Original Notice.

Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 00-03-017.

Title of Rule: Amendment of chapter 51-11 WAC, Washington State Energy Code.

Purpose: To consider whether to amend the 1997 Edition of the Washington State Energy Code (chapter 51-11 WAC).

Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.

Statute Being Implemented: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A, and 34.05 RCW.

Summary: The proposed rules include adoption of amendments to the 1997 Washington State Energy Code, including editorial corrections, clarifications, corrections, consolidation of auxiliary chapters (2/12, 7/17, and 10/20), and amendments to specific requirements (see below for itemized list of proposed changes).

Reasons Supporting Proposal: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.

Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting and Implementation: Judith Darst, P.O. Box 48300, Olympia, WA 98504, (360) 586-2251; and Enforcement: Local jurisdictions.

Name of Proponent: Washington State Building Code Council, governmental.

Agency Comments or Recommendations, if any, as to Statutory Language, Implementation, Enforcement, and Fiscal Matters: The council is seeking comments on the issues proposed in the rules shown below.

Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.

Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: The proposed rule amends chapter 51-11 WAC, Washington State Energy Code. The purpose is to amend the 1997 Washington State Energy Code, including editorial corrections, clarifications, corrections, consolidation of auxiliary chapters (2/12, 7/17, and 10/20), and amendments to specific requirements. The proposed amendments will provide greater clarity, consistency, and ease of use than the published version for application in Washington state.

     Regulatory Review: In compliance with Executive Order 97-02, regulatory improvement, the following criteria for regulatory review will be considered at the time of final adoption of the rule.

     1. Need. This rule is authorized by RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. The council regularly reviews state-wide amendment proposals to the Washington State Energy Code, and adopts the amendments as deemed appropriate. The purpose and objective of this review, as given in RCW 19.27.020, is to promote the health, safety and welfare of the occupants or users of buildings; to require minimum construction standards for the state of Washington; to permit the use of modern technical methods; to eliminate restrictive, obsolete, conflicting, duplicating and unnecessary regulations; and to provide standards to make buildings accessible to and usable by persons with physical disabilities. The technical advisory groups appointed by the council have identified rules that are obsolete, duplicative or ambiguous, and have proposed amendments and revisions.

     2. Effectiveness and Efficiency. The mission of the council is to adopt building codes for uniform application throughout the state. In the course of the regular rule review, the council examined regulatory alternatives and new technologies. The council has identified where alternatives can be used effectively and efficiently. The council efficiently achieves uniform state building codes by serving as the central administrative agency for state-wide adoption of building codes.

     3. Clarity. The council revised their filing procedure for state amendments to the national uniform codes. To enhance clarity, only those subsections with a state amendment will be filed under the main section number. The balance of the main section will remain as written in the national uniform code, as adopted by reference, unless otherwise noted. This reformatting change reorganizes and shortens the WACs.

     4. Intent and Statutory Authority. The proposed rule is consistent with the legislative intent of the statute chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW. These statute give the council sufficient authority to maintain the state building code, and to adopt amendments to the Washington State Energy Code.

     5. Coordination. The council rule-making process has included participation by national, state, and local building, fire, mechanical and plumbing officials, as well as state agency representatives for the Departments of Social and Health Services, Health, Labor and Industries, and the State Fire Marshal. The council actively seeks participation from other state agencies to assure that duplication and inconsistency is eliminated.

     6. Cost. The council appointed technical advisory groups and an Economic and Regulatory Assessment Committee to examine the costs and benefits associated with the revisions to the building codes.

     7. Fairness. The state amendments to the Washington State Energy Code proposed by the council are intended to mitigate disproportionate impact on the regulated community. The council is made up of representatives from the regulated community, as well as public and regulatory officials. In addition, the council enlisted the assistance of technical advisory groups, made up of the individuals, organizations and businesses impacted by the building codes, to review code changes and proposals.

Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules: RESIDENTIAL

     1. Section 101.3.2.1: This proposed amendment clarifies the requirements for additions to existing buildings. The term "heat loss" is changed to the more specific term "Target UA." Also, language is added to explain that removed elements are not supposed to be represented in the calculation.

     2. Section 101.3.2.8: This proposed amendment requires compliance with the lighting regulations in Section 1132.3 for the communal areas in multi-family occupancies.

     3. Chapters 2/12, 7/17, and 10/20: This proposed amendment consolidates the auxiliary chapters Definitions (2/12), Standards (7/17) and Defaults (10/20). This effort will simplify the code by shortening it and providing one place to find the needed information. The most accurate and up to date information is used and applied to both residential and nonresidential, where ever possible. This approach will reduce duplicative and conflicting regulations. Where needed, the specific residential or nonresidential information is identified.

     4. Sections 502.1.1 and Table 10-5A (two options): Both options of this proposed amendment provide R-values for air cavities by adding a new row to the table. Option 1 deletes the table from Section 502.1.1 and replaces it with a reference to Table 10-5A. Option 2 maintains the location of the table in Section 502.1.1. However, the table is repeated in Table 10-5A.

     5. Section 502.1.4.6: This proposed amendment is editorial. The added word "framed" specifies that the requirement applies to framed structures.

     6. Section 502.1.5.1, exception 3: This proposed amendment adds a new exception that allows compliance to be based on the NFRC nonresidential model size provided the average glazing product size meets or exceeds it and a glazing schedule and calculation are provided.

     7. Section 503.1, exception: This proposed amendment deletes the exception since it is not applicable to Group R occupancies.

     8. Section 503.2.2 (2): This proposed amendment amends the natural gas-fired or oil-fired space heating and space cooling system sizing limits. Equipment 40,000 Btu/h or less is exempt from the sizing limit since equipment is generally not manufactured this small. Larger equipment may be oversized (greater than 200%) if it is 90% efficient. The graduated threshold calculation has been simplified to 90%.

     9. Section 503.7, 1423, and 1433: This proposed amendment deletes the present residential economizer requirements and refers to the nonresidential requirements. The change in the nonresidential sections 1423 and 1433 specifies that the equipment serving a Group R occupancy is not included in determining the total capacity of all units without economizer in a building.

     10. Section 503.10.2: This proposed amendment revises the sealing requirements for ducts. The new language lists the acceptable means of sealing, discloses the testing standards required, specifies that duct tape is not permitted, and exempts ducts and air distribution cavities that are located entirely within conditioned space.

     11. Section 503.10.4: This proposed amendment is a new section referencing Table 5-11 for duct insulation requirements.

     12. Section 503.11: This proposed amendment simplifies the section by referring to Table 5-12 for pipe insulation requirements. Exceptions are piping installed within unitary HVAC equipment and cold water pipes outside the conditioned space.

     13. Section 504.5.2: This proposed amendment adds a new requirement for an R-12 pool cover for pools heated to more than 90°F.

     14. Section 504.7: This proposed amendment amends this section for consistency and references Section 503.11.

     15. Section 505, 605, and Table 15-1: This proposed amendment is new sections (component performance and prescriptive) requiring residential lighting compliance for hotel/motel guest rooms and common areas in Group R-1, as cited in Table 15-1.

     16. Tables 5-1, 6-2, 6-4, and 6-6: This proposed amendment reduces the window U-factor requirement for homes heated with other fuels from anything above 0.50 to 0.50. Corresponding U-factor requirements in other paths are adjusted accordingly. This change resulted in a number of superfluous paths and footnotes so they are deleted and the prescriptive tables are ultimately simplified.

     17. Section 601.1 and note to Tables 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4: This proposed amendment clarifies that prescriptive packages are for wood framed assemblies. Metal frame assemblies must demonstrate compliance with either the component performance or the systems analysis approach. The exception given is an assembly (regardless of framing) with continuous insulation uninterrupted by framing.

     18. Section 602.5: This proposed amendment specifies the edge of slab insulation requirements when the floor insulation is installed below a concrete slab. The edge of slab shall either meet the exterior wall insulation requirements in a prescriptive approach or compliance must be shown through component performance or system analysis.

     19. Tables 6-2, 6-4, and 6-6: This proposed amendment deletes the HVAC Equipment Efficiency requirements including both the column and footnote. The delineation of "Low," "Med," and "High" have been outdated by typical practice and equipment technology. These requirements are no longer needed and so this change simplifies the code requirements.

     20. Tables 10-6C and 10-6D: This proposed amendment deletes the existing door default tables and replaces them with updated information from the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 29, Table 7.

     NONRESIDENTIAL

     21. Section 1132.3: This proposed amendment clarifies the existing requirements by defining what "60% of the fixtures" means. This change will increase the code's ease of use.

     22. Section 1312.1, new exception: This proposed amendment is a new exception allowing field glazed site built fenestration systems to comply with the U-factor requirement with a simulation alone.

     23. Section 1313.2: This proposed amendment adds a cross reference for enclosed attics and enclosed rafter spaces to the UBC Section 1505.3, Attic ventilation. This proposed amendment also clarifies that roof/ceiling assemblies without a vented airspace are only allowed when both the structure and deck are not wood.

     24. Section 1322 and note to Tables 13-1 and 13-2: This proposed amendment specifies the compliance approach required for metal frame assemblies, adds a note for clarity to the tables and deletes footnote 3.

     25. Section 1323, exception 1: This proposed amendment clarifies the glazing is the "display side" of the street level story, adds the maximum threshold of low-e 0.40 or an area weighted U-factor of 0.60 or less, and explains how to proceed if the designed glazing exceeds 20 feet in height. These clarifications and additions will allow greater design flexibility by allowing calculations and trade-offs so that this exception can be utilized in more situations.

     26. Section 1331: This proposed amendment deletes reference to RS-9, or later and inserts "ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1989."

     27. Section 1411.1: This proposed amendment requires equipment efficiency ratings to be listed in the certification program, if a certification program exists for the product.

     28. Section 1412.4.1: This proposed amendment adds the word "motorized" to the damper requirement. It further requires stair and elevator shaft vents equipped with motorized dampers capable of automatically closing during normal building operation and interlocked to open as required by the fire and smoke detection system. This section is also amended with a new exception for gravity dampers, in buildings less than 40 feet.

     29. Section 1412.4.2: This proposed amendment is a new section requiring optimum start controls for systems exceeding 10,000 cfm design supply air capacities.

     30. Section 1412.8 (RS-29 Section 3.6.5): This proposed amendment is a new section requiring enclosed parking garage ventilation controls for garage ventilation fan systems. (The change to RS 29 Section 3.6.5 is editorial for consistency with the main change.)

     31. Section 1414.2: This proposed amendment allows a minimum R-7 insulation for outside air ducts serving individual supply air units with less that 2,800 cfm of total supply air capacity and does not consider them part of the building envelope.

     32. Section 1414.2, exception 3 (two options): This proposed amendment changes the word "space" to "zone." Option 1 excepts exposed ductwork within a zone as long as it serves that zone (and it may serve others also). Option 2 excepts exposed ductwork within a zone only if it serves that zone exclusively.

     33. Section 1415.1: This proposed amendment specifies that the water pipes that shall be insulated in accordance with the plumbing code are "cold" water pipes.

     34. Section 1416 (Figure 14A and RS 29 Section 2.1): This proposed amendment is a new section requiring completion requirements including drawings, manuals, system balancing and systems commissioning. (The changes to Figure 14A and RS 29 Section 2.1 are editorial for consistency with the main change.)

     35. Section 1433 and 1401: This proposed amendment makes clarifications to the existing exceptions, adds four additional comprehensive exceptions, and deletes the exception to Section 1401. These proposed changes provide for new technology, give more specific guidance for designed systems, and remove vague language that could result in obsolete and inefficient systems that increase costs for no appreciable gains.

     36. Section 1435: This proposed amendment deletes the portion that references the VIAQ, adds "reheat for humidity control" to the list of prohibitions, and revises the exceptions so they are more comprehensive and also more in line with the ASHRAE language.

     37. Section 1438 (two options): This proposed amendment adds system design criteria with performance based thresholds as an alternative compliance choice to the already allowed variable frequency drives. Option 1 amends, but maintains a list of prohibited devices. Option 2 does not.

     38. Section 1439: This proposed amendment is a new section providing requirements for exhaust hoods. The language is from ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, Section 6.3.7.

     39. Section 1443: This proposed amendment is a new section referencing Section 1415.1.

     40. Section Tables 14-1, 14-2, and 14-3: This proposed amendment revises the standard rating conditions and minimum performance for mechanical equipment to the national standards, ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.

     41. Section 1512.1: This proposed amendment adds house of worship sanctuaries to the list of exempt spaces.

     42. Section 1513: This proposed amendment adds language to reference sections required for specific devices.

     43. Section 1513.3: This proposed amendment clarifies daylight zones and explains when contiguous daylight zones can and cannot be controlled by a single switch. This change also proposes a new exception that allows fewer switches for enclosed daylight spaces with two or fewer fixtures.

     44. Section 1513.6: This proposed amendment reduces the office building square footage threshold from 25,000 to 5,000. This change will require more office buildings to install interior automatic shut-off controls.

     45. Section 1513.7: This proposed amendment is a new section requiring commissioning requirements for lighting controls, components, equipment, and systems.

     46. Section 1521: This proposed amendment revises the prescriptive interior lighting requirements. This change reformats the section, making it easier to read. It adds more lamp types, increasing the design flexibility. It also further defines "electronic ballasts," clarifying the requirements. Finally, it adds two new exceptions which provide more allowance for food prep/serving areas, patient care areas, and exit lights.

     47. Section 1530: This proposed amendment specifies when exit lights shall be and shall not be included in the lighting power allowance calculation.

     48. Section 1531: This proposed amendment makes small language changes to clarify the requirements.

     49. Section 1532: This proposed amendment specifies "outdoor areas" are those areas "that are illuminated," changes Group "M" to "U" and Group "R" to "R-3," and adds a new exception for covered parking increasing the w/sf allowance if the walls and ceilings have a reflectance value of 0.70 or higher.

     50. Section Table 15-1: This proposed amendment clarifies that school building use is Group E occupancy only and revises footnote #1 to explain that a specific use takes precedence over a general use if both are listed.

     51. Section Table 15-1: This proposed amendment removes the distinction of Retail A and Retail B. This change proposes one category of retail at 1.5 w/sf. It also revises footnote #10 to give further specific allowances.

     52. Section Table 15-1: This proposed amendment makes a distinction between regular lobbies and main floor lobbies and increases the lighting power allowance for main floor lobbies from 0.80 w/sf to 1.20 w/sf. Common areas, corridors, toilet facilities, washrooms, and elevator lobbies remain at 0.80 w/sf.

     53. RS-29 Sections 2.4 and 4: This proposed amendment deletes the list of programs only acceptable for commercial buildings 25,000 sf and less and the exception to Section 2.4 that allows them.

     54. RS-29 Section 3.4.4: This proposed amendment is editorial, changing terms for more accuracy.

     55. RS-29 Section 3.5: This proposed amendment is editorial, changing a referenced title to the RS citing.

     56. RS-29 Section 4: This proposed amendment updates the list of programs that are suggested software for the systems analysis approach.

A small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW.

     Proposed amendments to the following sections have been identified by the Energy Code TAG and the Economic and Regulatory Assessment Committee as having a cost impact on businesses required to comply with the rule. According to the definition established by the Economic Committee, these rules would not impose more than a minor cost on businesses required to comply. A cost less than 1/4 of 1% of the total construction cost is considered to be minor.

     Chapter 51-11 WAC, Tables 5-1, 6-2, 6-4, 6-6. For Group R (residential) construction, the proposed rule adds vertical glazing (window) U-factor improvements and simplifies the prescriptive path. Homebuilders required to comply with this rule would have less flexibility in the design of homes using gas heat or heat pumps. Current estimates show 18% of homes in this category use tradeoffs to reduce wall insulation. Baseline window U-values would prohibit use of aluminum framed windows under prescriptive compliance. Purchase of windows in compliance with baseline U-factor is standard practice and does not add cost. Manufacturers of window products would be impacted minimally, with already limited demand for aluminum framed windows.

     WAC 51-11-0505 Lighting. Requires master light switches and power allowance for hotel and motel guest rooms.

     WAC 51-11-1416 Completion requirements. Requires testing of mechanical and lighting systems prior to occupancy of commercial buildings.

     WAC 51-11-1439 Exhaust hoods. Requires unconditioned make-up air for commercial kitchen exhaust hoods.

     WAC 51-11-1513 Automatic shut-off controls for lighting. Expands the scope of the automatic shut-off requirement for lighting: Requirement would apply to office buildings 5,000 square feet in area and greater. Current requirement applies to office buildings 25,000 square feet and greater.

A copy of the statement may be obtained by writing to Tim Nogler, Managing Director, Washington State Building Code Council, P.O. Box 48300, Olympia, WA 98504-8300, phone (360) 586-0486, fax (360) 586-5880.

RCW 34.05.328 does not apply to this rule adoption. The State Building Code Council is not listed in this section as one of the agencies required to comply with this regulation.

Hearing Location: Spokane City Council Chambers, West 808 Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA, on September 15, 2000, at 10:00 a.m.; and at the Radisson Hotel, 17101 International Boulevard, SeaTac, WA, on October 13, 2000, at 10:00 a.m.

Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Sue Mathers by September 1, 2000, TDD (360) 753-2200, or (360) 753-1184.

Submit Written Comments to: Judy Wilson, Chairman, State Building Code Council, P.O. Box 48300, Olympia, WA 98504-8300, fax (360) 586-5880, by October 13, 2000.

Date of Intended Adoption: November 17, 2000.

August 1, 2000

Judy Wilson

Council Chairman

OTS-4217.1

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-03-003, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98)

WAC 51-11-0201
((General definitions.)) Scope.

The following definitions shall apply to chapters 1 through 20.

     201.1 Application of Terms: For the purposes of this Code, certain abbreviations, terms, phrases, words and their derivatives, shall be as set forth in this chapter.      Where terms are not defined, they shall have their ordinary accepted meanings within the context with which they are used.      In the event there is a question about the definition of a term, the definitions for terms in the codes enumerated in RCW 19.27.031 and the edition of Webster's dictionary referenced therein shall be considered as the sources for providing ordinarily accepted meanings.

     Addition: See the Washington State Building Code.

     Advanced framed ceiling: Advanced framing assumes full and even depth of insulation extending to the outside edge of exterior walls.      (See Standard Framing and Section 1007.2 of this Code.)

     Advanced framed walls: Studs framed on twenty-four inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate.      Corners use two studs or other means of fully insulating corners, and one stud is used to support each header.      Headers consist of double 2X material with R-10 insulation between the header and exterior sheathing.      Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections are fully insulated in the exterior wall. (See Standard Framing and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)

     AFUE.      Annual fuel utilization efficiency: Unlike steady state conditions, this rating is based on average usage including on and off cycling as set out in the standardized Department of Energy Test Procedures.

     Air conditioning, comfort: The process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet requirements of the conditioned space.

     ARI: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute.

     ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

     ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

     Automatic: Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence, as for example, a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechanical configuration.      (See Manual.)

     Below grade walls: Walls or the portion of walls which are entirely below the finish grade or which extend two feet or less above the finish grade.

     ((Building, existing: See the Washington State Building Code.))

     Boiler capacity: The rate of heat output in Btu/h measured at the boiler outlet, at the design inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel/energy input.

     Building envelope: For Group R occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 101.3.1. For other than Group R occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or to or from unconditioned spaces, or to or from semi-heated spaces, or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 1301.

     Building, existing: See the Washington State Building Code.

     Building official: The official authorized to act in behalf of a jurisdiction code enforcement agency or its authorized representative.

     Building project: A building or group of buildings, including on-site energy conversion or electric-generating facilities, which utilize a single submittal for a construction permit or are within the boundary of a contiguous area under one ownership.

     ((Comfort envelope: The area on a psychrometric chart enclosing all those conditions described in Standard RS-4, Figure No. 1, as being comfortable.))

     Conditioned floor area: (See Gross conditioned floor area.)

     Conditioned space: ((All spaces which are provided with heated and/or cooled air or which are capable of being maintained at temperatures over fifty degrees F during the heating season, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors).)) A cooled space, heated space (fully heated), heated space (semi-heated) or indirectly conditioned space.

     Cooled space: ((Space within a building which is provided with a positive cooling supply.)) An enclosed space within a building that is cooled by a cooling system whose sensible capacity

     a. exceeds 5 Btu/(h • ft²), or

     b. is capable of maintaining space dry bulb temperature of 90°F or less at design cooling conditions.

     COP - Coefficient of performance: The ratio of the rate of net heat output (heating mode) or heat removal (cooling mode) to the rate of total on-site energy input to the heat pump, expressed in consistent units and under designated rating conditions.      (See Net Heat Output, Net Heat Removal, Total On-Site Energy Input.)

     Daylighted zone:

     a. Under overhead glazing: the area under overhead glazing whose horizontal dimension, in each direction, is equal to the overhead glazing dimension in that direction plus either the floor to ceiling height or the dimension to a ceiling height opaque partition, or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.

     b. At vertical glazing: the area adjacent to vertical glazing which receives daylighting from the glazing. For purposes of this definition and unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided, the daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance of 15 feet or to the nearest ceiling height opaque partition, whichever is less. The daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus either two feet on each side (the distance to an opaque partition) or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.

     Daylight sensing control (DS): A device that automatically regulates the power input to electric lighting near the glazing to maintain the desired workplace illumination, thus taking advantage of direct or indirect sunlight.

     Deadband: The temperature range in which no heating or cooling is used.

     ((Degree day, heating: A unit, based upon temperature difference and time, used in estimating fuel consumption and specifying nominal heating load of a building in winter.      For any one day when the mean temperature is less than sixty-five degrees F there exist as many degree days as there are Fahrenheit degrees difference in temperature between the mean temperature for the day and sixty-five degrees F.))

     Design cooling conditions: The cooling outdoor design temperature from the 0.5% column for summer from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."

     Design heating conditions: The heating outdoor design temperature from the 0.6% column for winter from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."

     Door: ((An operable opening area in the shell of a conditioned space, excluding sliding glass doors, which is designed and used as a means of ingress and egress.      A door may also include a double door one of which is fixed and one of which is operable.)) All operable opening areas, which are not glazing, in the building envelope including swinging and roll-up doors, fire doors, smoke vents and access hatches.

     Door area: Total area of door measured using the rough opening and including the door and frame.

     Dwelling unit: See the Washington State Building Code.

     EER.      Energy efficiency ratio: The ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions.

     Economizer, air: A ducting arrangement and automatic control system that allows a cooling supply fan system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration during mild or cold weather.

     Economizer, water: A system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled directly, indirectly or both, by evaporation of water or by other appropriate fluid in order to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration.

     Efficiency, HVAC system: The ratio of useful energy (at the point of use) to the energy input for a designated time period, expressed in percent.

     Emissivity: The ability to absorb infrared radiation.      A low emissivity implies a higher reflectance of infrared radiation.

     Energy: The capacity for doing work; taking a number of forms which may be transformed from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical and chemical; in customary units, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or British thermal units (Btu).      (See New energy.)

     Energy, recovered: (See Recovered energy.)

     Exterior envelope: (See Building envelope.)

     Facade area: Vertical projected area including nonhorizontal roof area, overhangs, cornices, etc. measured in elevation in a vertical plane parallel to the plane of the building face.

     Floor over unconditioned space: A floor which separates a conditioned space from an unconditioned space which is buffered from exterior ambient conditions including vented crawl spaces and unconditioned basements or other similar spaces, or exposed to exterior ambient conditions including open parking garages and enclosed garages which are mechanically ventilated.

     F-Factor: The perimeter heat loss factor expressed in

Btu/hr • ft •°F.

     F-Value: (See F-Factor.)

     Garden window: A multi-sided glazing product that projects beyond the plane of the wall.

     Glazed wall system: A category of site assembled fenestration products used in the NFRC 100 and NFRC 200 rating procedures that include curtainwalls.

     Glazing: All areas, including the frames, in the shell of a conditioned space that let in natural light including windows, clerestories, skylights, sliding or swinging glass doors and glass block walls.      ((The daylight opening area in all other doors shall be considered glazing for the purpose of calculating glazing area.      The daylight opening area in all other doors is included in the door U-factor and shall not be considered in calculations of glazing U-factors.))

     Glazing area: Total area of the glazing measured using the rough opening, and including the glazing, sash, and frame.      ((For sliding glass doors the glazing area is the rough opening area.      For all other doors the glazing area is the daylight opening area.)) For doors where the daylight opening area is less than 50% of the door area, the glazing area is the daylighting area. For all other doors, the glazing area is the door area.

     Gross conditioned floor area: The horizontal projection of that portion of interior space which is contained within exterior walls and which is conditioned directly or indirectly by an energy-using system, and which has an average height of five feet or greater, measured from the exterior faces.

     Gross exterior wall area: The normal projection of the building envelope wall area bounding interior space which is conditioned by an energy-using system and which separates conditioned space from: Unconditioned space, or semi-heated space, or exterior ambient conditions or earth; includes opaque wall, ((window)) vertical glazing and door areas.      The gross area of walls consists of all opaque wall areas, including foundation walls, between floor spandrels, peripheral edges of floors, ((window)) vertical glazing areas ((including sash,)) and door areas, where such surfaces are exposed to exterior ambient conditions and enclose a conditioned space including interstitial areas between two such spaces. (See Below grade wall.)

     Gross floor area: The sum of the areas of the several floors of the building, including basements, cellars, mezzanine and intermediate floored tiers and penthouses of headroom height, measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the center line of walls separating buildings, but excluding: Covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces.      Pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs and similar features.

     Gross roof/ceiling area: ((The sum of the areas of the roof/ceiling assembly, consisting of the total interior surface area of all elements, including skylights, which enclose a conditioned space.)) A roof/ceiling assembly shall be considered as all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through which heat flows, thus creating a building transmission heat loss or gain, where such assembly is exposed to exterior ambient conditions and encloses a conditioned space. The assembly does not include those components that are separated from a heated and/or cooled space by a vented airspace. The gross area of a roof/ceiling assembly consists of the total interior surface of such assembly, including overhead glazing.

     Guest room: See the Washington State Building Code.

     Heat: The form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature difference.

     Heat storage capacity: The physical property of materials (mass) located inside the building envelope to absorb, store, and release heat.

     Heated space (Fully heated): ((Space within a building which is provided with a positive heating supply.      Finished living space within a basement or registers or heating devices designed to supply heat to a basement space shall automatically define that space as heated space.      (See Positive Heating Supply.))) An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system whose output capacity is

     a. Capable of maintaining a space dry-bulb temperature of 45°F or greater at design heating conditions; or

     b. 8 Btu/(h • ft²) or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 12 Btu/(h • ft²) or greater in Climate Zone 2.

     Heated space (Semi-heated): An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system

     a. whose output capacity is 3 Btu/(h • ft²) or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 5 Btu/(h • ft²) or greater in Climate Zone 2; and

     b. is not a Heated Space (Fully Heated).

     HSPF.      Heating season performance factor: The total heating output (in Btu) of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for heating divided by the total (watt hour) electric power input during the same period, as determined by test procedures consistent with the U.S. Department of Energy "Test Procedure for Central Air Conditioners, Including Heat Pumps" published in ((the December 27, 1979, Federal Register, Vol 44, No. 24, IOCFR.      430)) Standard RS-30.      When specified in Btu per watt hour an HSPF of 6.826 is equivalent to a COP of 2.0.

     Humidistat: A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for automatic control of relative humidity.

     HVAC: Heating, ventilating and air conditioning.

     HVAC system components: HVAC system components provide, in one or more factory-assembled packages, means for chilling and/or heating water with controlled temperature for delivery to terminal units serving the conditioned spaces of the buildings.      Types of HVAC system components include, but are not limited to, water chiller packages, reciprocating condensing units and water source (hydronic) heat pumps.      (See HVAC system equipment.)

     HVAC system efficiency: (See Efficiency, HVAC system.)

     HVAC system equipment: HVAC system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split system) factory-assembled packages, means for air circulation, air cleaning, air cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification; and optionally, either alone or in combination with a heating plant, the functions of heating and humidifying.      The cooling function may be either electrically or heat operated and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporatively cooled.      Where the equipment is provided in more than one package, the separate packages shall be designed by the manufacturer to be used together.      The equipment may provide the heating function as a heat pump or by the use of electric elements.      (The word "equipment" used without modifying adjective may, in accordance with common industry usage, apply either to HVAC system equipment or HVAC system components.)

     ((Illumination: The density of the luminous flux incident on a surface; it is the quotient of the luminous flux by the area of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated.))

     Indirectly conditioned space: An enclosed space within a building that is not a heated or cooled space, whose area weighted heat transfer coefficient to heated or cooled spaces exceeds that to the outdoors or to unconditioned spaces; or through which air from heated or cooled spaces is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour. Enclosed corridors between conditioned spaces shall be considered as indirectly conditioned space. (See Heated Space, Cooled Space and Unconditioned Space.)

     Infiltration: The uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and interstices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building caused by the pressure effects of wind and/or the effect of differences in the indoor and outdoor air density.

     Insulation baffle: A rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture, the purpose of which is to allow air to flow freely into the attic or crawl space and to prevent insulation from blocking the ventilation of these spaces, or the loss of insulation.      Example materials for this purpose are sheet metal, or wax impregnated cardboard.

     Insulation position:

     a. Exterior Insulation Position: a wall having all or nearly all of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior of the mass.

     b. Integral Insulation Position: a wall having mass exposed to both room and outside air, with substantially equal amounts of mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer.

     c. Interior Insulation Position: a wall not meeting either of the above definitions; particularly a wall having most of its mass external to the insulation layer.

     IPLV -- Integrated part-load value: A single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP expressing part-load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment as specified in the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and Cooling Tower Institute (CTI) procedures.

     Luminaire: A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the electric power supply.

     Manual: Capable of being operated by personal intervention.      (See Automatic.)

     Microcell: A wireless communication facility consisting of an antenna that is either: (a) Four (4) feet in height and with an area of not more than 580 square inches; or (b) if a tubular antenna, no more than four (4) inches in diameter and no more than six (6) feet in length; and the associated equipment cabinet that is six (6) feet or less in height and no more than 48 square feet in floor area.

     NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.

     Net heat output: The change in the total heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (not including supplementary heat and heat from boilers).

     Net heat removal: The total difference in heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (without heat) or the difference in total heat content of the water or refrigerant entering and leaving the component.

     New energy: Energy, other than recovered energy, utilized for the purpose of heating or cooling.      (See energy.)

     Nominal R-value: The thermal resistance of insulation as specified by the manufacturer according to recognized trade and engineering standards.

     Nonrenewable energy sources: All energy sources that are not renewable energy sources including natural gas, oil, coal, wood, liquified petroleum gas, steam, and any utility-supplied electricity.

     Nonresidential: All buildings and spaces in the Uniform Building Code (UBC) occupancies other than Group R.

     Occupancy: See the Washington State Building Code.

     Opaque envelope areas: All exposed areas of a building envelope which enclose conditioned space, except openings for ((windows, skylights,)) doors, glazing and building service systems.

     Open blown: Loose fill insulation pneumatically installed in an unconfined attic space.

     Outdoor air (outside air): Air taken from the outdoors and, therefore, not previously circulated through ((the system)) a building.

     Packaged terminal air conditioner: A factory-selected combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or sections intended to serve a room or zone.      (For the complete technical definition, see Standard RS-10.)

     ((Packaged terminal heat pump: A factory-selected combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or sections intended for application in an individual room or zone.      (For the complete technical definition, see Standard RS-21.)))

     Permeance (perm): The ability of a material of specified thickness to transmit moisture in terms of amount of moisture transmitted per unit time for a specified area and differential pressure (grains per hour • ft² • inches of HG).      Permeance may be measured using ASTM E-96-72 or other approved dry cup method as specified in ((RS-1)) RS-27.

     Personal wireless service facility: A Wireless Communication Facility (WCF), including a microcell, which is a facility for the transmission and/or reception of radio frequency signals and which may include antennas, equipment shelter or cabinet, transmission cables, a support structure to achieve the necessary elevation, and reception and/or transmission devices or antennas.

     Pool cover: A vapor-retardant cover which lies on or at the surface of the pool.

     ((Positive cooling supply: Mechanical cooling deliberately supplied to a space, such as through a supply register.      Also, mechanical cooling indirectly supplied to a space through uninsulated surfaces of space cooling components, such as evaporator coil cases and cooling distribution systems which are capable of maintaining air temperatures within the space of eighty-five degrees F, or lower, at the exterior design conditions specified in Section 302.1.      To be considered exempt from inclusion in this definition, such surfaces shall comply with the insulation requirements of this Code.

     Positive heating supply: Heat deliberately supplied to a space by design, such as a supply register, radiator or heating element.      Also, heat indirectly supplied to a space through uninsulated surfaces of service water heaters and space heating components, such as furnaces, boilers and heating and cooling distributions systems which are capable of maintaining air temperature within the space of fifty degrees F, or higher, at the exterior design conditions specified in Section 302.1.      To be considered exempt from inclusion in this definition, such surfaces shall comply with the insulation requirements of this Code.))

     Power: In connection with machines, the time rate of doing work.      In connection with the transmission of energy of all types, the rate at which energy is transmitted; in customary units, it is measured in watts (W) or British Thermal Units per hour (Btu/h).

     ((Public facility rest room: A rest room used by the transient public on a regular (rather than casual) basis.      Examples include rest rooms in service stations, airports, train terminals and convention halls.      Rest rooms incorporated with private guest rooms in hotels, motels or dormitories and rest room facilities intended for the use of employees and not usually used by the general public are not considered public facility rest rooms.))

     Radiant slab floor: A slab floor assembly on grade or below, containing heated pipes, ducts, or electric heating cables that constitute a ((radiant slab)) floor or portion thereof for a complete or partial heating of the structure.

     Readily accessible: See the Washington State Mechanical Code.

     Recooling: The removal of heat by sensible cooling of the supply air (directly or indirectly) that has been previously heated above the temperature to which the air is to be supplied to the conditioned space for proper control of the temperature of that space.

     Recovered energy: Energy utilized which would otherwise be wasted (i.e. not contribute to a desired end use) from an energy utilization system.

     Reheat: The application of sensible heat to supply air that has been previously cooled below the temperature of the conditioned space by either mechanical refrigeration or the introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.

     Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources of energy (excluding minerals) are derived from: (1) incoming solar radiation, including but not limited to, natural daylighting and photosynthetic processes; (2) energy sources resulting from wind, waves and tides, lake or pond thermal differences; and (3) energy derived from the internal heat of the earth, including nocturnal thermal exchanges.

     Reset: Adjustment of the set point of a control instrument to a higher or lower value automatically or manually to conserve energy.

     Roof/ceiling assembly: ((A roof/ceiling assembly shall be considered as all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through which heat flows, thus creating a building transmission heat loss or gain, where such assembly is exposed exterior ambient conditions to and encloses a conditioned space.      The gross area of a roof/ceiling assembly consists of the total interior surface of such assembly, including skylights.)) (See Gross roof/ceiling area.)

     Seer - seasonal energy efficiency ratio: The total cooling output of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period, in Btu's, divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours, during the same period, as determined by 10 CFR, Part 430.

     Semi-heated space: Sub-category of Heated Space. (See Heated Space.)

     Sequence: A consecutive series of operations.

     Service systems: All energy-using systems in a building that are operated to provide services for the occupants or processes housed therein, including HVAC, service water heating, illumination, transportation, cooking or food preparation, laundering or similar functions.

     Service water heating: Supply of hot water for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating.

     Shaded: Glazed area which is externally protected from direct solar radiation by use of devices permanently affixed to the structure or by an adjacent building, topographical feature, or vegetation.

     Shading coefficient: The ratio of solar heat gain occurring through nonopaque portions of the glazing, with or without integral shading devices, to the solar heat gain occurring through an equivalent area of unshaded, 1/8 inch thick, clear, double-strength glass.

Note:

Heat gains to be compared under the same conditions. See Chapter 28 of Standard RS-27, listed in Chapter 17 of this Code.

     Shall: Denotes a mandatory code requirement.

     Single family: One and two family residential dwelling units with no more than two units in a single building.

     Skylight: ((A glazing surface that has a slope of less than sixty degrees from the horizontal plane.)) (See Overhead glazing.)

     Slab-below-grade: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is more than 24 inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.

     Slab-on-grade, exterior: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is less than or equal to twenty-four inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.

     ((Slab-below-grade: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is more than twenty-four inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.))

     Small business: Any business entity (including a sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership, or other legal entity) which is owned and operated independently from all other businesses, which has the purpose of making a profit, and which has fifty or fewer employees, or which has a million dollars or less per year in gross sales, of window products.

     Solar energy source: Source of natural daylighting and of thermal, chemical or electrical energy derived directly from conversion of incident solar radiation.

     Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the glazing product to the incident solar radiation.      Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is then reradiated, conducted or convected into the space.

     Split system: Any heat pump or air conditioning unit which is provided in more than one assembly requiring refrigeration piping installed in the field.

     Standard framing: All framing practices not defined as "intermediate" or "advanced" shall be considered standard.      (See Advanced framed ceiling, Advanced framed walls, Intermediate framed wall and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)

     Substantial contact: A condition where adjacent building materials are placed in a manner that proximal surfaces are contiguous, being installed and supported as to eliminate voids between materials, without compressing or degrading the thermal performance of either product.

     System: A combination of central or terminal equipment or components and/or controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and terminal devices by which energy is transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as HVAC, service water heating or illumination.

     Tapering: Installation of a reduced level of ceiling insulation at the eaves, due to reduced clearance.

     Thermal by-pass: An area where the envelope surrounding the conditioned space is breached, or where an ineffective application compromises the performance of a thermal or infiltration barrier, increasing the structure's energy consumption by exposing finished surfaces to ambient conditions and additional heat transfer.

     Thermal conductance (C): Time rate of heat flow through a body (frequently per unit area) from one of its bounding surfaces to the other for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady conditions (Btu/hr • ft² •°F).

     Thermal resistance (R): The reciprocal of thermal conductance (hr • ft² •°F/Btu).

     Thermal transmittance (U): The coefficient of heat transmission (air to air).      It is the time rate of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature difference between the warm side and cold side air films (Btu/hr • ft² •°F).      ((The U-factor applies to the fractional combinations of different materials used in series along the heat flow path.))

     Thermal transmittance, overall (U_o): The overall (average) heat transmission of a gross area of the exterior building envelope (Btu/hr • ft² •°F).      The U_o-factor applies to the combined effect of the time rate of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as ((windows,)) glazing, doors and opaque construction areas, comprising the gross area of one or more exterior building components, such as walls, floors or roof/ceiling.

     Thermostat: An automatic control device actuated by temperature and designed to be responsive to temperature.     

     Total on-site energy input: The combination of all the energy inputs to all elements and accessories as included in the equipment components, including but not limited to, compressor(s), compressor sump heater(s), circulating pump(s), purge devices, fan(s), and the HVAC system component control circuit.

     Transmission coefficient: The ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system to that of an unshaded single pane of double strength window glass under the same set of conditions.

     U-factor: (See thermal transmittance.)

     U-Value: (See U-factor.)

     Uniform Building Code (UBC): ((The Washington State Uniform Building Code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.)) (See Washington State Building Code.)

     Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC): ((The Washington State Uniform Mechanical Code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.)) (See Washington State Mechanical Code.)

     Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC): (See Washington State Plumbing Code.)

     Unitary cooling and heating equipment: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor and condenser combination, and may include a heating function as well.      Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.

     Unitary heat pump: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an indoor conditioning coil, compressor(s) and outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, including means to provide both heating and cooling functions.      When such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.

     Vapor retarder: A layer of low moisture transmissivity material (not more than 1.0 perm dry cup) placed over the warm side (in winter) of insulation, over the exterior of below grade walls, and under floors as ground cover to limit the transport of water and water vapor through exterior walls, ceilings, and floors.      Vapor retarding paint, listed for this application, also ((complies with this Code)) meets this definition.

     Vaulted ceilings: All ceilings where enclosed joist or rafter space is formed by ceilings applied directly to the underside of roof joists or rafters.

     Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space.      Such air may or may not have been conditioned.

     Ventilation air: That portion of supply air which comes from outside (outdoors) plus any recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated space.

     Vertical glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of 60° or greater from the horizontal plane.

     Walls (exterior): Any member or group of members which defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and which have a slope of sixty degrees or greater with the horizontal plane, and separates conditioned from unconditioned space.      Band joists between floors are to be considered a part of exterior walls.

     Washington State Building Code: The building code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.

     Washington State Mechanical Code: The mechanical code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.

     Washington State Plumbing Code: The plumbing code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.

     Zone: A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device.      Each dwelling unit in residential buildings shall be considered a single zone.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0201, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0201, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025.      93-21-052, § 51-11-0201, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0201, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     502.1 General:

     502.1.1: The stated U- or F-factor of any component assembly, listed in Table 5-1 or 5-2, such as roof/ceiling, opaque wall or opaque floor may be increased and the U-factor for other components decreased, provided that the total heat gain or loss for the entire building envelope does not exceed the total resulting from compliance to the U-factors specified in this Section.

     The U-factors for typical construction assemblies are included in Chapter 10.      These values shall be used for all calculations.      Where proposed construction assemblies are not represented in Chapter 10, values shall be calculated in accordance with Chapters 21-29 in Standard RS-1 listed in Chapter 7, using the framing factors listed in Chapter 10 where applicable.

     For envelope assemblies containing metal framing, the U-factor shall be determined by one of the following methods:

     1. Results of laboratory or field measurements.

     2. Standard RS-25, listed in Chapter 7, where the metal framing is bonded on one or both sides to a metal skin or covering.

     3. The zone method as provided in Chapter 24 of Standard RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.

     4. Results of parallel path correction factors effective framing/cavity R-values as provided from the following table for metal stud walls and roof ceilings:

	Framing		Cavity Insulation
				Effective R-Value
	Nominal Depth, Inches	Actual Depth, Inches	Nominal R-Value	Framing 16" o.c.	Framing 24" o.c.
Air cavity	any	any	0.91	0.79	0.91
	4	3-1/2	R-11	R-5.5	R-6.6
	4	3-1/2	R-13	R-6.0	R-7.2
Wall	4	3-1/2	R-15	R-6.4	R-7.8
	6	5-1/2	R-19	R-7.1	R-8.6
	6	5-1/2	R-21	R-7.4	R-9.0
	8	7-1/4	R-25	R-7.8	R-9.6
		Insulation	R-11	R-5.5	R-6.1
Roof		is	R-19	R-7.0	R-9.1
		uncompressed	R-30	R-9.3	R-11.4

     502.1.2: For consideration of thermal mass effects, see section 402.4.

     502.1.3: When return air ceiling plenums are employed, the roof/ceiling assembly shall:

     a. For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly; and

     b. For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper plenum surface.

     502.1.4 Insulation:

     502.1.4.1 General: All insulating materials shall comply with sections 2602 and/or 707 of the Uniform Building Code.      Substantial contact of the insulation with the surface being insulated is required.      All insulation materials shall be installed according to the manufacturer's instructions to achieve proper densities and maintain uniform R-values and shall be installed in a manner which will permit inspection of the manufacturer's R-value identification mark.      To the maximum extent possible, insulation shall extend over the full component area to the intended R-value.

Alternatively, the thickness of roof/ceiling and wall insulation that is either blown in or spray-applied shall be identified by inches of thickness, density and R-value markers installed at least one for every 300 square feet (28 m²) through the attic, ceiling and/or wall space. In attics, the markers shall be affixed to the trusses or joists and marked with the minimum initial installed thickness and minimum settled thickness with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the attic access. The thickness of installed attic insulation shall meet or exceed the minimum initial installed thickness shown by the marker. In cathedral ceilings and walls, the markers shall be affixed to the rafter and wall frame at alternating high and low intervals and marked with the minimum installed density and R-value with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the conditioned room area.

     502.1.4.2 Insulation Materials: All insulation materials including facings such as vapor barriers or breather papers installed within floor/ceiling assemblies, roof/ceiling assemblies, walls, crawl spaces, or attics shall have a flame spread rating of less than 25 and a smoke density not to exceed 450 when tested in accordance with UBC Standard 8-1.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with section 2602 of the Uniform Building Code.
	2. When such materials are installed in concealed spaces of Types III, IV and V construction, the flame spread and smoke developed limitations do not apply to facing, provided that the facing is installed in substantial contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling, floor or wall finish.
	3. Cellulose insulation shall comply with section 707 of the Uniform Building Code.

     502.1.4.3 Clearances: Where required, insulation shall be installed with clearances according to manufacturer's specifications.      Insulation shall be installed so that required ventilation is unobstructed.      For blown or poured loose fill insulation, clearances shall be maintained through installation of a permanent retainer.

     502.1.4.4 Access Hatches and Doors: Access doors from conditioned spaces to unconditioned spaces (e.g., attics and crawl spaces) shall be weatherstripped and insulated to a level equivalent to the insulation on the surrounding surfaces.      Access shall be provided to all equipment which prevents damaging or compressing the insulation.      A wood framed or equivalent baffle or retainer must be provided when loose fill insulation is installed, the purpose of which is to prevent the loose fill insulation from spilling into the living space when the attic access is opened, and to provide a permanent means of maintaining the installed R-value of the loose fill insulation.

     502.1.4.5 Roof/Ceiling Insulation: Open-blown or poured loose fill insulation may be used in attic spaces where the slope of the ceiling is not more than 3 feet in 12 and there is at least 30 inches of clear distance from the top of the bottom chord of the truss or ceiling joist to the underside of the sheathing at the roof ridge.      When eave vents are installed, baffling of the vent openings shall be provided so as to deflect the incoming air above the surface of the insulation.      Baffles shall be, rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture.      Requirements for baffles for ceiling insulation shall meet the Uniform Building Code section 1505.3 for minimum ventilation requirements.      When feasible, the baffles shall be installed from the top of the outside of the exterior wall, extending inward, to a point 6 inches vertically above the height of noncompressed insulation, and 12 inches vertically above loose fill insulation.

     502.1.4.6 Wall Insulation: Insulation installed in exterior walls shall comply with the provisions of this section.      All wall insulation shall fill the entire framed cavity.      Exterior wall cavities isolated during framing shall be fully insulated to the levels of the surrounding walls.      All faced insulation shall be face stapled to avoid compression.

     502.1.4.7 Floor Insulation: Floor insulation shall be installed in a permanent manner in substantial contact with the surface being insulated.      Insulation supports shall be installed so spacing is no more than 24 inches on center.      Foundation vents shall be placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the floor insulation.

EXCEPTION:

Insulation may be omitted from floor areas over heated basements, heated garages or underfloor areas used as HVAC supply plenums. See Uniform Mechanical Code section 607 for underfloor supply plenum requirements. When foundation walls are insulated, the insulation shall be attached in a permanent manner. The insulation shall not block the airflow through foundation vents when installed. When foundation vents are not placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the floor insulation, a permanently attached baffle shall be installed at an angle of 30° from horizontal, to divert air flow below the lower surface of the floor insulation.

     502.1.4.8 Slab-On-Grade: Slab-on-grade insulation, installed inside the foundation wall, shall extend downward from the top of the slab for a minimum distance of 24 inches or downward and then horizontally beneath the slab for a minimum combined distance of 24 inches.      Insulation installed outside the foundation shall extend downward to a minimum of 24 inches or to the frostline.      Above grade insulation shall be protected.

EXCEPTION:

For monolithic slabs, the insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab to the bottom of the footing.

     502.1.4.9 Radiant Slabs: The entire area of a radiant slab shall be thermally isolated from the soil, with a minimum of R-10 insulation.      The insulation shall be an approved product for its intended use.      If a soil gas control system is present below the radiant slab, which results in increased convective flow below the radiant slab, the radiant slab shall be thermally isolated from the sub-slab gravel layer.

     502.1.4.10 Below Grade Walls: Below grade exterior wall insulation used on the exterior (cold) side of the wall shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the top of the footing and shall be approved for below grade use.      Above grade insulation shall be protected.

     Insulation used on the interior (warm) side of the wall shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the below grade floor level.

     502.1.5 Glazing and Door U-factors: Glazing and door U-factors shall be determined in accordance with sections 502.1.5.1 and 502.1.5.2.      All products shall be labeled with the NFRC certified or default U-factor.      The labeled U-factor shall be used in all calculations to determine compliance with this Code.      Sealed insulating glass shall conform to, or be in test for, ASTM E-774-81 class A.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. For glazed wall systems, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 through 6-6 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater:
	a. Double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e=0.10 maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, and a non-aluminum spacer (as defined in footnote 1 to Table 10-6B), and
	b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl.
	The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 vertical glazing U-factor requirement using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code."
	2. For overhead glazing, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the overhead glazing U-factor requirement in all Table 6-1 through 6-6 options except the unlimited glazing area options (Option VIII in Table 6-2, Option IX in Table 6-4, and Option VIII for Climate Zone 1 and Option IX for Climate Zone 2 in Table 6-6):
	a. Either, double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e=0.20 maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, or, triple glazed plastic domes, and
	b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl.
	The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 overhead glazing U-factor requirement using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code."
	3. For solariums with a floor area which does not exceed 300 square feet, assemblies which comply with the features listed in exception 2 are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 through 6-6 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater.
	The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor requirements using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code."

     502.1.5.1 Standard Procedure for Determination of Glazing U-factors: U-factors for glazing shall be determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification and inspection agency licensed by the NFRC.      Compliance shall be based on the Residential Model Size.      Product samples used for U-factor determinations shall be production line units or representative of units as purchased by the consumer or contractor.      Products that are listed in the NFRC Certified Products Directory or certified to the NFRC standard shall not use default values.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1.Glazing products without NFRC ratings may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for vertical glazing and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
	2. Units without NFRC ratings produced by a small business may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for garden windows, from Table 10-6B for other vertical glazing, and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
	3. Compliance may be based on the NFRC Nonresidential Model Size providing the average glazing product size for each operator type meets or exceeds the NFRC Nonresidential Model Size. A glazing schedule and average glazing size calculation shall be provided for each operator type.

     502.1.5.2 Standard Procedure for Determination of Door U-factors: Half-lite and full-lite doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6D.      All other doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. U-factors determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification and inspection agency licensed by the NFRC.
	2. The default values for the opaque portions of doors shall be those listed in Table 10-6C, provided that the U-factor listed for a door with a thermal break shall only be allowed if both the door and the frame have a thermal break.
	3. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be installed for ornamental, security or architectural purposes.      Products using this exception shall not be included in either the U-factor or glazing area calculation requirements.

     502.1.6 Moisture Control:

     502.1.6.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be installed on the warm side (in winter) of insulation as specified in the following cases.

EXCEPTION:

Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned space.

     502.1.6.2 Floors: Floors separating conditioned space from unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed.      The vapor retarder shall have a one perm dry cup rating or less (i.e., four mil[0.004 inch thick] polyethylene or kraft faced material).

     502.1.6.3 Roof/Ceilings: Roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the insulation is less than an average of 12 inches shall be provided with a vapor retarder.      Faced batt insulation where used as a vapor retarder shall be face stapled.      Single rafter joist vaulted ceiling cavities shall be of sufficient depth to allow a minimum one inch vented air space above the insulation.

     502.1.6.4: Vapor retarders shall not be required in roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the insulation averages 12 inches or greater.

     502.1.6.5: Vapor retarders shall not be required where all of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane and the structural roof deck.

     502.1.6.6 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed.      Faced batt insulation shall be face stapled.

     502.1.6.7 Ground Cover: A ground cover of six mil (0.006 inch thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid over the ground within crawl spaces.      The ground cover shall be overlapped 12 inches minimum at the joints and shall extend to the foundation wall.

EXCEPTION:

The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a minimum thickness of 3-1/2 inches.

     502.2 Thermal Criteria for Group R Occupancy:

     502.2.1 UA Calculations: The proposed UA as calculated using Equations 2 and 3 shall not exceed the target UA as calculated using Equation 1.      For the purpose of determining equivalent thermal performance, the glazing area for the target UA shall be calculated using values in Table 5-1.      The opaque door area shall be the same in the target UA and the proposed UA.

EXCEPTION:

Log and solid timber walls that have a minimum average thickness of 3.5" and with space heat type other than electric resistance, are exempt from wall target UA and proposed UA calculations.

     502.2.2 Space Heat Type: The following two categories comprise all space heating types:

     1.      Electric Resistance: Space heating systems which include baseboard units, radiant units and forced air units as either the primary or secondary heating system.

EXCEPTION:

Electric resistance systems for which the total electric heat capacity in each individual dwelling unit does not exceed the greater of: 1) One thousand watts (1000 w) per dwelling unit, or; 2) One watt per square foot (1 w/ft2) of the gross floor area.

     2. Other: All gas, wood, oil and propane space heating systems, unless electric resistance is used as a secondary heating system, and all heat pump space heating systems.      (See EXCEPTIONS, Electric Resistance, section 502.2.2 above.)

     502.3 Reserved.

     502.4 Air Leakage:

     502.4.1 General: The requirements of this section shall apply to all buildings and structures, or portions thereof, and only to those locations separating outdoor ambient conditions from interior spaces that are heated or mechanically cooled.

     502.4.2 Doors and Windows, General: Exterior doors and windows shall be designed to limit air leakage into or from the building envelope.      Site-constructed doors and windows shall be sealed in accordance with Section 502.4.3.

     502.4.3 Seals and Weatherstripping:

     a. Exterior joints around windows and door frames, openings between walls and foundation, between walls and roof and wall panels; openings at penetrations of utility services through walls, floors and roofs; and all other openings in the building envelope for all occupancies and all other openings in between units in R-1 occupancy shall be sealed, caulked, gasketed or weatherstripped to limit air leakage. Other exterior joints and seams shall be similarly treated, or taped, or covered with moisture vapor permeable housewrap.

     b. All exterior doors or doors serving as access to an enclosed unheated area shall be weatherstripped to limit leakage around their perimeter when in a closed position.

     c. Site built windows are exempt from testing but shall be made tight fitting.      Fixed lights shall have glass retained by stops with sealant or caulking all around.      Operating sash shall have weatherstripping working against overlapping trim and a closer/latch which will hold the sash closed.      The window frame to framing crack shall be made tight with caulking, overlapping membrane or other approved technique.

     d. Openings that are required to be fire resistive are exempt from this section.

     502.4.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures: When installed in the building envelope, recessed lighting fixtures shall meet one of the following requirements:

     1. Type IC rated, manufactured with no penetrations between the inside of the recessed fixture and ceiling cavity and sealed or gasketed to prevent air leakage into the unconditioned space.

     2. Type IC rated, installed inside a sealed box constructed from a minimum 1/2 inch thick gypsum wall board, or constructed from a preformed polymeric vapor barrier, or other air tight assembly manufactured for this purpose.

     3. Type IC rated, certified under ASTM E283 to have no more than 2.0 cfm air movement from the conditioned space to the ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at 75 Pascals or 1.57 lbs/ft² pressure difference and have a label attached, showing compliance.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0502, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-03-003, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98)

WAC 51-11-0502
Building envelope requirements.

     502.1 General:

     502.1.1: The stated U- or F-factor of any component assembly, listed in Table 5-1 or 5-2, such as roof/ceiling, opaque wall or opaque floor may be increased and the U-factor for other components decreased, provided that the total heat gain or loss for the entire building envelope does not exceed the total resulting from compliance to the U-factors specified in this Section.

     The U-factors for typical construction assemblies are included in Chapter 10.      These values shall be used for all calculations.      Where proposed construction assemblies are not represented in Chapter 10, values shall be calculated in accordance with Chapters 21-29 in Standard RS-1 listed in Chapter 7, using the framing factors listed in Chapter 10 where applicable.

     For envelope assemblies containing metal framing, the U-factor shall be determined by one of the following methods:

     1.     Results of laboratory or field measurements.

     2. Standard RS-25, listed in Chapter 7, where the metal framing is bonded on one or both sides to a metal skin or covering.

     3.     The zone method as provided in Chapter 24 of Standard RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.

     4.     Results of parallel path correction factors effective framing/cavity R-values as provided ((from the following table for metal stud walls and roof ceilings:)) in Table 10-5A - Default U-Factors and Effective R-Values for Metal Stud Walls and Default Metal Building U-Factors.

	((Framing		Cavity Insulation
				Effective R-Value
	Nominal Depth, Inches	Actual Depth, Inches	Nominal R-Value	Framing 16" o.c.	Framing 24" o.c.
Air cavity	any	any	0.91	0.79	0.91
	4	3-1/2	R-11	R-5.5	R-6.6
	4	3-1/2	R-13	R-6.0	R-7.2
Wall	4	3-1/2	R-15	R-6.4	R-7.8
	6	5-1/2	R-19	R-7.1	R-8.6
	6	5-1/2	R-21	R-7.4	R-9.0
	8	7-1/4	R-25	R-7.8	R-9.6
		Insulation	R-11	R-5.5	R-6.1
Roof		is	R-19	R-7.0	R-9.1
		uncompressed	R-30	R-9.3	R-11.4))

     502.1.2: For consideration of thermal mass effects, see section 402.4.

     502.1.3: When return air ceiling plenums are employed, the roof/ceiling assembly shall:

     a.     For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly; and

     b.     For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper plenum surface.

     502.1.4 Insulation:

     502.1.4.1 General: All insulating materials shall comply with sections 2602 and/or 707 of the Uniform Building Code.      Substantial contact of the insulation with the surface being insulated is required.      All insulation materials shall be installed according to the manufacturer's instructions to achieve proper densities and maintain uniform R-values and shall be installed in a manner which will permit inspection of the manufacturer's R-value identification mark.      To the maximum extent possible, insulation shall extend over the full component area to the intended R-value.

Alternatively, the thickness of roof/ceiling and wall insulation that is either blown in or spray-applied shall be identified by inches of thickness, density and R-value markers installed at least one for every 300 square feet (28 m²) through the attic, ceiling and/or wall space. In attics, the markers shall be affixed to the trusses or joists and marked with the minimum initial installed thickness and minimum settled thickness with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the attic access. The thickness of installed attic insulation shall meet or exceed the minimum initial installed thickness shown by the marker. In cathedral ceilings and walls, the markers shall be affixed to the rafter and wall frame at alternating high and low intervals and marked with the minimum installed density and R-value with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the conditioned room area.

     502.1.4.2 Insulation Materials: All insulation materials including facings such as vapor barriers or breather papers installed within floor/ceiling assemblies, roof/ceiling assemblies, walls, crawl spaces, or attics shall have a flame spread rating of less than 25 and a smoke density not to exceed 450 when tested in accordance with UBC Standard 8-1.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with section 2602 of the Uniform Building Code.
	2. When such materials are installed in concealed spaces of Types III, IV and V construction, the flame spread and smoke developed limitations do not apply to facing, provided that the facing is installed in substantial contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling, floor or wall finish.
	3. Cellulose insulation shall comply with section 707 of the Uniform Building Code.

     502.1.4.3 Clearances: Where required, insulation shall be installed with clearances according to manufacturer's specifications.      Insulation shall be installed so that required ventilation is unobstructed.      For blown or poured loose fill insulation, clearances shall be maintained through installation of a permanent retainer.

     502.1.4.4 Access Hatches and Doors: Access doors from conditioned spaces to unconditioned spaces (e.g., attics and crawl spaces) shall be weatherstripped and insulated to a level equivalent to the insulation on the surrounding surfaces.      Access shall be provided to all equipment which prevents damaging or compressing the insulation.      A wood framed or equivalent baffle or retainer must be provided when loose fill insulation is installed, the purpose of which is to prevent the loose fill insulation from spilling into the living space when the attic access is opened, and to provide a permanent means of maintaining the installed R-value of the loose fill insulation.

     502.1.4.5 Roof/Ceiling Insulation: Open-blown or poured loose fill insulation may be used in attic spaces where the slope of the ceiling is not more than 3 feet in 12 and there is at least 30 inches of clear distance from the top of the bottom chord of the truss or ceiling joist to the underside of the sheathing at the roof ridge.      When eave vents are installed, baffling of the vent openings shall be provided so as to deflect the incoming air above the surface of the insulation.      Baffles shall be, rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture.      Requirements for baffles for ceiling insulation shall meet the Uniform Building Code section 1505.3 for minimum ventilation requirements.      When feasible, the baffles shall be installed from the top of the outside of the exterior wall, extending inward, to a point 6 inches vertically above the height of noncompressed insulation, and 12 inches vertically above loose fill insulation.

     502.1.4.6 Wall Insulation: Insulation installed in exterior walls shall comply with the provisions of this section.      All wall insulation shall fill the entire framed cavity.      Exterior wall cavities isolated during framing shall be fully insulated to the levels of the surrounding walls.      All faced insulation shall be face stapled to avoid compression.

     502.1.4.7 Floor Insulation: Floor insulation shall be installed in a permanent manner in substantial contact with the surface being insulated.      Insulation supports shall be installed so spacing is no more than 24 inches on center.      Foundation vents shall be placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the floor insulation.

EXCEPTION:

Insulation may be omitted from floor areas over heated basements, heated garages or underfloor areas used as HVAC supply plenums. See Uniform Mechanical Code section 607 for underfloor supply plenum requirements. When foundation walls are insulated, the insulation shall be attached in a permanent manner. The insulation shall not block the airflow through foundation vents when installed. When foundation vents are not placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the floor insulation, a permanently attached baffle shall be installed at an angle of 30° from horizontal, to divert air flow below the lower surface of the floor insulation.

     502.1.4.8 Slab-On-Grade: Slab-on-grade insulation, installed inside the foundation wall, shall extend downward from the top of the slab for a minimum distance of 24 inches or downward and then horizontally beneath the slab for a minimum combined distance of 24 inches.      Insulation installed outside the foundation shall extend downward to a minimum of 24 inches or to the frostline.      Above grade insulation shall be protected.

EXCEPTION:

For monolithic slabs, the insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab to the bottom of the footing.

     502.1.4.9 Radiant Slabs: The entire area of a radiant slab shall be thermally isolated from the soil, with a minimum of R-10 insulation.      The insulation shall be an approved product for its intended use.      If a soil gas control system is present below the radiant slab, which results in increased convective flow below the radiant slab, the radiant slab shall be thermally isolated from the sub-slab gravel layer.

     502.1.4.10 Below Grade Walls: Below grade exterior wall insulation used on the exterior (cold) side of the wall shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the top of the footing and shall be approved for below grade use.      Above grade insulation shall be protected.

     Insulation used on the interior (warm) side of the wall shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the below grade floor level.

     502.1.5 Glazing and Door U-factors: Glazing and door U-factors shall be determined in accordance with sections 502.1.5.1 and 502.1.5.2.      All products shall be labeled with the NFRC certified or default U-factor.      The labeled U-factor shall be used in all calculations to determine compliance with this Code.      Sealed insulating glass shall conform to, or be in test for, ASTM E-774-81 class A.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. For glazed wall systems, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 through 6-6 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater:
	a. Double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e=0.10 maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, and a non-aluminum spacer (as defined in footnote 1 to Table 10-6B), and
	b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl.
	The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 vertical glazing U-factor requirement using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code."
	2. For overhead glazing, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the overhead glazing U-factor requirement in all Table 6-1 through 6-6 options except the unlimited glazing area options (Option VIII in Table 6-2, Option IX in Table 6-4, and Option VIII for Climate Zone 1 and Option IX for Climate Zone 2 in Table 6-6):
	a. Either, double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e=0.20 maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, or, triple glazed plastic domes, and
	b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad wood, vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl.
	The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 overhead glazing U-factor requirement using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code."
	3. For solariums with a floor area which does not exceed 300 square feet, assemblies which comply with the features listed in exception 2 are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 through 6-6 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater.
	The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 through 6-6 vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor requirements using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code."

     502.1.5.1 Standard Procedure for Determination of Glazing U-factors: U-factors for glazing shall be determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification and inspection agency licensed by the NFRC.      Compliance shall be based on the Residential Model Size.      Product samples used for U-factor determinations shall be production line units or representative of units as purchased by the consumer or contractor.      Products that are listed in the NFRC Certified Products Directory or certified to the NFRC standard shall not use default values.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1.Glazing products without NFRC ratings may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for vertical glazing and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
	2. Units without NFRC ratings produced by a small business may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for garden windows, from Table 10-6B for other vertical glazing, and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
	3. Compliance may be based on the NFRC Nonresidential Model Size providing the average glazing product size for each operator type meets or exceeds the NFRC Nonresidential Model Size. A glazing schedule and average glazing size calculation shall be provided for each operator type.

     502.1.5.2 Standard Procedure for Determination of Door U-factors: Half-lite and full-lite doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6D.      All other doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. U-factors determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification and inspection agency licensed by the NFRC.
	2. The default values for the opaque portions of doors shall be those listed in Table 10-6C, provided that the U-factor listed for a door with a thermal break shall only be allowed if both the door and the frame have a thermal break.
	3. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be installed for ornamental, security or architectural purposes.      Products using this exception shall not be included in either the U-factor or glazing area calculation requirements.

     502.1.6 Moisture Control:

     502.1.6.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be installed on the warm side (in winter) of insulation as specified in the following cases.

EXCEPTION:

Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned space.

     502.1.6.2 Floors: Floors separating conditioned space from unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed.      The vapor retarder shall have a one perm dry cup rating or less (i.e., four mil[0.004 inch thick] polyethylene or kraft faced material).

     502.1.6.3 Roof/Ceilings: Roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the insulation is less than an average of 12 inches shall be provided with a vapor retarder.      Faced batt insulation where used as a vapor retarder shall be face stapled.      Single rafter joist vaulted ceiling cavities shall be of sufficient depth to allow a minimum one inch vented air space above the insulation.

     502.1.6.4: Vapor retarders shall not be required in roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the insulation averages 12 inches or greater.

     502.1.6.5: Vapor retarders shall not be required where all of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane and the structural roof deck.

     502.1.6.6 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed.      Faced batt insulation shall be face stapled.

     502.1.6.7 Ground Cover: A ground cover of six mil (0.006 inch thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid over the ground within crawl spaces.      The ground cover shall be overlapped 12 inches minimum at the joints and shall extend to the foundation wall.

EXCEPTION:

The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a minimum thickness of 3-1/2 inches.

     502.2 Thermal Criteria for Group R Occupancy:

     502.2.1 UA Calculations: The proposed UA as calculated using Equations 2 and 3 shall not exceed the target UA as calculated using Equation 1.      For the purpose of determining equivalent thermal performance, the glazing area for the target UA shall be calculated using values in Table 5-1.      The opaque door area shall be the same in the target UA and the proposed UA.

EXCEPTION:

Log and solid timber walls that have a minimum average thickness of 3.5" and with space heat type other than electric resistance, are exempt from wall target UA and proposed UA calculations.

     502.2.2 Space Heat Type: The following two categories comprise all space heating types:

     1.     Electric Resistance: Space heating systems which include baseboard units, radiant units and forced air units as either the primary or secondary heating system.

EXCEPTION:

Electric resistance systems for which the total electric heat capacity in each individual dwelling unit does not exceed the greater of: 1) One thousand watts (1000 w) per dwelling unit, or; 2) One watt per square foot (1 w/ft2) of the gross floor area.

     2. Other: All gas, wood, oil and propane space heating systems, unless electric resistance is used as a secondary heating system, and all heat pump space heating systems.      (See EXCEPTIONS, Electric Resistance, section 502.2.2 above.)

     502.3 Reserved.

     502.4 Air Leakage:

     502.4.1 General: The requirements of this section shall apply to all buildings and structures, or portions thereof, and only to those locations separating outdoor ambient conditions from interior spaces that are heated or mechanically cooled.

     502.4.2 Doors and Windows, General: Exterior doors and windows shall be designed to limit air leakage into or from the building envelope.      Site-constructed doors and windows shall be sealed in accordance with Section 502.4.3.

     502.4.3 Seals and Weatherstripping:

     a. Exterior joints around windows and door frames, openings between walls and foundation, between walls and roof and wall panels; openings at penetrations of utility services through walls, floors and roofs; and all other openings in the building envelope for all occupancies and all other openings in between units in R-1 occupancy shall be sealed, caulked, gasketed or weatherstripped to limit air leakage. Other exterior joints and seams shall be similarly treated, or taped, or covered with moisture vapor permeable housewrap.

     b. All exterior doors or doors serving as access to an enclosed unheated area shall be weatherstripped to limit leakage around their perimeter when in a closed position.

     c. Site built windows are exempt from testing but shall be made tight fitting.      Fixed lights shall have glass retained by stops with sealant or caulking all around.      Operating sash shall have weatherstripping working against overlapping trim and a closer/latch which will hold the sash closed.      The window frame to framing crack shall be made tight with caulking, overlapping membrane or other approved technique.

     d. Openings that are required to be fire resistive are exempt from this section.

     502.4.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures: When installed in the building envelope, recessed lighting fixtures shall meet one of the following requirements:

     1. Type IC rated, manufactured with no penetrations between the inside of the recessed fixture and ceiling cavity and sealed or gasketed to prevent air leakage into the unconditioned space.

     2. Type IC rated, installed inside a sealed box constructed from a minimum 1/2 inch thick gypsum wall board, or constructed from a preformed polymeric vapor barrier, or other air tight assembly manufactured for this purpose.

     3. Type IC rated, certified under ASTM E283 to have no more than 2.0 cfm air movement from the conditioned space to the ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at 75 Pascals or 1.57 lbs/ft² pressure difference and have a label attached, showing compliance.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0502, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-24-075, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99)

WAC 51-11-0503
Building mechanical systems.

     503.1 General: This section covers the determination of design requirements, system and component performance, control requirements, insulating systems and duct construction.

((EXCEPTIONS:

Special applications, including but not limited to hospitals, laboratories, thermally sensitive equipment, and computer rooms may be exempted from the requirements of this section when approved by the building official.))

     503.2 Calculations of Heating and Cooling Loads, and System Sizing Limits: The design parameters specified in Chapter 3 shall apply for all computations.

     503.2.1 Calculation Procedures: Heating and cooling design loads for the purpose of sizing HVAC systems are required and shall be calculated in accordance with accepted engineering practice, including infiltration and ventilation.

     503.2.2 Space Heating and Space Cooling System Sizing Limits: Building mechanical systems for all buildings which provide space heating and/or space cooling shall be sized no greater than two hundred percent (200%) of the heating and cooling design loads as calculated above.

EXCEPTIONS:

The following limited exemptions from the sizing limit shall be allowed, however, in all cases heating and/or cooling design load calculations shall be submitted.

	1. For equipment which provides both heating and cooling in one package unit, including heat pumps with electric heating and cooling and gas-pack units with gas heating and electric cooling, compliance need only be demonstrated for either the space heating or space cooling system size.
	2. Natural gas- or oil-fired space heating equipment whose total rated space heating output in any one dwelling unit is ((fifty-six thousand Btu/h or less))
	a. 40,000 Btu/h or less is exempt from the sizing limit,
	b. larger than 40,000 Btu/h may exceed the two hundred (200%) percent sizing limit provided that the installed equipment has an annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) of not less than ((the sum of seventy-eight percent plus one percent for every five thousand Btu/h that the space heating equipment output exceeds the design heating load of the dwelling unit)) ninety (90%) percent.
	3. Stand-by equipment may be installed if controls and other devices are provided which allow redundant equipment to operate only when the primary equipment is not operating.

     503.3 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling: Systems and equipment that provide simultaneous heating and cooling shall comply with the requirements in, as appropriate, Section 1422 or Section 1435.

     503.4 HVAC Equipment Performance Requirements:

     503.4.1 Equipment Components:

     503.4.1.1: The requirements of this section apply to equipment and mechanical component performance for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems.      Equipment efficiency levels are specified.      Data furnished by the equipment supplier or certified under a nationally recognized certification program or rating procedure shall be used to satisfy these requirements.      Equipment efficiencies shall be based on the standard rating conditions in Tables 5-4, 5-5 or 5-6 as appropriate.

     503.4.1.2: Where components from more than one manufacturer are assembled into systems regulated under this section, compliance for each component shall be as specified in sections 503.4.2 through 503.4.6 of this Code.

     503.4.2: HVAC System Heating Equipment Heat Pump-heating Mode.      Heat pumps whose energy input is entirely electric shall have a coefficient of performance (COP) heating, not less than the values in Table 5-7.      Heat Pumps with supplementary backup heat other than electricity shall meet the requirements of Table 5-7.

     503.4.2.1: These requirements apply to, but are not limited to, unitary (central) heat pumps (air source and water source) in the heating mode, water source (hydronic) heat pumps as used in multiple-unit hydronic HVAC systems, and heat pumps in the packaged terminal air-conditioner in the heating mode.

     503.4.2.3 Supplementary Heater: The heat pump shall be installed with a control to prevent supplementary backup heater operation when the operating load can be met by the heat pump compression cycle alone.

     503.4.2.4 Heat Pump Controls: Requirements for heat pump controls are listed in section 503.8.3.5 of this Code.

     503.4.3 HVAC System Combustion Equipment: For Group R Occupancy, all gas, oil, and propane central heating systems shall have a minimum AFUE of 0.78^*.      All other Group R Occupancy heating equipment fueled by gas, oil, or propane shall be equipped with an intermittent ignition device, or shall comply with the efficiencies as required in the 1987 National Appliances Energy Conservation Act (Public Law 100-12).

     ^*HVAC Heating system efficiency trade-offs shall be made using Chapters 4 or 6 of this Code.

     503.4.4 Packaged and Unitary HVAC System Equipment, Electrically Operated, Cooling Mode: HVAC system equipment as listed below, whose energy input in the cooling mode is entirely electric, shall have an energy efficiency ratio (EER) or a seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) cooling not less than values in Table 5-8.

     503.4.4.1: These requirements apply to, but are not limited to, unitary (central) and packaged terminal heat pumps (air source and water source); packaged terminal air conditioners.

     503.4.5 Other HVAC Equipment: HVAC equipment, other than that addressed in Sections 503.4.2 through 503.4.4, shall have a minimum performance at the specified rating conditions not less than the values shown in Tables 14-1 through 14-3.

     503.5 Reserved.

     503.6 Balancing: The HVAC system design shall provide a means for balancing air and water systems.      Balancing the system shall include, but not be limited to, dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.

     503.7 Cooling with Outdoor Air (Economizer Cycle): ((Each fan system shall be designed to use up to and including 100% of the fan system capacity for cooling with outdoor air automatically whenever its use will result in lower usage of new energy. Activation of economizer cycle shall be controlled by sensing outdoor air enthalpy or outdoor air dry-bulb temperature alone or alternate means approved by the building official.

((EXCEPTIONS:))

((Cooling with outdoor air is not required under any one or more of the following conditions:))

((1.))	((The fan system capacity is less than 3,500 cfm or total cooling capacity is less than 90,000 Btu/h.))
((2.))	((The quality of the outdoor air is so poor as to require extensive treatment of the air and approval by the building official.))
((3.))	((The need for humidification or dehumidification requires the use of more energy than is conserved by the outdoor air cooling on an annual basis.))
((4.))	((The use of outdoor air cooling may affect the operation of other systems so as to increase the overall energy consumption of the building.))
((5.))	((When energy recovered from an internal/external zone heat recovery system exceeds the energy conserved by outdoor air cooling on an annual basis.))
((6.))	((When all space cooling is accomplished by a circulating liquid which transfers space heat directly or indirectly to a heat rejection device such as a cooling tower without use of a refrigeration system.))
((7.))	((When the use of 100% outside air will cause coil frosting, controls may be added to reduce the quantity of outside air. However, the intent of this exception is to use 100% air in lieu of mechanical cooling when less energy usage will result and this exception applies only to direct expansion systems when the compressor is running.))

Systems and equipment that provide mechanical cooling shall comply with Section 1413 and, as appropriate, Section 1423 or 1433.

     503.8 Controls:

     503.8.1 Temperature Control: Each system shall be provided with at least one adjustable thermostat for the regulation of temperature.      Each thermostat shall be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors as follows:

     503.8.1.1: When used to control heating only: Fifty-five degrees to seventy-five degrees F.

     503.8.1.2: When used to control cooling only: Seventy degrees to eighty-five degrees F.

     503.8.1.3: When used to control both heating and cooling, it shall be capable of being set from fifty-five degrees to eighty-five degrees F and shall be capable of operating the system heating and cooling in sequence.      The thermostat and/or control system shall have an adjustable deadband of not less than ten degrees F.

     503.8.2 Humidity Control: If a system is equipped with a means for adding moisture to maintain specific selected relative humidities in space or zones, a humidistat shall be provided.      Humidistats shall be capable of being set to prevent new energy from being used to produce space-relative humidity above thirty percent.

EXCEPTION:

Special uses requiring different relative humidities may be permitted when approved by the building official.

     503.8.3 Zoning for Temperature Control:

     503.8.3.1 One- and Two-Family Dwellings: At least one thermostat for regulation of space temperature shall be provided for each separate system.      In addition, a readily accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided to partially restrict or shut off the heating and/or cooling input to each zone or floor.

     503.8.3.2 Multifamily Dwellings: For multifamily dwellings, each individual dwelling unit shall have at least one thermostat for regulation of space temperature.      A readily accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided to partially restrict or shut off the heating and/or cooling input to each room.      Spaces other than living units shall meet the requirements of 503.8.3.3.

     503.8.3.3 Reserved.

     503.8.3.4 Control Setback and Shut-off:

     Residential Occupancy Groups.      One- and Two-Family and Multifamily dwellings -- The thermostat required in section 503.8.3.1 or section 503.8.3.2, or an alternate means such as a switch or clock, shall provide a readily accessible, manual or automatic means for reducing the energy required for heating and cooling during the periods of non-use or reduced need, such as, but not limited to unoccupied periods and sleeping hours.      Lowering thermostat set points to reduce energy consumption of heating systems shall not cause energy to be expended to reach the reduced setting.

     503.8.3.5 Heat Pump Controls: Programmable thermostats are required for all heat pump systems.      The cut-on temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than the cut-on temperature for the supplementary heat, and the cut-off temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than the cut-off temperature for the supplementary heat.      Heat pump thermostats will be capable of providing at least two programmable setback periods per day.      The automatic setback thermostat shall have the capability of limiting the use of supplemental heat during the warm-up period.

     503.9 Air Handling Duct System Insulation: Ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings shall be thermally insulated per Table 5-11.

EXCEPTIONS:

Duct insulation (except where required to prevent condensation) is not required in any of the following cases:

1.	When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without      insulation, will not increase the energy requirements of the building.
2.	Within the HVAC equipment.
3.	Exhaust air ducts.
4.	Supply or return air ducts installed in unvented crawl spaces with insulated walls, basements, or cellars in one-and two-family dwellings.

     503.10 Duct Construction: All duct work shall be constructed in accordance with Standards RS-15, RS-16, RS-17, RS-18, RS-19 or RS-20, as applicable, and the Uniform Mechanical Code.

     503.10.1 Leakage Testing: High-pressure and medium-pressure ducts shall be leak tested in accordance with the applicable standards in Chapter 7 of this Code with the rate of air leakage not to exceed the maximum rate specified in that standard.

     503.10.2 Seams and Joints: ((When low-pressure supply air ducts are located outside of the conditioned space, all HVAC ductwork seams and joints, both longitudinal and transverse, shall be taped and sealed with products approved by the building official only.      Ductwork joints shall be mechanically fastened with a minimum of three fasteners per joint for a cylindrical duct.      Use Table 5-11 for duct insulation requirements.)) All low-pressure supply and return, including enclosed stud bays or joist cavities/space used to transport air, shall be securely fastened and sealed with welds, gaskets, mastics (adhesives), mastic-plus-embedded-fabric systems or tapes installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Tapes and mastics used with rigid fibrous glass ducts shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 181A. Tapes and mastics used with flexible air ducts shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 181B. Duct tape is not permitted as a sealant on any ducts.

EXCEPTION:

Ducts or building cavities used for air distribution that are located entirely within the conditioned space of the building are exempt from this section.

     503.10.3 Dampers: Requirements for Automatic or manual dampers are found in the Washington State Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Code.

     503.10.4 Duct Insulation: Ducts shall meet the insulation requirements specified in Table 5-11.

     503.11 ((Piping)) Pipe Insulation: All piping ((installed to serve buildings (and within))) shall be thermally insulated in accordance with Table 5-12.      ((For service hot water systems see section 504.7.      If water pipes are outside of conditioned space then the pipe insulation requirement shall be R-3 minimum for nonrecirculating hot and cold water pipes.      For recirculating service hot and cold water pipes use Table 5-12 for pipe sizes and temperatures.))

EXCEPTION:

Piping ((insulation is not required)) installed within unitary HVAC equipment.

Cold water pipes outside the conditioned space shall be insulated in accordance with Washington State Plumbing Code (chapter 51-46 WAC).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045, and 19.27.020.      98-24-075, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0503, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025.      93-21-052, § 51-11-0503, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     504.1 Scope: The purpose of this section is to provide criteria for design and equipment selection that will produce energy savings when applied to service water heating.

     504.2 Water Heaters, Storage Tanks and Boilers:

     504.2.1 Performance Efficiency: All Storage water heaters shall meet the requirements of the 1987 National Appliance Energy Conservation Act and be so labeled.      All electric water heaters in unheated spaces or on concrete floors shall be placed on an incompressible, insulated surface with a minimum thermal resistance of R-10.

     For combination space and service water heaters with a principal function of providing space heat, the Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) may be calculated by using ASHRAE Standard 124-1991.      Storage water heaters used in combination space heat and water heat applications shall have either an Energy Factor (EF) or a Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) of not less than the following:

	Energy Factor (EF)	Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE)
<50 gallon storage	0.58	0.71
50 to 70 gallon storage	0.57	0.71
>70 gallon storage	0.55	0.70

    
     504.2.2 Insulation: Heat loss from unfired hot-water storage tanks shall be limited to a maximum of 9.6 Btu/hr/ft² of external tank surface area.      The design ambient temperature shall be no higher than sixty-five degrees F.

     504.2.3 Combination Service Water Heating/Space Heating Boilers: Service water heating equipment shall not be dependent on year round operation of space heating boilers.

EXCEPTIONS:	1. Systems with service/space heating boilers having a standby loss Btu/h less than:
			(13.3 pmd+ 400)/n
	determined by the fixture count method where:
		pmd     = probably maximum demand in gallons/hour as      determined in accordance with Chapter 37 of      Standard RS-11.
		n = fraction of year when outdoor daily mean      temperature exceeds 64.9° F.
	The standby loss is to be determined for a test period of twenty-four-hour duration while maintaining a boiler water temperature of ninety degrees F above an ambient of sixty degrees F and a five foot stack on appliance.
	2. For systems where the use of a single heating unit will lead to energy savings, such unit shall be utilized.

     504.3 Automatic Controls: Service water heating systems shall be equipped with automatic temperature controls capable of adjustment from the lowest to the highest acceptable temperature settings for the intended use.      Temperature setting range shall be set to one hundred twenty degrees F or forty-nine degrees C.

     504.4 Shutdown: A separate switch shall be provided to permit turning off the energy supplied to electric service water heating systems.      A separate valve shall be provided to permit turning off the energy supplied to the main burner(s) of all other types of service water heater systems.

     504.5 Swimming Pools:

     504.5.1: All pool heaters shall be equipped with readily accessible ON/OFF switch to allow shutting off the operation of the heater without adjusting the thermostat setting.      Controls shall be provided to allow the water temperature to be regulated from the maximum design temperature down to sixty-five degrees F.

     504.5.2 Pool Covers: Heated swimming pools shall be equipped with a pool cover, approved by the building official. Pools heated to more than 90°F shall have a pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R-12.

     504.6 Pump Operation: Circulating hot water systems shall be controlled so that the circulation pump(s) can be conveniently turned off, automatically or manually, when the hot water system is not in operation.

     504.7 Pipe Insulation: ((For recirculating and non-recirculating systems,)) Piping shall be thermally insulated in accordance with section 503.11 ((and Table 5-12)).

     504.8 Conservation of Hot Water:

     504.8.1 Showers and Lavatories: Showers and lavatories used for other than safety reasons shall be equipped with flow control devices or specially manufactured showerheads or aerators to limit the total water flow rate as set forth in chapter 51-26 WAC, as measured with both hot and cold faucets turned on to their maximum flow.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0504, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     505.1 Lighting Controls: Hotel and motel guest rooms and guest suites shall have a master control device at the main room entry that controls all permanently installed luminaires and switched receptacles.

     505.2 Lighting Power: Lighting shall comply with the Prescriptive Lighting Option in Section 1520 or the Lighting Power Allowance Option in Section 1530.

EXCEPTIONS:	1. Group R-3 occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 occupancy.
	2. Lighting exempted by Section 1512.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025.      93-21-052, § 51-11-0505, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

TABLE 5-1

TARGET COMPONENT VALUES FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0530, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0530, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0530, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]

     601.1 General: This chapter establishes design criteria in terms of prescribed requirements for building construction.

     The provisions of this chapter are applicable to all Group R Occupancies. Occupancies shall comply with all the requirements of Chapter 5 except for the modifications herein specified.

     For wood frame assemblies, the building envelope requirements of this chapter may be met by installing one of the prescriptive packages in Tables 6-1 to 6-6.      Installed components shall meet the requirements of section 602 ((and 605)).      Compliance with nominal R-Values shall be demonstrated for the thermal resistance of the added insulation in framing cavities and/or insulated sheathing only and shall not include the thermal transmittance of other building materials or air films, but shall permit interruption by occasional framing members. Other than wood frame assemblies with continuous insulation uninterrupted by framing shall also be allowed to comply with nominal R-values.

     For metal frame assemblies, compliance shall be demonstrated in accordance with Chapter 4 or Chapter 5 based on the assemblies in Chapter 10. Compliance with nominal R-values is not allowed, unless the full nominal R-value of the insulation is installed either inside or outside of the framing and is uninterrupted by framing.

[Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0601, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     602.1 Roof/Ceiling: Ceilings below vented attics and single-rafter, joist-vaulted ceilings shall be insulated to not less than the nominal R-value specified for ceilings in Tables 6-1 to 6-6 as applicable.

     602.2 Exterior Walls Both Above and Below Grade: Above grade exterior walls shall be insulated to not less than the nominal R-value specified in Tables 6-1 to 6-6 as applicable.      The following walls should be considered to meet R-19 without additional documentation:

     1. 2 x 6 framed and insulated with R-19 fiberglass batts.

     2. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-13 fiberglass batts plus R-3.2 foam sheathing.

     3. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-11 fiberglass batts plus R-5.0 foam sheathing.

     602.3 Exterior Walls (Below Grade): Below grade exterior walls surrounding conditioned space shall be insulated to not less than the nominal R-value specified for below grade walls in Tables 6-1 to 6-6 as applicable.

     602.4 Slab-on-grade Floors: Slab-on-grade floors shall be insulated along their perimeter to not less than the nominal R-values specified for slab-on-grade floors in Tables 6-1 to 6-6 as applicable.      Slab insulation shall be installed in compliance with section 502.1.4.8.      See Chapter 5, section 502.1.4.9, for additional requirements for radiant slab heating.

     602.5 Floors Over Unconditioned Space: Floors over unconditioned spaces, such as vented crawl spaces, unconditioned basements, and parking garages shall be insulated to not less than the nominal R-value shown for floors over unconditioned spaces, in Tables 6-1 to 6-6. If the insulation is installed below a concrete slab, then the edge of the slab shall comply with the insulation requirements for exterior walls or shall show compliance through Chapter 4 or Chapter 5.

     602.6 Exterior Doors: Doors shall comply with Sections 602.6.1 and 602.6.2.

EXCEPTIONS:
	1. Doors whose area and U-factor are included in the calculations for compliance with the requirements for glazing in section 602.7 shall be exempt from the door U-factor requirements prescribed in Tables 6-1 to 6-6.
	2. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be installed for ornamental, security or architectural purposes. Products using this exception shall not be included in either the U-factor or glazing area calculation requirements.

     602.6.1 Exterior Door Area: For half-lite and full-lite doors, the glazing area shall be included in calculating the allowed total glazing area in Section 602.7.1.      Single glazing used for ornamental, security or architectural purposes shall be calculated using the exception to Section 602.7.2.

     602.6.2 Exterior Door U-Factor: Doors, including fire doors, shall have a maximum area weighted average U-factor not exceeding that prescribed in Tables 6-1 to 6-6.

     602.7 Glazing:

     602.7.1 Glazing Area: The total glazing area as defined in Chapter 2 shall not exceed the percentage of gross conditioned floor area specified in Tables 6-1 to 6-6.      This area shall also include any glazing in doors.

     602.7.2 Glazing U-Factor: The total glazing area as defined in Chapter 2 shall have an area weighted average U-factor not to exceed that specified in Tables 6-1 to 6-6.      U-factors for glazing shall be determined in accordance with section 502.1.5.      These areas and U-factors shall also include any doors using the exception of section 602.6.

     If the U-factors for all vertical and overhead glazing products are below the appropriate U-factor specified, then no calculations are required.      If compliance is to be achieved through an area weighted calculation, then the areas and U-factors shall be included in the plans submitted with a building permit application.

EXCEPTION:

Single glazing for ornamental, security, or architectural purposes and double glazed garden windows with a wood or vinyl frame shall be exempt from the U-factor calculations but shall have its area doubled and shall be included in the percentage of the total glazing area as allowed for in Tables 6-1 to 6-6. The maximum area (before doubling) allowed for the total of all single glazing and garden windows is one percent of the floor area.

     602.8 Air Leakage For Group R Occupancy: The minimum air leakage control measures shall be as specified in section 502.4 as applicable.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0602, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0602, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0602, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     ((604.1: All electrical power and lighting systems shall comply with the requirements of section 505.))

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0604, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

Lighting shall comply with Section 505.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025.      93-21-052, § 51-11-0605, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-0605, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

TABLE 6-1

PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS¹ FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY

CLIMATE ZONE 1 • HEATING BY ELECTRIC RESISTANCE

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0625, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0625, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]

TABLE 6-2

PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS¹ FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY

CLIMATE ZONE 1 • HEATING BY OTHER FUELS

Option

((HVAC9 Equip. Effic.))

Glazing Area11: % of Floor

Glazing U-Factor

Door10 U-Factor

Ceiling2

Vaulted Ceiling3

Wall Above Grade

Wall• int4 Below Grade

Wall• ext4 Below Grade

Floor5

Slab6 on Grade

Vertical

Overhead12

((I.

Med.

10%

0.70

0.68

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-15

R-15

R-10

R-19

R-10

II.

Med.

12%

0.65

0.68

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-15

R-15

R-10

R-19

R-10

III.

High

21%

0.75

0.68

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-10

R-19

R-10))

((IV.* I.*

Med.))

21%

((0.65)) 0.50

0.68

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-10

R-19

R-10

((V.

Low

21%

0.60

0.68

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-10

R-19

R-10))

VI.7 II.

Med.))

25%

((0.457)) 0.40

0.68

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-10

R-25

R-10

((VII.7 III.

Med.))

30%

((0.407)) 0.35

0.68

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-10

R-25

R-10

((VIII. IV.

Med.))

unlimited

0.25

0.40

0.40

R-30

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-10

R-25

R-10

*	Reference Case
**	Nominal R-values are for wood frame assemblies only or assemblies built in accordance with Section 601.1.

1	Minium requirements for each option listed. For example, if a proposed design has a glazing ratio to the conditioned floor area of 19%, it shall comply with all of the requirements of the 21% glazing option (or higher). Proposed designs which cannot meet the specific requirements of a listed option above may calculate compliance by Chapters 4 or 5 of this Code.
2	Requirement applies to all ceilings except single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. 'Adv' denotes Advanced Framed Ceiling.
3	Requirement applicable only to single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings.
4	Below grade walls shall be insulated either on the exterior to a minimum level of R-10, or on the interior to the same level as walls above grade. Exterior insulation installed on below grade walls shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.2.
5	Floors over crawl spaces or exposed to ambient air conditions.
6	Required slab perimeter insulation shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.4.
7	((The following options shall be applicable to buildings less than three stories: 0.50 maximum for glazing areas of 25% or less; 0.45 maximum for glazing areas of 30% or less.)) Reserved.
8	This wall insulation requirement denotes R-19 wall cavity insulation plus R-5 foam sheathing.
9	((Minimum HVAC Equipment efficiency requirement. 'Low' denotes an AFUE of 0.74. 'Med.' denotes an AFUE of 0.78. 'High' denotes an AFUE of 0.88. Minimum HVAC Equipment efficiency requirement for heat pumps. 'Low' denotes an HSPF of 6.35. 'Med' denotes an HSPF of 6.8. 'High' an HSPF of 7.7. Water and ground source heat pumps shall be considered as medium efficiency and have a minimum COP as required in Table 5-7.)) Reserved.
10	Doors, including all fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C or 10-6D.
11.	Where a maximum glazing area is listed, the total glazing area (combined vertical plus overhead) as a percent of gross conditioned floor area shall be less than or equal to that value. Overhead glazing with U-factor of U= 0.040 or less is not included in glazing area limitations.
12.	Overhead glazing shall have U-factors determined in accordance with NFRC 100 or as specified in Section 502.1.5.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0626, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0626, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0626, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0626, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]

TABLE 6-3

PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS¹ FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY

CLIMATE ZONE 2 • HEATING BY ELECTRIC RESISTANCE

Option	Glazing Area11: % of Floor	Glazing U-Factor		Door10 U- Factor	Ceiling2	Vaulted Ceiling3	Wall Above Grade	Wall• int4 Below Grade	Wall• ext4 Below Grade	Floor5	Slab6 on Grade
		Vertical	Over- head12
I.	10%	0.38	0.58	0.20	R-38	R-30	R-21	R-21	R-12	R-30	R-10
II.	12%	0.40	0.58	0.20	R-38	R-30	R-19+R-58	R-21	R-12	R-25	R-10
III.*	15%	0.40	0.58	0.20	R-38	R-30	R-19+R-58	R-21	R-12	R-30	R-10
IV.	18%	0.38	0.58	0.20	R-38	R-30	R-19+R-58	R-21	R-12	R-30	R-10
V.	21%	0.35	0.58	0.20	R-38Adv	R-38	R-19+R-58	R-21	R-12	R-30	R-10
VI.7	25%	0.307	0.58	0.20	R-49Adv	R-38	R-19+R-58	R-21	R-12	R-30	R-10
VII.7	30%	0.287	0.58	0.20	R-60Adv	R-38	R-21+R-7.59	R-21	R-12	R-30	R-10

*	Reference Case
**	Nominal R-values are for wood frame assemblies only or assemblies built in accordance with Section 601.1.
1	Minimum requirements for each option listed. For example, if a proposed design has a glazing ratio to the conditioned floor area of 19%, it shall comply with all of the requirements of the 21% glazing option (or higher). Proposed designs which cannot meet the specific requirements of a listed option above may calculate compliance by Chapters 4 or 5 of this Code.
2	Requirement applies to all ceilings except single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. 'Adv' denotes Advanced Framed Ceiling.
3	Requirement applicable only to single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings.
4	Below grade walls shall be insulated either on the exterior to a minimum level of R-12, or on the interior to the same level as walls above grade. Exterior insulation installed on below grade walls shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.2.
5	Floors over crawl spaces or exposed to ambient air conditions.
6	Required slab perimeter insulation shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.4.
7	The following options shall be applicable to buildings less than three stories: 0.33 maximum for glazing areas of 25% or less; 0.31 maximum for glazing areas of 30% or less.
8	This wall insulation requirement denotes R-19 wall cavity insulation plus R-5 foam sheathing.
9	This wall insulation requirement denotes R-21 wall cavity insulation plus R-7.5 foam sheathing.
10	Doors, including all fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C or 10-6D.
11.	Where a maximum glazing area is listed, the total glazing area (combined vertical plus overhead) as a percent of gross conditioned floor area shall be less than or equal to that value. Overhead glazing with U-factor of U=0.040 or less is not included in glazing area limitations.
12.	Overhead glazing shall have U-factors determined in accordance with NFRC 100 or as specified in Section 502.1.5.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0627, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0627, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0627, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0627, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]

TABLE 6-4

PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS¹ FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY

CLIMATE ZONE 2 • HEATING BY OTHER FUELS

Option

((HVAC9 Equip. Effic.))

Glazing Area11: % of Floor

Glazing U-Factor

Door10 U-Factor

Ceiling2

Vaulted Ceiling3

Wall Above Grade

Wall• int4 Below Grade

Wall• ext4 Below Grade

Floor5

Slab6 on Grade

Vertical

Overhead12

((I.

Med.

10%

0.70

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-25

R-10

II.

Med.

12%

0.65

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-25

R-10

III.

High

17%

0.65

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-25

R-10

IV.*)) I.*

((Med.))

17%

((0.60)) 0.50

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-30

R-10

((V.

Low

17%

0.50

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-30

R-10

VI.)) II.

Med.))

21%

((0.50)) 0.40

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-30

R-10

((VII.7 III.

Med.))

25%

((0.407)) 0.35

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-30

R-10

((VIII.7 IV.

Med.))

30%

((0.407)) 0.30

0.64

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-30

R-10

((IX. V.

Med.))

unlimited

0.25

0.40

0.40

R-38

R-30

R-19

R-19

R-12

R-30

R-10

*     Reference Case

**     Nominal R-values are for wood frame assemblies only or assemblies built in accordance with Section 601.1.

1	Minimum requirements for each option listed. For example, if a proposed design has a glazing ratio to the conditioned floor area of 19%, it shall comply with all of the requirements of the 21% glazing option (or higher). Proposed designs which cannot meet the specific requirements of a listed option above may calculate compliance by Chapters 4 or 5 of this Code.
2	Requirement applies to all ceilings except single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. 'Adv' denotes Advanced Framed Ceiling.
3	Requirement applicable only to single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings.
4	Below grade walls shall be insulated either on the exterior to a minimum level of R-12, or on the interior to the same level as walls above grade. Exterior insulation installed on below grade walls shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.2.
5	Floors over crawl spaces or exposed to ambient air conditions.
6	Required slab perimeter insulation shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.4.
7	((The following options shall be applicable to buildings less than three stories: 0.45 maximum for glazing areas of 25% or less; 0.40 maximum for glazing areas of 30% or less.)) Reserved.
8	This wall insulation requirement denotes R-19 wall cavity insulation plus R-5 foam sheathing.
9	((Minimum HVAC Equipment efficiency requirement. 'Low' denotes an AFUE of 0.74. 'Med.' denotes an AFUE of 0.78. 'High' denotes an AFUE of 0.88. Minimum HVAC Equipment efficiency requirement for heat pumps. 'Low' denotes an HSPF of 6.35. 'Med' denotes an HSPF of 6.8. 'High' an HSPF of 7.7. Water and ground source heat pumps shall be considered as medium efficiency and have a minimum COP as required in Table 5-7.)) Reserved.
10	Doors, including all fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C or 10-6D.
11.	Where a maximum glazing area is listed, the total glazing area (combined vertical plus overhead) as a percent of gross conditioned floor area shall be less than or equal to that value. Overhead glazing with U-factor of U=0.040 or less is not included in glazing area limitations.
12.	Overhead glazing shall have U-factors determined in accordance with NFRC 100 or as specified in Section 502.1.5.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0628, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0628, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0628, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0628, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]

TABLE 6-6

LOG HOMES PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS¹

HEATING BY OTHER FUELS

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-0630, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226.      95-01-126, § 51-11-0630, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95.      Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW.      94-05-059, § 51-11-0630, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94.      Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW.      92-01-140, § 51-11-0630, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]

The following standards shall apply to Chapters 1 through 20. The standards and portions thereof, which are referred to in various parts of this Code shall be part of the Washington State Energy Code and are hereby declared to be a part of this Code.

((CODE)) REFERENCE STANDARD NO.	TITLE AND SOURCE
RS-1	((1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook)) Same as RS-27.
RS-2	through RS-3 (Reserved.)
RS-4	ASHRAE Standard 55-92 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
RS-5	through RS-8 (Reserved.)
RS-9	ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989, Efficient Design of New Buildings Except New Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
RS-10	Standard for Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, ARI Standard 310/380-93.
RS-11	((1995)) 1999 ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Applications Handbook.
RS-12	through RS-14 (Reserved.)
RS-15	1996 ASHRAE System and Equipment Handbook.
RS-16	SMACNA, Installation Standards for Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, 6th Edition, 1988.
RS-17	((SMACNA, HVAC Duct Construction Standards Metal and Flexible, 2nd Edition, 1995.)) Same as RS-18.
RS-18	((Same as Standard RS-17.)) SMACNA, HVAC Duct Construction Standards Metal and Flexible, 2nd Edition, 1995.
RS-19	SMACNA, Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, 6th Edition, 1992.
RS-20	((1994)) 1998 ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook.
RS-21	Same as Standard RS-10.
RS-22	through RS-24 (Reserved.)
RS-25	((Thermal Bridge in Sheet Metal Construction from Appendix E of Standard RS-9.)) Same as RS-27.
RS-26	Super Good Cents Technical Reference (Builder's Field Guide).
RS-27	1997 ASHRAE Fundamental Handbook.
RS-28	(Reserved.)
RS-29	Nonresidential Building Design by Systems Analysis.
RS-30	Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 430 (March 14, 1988).
RS-31	National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Standard 100-1997.

    

Phone (212) 642-4900 Fax (212) 398-0023, Internet www.ansi.org

     ARI refers to the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203

Phone (703) 524-8800 Fax (703) 528-3816, Internet www.ari.org

     ASHRAE refers to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329

Phone (404) 636-8400 Fax (404) 321-5478, Internet www.ashrae.org

     ASTM refers to the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

Phone (610) 832-9585 Fax (610) 832-9555, Internet www.astm.org

     CTI refers to the Cooling Tower Institute, 530 Wells Fargo Drive, Suite 218, Houston, TX 77090

Phone (281) 583-4087 Fax (281) 537-1721, Internet www.cti.org

     IES refers to the Illuminating Engineering Society, 120 Wall Street, Floor 17, New York, NY 10005-4001

Phone (212) 248-5000 Fax (212) 248-5017, Internet ((www.ies.org)) www.iesna.org

     NFRC refers to the National Fenestration Rating Council, Incorporated, 1300 Spring Street, Suite 120, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

Phone (301) 589-NFRC Fax (301) 588-0854, Internet www.nfrc.org

     SMACNA refers to the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc., 4201 Lafayette Center Drive, P.O. Box 221230, Chantilly, VA 20153-1230

Phone (703) 803-2980 Fax (703) 803-3732, Internet www.smacna.org

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0701, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0701, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     1001.1 Scope: The following defaults shall apply to Chapters 1 through 20. This chapter includes tables of seasonal average heat-loss coefficients for specified nominal insulation.      The heat-loss coefficients may also be used for heating system sizing.

     1001.2 Description: These coefficients were developed primarily from data and procedures from Standard ((RS-1)) RS-27, and taken specifically from Standard RS-26, listed in Chapter 7.

     Coefficients not contained in this chapter may be computed using the procedures listed in these references if the assumptions in the following sections and Standard RS-26, listed in Chapter 7, are used, along with data from the sources referenced above.

     1001.3 Air Films: Default R-values used for air films shall be as follows:

R-Value	Condition
0.17	All exterior surfaces
0.61	Interior horizontal surfaces, heat flow up
0.92	Interior horizontal surfaces, heat flow down
0.68	Interior vertical surfaces

     1001.4 Compression of Insulation: Insulation which is compressed shall be rated in accordance with Table 10-A or reduction in value may be calculated in accordance with the procedures in Standard RS-27, listed in Chapter 7.

TABLE 10-A

R-Value of Fiberglass Batts Compressed within Various Depth Cavities

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-1001, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     1002.1 General: Table 10-1 lists heat-loss coefficients for below-grade walls and floors.

     Coefficients for below-grade walls are given as U-factors (Btu/hr•ft²•°F ((per square foot)) of wall area).      Coefficients for below-grade slabs are listed as F-factors (Btu/hr•ft•°F per lineal foot of slab perimeter).

     Below-grade wall U-factors are only valid when used with the accompanying below-grade slab F-factors, and vice versa.

     1002.2 Component Description: All below-grade walls are assumed to be eight-inch concrete.      The wall is assumed to extend from the slab upward to the top of the mud sill for the distance specified in Table 10-1, with six inches of concrete wall extending above grade.

     Interior insulation is assumed to be fiberglass batts placed in the cavity formed by 2x4 framing on twenty-four inch centers with one-half inch of gypsum board as the interior finish material.      Exterior insulation is assumed to be applied directly to the exterior of the below-grade wall from the top of the wall to the footing.      The exterior case does not assume any interior framing or sheetrock.

     In all cases, the entire wall surface is assumed to be insulated to the indicated nominal level with the appropriate framing and insulation application.      Coefficients are listed for wall depths of two, three and one-half, and seven feet below grade.      Basements shallower than two feet should use on-grade slab coefficients.

     Heat-loss calculations for wall areas above grade should use above-grade wall U-factors, beginning at the mudsill.

     1002.3 Insulation Description: Coefficients are listed for the following four configurations:

     1.     Uninsulated: No insulation or interior finish.

     2.     Interior insulation: Interior 2x4 insulated wall without a thermal break between concrete wall and slab.

     3.     Interior insulation w/thermal break: Interior 2x4 insulated wall with R-5 rigid board providing a thermal break between the concrete wall and the slab.

     4.     Exterior insulation: Insulation applied directly to the exterior surface of the concrete wall.

TABLE 10-1

DEFAULT WALL U-FACTORS AND SLAB F-FACTORS FOR BASEMENTS

	Below Grade Wall U-factor	Below Grade Slab F-factor
2-Foot Depth Below Grade
Uninsulated	0.350	0.59
R-11 Interior	0.066	0.68
R-11 Interior w/tb	0.070	0.60
R-19 Interior	0.043	0.69
R-19 Interior w/tb	0.045	0.61
R-10 Exterior	0.070	0.60
R-12 Exterior	0.061	0.60
3.5-Foot Depth Below Grade
Uninsulated	0.278	0.53
R-11 Interior	0.062	0.63
R-11 Interior w/tb	0.064	0.57
R-19 Interior	0.041	0.64
R-19 Interior w/tb	0.042	0.57
R-10 Exterior	0.064	0.57
R-12 Exterior	0.057	0.57
7-Foot Depth Below Grade
Uninsulated	0.193	0.46
R-11 Interior	0.054	0.56
R-11 Interior w/tb	0.056	0.42
R-19 Interior	0.037	0.57
R-19 Interior w/tb	0.038	0.43
R-10 Exterior	0.056	0.42
R-12 Exterior	0.050	0.42

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-1002, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-1002, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     1003.1 General: Table 10-2 lists heat-loss coefficients for heated on-grade slab floors, in units of Btu/h•°F((•hr)) per lineal foot of perimeter.

     1003.2 Component Description: All on-grade slab floors are assumed to be six-inch concrete poured directly onto the earth.      The bottom of the slab is assumed to be at grade line.      Monolithic and floating slabs are not differentiated.

     Soil is assumed to have a conductivity of 0.75 Btu/hr•°F•ft².      Slabs two-feet or more below grade should use basement coefficients.

     1003.3 Insulation Description: Coefficients are provided for the following three configurations:

     Two-Foot (or four-foot) vertical: Insulation is applied directly to the slab exterior, extending downward from the top of the slab to a depth of two-feet (or four-feet) below grade.

     Two-Foot (or four-foot) horizontal: Insulation is applied directly to the underside of the slab, and run horizontally from the perimeter inward for two-feet or four-feet.      The slab edge is exposed in this configuration.

Note:

A horizontal installation with a thermal break of at least R-5 at the slab edge should use the vertical-case F-factors.

     Fully insulated slab: Insulation extends from the top of the slab, along the entire perimeter, and completely covers the area under the slab. Thicker perimeter insulation covers the slab edge and extends 2 feet under the slab.

TABLE 10-2

DEFAULT F-FACTORS FOR ON-GRADE SLABS

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-1003, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-1003, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     1004.1 General: Tables 10-3 ((and)), 10-4 and 10-4a list heat-loss coefficients for floors over ((crawlspaces)) unconditioned spaces in units of Btu/h•ft²•°F((•hr per square foot of floor)).

     They are derived from procedures listed in ((RS-1)) RS-27, listed in Chapter 7, assuming an average outdoor temperature of 45° F, an average indoor temperature of 65° F, and a crawlspace area of ((one thousand three hundred fifty)) 1350 ft² and ((one hundred fifty)) 100 ft of perimeter.      The crawlspace is assumed to be 2.5-feet high, with ((twenty-four)) 24 inches below grade and ((six)) 6 inches above grade.

     1004.2 Crawlspace Description: Four ((crawlspace)) configurations are considered: Vented crawlspace, unvented crawlspace, ((enclosed and)) heated plenum crawlspace and exposed floor.

     Vented crawlspaces: Assumed to have ((three)) 3.0 air-changes per hour, with at least ((one)) 1.0 ft² of net-free ventilation in the foundation for every three hundred ft² of crawlspace floor area. The crawlspace is not actively heated.

     Floors over unheated areas, such as garages, may only use those values which have R-0 perimeter insulation.

     Unvented crawlspaces: Assumed to have 1.5 air changes per hour, with less than ((one)) 1.0 ft² of net-free ventilation in the foundation for every three hundred ft² of crawlspace floor area.      The crawlspace is not actively heated.      Floors over unheated basements may only use those values which have R-0 perimeter insulation.

     Heated-plenum crawlspaces: Assumed to have 0.25 air-changes per hour, with no foundation vents.      Heated supply air from central furnace is blown into a crawlspace and allowed to enter the living space unducted via holes cut into the floor.

     Enclosed floors: Assumes no buffer space, and a covering of one-half inch of T1-11 on the exterior of the cavity exposed to the outside air or rigid insulation below a concrete floor, such as over parking garages.

     1004.3 Construction Description: Floors are assumed to be either joisted floors framed on sixteen inch centers, or post and beam on four by eight foot squares.      Insulation is assumed to be installed under the subflooring between the joists or beams with no space between the insulation and the subfloor.      Insulation is assumed to be uncompressed. Exposed floors also include concrete with continuous rigid insulation assumed.

     Perimeter insulation is assumed to extend from the top of the rim joist to the crawlspace floor and then inward along the ground (on top of the ground cover) for at least twenty-four inches.

     Floor coverings are assumed to be light carpet with rubber pad.

TABLE 10-3

DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR FLOORS OVER VENTED CRAWLSPACE OR

UNHEATED BASEMENT

Nominal R-value			U-factor
Floor	Perimeter		Post & Beam	Joists
0	0 11 19 30		0.112 0.100 0.098 0.093	0.134 0.116 0.114 0.107
11	0 11		0.052 0.048	0.056 0.052
19	0 11		0.038 0.036	0.041 0.038
22	0 11		0.034 0.033	0.037 0.035
25	0 11		0.032 0.031	0.034 0.033
30	0 11		0.028 0.027	0.029 0.028
38	0 11		0.024 0.024	0.025 0.024

TABLE 10-4

DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR FLOORS OVER HEATED PLENUM CRAWLSPACES

Nominal R-value Perimeter	U-factor
11	0.085
19	0.075
30	0.069

TABLE 10-4A

EXPOSED FLOOR

Note:

Crawlspaces used as heated plenums have approximately 30% higher heat-loss rate than unvented crawlspaces with the same assumed ACH. Default U-values in Table 10-4 reflect this higher rate of heat loss.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.      98-03-003, § 51-11-1004, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98.      Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2.      91-01-112, § 51-11-1004, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]

     Section 1005.1 General: Table 10-5, 10-5A and 10-5B list((s)) heat-loss coefficients for the opaque portion of above-grade wood stud frame walls (((Btu/°F•hr per square foot))), metal stud frame walls and concrete masonry walls (Btu/h•ft²•°F) respectively.      They are derived from procedures listed in ((RS-1)) RS-27, listed in Chapter 7((, assuming exterior air films at 7.5-mph wind speed)). For intermediate floor slabs which penetrate the insulated wall, use the concrete wall U-factors in Table 10-5B.

     Insulation is assumed to uniformly fill the entire cavity and to be installed as per manufacturer's directions.      All walls are assumed to be finished on the inside with one-half inch gypsum wallboard, and on the outside with either beveled wood siding over one-half inch plywood sheathing or with five-eighths inch T1-11 siding.      Insulated sheathing (either interior or exterior) is assumed to cover the entire opaque wall surface.

     1005.2 Framing Description: For wood stud frame walls, three framing types are considered, and defined as follows:

     Standard: Studs framed on sixteen inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate.      Corners use three studs and each opening is framed using two studs.      Headers consist of double 2X or single 4X material with an air space left between the header and the exterior sheathing.      Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections use two studs in the exterior wall.

Framing weighting factors:	Studs and plates	.19
	Insulated cavity	.77
	Headers	.04

     Intermediate: Studs framed on sixteen inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate.      Corners use two studs or other means of fully insulating corners, and each opening is framed by two studs.      Headers consist of double 2X material with R-10 insulation between the header and exterior sheathing.      Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections are fully insulated in the exterior wall.

Framing weighting factors:	Studs and plates	.18
	Insulated cavity	.78
	Headers	.04

     Advanced: Studs framed on twenty-four inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate.      Corners use two studs or other means of fully insulating corners, and one stud is used to support each header.      Headers consist of double 2X material with R-10 insulation between the header and exterior sheathing.      Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections are fully insulated in the exterior wall.

Framing weighting factors:	Studs and plates	.13
	Insulated cavity	.83
	Headers	.04

     1005.3 Component Description: Default coefficients for four types of walls are listed: single-stud walls, metal stud walls, strap walls, and double-stud walls.

     Single-Stud Wall: Assumes either 2x4 or 2x6 studs framed on sixteen or twenty-four inch centers.      Headers are solid for 2x4 walls and double 2x for 2x6 walls, with either dead-air or rigid-board insulation in the remaining space.

     Metal Stud Wall: Assumes metal studs spaced on 16 or 24 inch centers with insulation installed to fill wall cavities. Continuous rigid board insulation is applied without creating uninsulated voids in the wall assembly.

     Strap Wall: Assumes 2x6 studs framed on sixteen or twenty-four inch centers.      2x3 or 2x4 strapping is run horizontally along the interior surface of the wall to provide additional space for insulation.

     Double-Stud Wall: Assumes an exterior structural wall and a separate interior, non-structural wall.      Insulation is placed in both wall cavities and in the space between the ((two)) 2 walls.      Stud spacing is assumed to be on ((twenty-four)) 24 inch centers for both walls.

TABLE 10-5

DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR ABOVE-GRADE WALLS