust and grease that may present a hazard.

(7) Forklift trucks.

(a) Overhead guards.

(i) When operators are exposed to overhead falling hazards, forklift trucks shall be equipped with securely attached overhead guards.      Guards shall be constructed to protect the operator from falling boxes, cartons, packages, or similar objects.

(ii) Overhead guards shall not obstruct the operator's view, and openings in the top of the guard shall not exceed six inches (15.2 cm) in one of the two directions, width or length.      Larger openings are permitted if no opening allows the smallest unit of cargo being handled to fall through the guard.

(iii) Overhead guards shall be built so that failure of the vehicle's mast tilting mechanism will not displace the guard.

(iv) An overhead guard, otherwise required by this paragraph, may be removed only when it would prevent a truck from entering a work space and if the operator is not exposed to low overhead obstructions in the work space.

(v) Overhead guards shall be large enough to extend over the operator during all truck operations, including forward tilt.

(b) Supplies to ship's rail.      Cargo or supplies shall not be hoisted to or from ship's rail with a forklift.      This does not apply to ramp or side port loading.

(c) Position of forks.      When standing, lift forklift forks shall be lowered to floor.      When moving, lift forklift forks shall be kept as low as possible.

(d) Forklift use in gangplank moving.      Not less than two forklifts shall be used to place or remove gangplanks unless fork width prevents tipping and manufacturer's rated lifting capacity of the forklift is not exceeded.

(e) Forklift seat covers.      Seats on forklifts shall be provided with a removable waterproof cover when they are exposed to the weather.

(f) Raised equipment to be blocked.      Workers shall not work below the raised bed of a dump truck, raised buckets of front end loaders, raised blades of tractors or in similar positions without blocking the equipment in a manner that will prevent it from falling.      When working under equipment suspended by use of jacks, safety stands or blocking shall be used in conjunction with the jack.

(g) Maximum speed.      The maximum speed for forklifts on all docks shall not exceed eight miles per hour.      The speed limit shall be prominently posted on such docks.

(h) Load backrest extensions.      Where necessary to protect the operator, forklift trucks shall be fitted with a vertical load backrest extension to prevent the load from hitting the mast when the mast is positioned at maximum backward tilt.      For this purpose, a "load backrest extension" means a device extending vertically from the fork carriage frame to prevent raised loads from falling backward.

(i) Forks.      Forks, fork extensions and other attachments shall be secured so that they cannot be accidentally dislodged, and shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

(j) Counterweights.      Counterweights shall be so affixed that they cannot be accidentally dislodged.

(k) Capacities and weights.

(i) Forklift truck rated capacities, with and without removable counterweights, shall not be exceeded.      Rated capacities shall be marked on the vehicle and shall be visible to the operator.      The vehicle weight, with and without counterweight, shall be similarly marked.

(ii) If loads are lifted by two or more trucks working in unison, the total weight of the load shall not exceed the combined rated lifting capacity of all trucks involved.

(l) Lifting of employees.      Employees may be elevated by forklift trucks only when a platform is secured to the lifting carriage or forks.      The platform shall meet the following requirements:

(i) The platform shall have a railing complying with WAC 296-56-60123(3).

(ii) The platform shall have toeboards complying with WAC 296-56-60123(4), if tools or other objects could fall on employees below.

(iii) When the truck has controls which are elevated with the lifting carriage, means shall be provided for employees on the platform to shut off power to the vehicle.

(iv) Employees on the platform shall be protected from exposure to moving truck parts.

(v) The platform floor shall be skid resistant.

(vi) A truck operator shall be at the truck's controls when employees are elevated unless the truck's controls are elevated with the lifting carriage.

(vii) While employees are elevated, the truck may be moved only to make minor placement adjustments.

(8) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles.

(a) Where a seated operator may come into contact with projecting overhead members, crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehicles that are rider operated shall be equipped with operator guards.

(b) Guards and their attachment points shall be so designed as to be able to withstand, without excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the operator's shoulder level equal to the drawbar pull of the machine.

(c) After July 26, 1999, bulk cargo-moving vehicles shall be equipped with rollover protection of such design and construction as to prevent the possibility of the operator being crushed because of a rollover or upset.

(9) Straddle trucks.

(a) Accessibility.      Straddle trucks shall have a permanent means of access to the operator's station, including any handholds necessary for safe ascent and descent.

(b) Guarding.

(i) Main sprockets and chains to the wheels shall be guarded as follows:

(A) The upper sprocket shall be fully enclosed;

(B) The upper half of the lower sprocket shall be enclosed; and

(C) The drive chain shall be enclosed to a height of eight feet (2.6 m) except for that portion at the lower half of the lower sprocket.

(ii) Gears shall be fully enclosed and revolving parts which may be contacted by the operator shall be guarded.

(iii) When straddle trucks are used in the vicinity of employees, personnel-deflecting guards shall be provided around leading edges of front and rear wheels.

(c) Visibility.      Operator visibility shall be provided in all directions of movement.

(10) Trailer-spotting tractors.

(a) Trailer-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall be fitted with any hand grabs and footing necessary for safe access to the fifth wheel.

(b) Rear cab windows shall be of safety glass or equivalent material.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040.      99-02-024, § 296-56-60077, filed 12/30/98, effective 3/30/99.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050.      86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60077, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60077, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60077, filed 12/11/84.]

OTS-3244.4

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-24-096, filed 12/1/98, effective 3/1/99)

WAC 296-307-52005
What manufacturer's requirements apply to powered industrial trucks?

(1) All powered industrial trucks ((must meet the design and construction requirements for powered industrial trucks established in the ANSI B56.1-1969, "Powered Industrial Trucks.")) in use by an employer must meet the applicable requirements of design, construction and stability as defined by the American National Standards Institute B56.1-1969, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks, except for vehicles intended primarily for earth moving or over-the-road hauling. All new powered industrial trucks acquired and used by an employer on or after March 1, 2000, must meet the applicable requirements of design, construction and stability as defined in ASME B56.1-1993. The employer must ensure that all powered industrial trucks are inspected, maintained and operated in accordance with this section and the manufacturer's recommendations and specifications.

(2) Approved trucks must have a label indicating approval by the testing laboratory as meeting the specifications and requirements of ANSI B56.1-1969.

(3) Modifications or additions must only be performed with the manufacturer's prior written approval.      When modifications or additions are made, capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals must be changed accordingly.

(4) If the truck is equipped with front-end attachments other than factory installed attachments, it must be marked to identify the attachments and show the approximate weight of the truck and attachment combination at maximum elevation with the load centered from side to side.

(5) The user must ensure that all nameplates and markings are in place and legible.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040.      98-24-096, § 296-307-52005, filed 12/1/98, effective 3/1/99; Recodified as § 296-307-52005.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52005, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

Powered industrial trucks are identified according to the following classifications:

(1) "D" ((units are similar to G units except that they are diesel engine powered instead of gasoline engine powered)) refers to trucks that are diesel engine powered that have minimum safeguards against inherent fire hazards.

(2) "DS" ((units are)) refers to diesel powered ((units)) trucks that, in addition to meeting all the requirements for the type D trucks, with additional safeguards to the exhaust, fuel, and electrical systems.      ((They may be used in some locations where a D unit may not be considered suitable.))

(3) "DY" ((units are)) refers to diesel powered ((units)) trucks that have all the safeguards of the DS ((units)) trucks; in addition, ((they do not have)) any electrical equipment((, including the ignition, and)) is completely enclosed. They are equipped with temperature limitation features.

(4) "E" ((units are)) refers to electrically powered ((units)) trucks with minimum acceptable safeguards against inherent fire hazards.

(5) "ES" ((units are)) refers to electrically powered ((units)) trucks that, in addition to all of the requirements for the E ((units)) trucks, are provided with additional safeguards to the electrical system to prevent emission of hazardous sparks and to limit surface temperatures.      ((They may be used in some locations where the use of an E unit may not be considered suitable.))

(6) "EE" ((units are)) refers to electrically powered ((units)) trucks that have, in addition to all of the requirements for the E and ES ((units)) type trucks, have their electric motors and all other electrical equipment completely enclosed.      ((The EE unit may be used where the use of an E or ES unit may not be considered suitable.))

(7) "EX" ((units are)) refers to electrically powered ((units)) trucks that differ from E, ES, or EE ((units)) type trucks in that the electrical fittings and equipment are so designed, constructed, and assembled ((that the units may)) to be used in ((certain)) atmospheres containing flammable vapors or dusts.

(8) "G" ((units are)) refers to gasoline powered ((units having)) trucks that have minimum acceptable safeguards against inherent fire hazards.

(9) "GS" ((units are)) refers to gasoline powered ((units)) trucks with additional safeguards to the exhaust, fuel, and electrical systems.      ((They may be used in some locations where the use of a G unit may not be considered suitable.))

(10) "LP" ((units are similar to G units except that LP-gas is used for fuel instead of gasoline)) refers to liquified petroleum gas-powered trucks that have minimum acceptable safeguards against inherent fire hazards.

(11) "LPS" ((units are)) refers to LP-gas powered ((units)) trucks that in addition to meeting the requirements for LP trucks, are provided with additional safeguards to the exhaust, fuel, and electrical systems.      ((They may be used in some locations where the use of an LP unit may not be considered suitable.))

[Recodified as § 296-307-52007.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52007, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

Following are the minimum truck types required in specific hazardous environments.      You may choose to use industrial trucks having greater safeguards. Tables W-1 and W-2 give specific vehicle usage information by Group and Class.

Place illustration here.

Place illustration here.

(1) Powered industrial trucks are prohibited in atmospheres with a hazardous concentration of ((acetylene, butadiene, ethylene oxide, hydrogen (or gases or vapors equivalent in hazard to hydrogen, such as manufactured gas), propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, cyclopropane, diethyl ether, ethylene, isoprene)):

• Acetaldehyde,

• Acetylene,

• Butadiene,

• Cyclopropane,

• Diethyl ether,

• Ethylene,

• Ethylene oxide,

• Hydrogen (or gases or vapors equivalent in hazard to hydrogen, such as manufactured gas),

• Isoprene,

• Propylene oxide, or

• Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH).

(a) Only approved EX trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in atmospheres containing hazardous concentrations of metal dust, including:

• Aluminum, magnesium, and their commercial alloys;

• Other ((metals)) dusts of similarly hazardous characteristics; or

• In atmospheres containing:

&lhlsqbul; Carbon black,

&lhlsqbul; Coal, or

&lhlsqbul; Coke dust.

(b) In atmospheres where dust of magnesium, aluminum or aluminum bronze may be present, fuses, switches, motor controllers, and circuit breakers of trucks must have enclosures specifically approved for such locations.

(2) Only approved EX trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in atmospheres containing

• Acetone,

• Acrylonitrile,

• Alcohol,

• Ammonia,

• Benzine,

• Benzol,

• Butane,

• Ethylene dichloride,

• Gasoline,

• Hexane,

• Lacquer solvent vapors,

• Naphtha,

• Natural gas,

• Propane,

• Propylene,

• Styrene,

• Vinyl acetate,

• Vinyl chloride, or

• Xylenes

in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.

(3) Only approved DY, EE, or EX trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in locations where volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processed or used, if the hazardous liquids, vapors or gases are normally confined within closed containers or closed systems from which they can escape only in case of accidental rupture or breakdown, or in case of abnormal equipment operation.

Only approved DY, EE, or EX trucks, or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may also be used in locations in which hazardous concentrations of gases or vapors are normally prevented by mechanical ventilation but that might become hazardous through failure or abnormal operation of the ventilating equipment.

(4) Only approved DS, ES, GS, or LPS trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in locations used for the storage of hazardous liquids in sealed containers or liquefied or compressed gases in containers.      This classification includes locations where volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases or vapors are used but are hazardous only in case of an accident or an unusual operation condition.

The quantity of hazardous material that might escape in case of accident, the adequacy of ventilating equipment, the total area involved, and the business's history of explosions or fires are all factors that should be considered in determining which truck has sufficient safeguards for the location.

(a) Only approved EX trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in atmospheres in which combustible dust is or may be suspended in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures, or where mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery or equipment might cause such mixtures to be produced.

(b) The EX classification, or other trucks approved by the manufacturer as having equal or greater safeguards, usually includes the working areas of:

• Grain handling and storage plants,

• Rooms containing grinders or pulverizers,

• Cleaners,

• Graders,

• Scalpers,

• Open conveyors or spouts,

• Open bins or hoppers,

• Mixers or blenders,

• Automatic or hopper scales,

• Packing machinery,

• Elevator heads and boots,

• Stock distributors,

• Dust and stock collectors (except all-metal collectors vented to the outside),

and all similar dust producing machinery and equipment in:

&lhlsqbul; Grain processing plants,

&lhlsqbul; Starch plants,

&lhlsqbul; Sugar pulverizing plants,

&lhlsqbul; Malting plants,

&lhlsqbul; Hay grinding plants, and other similar locations; and,

&lhlsqbul; Areas where combustible dust may, under normal operating conditions, be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.

(5) Only approved DY, EE, or EX trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in atmospheres in which deposits or accumulations of combustible dust may be ignited by arcs or sparks from the truck, if combustible dust will not normally be suspended or thrown into suspension by the normal operation of equipment or apparatus in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.

(6) Only approved DY, EE, or EX trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in locations with easily ignitable fibers or flyings if the fibers or flyings are not likely to be suspended in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.

(7) Only approved DS, DY, ES, EE, EX, GS, or LPS trucks ((must)), or other trucks approved by the manufacturer, may be used in locations, including outside storage, where easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled, but are not processed or manufactured.      E trucks that have been previously used in these locations may continue to be used.

(8) If storage warehouses and outside storage locations are hazardous, the specified approved truck, or other truck approved by the manufacturer, must be used.      If not classified as hazardous, any approved D, E, G, or LP truck, or other truck approved by the manufacturer, may be used, or trucks meeting the requirements for these types may be used.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040.      98-24-096, § 296-307-52011, filed 12/1/98, effective 3/1/99; Recodified as § 296-307-52011.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52011, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

(1) You must ensure that liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel are stored and handled according to NFPA Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30-((1969)) 1996).

(2) You must ensure that LP-gas fuel is stored and handled according to NFPA Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA No. 58-((1969)) 1998).

[Recodified as § 296-307-52019.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52019, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

(1) Adequate lighting should be provided in operating areas.      (See ANSI Practice for Industrial Lighting, ((All.1-1965 (R1970))) ANSI/IES RP-7 1990.)

(2) Where general lighting is inadequate, directional lighting must be provided on the truck.

[Recodified as § 296-307-52021.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52021, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

Concentration levels of carbon monoxide gas created by truck operations must not exceed the levels specified in WAC 296-62-075, Part L (general occupational health standards).

Note:

Questions concerning degree of concentration and methods of sampling should be referred to a qualified industrial hygienist.

[Recodified as § 296-307-52023.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52023, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

((You must only allow trained and authorized operators to operate powered industrial trucks.      You must provide training in the safe operation of powered industrial trucks to employee-operators.)) (1) Safe operation.

(a) The employer must ensure that each powered industrial truck operator is trained in the safe operation of a powered industrial truck, and is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely.

(b) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck (except for training purposes), the employer must ensure that each operator has successfully completed the training required by this section.

(2) Training program implementation.

(a) Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train operators and where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees.

Note:

The employer, or any other qualified person of the employer's choosing, may give required training and evaluation.

(b) Training must consist of formal instruction and/or practical training, conveyed in a manner that the trainee understands.

Note:

Formal instruction may include lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, video tape and/or written material. Practical training may include demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee.

(3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators must receive initial training in the topics that follow, except in topics that the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employer's workplace.

(a) Truck-related topics:

• Operating instructions, warnings and precautions for the types of truck the operator will be authorized to operate;

• Differences between the truck and the automobile;

• Truck controls and instrumentation: Where they are located, what they do, and how they work;

• Engine or motor operation;

• Steering and maneuvering;

• Visibility (including restrictions due to loading);

• Fork and attachment adaption, operation, and use limitations;

• Vehicle capacity;

• Vehicle stability;

• Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform;

• Refueling and/or charging and recharging of batteries;

• Operating limitations;

• Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operator's manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate.

(b) Workplace-related topics:

• Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated;

• Composition of loads to be carried and load stability;

• Load manipulation, stacking, and unstacking;

• Pedestrian traffic in areas where the vehicle will be operated;

• Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated;

• Hazardous (classified) locations where the vehicle will be operated;

• Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicle's stability;

• Closed environments and other areas where insufficient ventilation or poor vehicle maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust;

• Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that could affect safe operation.

(4) Retraining.

(a) Retraining in relevant topics must be provided to the operator when:

• The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner;

• The operator has been involved in an accident or near-miss incident;

• The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the truck safely;

• The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or

• The condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck.

(b) Retraining must be provided to an operator if three years has elapsed since he or she last received training.

(5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in subsection (3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator can provide proof of such training within three years, and the employer can verify operator competency.

(6) Recordkeeping. Employers must keep records showing that each operator has been trained or received retraining as required by this section. These records must include the name of the operator, the date of the training or retraining, and the name of the person(s) giving the training or retraining.

(7) Implementation dates. The employer must ensure that operators of powered industrial trucks are trained, as appropriate, by the effective date of this section. Employees hired on or after the effective date of this section must be trained and found competent prior to being assigned to operate a powered industrial truck.

(8) Nonmandatory guidance. To assist employers in implementing operator training requirements, a nonmandatory appendix has been added as WAC 296-307-52030. This appendix does not add to, alter, or reduce the requirements of this section.

[Recodified as § 296-307-52-52029.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52029, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

(1) Definitions. The following definitions may help to explain the principle of stability:

"Center of gravity" means the point on an object at which all of the object's weight is concentrated. For symmetrical loads, the center of gravity is at the middle of the load.

"Counterweight" means the weight that is built into the truck's basic structure and is used to offset the load's weight and to maximize the vehicle's resistance to tipping over.

"Fulcrum" means the truck's axis of rotation when it tips over.

"Grade" means the slope of a surface, which is usually measured as the number of feet of rise or fall over a hundred foot horizontal distance (the slope is expressed as a percent).

"Lateral stability" means a truck's resistance to overturning sideways.

"Line of action" means an imaginary vertical line through an object's center of gravity.

"Load center" means the horizontal distance from the load's edge (or the fork's or other attachment's vertical face) to the line of action through the load's center of gravity.

"Longitudinal stability" means the truck's resistance to overturning forward or rearward.

"Moment" means the product of the object's weight times the distance from a fixed point (usually the fulcrum). In the case of a powered industrial truck, the distance is measured from the point at which the truck will tip over to the object's line of action. The distance is always measured perpendicular to the line of action.

"Track" means the distance between the wheels on the same axle of the truck.

"Wheelbase" means the distance between the centerline of the vehicle's front and rear wheels.

(2) General.

(a) Determining the stability of a powered industrial truck is simple once a few basic principles are understood. There are many factors that contribute to a vehicle's stability: The vehicle's wheelbase, track, and height; the load's weight distribution; and the vehicle's counterweight location (if the vehicle is so equipped).

(b) The "stability triangle," used in most stability discussions, demonstrates stability simply (see Figures 1 and 2).

(3) Basic principles.

(a) Whether an object is stable depends on the object's "moment" (see definitions, this section) at one end of a system being greater than, equal to, or smaller than the object's moment at the system's other end. This principle can be seen in the way a seesaw or teeter-totter works: That is, if the product of the load and distance from the fulcrum (moment) is equal to the moment at the device's other end, the device is balanced and it will not move. However, if there is a greater moment at one end of the device, the device will try to move downward at the end with the greater moment.

(b) The longitudinal stability of a counterbalanced powered industrial truck depends on the vehicle's moment and the load's moment. In other words, if the mathematic product of the load-moment (the distance from the front wheels, the approximate point at which the vehicle would tip forward) to the load's center of gravity times the load's weight is less than the vehicle's moment, the system is balanced and will not tip forward. However, if the load's moment is greater than the vehicle's moment, the greater load-moment will force the truck to tip forward.

(4) The stability triangle.

(a) Almost all counterbalanced powered industrial trucks have a three-point suspension system, that is, the vehicle is supported at three points. This is true even if the vehicle has four wheels. The truck's steer axle is attached to the truck by a pivot pin in the axle's center. When the points are connected with imaginary lines, this three-point support forms a triangle called the stability triangle. Figure 1 depicts the stability triangle.

Place illustration here.

Notes:	1. When the vehicle is loaded, the combined center of gravity shifts toward line B-C. Theoretically, the maximum load will result in the center of gravity at the line B-C. In actual practice, the combined center of gravity should never be at line B-C.
	2. The addition of additional counterweight will cause the truck center of gravity to shift toward point A and result in a truck that is less stable laterally.

(b) When the vehicle's line of action, or load center, falls within the stability triangle, the vehicle is stable and will not tip over. However, when the vehicle's line of action or the vehicle/load combination falls outside the stability triangle, the vehicle is unstable and may tip over.

Place illustration here.

(5) Longitudinal stability.

(a) The axis of rotation when a truck tips forward is the front wheels' points of contact with the pavement. When a powered industrial truck tips forward, the truck will rotate about this line. When a truck is stable, the vehicle-moment must exceed the load-moment. As long as the vehicle-moment is equal to or exceeds the load-moment, the vehicle will not tip over. On the other hand, if the load-moment slightly exceeds the vehicle-moment, the truck will begin to tip forward, thereby causing the rear to lose contact with the floor or ground and resulting in loss of steering control. If the load-moment greatly exceeds the vehicle-moment, the truck will tip forward.

(b) To determine the maximum safe load-moment, the truck manufacturer normally rates the truck at a maximum load at a given distance from the front face of the forks. The specified distance from the front face of the forks to the line of action of the load is commonly called the load center. Because larger trucks normally handle loads that are physically larger, these vehicles have greater load centers. Trucks with a capacity of 30,000 pounds or less are normally rated at a given load weight at a 24-inch load center. Trucks with a capacity greater than 30,000 pounds are normally rated at a given load weight at a 36-or 48-inch load center. To safely operate the vehicle, the operator should always check the data plate to determine the maximum allowable weight at the rated load center.

(c) Although the true load-moment distance is measured from the front wheels, this distance is greater than the distance from the front face of the forks. Calculating the maximum allowable load-moment using the load-center distance always provides a lower load-moment than the truck was designed to handle. When handling unusual loads, such as those that are larger than 48 inches long (the center of gravity is greater than 24 inches) or that have an offset center of gravity, etc., a maximum allowable load-moment should be calculated and used to determine whether a load can be safely handled. For example, if an operator is operating a 3,000-pound capacity truck (with a 24-inch load center), the maximum allowable load-moment is 72,000 inch-pounds (3,000 times 24). If a load is 60 inches long (30-inch load center), then the maximum that this load can weigh is 2,400 pounds (72,000 divided by 30).

(6) Lateral stability.

(a) The vehicle's lateral stability is determined by the line of action's position (a vertical line that passes through the combined vehicle's and load's center of gravity) relative to the stability triangle. When the vehicle is not loaded, the truck's center of gravity location is the only factor to be considered in determining the truck's stability. As long as the line of action of the combined vehicle's and load's center of gravity falls within the stability triangle, the truck is stable and will not tip over. However, if the line of action falls outside the stability triangle, the truck is not stable and may tip over. Refer to Figure 3.

(b) Factors that affect the vehicle's lateral stability include the load's placement on the truck, the height of the load above the surface on which the vehicle is operating, and the vehicle's degree of lean.

(7) Dynamic stability.

(a) Up to this point, the stability of a powered industrial truck has been discussed without considering the dynamic forces that result when the vehicle and load are put into motion. The weight's transfer and the resultant shift in the center of gravity due to the dynamic forces created when the machine is moving, braking, cornering, lifting, tilting, and lowering loads, etc., are important stability considerations.

(b) When determining whether a load can be safely handled, the operator should exercise extra caution when handling loads that cause the vehicle to approach its maximum design characteristics. For example, if an operator must handle a maximum load, the load should be carried at the lowest position possible, the truck should be accelerated slowly and evenly, and the forks should be tilted forward cautiously. However, no precise rules can be formulated to cover all of these eventualities.

[]

(1) No operator may drive a truck up to anyone standing in front of a fixed object.

(2) No one may stand or pass under the elevated portion of any truck, whether loaded or empty.

(3) ((Only authorized personnel may)) Employers must not allow people to ride on powered industrial trucks((.      The truck must have)) unless a safe place to ride ((when riding is authorized)) is provided.

(4) ((You)) Employers must prohibit employees from placing ((their arms or legs)) Any body parts between the uprights of the mast or outside the running lines of the truck.

(5) When an operator leaves a powered industrial truck unattended:

(a) The load must be fully lowered;

(b) The controls must be neutralized;

(c) The power must be shut off; and

(d) The brakes must be set.

(e) If the truck is parked on an incline, the wheels must be blocked.

A powered industrial truck is "unattended" when the operator is 25 feet or more away from the vehicle, which remains in view, or whenever the operator leaves the vehicle and it is not in view.

(6) When a truck operator is dismounted, within 25 feet of the truck, and still in view, the load must be fully lowered, the controls must be neutralized, and the brakes must be set to prevent movement.

(7) The operator must maintain a safe distance from the edge of ramps or platforms while operating on any elevated dock, or platform or freight car.

(8) There must be enough headroom for trucks to operate under overhead installations, lights, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other overhead projections.

(9) An active operator protection restraint device (such as a seatbelt or lap-bar) or system must be used, when provided.

[Recodified as § 296-307-52031.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52031, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

(1) The operator must maintain a safe distance of approximately three truck lengths from the truck ahead.      The truck must be kept under control at all times.

(2) The operator must yield the right of way to ambulances, fire trucks, or other vehicles in emergency situations.

(3) Passing other trucks traveling in the same direction at intersections, blind spots, or other dangerous locations is prohibited.

(4) Railroad tracks must be crossed diagonally wherever possible.      The operator must not park closer than 8 feet from the center of railroad tracks.

(5) The operator must look in the direction of, and keep a clear view of, the path of travel.

(6) Stunt driving and horseplay are prohibited.

(7) The operator must approach elevators slowly, and then enter squarely after the elevator car is properly leveled.      Once on the elevator, the operator must neutralize controls, shut off power, and set the brakes.

(8) Motorized hand trucks must enter elevator or other confined areas with load end forward.

(9) The operator must avoid running over loose objects on the roadway surface.

(10) Access to fire aisles, stairways, and fire equipment must be kept clear.

[Recodified as § 296-307-52039.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52039, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

(1) Powered industrial trucks must be removed from service when not in safe operating condition.      All repairs must be made by an authorized employee.

(2) No repairs may be made in Class I, II, and III locations.

(3) When repairs to fuel and ignition systems of industrial trucks involve fire hazards, the repairs must be conducted only in designated locations.

(4) Trucks in need of repairs to the electrical system must have the battery disconnected prior to repair.

(5) Industrial truck parts must be replaced only by parts of equivalent safety.

(6) Industrial trucks must not be altered so that the relative positions of parts are different from when they were manufactured.      Industrial trucks must not have parts added or eliminated, except as provided in WAC 296-307-52005.      Fork trucks must not have additional counterweighting added unless approved by the truck manufacturer.

(7) Industrial trucks must be examined at least daily before being placed in service.      Industrial trucks must not be placed in service if the examination shows any unsafe condition.

Where industrial trucks are used on a round-the-clock basis, they shall be examined after each shift.      Defects must be immediately reported and corrected.

(8) Water mufflers must be filled daily or as frequently as necessary to prevent the water supply from dropping below 75 percent.      Vehicles must not be operated if muffler screens or other parts are clogged.      Any vehicle that emits hazardous sparks or flames from the exhaust system must immediately be removed from service until the emission of such sparks and flames has been eliminated.

(9) When the temperature of any part of any truck exceeds its normal operating temperature, the vehicle must be removed from service until the cause for overheating has been eliminated.

(10) Industrial trucks must be kept clean and free of excess accumulations of combustible materials, oil, and grease.      Noncombustible agents should be used for cleaning trucks.      Low flash point (below 100°F) solvents must not be used.      High flash point (at or above 100°F) solvents may be used.      Take precautions regarding toxicity, ventilation, and fire hazard according to the agent or solvent used.

(11) ((Glycol base antifreeze must be used in the engine cooling system.

(12))) Industrial trucks originally approved to use gasoline fuel may be converted to use LP-gas fuel if the converted truck has the features specified for LP or LPS designated trucks.      The converted equipment must be approved.      You may find a description of the conversion system and the recommended method of installation in the "listed by report" of a nationally recognized testing laboratory.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040.      98-24-096, § 296-307-52047, filed 12/1/98, effective 3/1/99; Recodified as § 296-307-52047.      97-09-013, filed 4/7/97, effective 4/7/97.      Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060.      96-22-048, § 296-306A-52047, filed 10/31/96, effective 12/1/96.]

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