WSR 98-05-073

PROPOSED RULES

DEPARTMENT OF

LABOR AND INDUSTRIES

[Filed February 17, 1998, 3:20 p.m.]

Original Notice.

Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 94-20-119.

Title of Rule: Below the hook (rigging), chapter 296-155 WAC, Safety standards for construction work.

Purpose: A special advisory group for WISHA, the Construction Advisory Committee, reviews safety issues, trends, and existing codes in an effort to create safe worksites in the construction industry. This group is made up of representatives from labor, special interest construction network groups, and management representatives from the construction industry. The committee recently reviewed the rigging codes and determined the codes should be amended because they were awkward to use and information was hard to find. This state-initiated proposal is made to consolidate the various existing codes in one area of the standard to make them easier to use and follow.

New section WAC 296-155-229 Qualified person--Rigging, this state-initiated proposed amendment merely restates the existing definition of a "qualified person" which is currently located at WAC 296-155-24503. Placing the definition at the beginning of the rigging section is convenient for the user. No new requirements are proposed.

Amended section WAC 296-155-330 Rigging equipment for material handling, this state-initiated proposed amendment consolidates existing rigging standards (from WAC 296-155-570 Cranes, 296-155-689 Placing and removal of forms, and 296-155-691 Precast concrete and tilt-up operations) to make the standards easier to use and follow. No new requirements are proposed.

Statutory Authority for Adoption: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

Statute Being Implemented: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050, [49.17].060.

Summary: See Purpose above.

Reasons Supporting Proposal: See Purpose above.

Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Tracy Spencer, Tumwater, (360) 902-5530; Implementation and Enforcement: Michael A. Silverstein, Tumwater, (360) 902-5495.

Name of Proponent: Department of Labor and Industries, governmental.

Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.

Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: See Purpose above.

Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules: See Purpose above.

No small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW. The proposed rule does not place more than minor economic impact on business.

RCW 34.05.328 does not apply to this rule adoption. Significant rule-making criteria does not apply to these rule amendments because they meet the exempt criteria outlined in RCW 34.05.328 (5)(b)(iii) and (iv). Significant rule-making criteria does not apply when adopting federal statutes or regulations without material change, or when adopting rules to correct information that is housekeeping in nature (typographical errors, address/name changes, or clarification of rule language without changing its effect).

Hearing Location: Department of Labor and Industries Building, Auditorium, 7273 Linderson Way S.E., Tumwater, WA, on March 24, 1998, at 9:30 a.m.

Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Linda Dausener by March 13, 1998, (360) 902-5516.

Submit Written Comments to: Tracy Spencer, Standards Manager, WISHA Services Division, P.O. Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98507-4620, by 5:00 p.m. on March 31, 1998. In addition to written comments, the department will accept comments submitted to FAX (360) 902-5529. Comments submitted by FAX must be ten pages or less.

Date of Intended Adoption: April 24, 1998.

February 17, 1998

Gary Moore

Director

NEW SECTION

WAC 296-155-229 Qualified person--Rigging. Qualified person - A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter.

Also has authorization or authority by the nature of their position to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. The person shall be knowledgeable in the requirements of this part.

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AMENDATORY SECTION (Amending Order 94-07, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94)

WAC 296-155-330 Rigging equipment for material handling. (1) General.

(a) Rigging equipment for material handling shall be inspected prior to use on each shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe. Defective rigging equipment shall be removed from service.

(b) Rigging equipment shall not be loaded in excess of its recommended safe working load, as prescribed in Tables F-1 through F-20 in this part and shall comply with ((ANSI B 30.9-1984)) ANSI/ASME B30.9-1996.

(c) Rigging equipment, when not in use, shall be removed from the immediate work area so as not to present a hazard to employees.

(d) ((Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories shall be marked to indicate the safe working loads and shall be proof-tested to 125 percent of the rated load prior to use. Such custom devices shall be permanently marked with an identification number and permanent records shall be maintained on the jobsite for each device.)) Special rigging accessories (i.e., spreader bars, grabs, hooks, clamps, etc.) or other lifting accessories shall be marked with the rated capacity. All components shall be proof-tested to 125 percent of the rated load prior to the first use. Permanent records shall be maintained on the job site for all special rigging accessories.

(2) Alloy steel chains. Chains used for overhead lifting shall be proof tested alloy steel.

(a) Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and sling manufacturer.

(b) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links, or other attachments, when used with alloy steel chains, shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain.

(c) The use of job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasteners, formed from bolts, rods, etc., or other such attachments, shall be prohibited.

(d) Rated capacity (working load limit) for alloy steel chain slings shall conform to the values shown in Table F-1.

(e) Whenever wear at any point of any chain link exceeds that shown in Table F-2, the assembly shall be removed from service.

(f) If at any time any three foot length of chain is found to have stretched one-third the length of a link it shall be discarded.

(g) The practice of placing bolts ((or)), nails, or cold shuts between two links to shorten chains is prohibited.

(h) Splicing broken chains by inserting a bolt between two links with the heads of the bolt and the nut sustaining the load, or passing one link through another and inserting a bolt or nail to hold it, is prohibited.

(i) Wherever annealing of chains is attempted, it shall be done in properly equipped annealing furnaces and under the direct supervision of a competent person.

(3) Wire rope.

(a) Table F-3 through F-14 shall be used to determine the safe working loads of various sizes and classifications of improved plow steel wire rope and wire rope slings with various types of terminals. For sizes, classifications, and grades not included in these tables, the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products shall be followed, provided that a safety factor of not less than 5 is maintained.

(b) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or blunted.

(c) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots.

(d) The following limitations shall apply to the use of wire rope:

(i) An eye splice made in any wire rope shall have not less than three full tucks.

Note: This requirement shall not preclude the use of another form of splice or connection which can be shown to be as efficient and which is not otherwise prohibited.

(ii) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.

(iii) Wire rope shall not be used, if in any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.

(e) When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, Table F-20 shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.

(f) When used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope.

(g) U-Bolt wire rope clips shall be made of drop-forged steel.

Note: See Table F-20 for number of clamps and spacing requirements.

correct method of attaching wire rope clips

U-Bolt of all clips on dead end of rope

(h) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.

(i) Thimbles shall be used in cable eyes whenever practicable.

(j) The clamp nuts shall be tightened up frequently during the operation to prevent slipping.

(4) Natural rope, and synthetic fiber.

(a) General. When using natural or synthetic fiber rope slings, Tables F-15, F-16, F-17 and F-18 shall apply.

(b) All splices in rope slings provided by the employer shall be made in accordance with fiber rope manufacturers' recommendations.

(i) In manila rope, eye splices shall contain at least three full tucks, and short splices shall contain at least six full tucks (three on each side of the centerline of the splice).

(ii) In layed synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall contain at least four full tucks, and short splices shall contain at least eight full tucks (four on each side of the centerline of the splice).

(iii) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed short (flush with the surface of the rope) immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This precaution applies to both eye and short splices and all types of fiber rope. For fiber ropes under 1-inch diameter, the tails shall project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiber ropes 1-inch diameter and larger, the tails shall project at least 6 inches beyond the last full tuck. In applications where the projecting tails may be objectionable, the tails shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck).

(iv) For all eye splices, the eye shall be sufficiently large to provide an included angle of not greater than 60 at the splice when the eye is placed over the load or support.

(v) Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.

(vi) All fibre rope used for hoisting purposes or for the support of scaffolds, or any part thereof, shall be of high grade Manila hemp (abaca). Fibre rope used for the support of scaffolds, or any part thereof, except rope used for lashing or tying purposes, shall be not less than 3/4-inch in diameter.

(vii) The maximum safe working load for fibre rope shall not exceed the maximum strength as shown in the following table:

strength of high grade manila (abaca) rope

common lay three strand

Safe

Load

Approximate Diameter Circumference in

in inches in inches Pounds

3/16 (6 yarns) 1/2 98

1/4 (6 yarns) 3/4 116

5/16 (6 yarns) 1 200

3/8 (12 yarns) 1 1/8 241

7/16 (15 yarns) 1 1/4 291

15/32 (18 yarns) 1 3/8 350

1/2 (21 yarns) 1 1/2 408

9/16 1 3/4 526

5/8 2 666

3/4 2 1/4 816

13/16 2 1/2 983

7/8 2 3/4 1,166

1 3 1,366

1 1/16 3 1/4 1,683

1 1/8 3 1/2 1,833

1 1/4 3 3/4 2,083

1 5/16 4 2,365

1 3/8 4 1/4 2,666

1 1/2 4 1/2 2,916

Note: This table is based on data contained in the U.S. Department of Commerce circular of the Bureau of Standards, No. 324.

(5) Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).

(a) The employer shall have each synthetic web sling marked or coded to show:

(i) Name or trademark of manufacturer.

(ii) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.

(iii) Type of material.

(b) Rated capacity shall not be exceeded.

(6) Shackles and hooks.

(a) Table F-19 shall be used to determine the safe working loads of various sizes of shackles, except that higher safe working loads are permissible when recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products, provided that a safety factor of not less than 5 is maintained.

(b) The manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed in determining the safe working loads of the various sizes and types of specific and identifiable hooks. All hooks for which no applicable manufacturer's recommendations are available shall be tested to twice the intended safe working load before they are initially put into use. The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results of such tests.

(c) Hooks shall not be modified by welding and/or drilling unless written approval by the manufacturer has been received.

(d) No open hook shall be used to hoist a bucket, cage, spreader, or skip, nor in any circumstances where the dislodgment of the hook could cause a risk of injury to workers. A safety-hook, mousing, or shackle shall be employed in such circumstances.

(e) When shackles are used, shackle pins shall be secured to prevent accidental withdrawal.

(7) Slings.

(a) When slings are provided as a part of the hoisting equipment, every precaution shall be taken to keep them in a serviceable condition.

(i) Wire rope slings shall be frequently inspected and oiled.

(ii) Slings shall not be left where they can be damaged by traffic or form stumbling hazards.

(iii) Blocks or heavy bagging shall be used at corners of the load to protect the sling from sharp bending.

(iv) Wire rope which has been welded or been subject to welding of any kind shall not be used.

(v) The wire rope shall not be burned off with heat. This may weld the ends of the wires and strands together.

(b) When a load is lifted by a multiple rope sling the sling shall be so arranged that the strain can be equalized between the ropes.

(i) When using a sling with both ends engaged in the hoisting block, the sling shall be adjusted so as to equalize the stress.

(ii) Slings shall be placed on the load at safe lifting angles.

(8) Material handling--General.

(a) When necessary to store building material on public thoroughfares, care shall be exercised to see that it is so piled or stacked as to be safe against collapse or falling over.

(b) Material shall be so located as not to interfere with, or present a hazard to employees, traffic or the public.

(9) Placing and removal of forms.

(a) When moved or raised by crane, cableway, A-frame, or similar mechanical device, forms shall be securely attached to slings having a minimum safety factor of five. Use of No. 9 tie wire, fiber rope, and similar makeshift lashing shall be prohibited.

(b) Taglines shall be used in moving panels or other large sections of forms by crane or hoist.

(c) All hoisting equipment, including hoisting cable used to raise and move forms shall have a minimum safety factor incorporated in the manufacturer's design, and the manufacturer's recommended loading shall not be exceeded. Field-fabricated or shop-fabricated hoisting equipment shall be designed or approved by a registered professional engineer, incorporating a minimum safety factor of five in its design. Panels and built-up form sections shall be equipped with metal hoisting brackets for attachment of slings.

(10) Precast concrete and tilt-up operations.

(a) It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to use accessories which are designed to be compatible.

(b) The design capacity of all lifting devices and accessories shall be known. The devices and accessories with the appropriate capacity shall be used.

(c) Prior to pouring the panels of a tilt-up type construction job, a set of plans or job specifications, including lifting procedures, shall be drawn up.

(i) These plans shall be at the job site and made available upon request.

(ii) Any changes made in the rigging procedure of a tilt-up panel or slab shall provide the same degree of safety as required by the original plans.

(iii) The plans or specifications shall contain the following information:

(A) The type, size, and location of all lifting inserts.

(B) The type, size, and location of all brace inserts or fittings for guy wires in each panel and floor or support.

(C) The size of braces or guys to be used.

(D) The compression strength which concrete panels must attain prior to being lifted.

(iv) The following conditions shall be included in the erection process and shall be incorporated in the design plan:

(A) Inserts to be installed for lifting sections of tilt-up precast panels shall be designed mechanically to maintain a safety factor of three.

(B) Lifting inserts which are embedded or otherwise attached to precast concrete members, other than the tilt-up members, shall be capable of supporting at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to them.

(C) The compression strength of the concrete shall be such that when the proper type, size, and amount of inserts are installed a minimum safety factor of two will be maintained.

(v) Lifting hardware shall be capable of supporting at least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the lifting hardware.

(vi) Lifting bolts or other lifting devices which have been bent, worn, or are otherwise defective shall be discarded.

(vii) Manufactured products shall not be altered in a manner which would reduce the safe working load to less than its original value.

(viii) Inserts shall be positioned so that bolts, or lifting devices, when inserted, will be perpendicular to the face on which they are placed.

(d) Design of the panels and layout of the pour shall be made in such a manner so that when picking, the top of the panel will be away from the crane. If this is not possible, the contractor shall consult with a representative of the department and the crane company involved to determine the procedure to be followed in lifting and placing in its permanent position safely. Panels shall be lifted and handled in such a manner that they will not strike the hoisting equipment, in case of failure.

(e) A qualified rigging person shall be designated and shall consult with the crane operator on lifting procedures prior to making the pick. The qualified rigging person shall be located in such a position during the pick of the panel that they can observe both the crane operator and the employees working in the immediate area.

(11) Rigging in prestressed and post tensioned.

(a) Stressed members shall be handled at pick points specifically designated on the manufacturer's drawings.

(b) Stressed members shall be lifted with lifting devices recommended by the manufacturer or the engineer in charge.

(c) No one shall be allowed under stressed members during lifting and erection.