PROPOSED RULES
Original Notice.
Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 03-08-027.
Title of Rule: Amendment of chapter 51-11 WAC, Washington State Energy Code.
Purpose: To consider amendments to the Washington State Energy Code, chapter 51-11 WAC.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045.
Statute Being Implemented: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A, and 34.05 RCW.
Summary: The proposed rules amend the Washington State Energy Code. Proposals include a clarification of building commissioning requirements, updating economizer requirements, inclusion of aluminum frame windows in the default tables and updating the metal U-factor default table. (See below for itemized list of proposed changes.)
Reasons Supporting Proposal: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045.
Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting and Implementation: Krista Braaksma, P.O. Box 48350, Olympia, WA 98504-8350, (360) 725-2964; and Enforcement: Local jurisdictions.
Name of Proponent: Washington State Building Code Council, governmental.
Agency Comments or Recommendations, if any, as to Statutory Language, Implementation, Enforcement, and Fiscal Matters: The council is seeking comments on the issues proposed in the rules shown below.
Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.
Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: The purpose of the proposed rule is to amend the Washington State Energy Code, including increasing the energy efficiency for buildings and structures, updating default tables, and clarifying building commissioning requirements for nonresidential buildings. The proposed amendments will provide greater simplicity, improved energy efficiency, and consistency with other state and national codes, than the existing requirements.
Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules:
GENERAL
1. Default U-Factors for Metal Assemblies (Table 10-5A): This proposal would revise Table 10-5A to correspond with ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001, Section A3.3 and Table A-10. This provides a wider range of realistic options.
2. Default U-Factors for Windows (Table 10-6): This proposal adds prescriptive options for aluminum frames and revises sloped glazing values to correspond with revisions to Tables 13-1 and 13-2 to assist with prescriptive compliance.
3. Default U-Factors for Doors (Table 10-7): This proposal expands Table 10-7 to provide a wider range of options.
RESIDENTIAL
4. Existing Buildings (Section 101.3.2.5): A provision is proposed to allow residential alterations to use a prescriptive method of increasing glazing area rather than submitting calculations.
5. Slab on Grade Insulation (Section 502.1.4.8): This proposal provides a clarification that the slab insulation shall extend down 24 inches or to the top of the footing, whichever is less.
6. Wall Assemblies (Section 602.2): One additional wall assembly is proposed to meet R-21, and four new assemblies are proposed to meet R-21 int.
7. Chapter 9: The proposed amendment provides additional prescriptive options for meeting the heating systems sizing requirements using winter design temperatures as well as zones.
8. Chapter 7: The standards listed in Chapter 7 have been updated and reordered to eliminate duplication. This has necessitated some further editorial changes throughout the code to update references.
NONRESIDENTIAL
9. Semi-Heated Space (Chapter 2, Section 1310): The proposal revises the definitions of Heated Space and Semi-Heated Space to provide some consistency with the requirements in Oregon. Semi-heated spaces are exempted from the envelope provisions for wall insulation.
10. Automatic Lighting Controls (Section 1132.3 and 1513.6): This proposal adds automatic shut-off control requirements to unnecessary electric lighting energy consumption during the daytime to both new construction and altered spaces.
11. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Sections 1312 and 1323.3): This proposal would add alternate compliance options for SHGC.
12. Slab Penetrations (Section 1322): This proposal amends the exception allowing slab edge penetrations to remain uninsulated.
13. Component Performance Option (Section 1330): This proposal eliminates the use of the 1989 version of EnvStd.
14. Building Envelope Requirements (Tables 13-1 and 13-2): This proposal upgrades fenestration requirements to reflect current practices and upgrades the wall assembly to reduce thermal bridging.
15. Water Cooled Systems (Section 1411.1, Tables 14-1K, 14-1L, and 14-1M): This proposal adopts the ASHRAE 90.1 NPLC efficiency tables for water cooled centrifugal chillers and sets a new compliance method.
16. Setback and Shut-off Controls (Section 1412.4): This proposal adds requirements for retention of programming and manual override, and allow exception for occupancy sensors and manual timers per ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001.
17. Economizers (Sections 1413.3, 1423, 1433): The proposed amendments provide alternatives, clarifications, and consistency with national standards.
18. Duct Sealing (Section 1414.1): The proposed amendment provides consistency with the duct sealing changes adopted for the residential requirements.
19. Building Commissioning (Section 1416): The proposal rewrites the building commissioning requirements with better organizing and describing acceptable commissioning criteria.
20. Heat Recovery (Section 1436): The proposed amendments add provisions for steam condensate recovery for energy and water conservation, and update the requirements to current ASHRAE standards.
21. Electric Motor Efficiency (Section 1437): This proposal would require high-efficiency or electronically-commutated motors for small fan motors in series.
22. Service Water Heating (Section 1440): These proposals would require that service water heating equipment and commercial clothes washers meeting minimum efficiency requirements.
23. Prescriptive Lighting Requirements (Section 1521 and Table 15-1): These proposals revise the lighting power allowance based on current lighting practice and provide support for electronic dimming ballasts with photocell control for daylighting and lumen maintenance.
No small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW. The proposed amendments have been reviewed by the Energy Code Technical Advisory Group and some were identified as having a cost impact on businesses required to comply with the rule. These costs were felt to be low to moderate increases in first cost on businesses required to comply. However, the increases do not represent a disproportionate cost to small business and if any additional first cost of construction is passed on to consumers, it will be completely offset by the consumer's energy savings. They are also offset by other cost-saving proposals.
RCW 34.05.328 does not apply to this rule adoption. The State Building Code Council is not listed in this section as one of the agencies required to comply with this regulation.
Hearing Location: Spokane City Council Chambers, West 808 Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA, on October 10, 2003, at 10:00 a.m.; and at the Holiday Inn Select/Renton, One Grady Way South, Renton, WA, on October 17, 2003, at 10:00 a.m.
Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact Sue Mathers by September 26, 2003, TDD (360) 753-7427 or (360) 725-2967.
Submit Written Comments to: Stan Price, Chairman, State Building Code Council, P.O. Box 48350, Olympia, WA 98504-8350, fax (360) 586-9383, e-mail sbcc@cted.wa.gov, by October 17, 2003.
Date of Intended Adoption: November 21, 2003.
August 7, 2003
Tim Nogler
for Stan Price
Council Chair
OTS-6612.1
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 01-03-010, filed 1/5/01,
effective 7/1/01)
WAC 51-11-0101
Section 101. Scope and general
requirements.
101.1 Title: Chapters 1 through 10 of this Code shall be
known as the "Washington State Residential Energy Code" and
may be cited as such; and will be referred to herein as "this
Code."
101.2 Purpose and Intent: The purpose of this Code is to
provide minimum standards for new or altered buildings and
structures or portions thereof to achieve efficient use and
conservation of energy.
The purpose of this Code is not to create or otherwise
establish or designate any particular class or group of
persons who will or should be especially protected or
benefitted by the terms of this Code.
It is intended that these provisions provide flexibility
to permit the use of innovative approaches and techniques to
achieve efficient use and conservation of energy. These
provisions are structured to permit compliance with the intent
of this Code by any one of the following three paths of
design:
1. A systems analysis approach for the entire building
and its energy-using sub-systems which may utilize renewable
energy sources, Chapter 4.
2. A component performance approach for various building
elements and mechanical systems and components, Chapter 5.
3. A prescriptive requirements approach, Chapter 6.
Compliance with any one of these approaches meets the
intent of this Code. This Code is not intended to abridge any
safety or health requirements required under any other
applicable codes or ordinances.
The provisions of this Code do not consider the
efficiency of various energy forms as they are delivered to
the building envelope. A determination of delivered energy
efficiencies in conjunction with this Code will provide the
most efficient use of available energy in new building
construction.
101.3 Scope: This Code sets forth minimum requirements
for the design of new buildings and structures that provide
facilities or shelter for residential occupancies by
regulating their exterior envelopes and the selection of their
HVAC, service water heating and lighting systems and equipment
for efficient use and conservation of energy.
Buildings shall be designed to comply with the
requirements of either Chapter 4, 5, or 6 of this Code.
101.3.1 Exempt Buildings: Buildings and structures or
portions thereof meeting any of the following criteria shall
be exempt from the building envelope requirements of sections
502 and 602, but shall comply with all other requirements for
building mechanical systems, and service water heating.
101.3.1.1: Buildings and structures or portions thereof
whose peak design rate of energy usage is less than three and
four tenths (3.4) Btu/h per square foot or one point zero
(1.0) watt per square foot of floor area for space
conditioning requirements.
101.3.1.2: Buildings and structures or portions thereof
which are neither heated according to the definition of heated
space in Chapter 2, nor cooled by a nonrenewable energy
source, provided that the nonrenewable energy use for space
conditioning complies with requirements of section 101.3.1.1.
101.3.1.3: Greenhouses isolated from any conditioned
space and not intended for occupancy.
101.3.1.4: The provisions of this code do not apply to
the construction, alteration, or repair of temporary worker
housing except as provided by rule adopted under chapter 70.114A RCW or chapter 37, Laws of 1998 (SB 6168). "Temporary
worker housing" means a place, area, or piece of land where
sleeping places or housing sites are provided by an employer
for his or her employees or by another person, including a
temporary worker housing operator, who is providing such
accommodations for employees, for temporary, seasonal
occupancy, and includes "labor camps" under RCW 70.54.110.
101.3.2 Application to Existing Buildings: Additions,
historic buildings, changes of occupancy or use, and
alterations or repairs shall comply with the requirements in
the subsections below.
| EXCEPTION: | The building official may approve designs of alterations or repairs which do not fully conform with all of the requirements of this Code where in the opinion of the building official full compliance is physically impossible and/or economically impractical and: |
| 1. | The alteration or repair improves the energy efficiency of the building; or |
| 2. | The alteration or repair is energy efficient and is necessary for the health, safety, and welfare of the general
public. |
| In no case, shall building envelope requirements or mechanical system requirements be less than those requirements in effect at the time of the initial construction of the building. |
EXCEPTION:
New additions which do not fully comply with the requirements of this Code and which have a floor area which is
less than seven hundred fifty square feet shall be approved provided that improvements are made to the existing
occupancy to compensate for any deficiencies in the new addition. Compliance shall be demonstrated by either
systems analysis or component performance calculations. The nonconforming addition and upgraded, existing
occupancy shall have an energy budget or Target UA which is less than or equal to the unimproved existing
building (minus any elements which are no longer part of the building envelope once the addition is added), with
the addition designed to comply with this Code.
101.3.2.2 Historic Buildings: The building official may
modify the specific requirements of this Code for historic
buildings and require in lieu thereof alternate requirements
which will result in a reasonable degree of energy efficiency.
This modification may be allowed for those buildings which
have been specifically designated as historically significant
by the state or local governing body, or listed in The
National Register of Historic Places or which have been
determined to be eligible for listing.
101.3.2.3 Change of Occupancy or Use:
Any Other than Group R Occupancy which is converted to
Group R Occupancy shall be brought into full compliance with
this Code.
101.3.2.4 Alterations and Repairs: All alterations and
repairs to buildings or portions thereof originally
constructed subject to the requirements of this Code shall
conform to the provisions of this Code without exception. For
all other existing buildings, initial tenant alterations shall
comply with the new construction requirements of this Code. Other alterations and repairs may be made to existing
buildings and moved buildings without making the entire
building comply with all of the requirements of this Code for
new buildings, provided the following requirements are met:
101.3.2.5 Building Envelope: The result of the
alterations or repairs both:
1. Improves the energy efficiency of the building, and
2. Complies with the overall average thermal
transmittance values of the elements of the exterior building
envelope in Table 5-1 of Chapter 5 or the nominal R-values and
glazing requirements of the reference case in Tables 6-1 ((to
6-6)) and 6-2. For Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy alteration
where the glazing area is being increased, the glazing
U-factor shall comply with Prescriptive Option IV for Climate
Zone 1 and Prescriptive Option V for Climate Zone 2.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Untested storm windows may be installed over existing glazing for an assumed U-factor of 0.90, however,
where glass and sash are being replaced in Group R Occupancy, glazing shall comply with the appropriate
reference case in Table 6-1 through Table ((
6-6)) 6-2.
2. Where the structural elements of the altered portions of roof/ceiling, wall or floor are not being replaced, these
elements shall be deemed to comply with this Code if all existing framing cavities which are exposed during
construction are filled to the full depth with batt insulation or insulation having an equivalent nominal R-value
while, for roof/ceilings, maintaining the required space for ventilation. Existing walls and floors without framing
cavities need not be insulated. Existing roofs shall be insulated to the requirements of this Code if
a. The roof is uninsulated or insulation is removed to the level of the sheathing, or
b. All insulation in the roof/ceiling was previously installed exterior to the sheathing or nonexistent.
101.3.2.6 Building Mechanical Systems: Those parts of
systems which are altered or replaced shall comply with
section 503 of this Code.
101.3.2.7 Service Water Heating: Those parts of systems
which are altered or replaced shall comply with section 504.
101.3.2.8 Lighting: Alterations shall comply with
section 1132.3.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy. |
101.4 Amendments by Local Government: Except as provided
in RCW 19.27A.020(7), this Code shall be the maximum and
minimum energy code for Group R Occupancy in each town, city
and county, no later than July 1, 1991.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0101, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27.031 and 19.27.074. 98-24-078, § 51-11-0101, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0101, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0101, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0101, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
105.1 General: All construction or work for which a permit is
required shall be subject to inspection by the building
official and all such construction or work shall remain
accessible and exposed for inspection purposes until approved
by the building official.
105.2 Approvals Required: No work shall be done on any
part of the building or structure beyond the point indicated
in each successive inspection without first obtaining the
approval of the building official.
105.2.1 Required Inspections: The building official,
upon notification, shall make the following inspection in
addition to those inspections required in section ((108.5))
109.3 of the Washington State ((Uniform)) Building Code:
1. Wall insulation inspection: To be made after all wall
insulation and air vapor retarder sheet or film materials are
in place, but before any wall covering is placed.
105.3 Reinspection: The building official may require a
structure to be reinspected.
[Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0105, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0105, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Where, in any specific case, different sections of this Code specify different materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable. Wherever in this Code reference is made to the appendix, the provisions in the appendix shall not apply unless specifically adopted.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0108, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0108, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0108, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
201.1 Application of Terms: For the purposes of this
Code, certain abbreviations, terms, phrases, words and their
derivatives, shall be as set forth in this chapter. Where
terms are not defined, they shall have their ordinary accepted
meanings within the context with which they are used. In the
event there is a question about the definition of a term, the
definitions for terms in the codes enumerated in RCW 19.27.031
and the edition of Webster's dictionary referenced therein
shall be considered as the sources for providing ordinarily
accepted meanings.
Addition: See the Washington State Building Code.
Advanced framed ceiling: Advanced framing assumes full and even depth of insulation extending to the outside edge of exterior walls. (See Standard Framing and Section 1007.2 of this Code.)
Advanced framed walls: Studs framed on twenty-four inch centers with double top plate and single bottom plate. Corners use two studs or other means of fully insulating corners, and one stud is used to support each header. Headers consist of double 2X material with R-10 insulation between the header and exterior sheathing. Interior partition wall/exterior wall intersections are fully insulated in the exterior wall. (See Standard Framing and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)
AFUE. Annual fuel utilization efficiency: Unlike steady state conditions, this rating is based on average usage including on and off cycling as set out in the standardized Department of Energy Test Procedures.
Air conditioning, comfort: The process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet requirements of the conditioned space.
ARI: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute.
ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
Automatic: Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence, as for example, a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechanical configuration. (See Manual.)
Below grade walls: Walls or the portion of walls which are entirely below the finish grade or which extend two feet or less above the finish grade.
Boiler capacity: The rate of heat output in Btu/h measured at the boiler outlet, at the design inlet and outlet conditions and rated fuel/energy input.
Building envelope: For Group R Occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 101.3.1. For other than Group R Occupancy, the elements of a building which enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or to or from unconditioned spaces, or to or from semi-heated spaces, or to or from spaces exempted by the provisions of Section 1301.
Building, existing: See the Washington State Building Code.
Building official: The official authorized to act in behalf of a jurisdiction code enforcement agency or its authorized representative.
Building project: A building or group of buildings, including on-site energy conversion or electric-generating facilities, which utilize a single submittal for a construction permit or are within the boundary of a contiguous area under one ownership.
Conditioned floor area: (See Gross conditioned floor area.)
Conditioned space: A cooled space, heated space (fully heated), heated space (semi-heated) or indirectly conditioned space.
Cooled space: An enclosed space within a building that is cooled by a cooling system whose sensible capacity
a. exceeds 5 Btu/(h • ft2), or
b. is capable of maintaining space dry bulb temperature of 90°F or less at design cooling conditions.
COP - Coefficient of performance: The ratio of the rate of net heat output (heating mode) or heat removal (cooling mode) to the rate of total on-site energy input to the heat pump, expressed in consistent units and under designated rating conditions. (See Net Heat Output, Net Heat Removal, Total On-Site Energy Input.)
Daylighted zone:
a. Under overhead glazing: the area under overhead glazing whose horizontal dimension, in each direction, is equal to the overhead glazing dimension in that direction plus either the floor to ceiling height or the dimension to a ceiling height opaque partition, or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
b. At vertical glazing: the area adjacent to vertical glazing which receives daylighting from the glazing. For purposes of this definition and unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided, the daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance of 15 feet or to the nearest ceiling height opaque partition, whichever is less. The daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus either two feet on each side (the distance to an opaque partition) or one-half the distance to adjacent overhead or vertical glazing, whichever is least.
Daylight sensing control (DS): A device that automatically regulates the power input to electric lighting near the glazing to maintain the desired workplace illumination, thus taking advantage of direct or indirect sunlight.
Deadband: The temperature range in which no heating or cooling is used.
Design cooling conditions: The cooling outdoor design temperature from the 0.5% column for summer from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."
Design heating conditions: The heating outdoor design temperature from the 0.6% column for winter from the Puget Sound Chapter of ASHRAE publication "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures, Washington State, ASHRAE."
Door: All operable opening areas, which are not glazing, in the building envelope including swinging and roll-up doors, fire doors, smoke vents and access hatches.
Door area: Total area of door measured using the rough opening and including the door and frame.
Dwelling unit: See the Washington State Building Code.
EER. Energy efficiency ratio: The ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions.
Economizer, air: A ducting arrangement and automatic control system that allows a cooling supply fan system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration during mild or cold weather.
Economizer, water: A system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled directly, indirectly or both, by evaporation of water or by other appropriate fluid in order to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical refrigeration.
Efficiency, HVAC system: The ratio of useful energy (at the point of use) to the energy input for a designated time period, expressed in percent.
Emissivity: The ability to absorb infrared radiation. A low emissivity implies a higher reflectance of infrared radiation.
Energy: The capacity for doing work; taking a number of forms which may be transformed from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical and chemical; in customary units, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or British thermal units (Btu). (See New energy.)
Energy, recovered: (See Recovered energy.)
Exterior envelope: (See Building envelope.)
Facade area: Vertical projected area including nonhorizontal roof area, overhangs, cornices, etc. measured in elevation in a vertical plane parallel to the plane of the building face.
Floor over unconditioned space: A floor which separates a conditioned space from an unconditioned space which is buffered from exterior ambient conditions including vented crawl spaces and unconditioned basements or other similar spaces, or exposed to exterior ambient conditions including open parking garages and enclosed garages which are mechanically ventilated.
F-Factor: The perimeter heat loss factor expressed in Btu/hr • ft •°F.
F-Value: (See F-Factor.)
Garden window: A multisided glazing product that projects beyond the plane of the wall.
Glazed wall system: A category of site assembled fenestration products used in the NFRC 100 and NFRC 200 rating procedures that include curtainwalls.
Glazing: All areas, including the frames, in the shell of a conditioned space that let in natural light including windows, clerestories, skylights, sliding or swinging glass doors and glass block walls.
Glazing area: Total area of the glazing measured using the rough opening, and including the glazing, sash, and frame. For doors where the daylight opening area is less than 50% of the door area, the glazing area is the daylight opening area. For all other doors, the glazing area is the door area.
Gross conditioned floor area: The horizontal projection of that portion of interior space which is contained within exterior walls and which is conditioned directly or indirectly by an energy-using system, and which has an average height of five feet or greater, measured from the exterior faces.
Gross exterior wall area: The normal projection of the building envelope wall area bounding interior space which is conditioned by an energy-using system and which separates conditioned space from: Unconditioned space, or semi-heated space, or exterior ambient conditions or earth; includes opaque wall, vertical glazing and door areas. The gross area of walls consists of all opaque wall areas, including foundation walls, between floor spandrels, peripheral edges of floors, vertical glazing areas and door areas, where such surfaces are exposed to exterior ambient conditions and enclose a conditioned space including interstitial areas between two such spaces. (See Below grade wall.)
Gross floor area: The sum of the areas of the several floors of the building, including basements, cellars, mezzanine and intermediate floored tiers and penthouses of headroom height, measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the center line of walls separating buildings, but excluding: Covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces. Pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs and similar features.
Gross roof/ceiling area: A roof/ceiling assembly shall be considered as all components of the roof/ceiling envelope through which heat flows, thus creating a building transmission heat loss or gain, where such assembly is exposed to exterior ambient conditions and encloses a conditioned space. The assembly does not include those components that are separated from a heated and/or cooled space by a vented airspace. The gross area of a roof/ceiling assembly consists of the total interior surface of such assembly, including overhead glazing.
Guest room: See the Washington State Building Code.
Heat: The form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature difference.
Heat storage capacity: The physical property of materials (mass) located inside the building envelope to absorb, store, and release heat.
Heated space (Fully heated): An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system whose output capacity is
a. Capable of maintaining a space dry-bulb temperature of 45°F or greater at design heating conditions; or
b. ((8)) 15 Btu/(h • ft2) of heated floor area or greater
in Climate Zone 1 and ((12)) 2.0 Btu/(h • ft2) of heated floor
area or greater in Climate Zone 2.
Heated space (Semi-heated): An enclosed space within a building, including adjacent connected spaces separated by an uninsulated component (e.g., basements, utility rooms, garages, corridors), which is heated by a heating system
a. whose output capacity is 3 Btu/(h • ft2) of heated floor area or greater in Climate Zone 1 and 5 Btu/(h • ft2) of heated floor area or greater in Climate Zone 2; and
b. is not a Heated Space (Fully Heated).
HSPF. Heating season performance factor: The total heating output (in Btu) of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for heating divided by the total (watt hour) electric power input during the same period, as determined by test procedures consistent with the U.S. Department of Energy "Test Procedure for Central Air Conditioners, Including Heat Pumps" published in Standard RS-30. When specified in Btu per watt hour an HSPF of 6.826 is equivalent to a COP of 2.0.
Humidistat: A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for automatic control of relative humidity.
HVAC: Heating, ventilating and air conditioning.
HVAC system components: HVAC system components provide, in one or more factory-assembled packages, means for chilling and/or heating water with controlled temperature for delivery to terminal units serving the conditioned spaces of the buildings. Types of HVAC system components include, but are not limited to, water chiller packages, reciprocating condensing units and water source (hydronic) heat pumps. (See HVAC system equipment.)
HVAC system efficiency: (See Efficiency, HVAC system.)
HVAC system equipment: HVAC system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split system) factory-assembled packages, means for air circulation, air cleaning, air cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification; and optionally, either alone or in combination with a heating plant, the functions of heating and humidifying. The cooling function may be either electrically or heat operated and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporatively cooled. Where the equipment is provided in more than one package, the separate packages shall be designed by the manufacturer to be used together. The equipment may provide the heating function as a heat pump or by the use of electric elements. (The word "equipment" used without modifying adjective may, in accordance with common industry usage, apply either to HVAC system equipment or HVAC system components.)
Indirectly conditioned space: An enclosed space within a building that is not a heated or cooled space, whose area weighted heat transfer coefficient to heated or cooled spaces exceeds that to the outdoors or to unconditioned spaces; or through which air from heated or cooled spaces is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour. Enclosed corridors between conditioned spaces shall be considered as indirectly conditioned space. (See Heated Space, Cooled Space and Unconditioned Space.)
Infiltration: The uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and interstices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building caused by the pressure effects of wind and/or the effect of differences in the indoor and outdoor air density.
Insulation baffle: A rigid material, resistant to wind driven moisture, the purpose of which is to allow air to flow freely into the attic or crawl space and to prevent insulation from blocking the ventilation of these spaces, or the loss of insulation. Example materials for this purpose are sheet metal, or wax impregnated cardboard.
Insulation position:
a. Exterior Insulation Position: a wall having all or nearly all of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior of the mass.
b. Integral Insulation Position: a wall having mass exposed to both room and outside air, with substantially equal amounts of mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer.
c. Interior Insulation Position: a wall not meeting either of the above definitions; particularly a wall having most of its mass external to the insulation layer.
International Building Code (IBC): (See Washington State Building Code.)
International Mechanical Code (IMC): (See Washington State Building Code.)
IPLV -- Integrated part-load value: A single number figure of merit based on part-load EER or COP expressing part-load efficiency for air conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment as specified in the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and Cooling Tower Institute (CTI) procedures.
Luminaire: A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the electric power supply.
Manual: Capable of being operated by personal intervention. (See Automatic.)
Microcell: A wireless communication facility consisting of an antenna that is either: (a) Four (4) feet in height and with an area of not more than 580 square inches; or (b) if a tubular antenna, no more than four (4) inches in diameter and no more than six (6) feet in length; and the associated equipment cabinet that is six (6) feet or less in height and no more than 48 square feet in floor area.
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.
NFRC: National Fenestration Rating Council.
Net heat output: The change in the total heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (not including supplementary heat and heat from boilers).
Net heat removal: The total difference in heat content of the air entering and leaving the equipment (without heat) or the difference in total heat content of the water or refrigerant entering and leaving the component.
New energy: Energy, other than recovered energy, utilized for the purpose of heating or cooling. (See energy.)
Nominal R-value: The thermal resistance of insulation as specified by the manufacturer according to recognized trade and engineering standards.
Nonrenewable energy sources: All energy sources that are not renewable energy sources including natural gas, oil, coal, wood, liquified petroleum gas, steam, and any utility-supplied electricity.
Nonresidential: All buildings and spaces in the
((Uniform)) International Building Code (((UBC))) (IBC)
occupancies other than Group R.
Occupancy: See the Washington State Building Code.
Occupancy sensor: A device that detects occupants within an area, causing any combination of lighting, equipment or appliances to be turned on or shut off.
Opaque envelope areas: All exposed areas of a building envelope which enclose conditioned space, except openings for doors, glazing and building service systems.
Open blown: Loose fill insulation pneumatically installed in an unconfined attic space.
Outdoor air (outside air): Air taken from the outdoors and, therefore, not previously circulated through a building.
Overhead glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of less than 60° from the horizontal plane.
Packaged terminal air conditioner: A factory-selected
combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies or
sections intended to serve a room or zone. (For the complete
technical definition, see Standard ((RS-10)) RS-5.)
Permeance (perm): The ability of a material of specified
thickness to transmit moisture in terms of amount of moisture
transmitted per unit time for a specified area and
differential pressure (grains per hour • ft2 • inches of HG).
Permeance may be measured using ASTM ((E-96-72)) E-96-00 or
other approved dry cup method as specified in ((RS-27)) RS-1.
Personal wireless service facility: A Wireless Communication Facility (WCF), including a microcell, which is a facility for the transmission and/or reception of radio frequency signals and which may include antennas, equipment shelter or cabinet, transmission cables, a support structure to achieve the necessary elevation, and reception and/or transmission devices or antennas.
Pool cover: A vapor-retardant cover which lies on or at the surface of the pool.
Power: In connection with machines, the time rate of doing work. In connection with the transmission of energy of all types, the rate at which energy is transmitted; in customary units, it is measured in watts (W) or British Thermal Units per hour (Btu/h).
Process energy: Energy consumed in support of a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process other than the maintenance of building comfort or amenities for building occupants.
Radiant slab floor: A slab floor assembly on grade or below, containing heated pipes, ducts, or electric heating cables that constitute a floor or portion thereof for complete or partial heating of the structure.
Readily accessible: See the Washington State Mechanical Code.
Recooling: The removal of heat by sensible cooling of the supply air (directly or indirectly) that has been previously heated above the temperature to which the air is to be supplied to the conditioned space for proper control of the temperature of that space.
Recovered energy: Energy utilized which would otherwise be wasted (i.e. not contribute to a desired end use) from an energy utilization system.
Reheat: The application of sensible heat to supply air that has been previously cooled below the temperature of the conditioned space by either mechanical refrigeration or the introduction of outdoor air to provide cooling.
Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources of energy (excluding minerals) are derived from: (1) incoming solar radiation, including but not limited to, natural daylighting and photosynthetic processes; (2) energy sources resulting from wind, waves and tides, lake or pond thermal differences; and (3) energy derived from the internal heat of the earth, including nocturnal thermal exchanges.
Reset: Adjustment of the set point of a control instrument to a higher or lower value automatically or manually to conserve energy.
Roof/ceiling assembly: (See Gross roof/ceiling area.)
SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio: The total cooling output of an air conditioner during its normal annual usage period, in Btu's, divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours, during the same period, as determined by 10 CFR, Part 430.
Semi-heated space: Sub-category of Heated Space. (See Heated Space.)
Sequence: A consecutive series of operations.
Service systems: All energy-using systems in a building that are operated to provide services for the occupants or processes housed therein, including HVAC, service water heating, illumination, transportation, cooking or food preparation, laundering or similar functions.
Service water heating: Supply of hot water for domestic or commercial purposes other than comfort heating.
Shaded: Glazed area which is externally protected from direct solar radiation by use of devices permanently affixed to the structure or by an adjacent building, topographical feature, or vegetation.
Shading coefficient: The ratio of solar heat gain occurring through nonopaque portions of the glazing, with or without integral shading devices, to the solar heat gain occurring through an equivalent area of unshaded, 1/8 inch thick, clear, double-strength glass.
| Note: | Heat gains to be compared under the same conditions. See Chapter (( |
Single family: One and two family residential dwelling units with no more than two units in a single building.
Skylight: (See Overhead glazing.)
Slab-below-grade: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is more than 24 inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.
Slab-on-grade, exterior: Any portion of a slab floor in contact with the ground which is less than or equal to twenty-four inches below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade.
Small business: Any business entity (including a sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership, or other legal entity) which is owned and operated independently from all other businesses, which has the purpose of making a profit, and which has fifty or fewer employees, or which has a million dollars or less per year in gross sales, of window products.
Solar energy source: Source of natural daylighting and of thermal, chemical or electrical energy derived directly from conversion of incident solar radiation.
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the glazing product to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is then reradiated, conducted or convected into the space.
Split system: Any heat pump or air conditioning unit which is provided in more than one assembly requiring refrigeration piping installed in the field.
Standard framing: All framing practices not defined as "intermediate" or "advanced" shall be considered standard. (See Advanced framed ceiling, Advanced framed walls, Intermediate framed wall and Section 1005.2 of this Code.)
Substantial contact: A condition where adjacent building materials are placed in a manner that proximal surfaces are contiguous, being installed and supported as to eliminate voids between materials, without compressing or degrading the thermal performance of either product.
System: A combination of central or terminal equipment or components and/or controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and terminal devices by which energy is transformed so as to perform a specific function, such as HVAC, service water heating or illumination.
Tapering: Installation of a reduced level of ceiling insulation at the eaves, due to reduced clearance.
Thermal by-pass: An area where the envelope surrounding the conditioned space is breached, or where an ineffective application compromises the performance of a thermal or infiltration barrier, increasing the structure's energy consumption by exposing finished surfaces to ambient conditions and additional heat transfer.
Thermal conductance (C): Time rate of heat flow through a body (frequently per unit area) from one of its bounding surfaces to the other for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, under steady conditions (Btu/hr•ft2•°F).
Thermal resistance (R): The reciprocal of thermal conductance (hr • ft2 •°F/Btu).
Thermal transmittance (U): The coefficient of heat transmission (air to air). It is the time rate of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature difference between the warm side and cold side air films (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F).
Thermal transmittance, overall (Uo): The overall (average) heat transmission of a gross area of the exterior building envelope (Btu/hr • ft2 •°F). The Uo-factor applies to the combined effect of the time rate of heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as glazing, doors and opaque construction areas, comprising the gross area of one or more exterior building components, such as walls, floors or roof/ceiling.
Thermostat: An automatic control device actuated by temperature and designed to be responsive to temperature.
Total on-site energy input: The combination of all the energy inputs to all elements and accessories as included in the equipment components, including but not limited to, compressor(s), compressor sump heater(s), circulating pump(s), purge devices, fan(s), and the HVAC system component control circuit.
Transmission coefficient: The ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system to that of an unshaded single pane of double strength window glass under the same set of conditions.
Transverse joint: The primary connection between air distribution system fittings.
U-factor: (See thermal transmittance.)
U-Value: (See U-factor.)
((Uniform Building Code (UBC): (See Washington State
Building Code.)
Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC): (See Washington State Mechanical Code.)))
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC): (See Washington State Plumbing Code.)
Unitary cooling and heating equipment: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an evaporator or cooling coil, a compressor and condenser combination, and may include a heating function as well. Where such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Unitary heat pump: One or more factory-made assemblies which include an indoor conditioning coil, compressor(s) and outdoor coil or refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, including means to provide both heating and cooling functions. When such equipment is provided in more than one assembly, the separate assemblies shall be designed to be used together.
Vapor retarder: A layer of low moisture transmissivity material (not more than 1.0 perm dry cup) placed over the warm side (in winter) of insulation, over the exterior of below grade walls, and under floors as ground cover to limit the transport of water and water vapor through exterior walls, ceilings, and floors. Vapor retarding paint, listed for this application, also meets this definition.
Vaulted ceilings: All ceilings where enclosed joist or rafter space is formed by ceilings applied directly to the underside of roof joists or rafters.
Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.
Ventilation air: That portion of supply air which comes from outside (outdoors) plus any recirculated air that has been treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated space.
Vertical glazing: A glazing surface that has a slope of 60° or greater from the horizontal plane.
Walls (exterior): Any member or group of members which defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and which have a slope of sixty degrees or greater with the horizontal plane, and separates conditioned from unconditioned space. Band joists between floors are to be considered a part of exterior walls.
Washington State Building Code: The ((building code as
modified by the)) Washington State Building Code is comprised
of the International Building Code; the International
Mechanical Code; the International Fire Code; the Uniform
Plumbing Code; the state regulations for barrier-free
facilities, as designated in RCW 19.27.031; the State Energy
Code; and any other codes so designated by the Washington
state legislature as adopted and amended by the State Building
Code Council.
((Washington State Mechanical Code: The mechanical code
as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.
Washington State Plumbing Code: The plumbing code as modified by the Washington State Building Code Council.))
Zone: A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device. Each dwelling unit in residential buildings shall be considered a single zone.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0201, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0201, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0201, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0201, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0201, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0201, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
402.1 Special Requirements for All Group R Occupancy:
402.1.1 Energy Budgets: Proposed buildings designed in
accordance with this section shall be designed to use no more
energy from nonrenewable sources for space heating, and
domestic hot water heating than a standard building whose
enclosure elements and energy consuming systems are designed
in accordance with section 502.2 of this Code for the
appropriate climate zone, and heating system type. Energy
derived from renewable sources may be excluded from the total
annual energy consumption attributed to the alternative
building.
402.1.2 Calculation of Energy Consumption: The
application for a building permit shall include documentation
which demonstrates, using a calculation procedure as listed in
Chapter 8, or an approved alternate, that the proposed
building's annual space heating energy use does not exceed the
annual space heating and water heating energy use of a
standard building conforming to Chapter 5 of this Code for the
appropriate climate zone. The total calculated annual energy
consumption shall be shown in units of ((kWh/ft2/year or
Btu/ft2/year)) kWh/ft2-yr or Btu/ft2-yr of conditioned area.
402.1.3 Input Values: The following standardized input
values shall be used in calculating annual space heating
budgets:
| PARAMETER | VALUE | |
| Thermostat set point, heating Thermostat set point, cooling Thermostat night set back Thermostat night set back period |
65° F 78° F 65° F 0 hours |
|
| Internal gain | ||
| R-3 and R-4 units R-1 and R-2 units |
3000 Btu/hr 1500 Btu/hr |
|
| Domestic Hot Water Heater Setpoint |
120° F |
|
| Domestic Hot Water Consumption |
20 gallons/person/day. | |
| Minimum heat storage | Calculated using standard engineering practice for the actual building or as approved. | |
Site weather data |
Typical meteorological year (TMY) or ersatz TMY data for the closest appropriate TMY site or other sites as approved. |
|
| Heating equipment efficiency | ||
| Electric resistance heat Heat Pumps Other Fuels |
1.00 6.80 HSPF. 0.78 AFUE. |
|
1. Overall thermal transmittance, Uo, of building envelope
or individual building components;
2. Heat storage capacity of building;
3. Glazing orientation; area; and solar heat
coefficients;
4. Heating system efficiency.
402.1.4 Solar Shading and Access: Building designs using
passive solar features with eight percent or more south facing
equivalent glazing to qualify shall provide to the building
official a sun chart or other approved documentation depicting
actual site shading for use in calculating compliance under
this section. The building shall contain at least forty-five
Btu/°F for each square foot of south facing glass.
402.1.5 Infiltration: Infiltration levels used shall be
set at 0.35 air changes per hour for thermal calculation
purposes only.
402.1.6 Heat Pumps: The heating season performance
factor (HSPF) for heat pumps shall be calculated using
procedures consistent with section 5.2 of the U.S. Department
of Energy Test Procedure for Central Air Conditioners,
including heat pumps published in the December 27, 1979
Federal Register Vol. 44, No. 24.10 CFR 430. Climate data as
specified above, the proposed buildings overall thermal
performance value (Btu/°F) and the standardized input
assumptions specified above shall be used to model the heat
pumps HSPF.
402.2 Energy Analysis: Compliance with this chapter will
require an analysis of the annual energy usage, hereinafter
called an annual energy analysis.
EXCEPTIONS:
Chapters 5, and 6 of this Code establish criteria for different energy-consuming and enclosure elements of the
building which, will eliminate the requirement for an annual systems energy analysis while meeting the intent of
this Code.
A building designed in accordance with this chapter will be deemed as complying with this Code if the
calculated annual energy consumption is not greater than a similar building (defined as a "standard design") whose
enclosure elements and energy-consuming systems are designed in accordance with Chapter 5.
For an alternate building design to be considered similar to a "standard design," it shall utilize the same energy
source(s) for the same functions and have equal floor area and the same ratio of envelope area to floor area,
environmental requirements, occupancy, climate data and usage operational schedule.
402.3 Design: The standard design, conforming to the
criteria of Chapter 5 and the proposed alternative design
shall be designed on a common basis as specified herein:
The comparison shall be expressed as kBtu or kWh input
per square foot of conditioned floor area per year at the
building site.
402.4 Analysis Procedure: The analysis of the annual
energy usage of the standard and the proposed alternative
building and system design shall meet the following criteria:
a. The building heating/cooling load calculation
procedure used for annual energy consumption analysis shall be
detailed to permit the evaluation of effect of factors
specified in section 402.5.
b. The calculation procedure used to simulate the
operation of the building and its service systems through a
full-year operating period shall be detailed to permit the
evaluation of the effect of system design, climatic factors,
operational characteristics, and mechanical equipment on
annual energy usage. Manufacturer's data or comparable field
test data shall be used when available in the simulation of
systems and equipment. The calculation procedure shall be
based upon eight thousand seven hundred sixty hours of
operation of the building and its service systems.
402.5 Calculation Procedure: The calculation procedure
shall cover the following items:
a. Design requirements -- Environmental requirements as
required in Chapter 3.
b. Climatic data -- Coincident hourly data for
temperatures, solar radiation, wind and humidity of typical
days in the year representing seasonal variation.
c. Building data -- Orientation, size, shape, mass, air,
moisture and heat transfer characteristics.
d. Operational characteristics -- Temperature, humidity,
ventilation, illumination, control mode for occupied and
unoccupied hours.
e. Mechanical equipment -- Design capacity, part load
profile.
f. Building loads -- Internal heat generation, lighting,
equipment, number of people during occupied and unoccupied
periods.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R Occupancy shall comply with calculation procedures in Chapter 8, or an approved alternate. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0402, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0402, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0402, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
502.1 General:
502.1.1: The stated U- or F-factor of any component
assembly, listed in Table 5-1 or 5-2, such as roof/ceiling,
opaque wall or opaque floor may be increased and the U-factor
for other components decreased, provided that the total heat
gain or loss for the entire building envelope does not exceed
the total resulting from compliance to the U-factors specified
in this Section.
The U-factors for typical construction assemblies are
included in Chapter 10. These values shall be used for all
calculations. Where proposed construction assemblies are not
represented in Chapter 10, values shall be calculated in
accordance with Chapters ((21-29)) 23-30 in Standard RS-1
listed in Chapter 7, using the framing factors listed in
Chapter 10 where applicable.
For envelope assemblies containing metal framing, the
U-factor shall be determined by one of the following methods:
1. Results of laboratory or field measurements.
2. Standard ((RS-25)) RS-1, listed in Chapter 7, where
the metal framing is bonded on one or both sides to a metal
skin or covering.
3. The zone method as provided in Chapter ((24)) 25 of
Standard RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.
4. Results of parallel path correction factors effective
framing/cavity R-values as provided in Table 10-5A - EFFECTIVE
R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY for metal stud walls and
roof/ceilings.
502.1.2: For consideration of thermal mass effects, see
section 402.4.
502.1.3: When return air ceiling plenums are employed,
the roof/ceiling assembly shall:
a. For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the
ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly;
and
b. For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior
face of the upper plenum surface.
502.1.4 Insulation:
502.1.4.1 General: All insulating materials shall comply
with sections ((2602 and/or 707)) 2603 and/or 719 of the
((Uniform)) International Building Code. Substantial contact
of the insulation with the surface being insulated is
required. All insulation materials shall be installed
according to the manufacturer's instructions to achieve proper
densities and maintain uniform R-values and shall be installed
in a manner which will permit inspection of the manufacturer's
R-value identification mark. To the maximum extent possible,
insulation shall extend over the full component area to the
intended R-value.
Alternatively, the thickness of roof/ceiling and wall
insulation that is either blown in or spray-applied shall be
identified by inches of thickness, density and R-value markers
installed at least one for every 300 square feet (28 m2)
through the attic, ceiling and/or wall space. In attics, the
markers shall be affixed to the trusses or joists and marked
with the minimum initial installed thickness and minimum
settled thickness with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in
height. Each marker shall face the attic access. The
thickness of installed attic insulation shall meet or exceed
the minimum initial installed thickness shown by the marker. In cathedral ceilings and walls, the markers shall be affixed
to the rafter and wall frame at alternating high and low
intervals and marked with the minimum installed density and
R-value with numbers a minimum 1.0 inch (25 mm) in height. Each marker shall face the conditioned room area.
502.1.4.2 Insulation Materials: All insulation materials
including facings such as vapor barriers or breather papers
installed within floor/ceiling assemblies, roof/ceiling
assemblies, walls, crawl spaces, or attics shall have a flame
spread rating of less than 25 and a smoke density not to
exceed 450 when tested in accordance with ((UBC Standard 8-1))
ASTM E84-01.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with section ((
2602 of the Uniform)) 2603 of the International Building
Code.
2. When such materials are installed in concealed spaces of Types III, IV and V construction, the flame spread
and smoke developed limitations do not apply to facing, provided that the facing is installed in substantial
contact with the unexposed surface of the ceiling, floor or wall finish.
3. Cellulose insulation shall comply with section ((
707 of the Uniform)) 719 of the International Building Code.
502.1.4.3 Clearances: Where required, insulation shall
be installed with clearances according to manufacturer's
specifications. Insulation shall be installed so that
required ventilation is unobstructed. For blown or poured
loose fill insulation, clearances shall be maintained through
installation of a permanent retainer.
502.1.4.4 Access Hatches and Doors: Access doors from
conditioned spaces to unconditioned spaces (e.g., attics and
crawl spaces) shall be weatherstripped and insulated to a
level equivalent to the insulation on the surrounding
surfaces. Access shall be provided to all equipment which
prevents damaging or compressing the insulation. A wood
framed or equivalent baffle or retainer must be provided when
loose fill insulation is installed, the purpose of which is to
prevent the loose fill insulation from spilling into the
living space when the attic access is opened, and to provide a
permanent means of maintaining the installed R-value of the
loose fill insulation.
502.1.4.5 Roof/Ceiling Insulation: Open-blown or poured
loose fill insulation may be used in attic spaces where the
slope of the ceiling is not more than 3 feet in 12 and there
is at least 30 inches of clear distance from the top of the
bottom chord of the truss or ceiling joist to the underside of
the sheathing at the roof ridge. When eave vents are
installed, baffling of the vent openings shall be provided so
as to deflect the incoming air above the surface of the
insulation. Baffles shall be, rigid material, resistant to
wind driven moisture. Requirements for baffles for ceiling
insulation shall meet the ((Uniform)) International Building
Code section ((1505.3)) 1203.2 for minimum ventilation
requirements. When feasible, the baffles shall be installed
from the top of the outside of the exterior wall, extending
inward, to a point 6 inches vertically above the height of
noncompressed insulation, and 12 inches vertically above loose
fill insulation.
502.1.4.6 Wall Insulation: Insulation installed in
exterior walls shall comply with the provisions of this
section. All wall insulation shall fill the entire framed
cavity. Exterior wall cavities isolated during framing shall
be fully insulated to the levels of the surrounding walls. All faced insulation shall be face stapled to avoid
compression.
502.1.4.7 Floor Insulation: Floor insulation shall be
installed in a permanent manner in substantial contact with
the surface being insulated. Insulation supports shall be
installed so spacing is no more than 24 inches on center. Foundation vents shall be placed so that the top of the vent
is below the lower surface of the floor insulation.
EXCEPTION:
Insulation may be omitted from floor areas over heated basements, heated garages or underfloor areas used as
HVAC supply plenums. See ((
Uniform)) International Mechanical Code section ((607)) 602.3 for underfloor
supply plenum requirements. When foundation walls are insulated, the insulation shall be attached in a permanent
manner. The insulation shall not block the airflow through foundation vents when installed. When foundation
vents are not placed so that the top of the vent is below the lower surface of the floor insulation, a permanently
attached baffle shall be installed at an angle of 30° from horizontal, to divert air flow below the lower surface of
the floor insulation.
502.1.4.8 Slab-On-Grade: Slab-on-grade insulation,
installed inside the foundation wall, shall extend downward
from the top of the slab for a minimum distance of 24 inches
or downward and then horizontally beneath the slab for a
minimum combined distance of 24 inches. Insulation installed
outside the foundation shall extend downward to a minimum of
24 inches or to the ((frostline)) top of the footing,
whichever is less. Above grade insulation shall be protected.
EXCEPTION:
For monolithic slabs, the insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab to the bottom of the footing.
502.1.4.9 Radiant Slabs: The entire area of a radiant
slab shall be thermally isolated from the soil, with a minimum
of R-10 insulation. The insulation shall be an approved
product for its intended use. If a soil gas control system is
present below the radiant slab, which results in increased
convective flow below the radiant slab, the radiant slab shall
be thermally isolated from the sub-slab gravel layer.
502.1.4.10 Below Grade Walls: Below grade exterior wall
insulation used on the exterior (cold) side of the wall shall
extend from the top of the below grade wall to the top of the
footing and shall be approved for below grade use. Above
grade insulation shall be protected.
Insulation used on the interior (warm) side of the wall
shall extend from the top of the below grade wall to the below
grade floor level.
502.1.5 Glazing and Door U-factors: Glazing and door
U-factors shall be determined in accordance with sections
502.1.5.1 and 502.1.5.2. All products shall be labeled with
the NFRC certified or default U-factor. The labeled U-factor
shall be used in all calculations to determine compliance with
this Code. Sealed insulating glass shall conform to, or be in
test for, ASTM E-774-81 class A.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. For glazed wall systems, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing
U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 or 6-2 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater: |
| a. Double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e = 0.10 maximum,
with 90% minimum argon gas fill, and a non-aluminum spacer (as defined in footnote 1 to Table 10-6B), and |
|
| b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad wood,
vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label
stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 or 6-2 vertical glazing U-factor requirement using the
exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
|
| 2. For overhead glazing, assemblies with all of the following features are deemed to satisfy the overhead glazing
U-factor requirement in Table 6-1 or 6-2 options except the unlimited glazing area options ((( |
|
| a. Either, double glazing with a minimum 1/2 inch gap width, having a low-emissivity coating with e =0.20
maximum, with 90% minimum argon gas fill, or, triple glazed plastic domes, and |
|
| b. Frame that is thermal break aluminum (as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B), wood, aluminum clad wood,
vinyl, aluminum clad vinyl, or reinforced vinyl. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label
stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 or 6-2 overhead glazing U-factor requirement using the
exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
|
| 3. For solariums with a floor area which does not exceed 300 square feet, assemblies which comply with the
features listed in exception 2 are deemed to satisfy the vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor requirement
in Table 6-1 or 6-2 options with vertical glazing U-0.40 and greater. |
|
| The only labeling requirement for products using this exception shall be a description of the product and a label
stating: "This product is deemed to satisfy the Table 6-1 or 6-2 vertical glazing and overhead glazing U-factor
requirements using the exception to Section 502.1.5 in the Washington State Energy Code." |
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Glazing products without NFRC ratings may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A for vertical
glazing and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
2. Units without NFRC ratings produced by a small business may be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6A
for garden windows, from Table 10-6B for other vertical glazing, and from Table 10-6E for overhead glazing.
502.1.5.2 Standard Procedure for Determination of Door
U-factors: All doors, including fire doors, shall be assigned
default U-factors from Table 10-6C.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. U-factors determined, certified and labeled in accordance with the National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC) Product Certification Program (PCP), as authorized by an independent certification and inspection
agency licensed by the NFRC.
2. The default values for the opaque portions of doors shall be those listed in Table 10-6C, provided that the
U-factor listed for a door with a thermal break shall only be allowed if both the door and the frame have a
thermal break.
3. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be installed for
ornamental, security or architectural purposes. Products using this exception shall not be included in the U-factor
calculation requirements, however glazing area shall be included in glazing area calculations.
502.1.6 Moisture Control:
502.1.6.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be
installed on the warm side (in winter) of insulation as
specified in the following cases.
| EXCEPTION: | Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned space. |
502.1.6.3 Roof/Ceilings: Roof/ceiling assemblies where
the ventilation space above the insulation is less than an
average of 12 inches shall be provided with a vapor retarder. Faced batt insulation where used as a vapor retarder shall be
face stapled. Single rafter joist vaulted ceiling cavities
shall be of sufficient depth to allow a minimum one inch
vented air space above the insulation.
502.1.6.4: Vapor retarders shall not be required in
roof/ceiling assemblies where the ventilation space above the
insulation averages 12 inches or greater.
502.1.6.5: Vapor retarders shall not be required where
all of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane
and the structural roof deck.
502.1.6.6 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall have a vapor retarder installed. Faced batt insulation shall be face stapled.
502.1.6.7 Ground Cover: A ground cover of six mil (0.006
inch thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid
over the ground within crawl spaces. The ground cover shall
be overlapped 12 inches minimum at the joints and shall extend
to the foundation wall.
| EXCEPTION: | The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a minimum thickness of 3-1/2 inches. |
502.2.1 UA Calculations: The proposed UA as calculated
using Equations 2 and 3 shall not exceed the target UA as
calculated using Equation 1. For the purpose of determining
equivalent thermal performance, the glazing area for the
target UA shall be calculated using values in Table 5-1. The
opaque door area shall be the same in the target UA and the
proposed UA.
| EXCEPTION: | Log and solid timber walls that have a minimum average thickness of 3.5" and with space heat type other than electric resistance, are exempt from wall target UA and proposed UA calculations. |
1. Electric Resistance: Space heating systems which
include baseboard units, radiant units and forced air units as
either the primary or secondary heating system.
| EXCEPTION: | Electric resistance systems for which the total electric heat capacity in each individual dwelling unit does not exceed the greater of: 1) One thousand watts (1000 w) per dwelling unit, or; 2) One watt per square foot (1 w/ft2) of the gross floor area. |
502.3 Reserved.
502.4 Air Leakage:
502.4.1 General: The requirements of this section shall
apply to all buildings and structures, or portions thereof,
and only to those locations separating outdoor ambient
conditions from interior spaces that are heated or
mechanically cooled.
502.4.2 Doors and Windows, General: Exterior doors and
windows shall be designed to limit air leakage into or from
the building envelope. Site-constructed doors and windows
shall be sealed in accordance with Section 502.4.3.
502.4.3 Seals and Weatherstripping:
a. Exterior joints around windows and door frames,
openings between walls and foundation, between walls and roof
and wall panels; openings at penetrations of utility services
through walls, floors and roofs; and all other openings in the
building envelope for all occupancies and all other openings
in between units in R-1 and R-2 Occupancy shall be sealed,
caulked, gasketed or weatherstripped to limit air leakage. Other exterior joints and seams shall be similarly treated, or
taped, or covered with moisture vapor permeable housewrap.
b. All exterior doors or doors serving as access to an
enclosed unheated area shall be weatherstripped to limit
leakage around their perimeter when in a closed position.
c. Site built windows are exempt from testing but shall
be made tight fitting. Fixed lights shall have glass retained
by stops with sealant or caulking all around. Operating sash
shall have weatherstripping working against overlapping trim
and a closer/latch which will hold the sash closed. The
window frame to framing crack shall be made tight with
caulking, overlapping membrane or other approved technique.
d. Openings that are required to be fire resistive are
exempt from this section.
502.4.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures: When installed in
the building envelope, recessed lighting fixtures shall meet
one of the following requirements:
1. Type IC rated, manufactured with no penetrations
between the inside of the recessed fixture and ceiling cavity
and sealed or gasketed to prevent air leakage into the
unconditioned space.
2. Type IC rated, installed inside a sealed box
constructed from a minimum 1/2 inch thick gypsum wall board,
or constructed from a preformed polymeric vapor barrier, or
other air tight assembly manufactured for this purpose.
3. Type IC rated, certified under ASTM E283 to have no
more than 2.0 cfm air movement from the conditioned space to
the ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at 75
Pascals or 1.57 lbs/ft2 pressure difference and have a label
attached, showing compliance.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0502, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0502, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0502, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 02-24-076, filed 12/4/02,
effective 5/1/03)
WAC 51-11-0503
Building mechanical systems.
503.1 General: This section covers the determination of design requirements, system and component performance, control requirements, insulating systems and duct sealing. For all other duct construction requirements, refer to the State Mechanical Code (chapter 51-42 WAC).
503.2 Calculations of Heating and Cooling Loads, and
System Sizing Limits: The design parameters specified in
Chapter 3 shall apply for all computations.
503.2.1 Calculation Procedures: Heating and cooling
design loads for the purpose of sizing HVAC systems are
required and shall be calculated in accordance with accepted
engineering practice, including infiltration and ventilation.
503.2.2 Space Heating and Space Cooling System Sizing
Limits: Building mechanical systems for all buildings which
provide space heating and/or space cooling shall be sized no
greater than two hundred percent (200%) of the heating and
cooling design loads as calculated above.
EXCEPTIONS:
The following limited exemptions from the sizing limit shall be allowed; however, in all cases heating and/or
cooling design load calculations shall be submitted.
1. For equipment which provides both heating and cooling in one package unit, including heat pumps with electric
heating and cooling and gas-pack units with gas heating and electric cooling, compliance need only be
demonstrated for either the space heating or space cooling system size.
2. Natural gas- or oil-fired space heating equipment whose total rated space heating output in any one dwelling
unit is
a. 40,000 Btu/h or less is exempt from the sizing limit,
b. larger than 40,000 Btu/h may exceed the two hundred (200%) percent sizing limit provided that the installed
equipment has an annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) of not less than ninety (90%) percent.
3. Stand-by equipment may be installed if controls and other devices are provided which allow redundant
equipment to operate only when the primary equipment is not operating.
503.3 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling: Systems and
equipment that provide simultaneous heating and cooling shall
comply with the requirements in, as appropriate, Section 1422
or Section 1435.
503.4 HVAC Equipment Performance Requirements: All
heating equipment shall meet the requirements of the 1987
National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) and be so
labeled. Equipment shall also comply with Section 1411.
503.5 Reserved.
503.6 Balancing: The HVAC system design shall provide a
means for balancing air and water systems. Balancing the
system shall include, but not be limited to, dampers,
temperature and pressure test connections and balancing
valves.
503.7 Cooling with Outdoor Air (Economizer Cycle):
Systems and equipment that provide mechanical cooling shall
comply with Section 1413 and, as appropriate, Section 1423 or
1433.
503.8 Controls:
503.8.1 Temperature Control: Each system shall be
provided with at least one adjustable thermostat for the
regulation of temperature. Each thermostat shall be capable
of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors as follows:
503.8.1.1: When used to control heating only:
Fifty-five degrees to seventy-five degrees F.
503.8.1.2: When used to control cooling only: Seventy
degrees to eighty-five degrees F.
503.8.1.3: When used to control both heating and
cooling, it shall be capable of being set from fifty-five
degrees to eighty-five degrees F and shall be capable of
operating the system heating and cooling in sequence. The
thermostat and/or control system shall have an adjustable
deadband of not less than ten degrees F.
503.8.2 Humidity Control: If a system is equipped with a
means for adding moisture to maintain specific selected
relative humidities in space or zones, a humidistat shall be
provided. Humidistats shall be capable of being set to
prevent new energy from being used to produce space-relative
humidity above thirty percent.
EXCEPTION:
Special uses requiring different relative humidities may be permitted when approved by the building official.
503.8.3 Zoning for Temperature Control:
503.8.3.1 One- and Two-Family Dwellings: At least one
thermostat for regulation of space temperature shall be
provided for each separate system. In addition, a readily
accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided to
partially restrict or shut off the heating and/or cooling
input to each zone or floor.
503.8.3.2 Multifamily Dwellings: For multifamily
dwellings, each individual dwelling unit shall have at least
one thermostat for regulation of space temperature. A readily
accessible manual or automatic means shall be provided to
partially restrict or shut off the heating and/or cooling
input to each room. Spaces other than living units shall meet
the requirements of 503.8.3.3.
503.8.3.3 Reserved.
503.8.3.4 Control Setback and Shutoff:
Residential Occupancy Groups. One- and Two-Family and
Multifamily dwellings -- The thermostat required in section
503.8.3.1 or section 503.8.3.2, or an alternate means such as
a switch or clock, shall provide a readily accessible, manual
or automatic means for reducing the energy required for
heating and cooling during the periods of nonuse or reduced
need, such as, but not limited to unoccupied periods and
sleeping hours. Lowering thermostat set points to reduce
energy consumption of heating systems shall not cause energy
to be expended to reach the reduced setting.
503.8.3.5 Heat Pump Controls: Programmable thermostats
are required for all heat pump systems. The cut-on
temperature for the compression heating shall be higher than
the cut-on temperature for the supplementary heat, and the
cut-off temperature for the compression heating shall be
higher than the cut-off temperature for the supplementary
heat. Heat pump thermostats will be capable of providing at
least two programmable setback periods per day. The automatic
setback thermostat shall have the capability of limiting the
use of supplemental heat during the warm-up period.
503.9 Air Handling Duct System Insulation: Ducts,
plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings shall be
thermally insulated per Table 5-11.
EXCEPTIONS:
Duct insulation (except where required to prevent condensation) is not required in any of the following cases:
1. When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the energy requirements of the
building.
2. Within the HVAC equipment.
3. Exhaust air ducts.
4. Supply or return air ducts installed in unvented crawl spaces with insulated walls, basements, or cellars in
one-and two-family dwellings.
503.10 Ducts.
503.10.1 Leakage Testing: High-pressure and
medium-pressure ducts shall be leak tested in accordance with
the 1985 Edition of the SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test
Manual with the rate of air leakage not to exceed the maximum
rate specified in that standard.
503.10.2 Seams and Joints: All low-pressure supply and
return duct transverse joints, and enclosed stud bays or joist
cavities/space used to transport air, shall be securely
fastened and sealed with welds, gaskets, mastics (adhesives),
or mastic-plus-embedded-fabric systems installed in accordance
with the manufacturer's installation instructions.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Ducts or building cavities used for air distribution that are located entirely within the conditioned space of the building are exempt from this section. |
| 2. UL 181A listed tapes used with listed rigid fibrous glass ducts may be used as the primary sealant, when installed in accordance with the listing. | |
| 3. UL 181B listed tapes used with listed flexible air ducts may be used as the primary sealant, when installed in accordance with the listing. | |
| 4. Where enclosed stud bays or joist cavities/spaces are used to transport air sealing may be accomplished using drywall, drywall tape plus joint compound. | |
| 5. Tapes installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions, providing detailed information specific to application on ducts, including approved duct materials and required duct surface cleaning. |
503.11 Pipe Insulation: All piping shall be thermally
insulated in accordance with Table 5-12.
EXCEPTION:
Piping installed within unitary HVAC equipment.
Cold water pipes outside the conditioned space shall be
insulated in accordance with the Washington State Plumbing
Code (chapter ((51-46)) 51-56 WAC).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0503, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045, and 19.27.020. 98-24-075, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/1/98, effective 7/1/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025 and 19.27A.045. 98-03-003, § 51-11-0503, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0503, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0503, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
504.1 Scope: The purpose of this section is to provide
criteria for design and equipment selection that will produce
energy savings when applied to service water heating.
504.2 Water Heaters, Storage Tanks and Boilers:
504.2.1 Performance Efficiency: All Storage water
heaters shall meet the requirements of the 1987 National
Appliance Energy Conservation Act and be so labeled. All
electric water heaters in unheated spaces or on concrete
floors shall be placed on an incompressible, insulated surface
with a minimum thermal resistance of R-10.
For combination space and service water heaters with a
principal function of providing space heat, the Combined
Annual Efficiency (CAE) may be calculated by using ASHRAE
Standard 124-1991. Storage water heaters used in combination
space heat and water heat applications shall have either an
Energy Factor (EF) or a Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) of
not less than the following:
| Energy Factor (EF) | Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) | |
| <50 gallon storage | 0.58 | 0.71 |
| 50 to 70 gallon storage | 0.57 | 0.71 |
| >70 gallon storage | 0.55 | 0.70 |
504.2.3 Combination Service Water Heating/Space Heating
Boilers: Service water heating equipment shall not be
dependent on year round operation of space heating boilers.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Systems with service/space heating boilers having a standby loss Btu/h less than: | ||
| (13.3 pmd + 400)/n | |||
| determined by the fixture count method where: | |||
| pmd = probably maximum demand in gallons/hour
as determined in accordance with Chapter (( |
|||
| n = fraction of year when outdoor daily mean temperature exceeds 64.9° F. |
|||
| The standby loss is to be determined for a test period of twenty-four-hour duration while maintaining a boiler water temperature of ninety degrees F above an ambient of sixty degrees F and a five foot stack on appliance. | |||
| 2. For systems where the use of a single heating unit will lead to energy savings, such unit shall be utilized. | |||
504.4 Shutdown: A separate switch shall be provided to
permit turning off the energy supplied to electric service
water heating systems. A separate valve shall be provided to
permit turning off the energy supplied to the main burner(s)
of all other types of service water heater systems.
504.5 Swimming Pools:
504.5.1: All pool heaters shall be equipped with readily
accessible ON/OFF switch to allow shutting off the operation
of the heater without adjusting the thermostat setting. Controls shall be provided to allow the water temperature to
be regulated from the maximum design temperature down to
sixty-five degrees F.
504.5.2 Pool Covers: Heated swimming pools shall be
equipped with a pool cover, approved by the building official.
504.6 Pump Operation: Circulating hot water systems
shall be controlled so that the circulation pump(s) can be
conveniently turned off, automatically or manually, when the
hot water system is not in operation.
504.7 Pipe Insulation: Piping shall be thermally
insulated in accordance with section 503.11.
504.8 Conservation of Hot Water:
504.8.1 Showers and Lavatories: Showers and lavatories
used for other than safety reasons shall be equipped with flow
control devices or specially manufactured showerheads or
aerators to limit the total water flow rate as set forth in
chapter ((51-26)) 51-56 WAC, as measured with both hot and
cold faucets turned on to their maximum flow.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0504, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0504, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0504, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
505.1 Lighting Controls: Hotel and motel guest rooms and
guest suites shall have a master control device at the main
room entry that controls all permanently installed luminaires
and switched receptacles.
505.2 Lighting Power: Lighting shall comply with the
Prescriptive Lighting Option in Section 1520 or the Lighting
Power Allowance Option in Section 1530.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy and the dwelling unit portions of Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy. |
| 2. Lighting exempted by Section 1512. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0505, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-0505, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0505, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
601.1 General: This chapter establishes design criteria
in terms of prescribed requirements for building construction.
The provisions of this chapter are applicable to all
Group R Occupancies. Occupancies shall comply with all the
requirements of Chapter 5 except for the modifications herein
specified.
For wood frame assemblies, the building envelope
requirements of this chapter may be met by installing one of
the prescriptive packages in Table 6-1 or 6-2. Installed
components shall meet the requirements of section 602.
Compliance with nominal R-Values shall be demonstrated for the
thermal resistance of the added insulation in framing cavities
and/or insulated sheathing only and shall not include the
thermal transmittance of other building materials or air
films, but shall permit interruption by occasional framing
members. Other than wood frame assemblies with continuous
insulation uninterrupted by framing shall also be allowed to
comply with nominal R-values.
For metal frame assemblies, compliance shall be
demonstrated in accordance with Chapter 4 or Chapter 5 based
on the assemblies in Chapter 10. Compliance with nominal
R-values is not allowed, unless the full nominal R-value of
the insulation is installed either inside or outside of the
framing and is uninterrupted by framing.
| EXCEPTION: | Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy buildings may use a maximum area weighted average U-factor for components not exceeding those prescribed in Paths III and V in Table 6-1 or Paths IV and VI in Table 6-2. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0601, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0601, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0601, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
602.1 Roof/Ceiling: Ceilings below vented attics and
single-rafter, joist-vaulted ceilings shall be insulated to
not less than the nominal R-value specified for ceilings in
Table 6-1 or 6-2 as applicable.
602.2 Exterior Walls Both Above and Below Grade: Above
grade exterior walls shall be insulated to not less than the
nominal R-value specified in Table 6-1 or 6-2 as applicable.
((The following)) Walls 1 through 4 should be considered to
meet R-21 without additional documentation:
1. 2 x 6 framed and insulated with R-21 fiberglass batts.
2. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-15 fiberglass batts
plus R-4.0 foam sheathing.
3. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-13 fiberglass batts
plus R-5.0 foam sheathing.
4. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-15 fiberglass batts,
plus up to 25% of the wall area insulated with R-2.5 foam
sheathing, the remainder of the wall area insulated with R-5.0
foam sheathing.
Walls 5 through 8 should be considered to meet R-21 int.
without additional documentation:
5. 2 x 6 framed and insulated with R-21 fiberglass batts
plus R-10 foam insulated headers.
6. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-15 fiberglass batts
plus R-5.0 foam sheathing.
7. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-13 fiberglass batts
plus R-6.0 foam sheathing.
8. 2 x 4 framed and insulated with R-15 fiberglass batts,
plus up to 25% of the wall area insulated with R-3.0 foam
sheathing, the remainder of the wall area insulated with R-6.0
foam sheathing.
602.3 Exterior Walls (Below Grade): Below grade exterior
walls surrounding conditioned space shall be insulated to not
less than the nominal R-value specified for below grade walls
in Table 6-1 or 6-2 as applicable.
602.4 Slab-on-grade Floors: Slab-on-grade floors shall
be insulated along their perimeter to not less than the
nominal R-values specified for slab-on-grade floors in Table
6-1 or 6-2 as applicable. Slab insulation shall be installed
in compliance with section 502.1.4.8. See Chapter 5, section
502.1.4.9, for additional requirements for radiant slab
heating.
602.5 Floors Over Unconditioned Space: Floors over
unconditioned spaces, such as vented crawl spaces,
unconditioned basements, and parking garages shall be
insulated to not less than the nominal R-value shown for
floors over unconditioned spaces, in Table 6-1 or 6-2.
602.6 Exterior Doors: Doors shall comply with Sections
602.6.1 and 602.6.2.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Doors whose area and U-factor are included in the calculations for compliance with the requirements for
glazing in section 602.7 shall be exempt from the door U-factor requirements prescribed in Table 6-1 or 6-2. |
| 2. One unlabeled or untested exterior swinging door with the maximum area of 24 square feet may be installed per
unit for ornamental, security or architectural purposes. Products using this exception shall not be included in
either the U-factor or glazing area calculation requirements. |
602.6.2 Exterior Door U-Factor: Doors, including fire
doors, shall have a maximum area weighted average U-factor not
exceeding that prescribed in Table 6-1 or 6-2.
602.7 Glazing:
602.7.1 Glazing Area: The total glazing area as defined
in Chapter 2 shall not exceed the percentage of gross
conditioned floor area specified in Table 6-1 or 6-2. This
area shall also include any glazing in doors.
602.7.2 Glazing U-Factor: The total glazing area as
defined in Chapter 2 shall have an area weighted average
U-factor not to exceed that specified in Table 6-1 or 6-2.
U-factors for glazing shall be determined in accordance with
section 502.1.5. These areas and U-factors shall also include
any doors using the exception of section 602.6.
If the U-factors for all vertical and overhead glazing
products are below the appropriate U-factor specified, then no
calculations are required. If compliance is to be achieved
through an area weighted calculation, then the areas and
U-factors shall be included in the plans submitted with a
building permit application.
EXCEPTION:
Single glazing for ornamental, security, or architectural purposes and double glazed garden windows with a wood or
vinyl frame shall be exempt from the U-factor calculations but shall have its area tripled and shall be included in
the percentage of the total glazing area as allowed for in Table 6-1 or 6-2. The maximum area (before tripling)
allowed for the total of all single glazing and garden windows is one percent of the floor area.
602.8 Air Leakage For Group R Occupancy: The minimum air
leakage control measures shall be as specified in section
502.4 as applicable.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0602, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0602, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0602, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0602, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0602, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
TABLE 6-1
PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS0,1 FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY
CLIMATE ZONE 1
| Option | Glazing Area10: % of Floor |
Glazing U-Factor | Door9 U- Factor |
Ceiling2 | Vaulted Ceiling3 | Wall12 Above Grade | Wall• int4 Below Grade | Wall• ext4 Below Grade | Floor5 | Slab6 on Grade |
|
| Vertical | Overhead11 | ||||||||||
| I. | 12% | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-15 | R-15 | R-10 | R-30 | R-10 |
| II.* | 15% | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 | R-21 | R-10 | R-30 | R-10 |
| III. | 25% Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only |
0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21/ U = 0.060 |
R-15 | R-10 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10 |
| IV. | Unlimited Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy only | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 | R-21 | R-10 | R-30 | R-10 |
| V. | Unlimited Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21/ U = 0.060 |
R-15 | R-10 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10 |
| * | Reference Case |
TABLE 6-2
PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS0,1 FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCY
CLIMATE ZONE 2
| Option | Glazing Area10: % of Floor |
Glazing U-Factor | Door9 U- Factor |
Ceiling2 | Vaulted Ceiling3 | Wall12 Above Grade | Wall• int4 Below Grade | Wall• ext4 Below Grade | Floor5 | Slab6 on Grade |
|
| Vertical | Overhead11 | ||||||||||
| I. | 10% | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 Int7 | R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| II.* | 15% | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-19 +R-58 |
R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| III. | 17% | 0.37 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-19 +R-58 |
R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| IV. | 25% Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only |
0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21 int7/ U = 0.054 |
R-15 | R-12 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10 /F = 0.54 |
| V. | Unlimited Group R-3 and R-4 Occupancy only |
0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38 | R-30 | R-21 Int7 | R-21 | R-12 | R-30 | R-10 |
| VI. | Unlimited Group R-1 and R-2 Occupancy only |
0.32 | 0.58 | 0.20 | R-38/ U = 0.031 |
R-30/ U = 0.034 |
R-21 int7/ U = 0.054 |
R-15 | R-12 | R-30/ U = 0.029 |
R-10 /F = 0.54 |
| * | Reference Case |
| 0. | Nominal R-values are for wood frame assemblies only or assemblies built in accordance with Section 601.1. |
| 1. | Minimum requirements for each option listed. For example, if a proposed design has a glazing ratio to the conditioned floor area of 13%, it shall comply with all of the requirements of the 15% glazing option (or higher). Proposed designs which cannot meet the specific requirements of a listed option above may calculate compliance by Chapters 4 or 5 of this Code. |
| 2. | Requirement applies to all ceilings except single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. 'Adv' denotes Advanced Framed Ceiling. |
| 3. | Requirement applicable only to single rafter or joist vaulted ceilings. |
| 4. | Below grade walls shall be insulated either on the exterior to a minimum level of R-10, or on the interior to the same level as walls above grade. Exterior insulation installed on below grade walls shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.2. |
| 5. | Floors over crawl spaces or exposed to ambient air conditions. |
| 6. | Required slab perimeter insulation shall be a water resistant material, manufactured for its intended use, and installed according to manufacturer's specifications. See Section 602.4. |
| 7. | Int. denotes standard framing 16 inches on center with headers insulated with a minimum of (( |
| 8. | This wall insulation requirement denotes R-19 wall cavity insulation plus R-5 foam sheathing. |
| 9. | Doors, including all fire doors, shall be assigned default U-factors from Table 10-6C. |
| 10. | Where a maximum glazing area is listed, the total glazing area (combined vertical plus overhead) as a percent of gross conditioned floor area shall be less than or equal to that value. Overhead glazing with U-factor of U = 0.40 or less is not included in glazing area limitations. |
| 11. | Overhead glazing shall have U-factors determined in accordance with NFRC 100 or as specified in Section 502.1.5. |
| 12. | Log and solid timber walls with a minimum average thickness of 3.5" are exempt from this insulation requirement. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020, 19.27A.045. 02-24-076, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/4/02, effective 5/1/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-0625, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0625, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-0625, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: Chapter 19.27A RCW. 92-01-140, § 51-11-0625, filed 12/19/91, effective 7/1/92.]
| REFERENCE STANDARD NO. |
TITLE AND SOURCE |
| RS-1 | (( |
| RS-2 | (( |
| RS-3 | (Reserved.) |
| RS-4 | ASHRAE Standard 55-92 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. |
| RS-5 | (( |
| RS-6 | SMACNA, Installation Standards for Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, 6th Edition, 1988. |
| RS-7 | SMACNA, HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal and Flexible, 2nd Edition, 1995. |
| RS-8 | SMACNA, Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, 6th Edition, 1992. |
| RS-9 | (( |
| RS-10 | (( |
| RS-11 | 1999 ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Applications Handbook. |
| RS-12 | through (( |
| (( |
|
| RS-29 | Nonresidential Building Design by Systems Analysis. |
| RS-30 | Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 430 (March 14, 1988). |
| RS-31 | National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC) Standard 100-(( |
Phone ((())212(()))-642-4900 fax ((())212(()))-398-0023,
Internet www.ansi.org
ARI refers to the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute, 4301 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203
Phone ((())703(()))-524-8800 fax ((())703(()))-528-3816,
Internet www.ari.org
ASHRAE refers to the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791
Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329
Phone ((())404(()))-636-8400 fax ((())404(()))-321-5478,
Internet www.ashrae.org
ASTM refers to the American Society for Testing and
Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959
Phone ((())610(()))-832-9585 fax ((())610(()))-832-9555,
Internet www.astm.org
CTI refers to the Cooling Tower Institute, 530 Wells
Fargo Drive, Suite 218, Houston, TX 77090
Phone ((())281(()))-583-4087 fax ((())281(()))-537-1721,
Internet www.cti.org
((IES)) IESNA refers to the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, Floor 17, New York,
NY 10005-4001
Phone ((())212(()))-248-5000 fax ((())212(()))-248-5017,
Internet www.iesna.org
NFRC refers to the National Fenestration Rating Council,
Incorporated, ((1300 Spring Street)) 8484 Georgia Avenue,
Suite ((500)) 320, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Phone (((301) 589-NFRC)) 301-589-1776 fax
((())301(()))-588-0854, Internet www.nfrc.org
SMACNA refers to the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors National Association, Inc., 4201 Lafayette Center
Drive, P.O. Box 221230, Chantilly, VA 20153-1230
Phone ((())703(()))-803-2980 fax ((())703(()))-803-3732,
Internet www.smacna.org
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-0701, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-0701, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0701, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
| (( |
|
Climate Zone 2 |
25 Btu/h•ft2)) |
| Climate Zone 1 | |
| Winter Design Temperature (°F) | Btu/h/sf |
| >22 | 20 |
| 22-17 | 23 |
| 16-11 | 25 |
| <11 | 27 |
| Climate Zone 2 | |
| Winter Design Temperature (°F) | Btu/h/sf |
| >10 | 25 |
| 9-1 | 27 |
| <1 | 29 |
(Values from ASHRAE's "Recommended Outdoor Design Temperatures
in Washington State" (second edition, 1986) may also be used)
| Aberdeen | 25 |
| Anacortes | 24 |
| Bellingham | 19 |
| Benton City | 11 |
| Blaine | 17 |
| Bremerton | 29 |
| Burlington | 19 |
| Chehalis | 21 |
| Chelan | 10 |
| Clallam Bay | 28 |
| Clarkston | 10 |
| Colville AP | -2 |
| Concrete | 19 |
| Coulee Dam | 9 |
| Ellensburg | 2 |
| Enumclaw | 26 |
| Ephrata AP | 7 |
| Everett Paine | 21 |
| Forks IE | 23 |
| Goldendale | 7 |
| Hoquiam AP | 26 |
| Kelso AP | 24 |
| Kennewick | 13 |
| Lacrosse | -3 |
| La Grande | 23 |
| Leavenworth | -3 |
| Long Beach | 25 |
| Longview | 24 |
| Lynden | 18 |
| Lynnwood | 24 |
| Metaline Falls | -1 |
| Methow | 1 |
| Newhalem | 19 |
| Newport | -5 |
| Olga 2 SE | 24 |
| Olympia AP | 17 |
| Omak 2 NW | 3 |
| Othello | 9 |
| Packwood | 16 |
| Pasco | 13 |
| Port Angeles | 28 |
| Port Orchard | 29 |
| Port Townsend | 25 |
| Prosser | 12 |
| Pullman Exp. Sta. | 1 |
| Raymond | 28 |
| Republic | -9 |
| Richland | 11 |
| Ritzville | 6 |
| Seattle: SeaTac | 24 |
| Sequim | 23 |
| Shelton | 23 |
| Snohomish | 21 |
| Snoqualmie Pass | 6 |
| Spokane AP | 4 |
| Stampede Pass | 7 |
| Startup 1 E | 20 |
| Stevens Pass | 6 |
| Sumner | 19 |
| Sunnyside | 12 |
| Tacoma CO | 29 |
| Toledo AP | 17 |
| Toppenish | 11 |
| Vancouver | 22 |
| Vashon Island | 28 |
| Walla Walla | 6 |
| Wapato | 10 |
| Waterville | 1 |
| Wenatchee CO | 10 |
| Whidbey Island | 11 |
| Wilbur | 4 |
| Willapa Harbor | 26 |
| Winthrop 1 WSW | -12 |
| Yakima AP | 11 |
Example: A 2000 ft2 house in Zone 2, ((heated with gas))
in a location with a winter design temperature of 8°F, would
not have to submit a design heat load if the proposed furnace
is ((50,000)) 54,000 Btu or less.
Disclaimer: All heating systems shall be designed and
installed in accordance with ((Uniform)) International
Building Code Section ((310.11)) 1204.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-0900, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-0900, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-0900, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1001.1 Scope: The following defaults shall apply to
Chapters 1 through 20. This chapter includes tables of
seasonal average heat-loss coefficients for specified nominal
insulation. The heat-loss coefficients may also be used for
heating system sizing.
1001.2 Description: These coefficients were developed
primarily from data and procedures from Standard ((RS-27))
RS-1, and taken specifically from Standard ((RS-26)) RS-2,
listed in Chapter 7.
Coefficients not contained in this chapter may be
computed using the procedures listed in these references if
the assumptions in the following sections and Standard
((RS-26)) RS-2, listed in Chapter 7, are used, along with data
from the sources referenced above.
1001.3 Air Films: Default R-values used for air films
shall be as follows:
| R-Value | Condition |
| 0.17 | All exterior surfaces |
| 0.61 | Interior horizontal surfaces, heat flow up |
| 0.92 | Interior horizontal surfaces, heat flow down |
| 0.68 | Interior vertical surfaces |
TABLE 10-A
R-Value of Fiberglass Batts Compressed within Various Depth Cavities
| Insulation R-Value at Standard Thickness | ||||||||||||
| R-Value | 38 | 30 | 22 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 3 | |
| Standard Thickness | 12" | 9-1/2" | 6-3/4" | 5-1/2" | 6-1/4" | 3-1/2" | 3-5/8" | 3-1/2" | 2-1/2" | 1-1/2" | 3/4" | |
| Nominal Lumber Sizes, Inches | Actual Depth of Cavity, Inches | Insulation R-Values when Installed in a Confined Cavity | ||||||||||
| 2 x 12 | 11-1/4 | 37 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 10 | 9-1/4 | 32 | 30 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 8 | 7-1/4 | 27 | 26 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 6 | 5-1/2 | -- | 21 | 20 | 21 | 18 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 4 | 3-1/2 | -- | -- | 14 | -- | 13 | 15 | 13 | 11 | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 3 | 2-1/2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 9.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 x 2 | 1-1/2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.0 | -- |
| 2 x 1 | 3/4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.2 | 3.0 |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1001, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1001, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1004.1 General: Tables 10-3, 10-4 and 10-4a list
heat-loss coefficients for floors over unconditioned spaces in
units of Btu/h•ft2•°F.
They are derived from procedures listed in ((RS-27))
RS-1, listed in Chapter 7, assuming an average outdoor
temperature of 45°F, an average indoor temperature of 65°F,
and a crawlspace area of 1350 ft2 and 100 ft of perimeter. The
crawlspace is assumed to be 2.5 feet high, with 24 inches
below grade and 6 inches above grade.
1004.2 Crawlspace Description: Four configurations are
considered: Vented crawlspace, unvented crawlspace, heated
plenum crawlspace and exposed floor.
Vented crawlspaces: Assumed to have 3.0 air-changes per
hour, with at least 1.0 ft2 of net-free ventilation in the
foundation for every three hundred ft2 of crawlspace floor
area. The crawlspace is not actively heated.
Floors over unheated areas, such as garages, may only use
those values which have R-0 perimeter insulation.
Unvented crawlspaces: Assumed to have 1.5 air changes
per hour, with less than 1.0 ft2 of net-free ventilation in the
foundation for every three hundred ft2 of crawlspace floor
area. The crawlspace is not actively heated. Floors over
unheated basements may only use those values which have R-0
perimeter insulation.
Heated-plenum crawlspaces: Assumed to have 0.25
air-changes per hour, with no foundation vents. Heated supply
air from central furnace is blown into a crawlspace and
allowed to enter the living space unducted via holes cut into
the floor.
Enclosed floors: Assumes no buffer space, and a covering
of one-half inch of T1-11 on the exterior of the cavity
exposed to the outside air or rigid insulation below a
concrete floor, such as over parking garages.
1004.3 Construction Description: Floors are assumed to
be either joisted floors framed on sixteen inch centers, or
post and beam on four by eight foot squares. Insulation is
assumed to be installed under the subflooring between the
joists or beams with no space between the insulation and the
subfloor. Insulation is assumed to be uncompressed. Exposed
floors also include concrete with continuous rigid insulation
assumed.
Perimeter insulation is assumed to extend from the top of
the rim joist to the crawlspace floor and then inward along
the ground (on top of the ground cover) for at least
twenty-four inches.
Floor coverings are assumed to be light carpet with
rubber pad.
| Nominal R-value | U-factor | |||
| Floor | Perimeter | Post & Beam | Joists | |
| 0 | 0 11 19 30 |
0.112 0.100 0.098 0.093 |
0.134 0.116 0.114 0.107 |
|
| 11 | 0 11 |
0.052 0.048 |
0.056 0.052 |
|
| 19 | 0 11 |
0.038 0.036 |
0.041 0.038 |
|
| 22 | 0 11 |
0.034 0.033 |
0.037 0.035 |
|
| 25 | 0 11 |
0.032 0.031 |
0.034 0.033 |
|
| 30 | 0 11 |
0.028 0.027 |
0.029 0.028 |
|
| 38 | 0 11 |
0.024 0.024 |
0.025 0.024 |
|
| Nominal R-value Perimeter |
U-factor |
| 11 | 0.085 |
| 19 | 0.075 |
| 30 | 0.069 |
TABLE 10-4A
EXPOSED FLOOR
| Nominal R-value |
U-factor | ||
| Concrete | Wood Joist | Metal Joist | |
| R-11 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.14 |
| R-15 | 0.059 | 0.076 | 0.12 |
| R-19 | 0.048 | 0.062 | 0.11 |
| R-21 | 0.043 | 0.057 | 0.11 |
| R-25 | 0.037 | 0.051 | 0.10 |
| R-30 | 0.031 | 0.040 | 0.09 |
| R-38 | 0.025 | 0.034 | 0.08 |
| Note: | Crawlspaces used as heated plenums have approximately 30% higher heat-loss rate than unvented crawlspaces with the same assumed ACH. Default U-values in Table 10-4 reflect this higher rate of heat loss. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1004, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1004, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1004, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
Section 1005.1 General: Table 10-5, 10-5A and 10-5B list
heat-loss coefficients for the opaque portion of above-grade
wood stud frame walls, metal stud frame walls and concrete
masonry walls (Btu/h•ft2•°F) respectively. They are derived
from procedures listed in ((RS-27)) RS-1, listed in Chapter 7.
For intermediate floor slabs which penetrate the insulated
wall, use the concrete wall U-factors in Table 10-5B.
Insulation is assumed to uniformly fill the entire cavity
and to be installed as per manufacturer's directions. All
walls are assumed to be finished on the inside with one-half
inch gypsum wallboard, and on the outside with either beveled
wood siding over one-half inch plywood sheathing or with
five-eighths inch T1-11 siding. Insulated sheathing (either
interior or exterior) is assumed to cover the entire opaque
wall surface.
1005.2 Framing Description: For wood stud frame walls,
three framing types are considered, and defined as follows:
Standard: Studs framed on sixteen inch centers with
double top plate and single bottom plate. Corners use three
studs and each opening is framed using two studs. Headers
consist of double 2X or single 4X material with an air space
left between the header and the exterior sheathing. Interior
partition wall/exterior wall intersections use two studs in
the exterior wall.
| Framing weighting factors: | Studs and plates | .19 |
| Insulated cavity | .77 | |
| Headers | .04 |
| Framing weighting factors: | Studs and plates | .18 |
| Insulated cavity | .78 | |
| Headers | .04 |
| Framing weighting factors: | Studs and plates | .13 |
| Insulated cavity | .83 | |
| Headers | .04 |
Single-Stud Wall: Assumes either 2x4 or 2x6 studs framed
on sixteen or twenty-four inch centers. Headers are solid for
2x4 walls and double 2x for 2x6 walls, with either dead-air or
rigid-board insulation in the remaining space.
Metal Stud Wall: Assumes metal studs spaced on 16 or 24
inch centers with insulation installed to fill wall cavities.
Continuous rigid board insulation is applied without creating
uninsulated voids in the wall assembly.
Strap Wall: Assumes 2x6 studs framed on sixteen or twenty-four inch centers. 2x3 or 2x4 strapping is run horizontally along the interior surface of the wall to provide additional space for insulation.
Double-Stud Wall: Assumes an exterior structural wall
and a separate interior, nonstructural wall. Insulation is
placed in both wall cavities and in the space between the 2
walls. Stud spacing is assumed to be on 24 inch centers for
both walls.
TABLE 10-5
DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR ABOVE-GRADE WALLS
| 2 x 4 Single Wood Stud: R-11 Batt | ||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-11 at 3.5 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-11 in 3.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.088 | 0.084 | 0.094 | 0.090 | |
| 1 | 0.080 | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.082 | ||
| 2 | 0.074 | 0.071 | 0.078 | 0.075 | ||
| 3 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.070 | ||
| 4 | 0.064 | 0.062 | 0.067 | 0.065 | ||
| 5 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.061 | ||
| 6 | 0.056 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.057 | ||
| 7 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.054 | ||
| 8 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.051 | ||
| 9 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.049 | ||
| 10 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.046 | ||
| 11 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.044 | ||
| 12 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.042 | ||
| 2 x 4 Single Wood Stud: R-13 Batt | ||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-13 at 3.63 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-12.7 in 3.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.088 | 0.083 | |
| 1 | 0.075 | 0.072 | 0.080 | 0.076 | ||
| 2 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.073 | 0.070 | ||
| 3 | 0.065 | 0.062 | 0.068 | 0.065 | ||
| 4 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.061 | ||
| 5 | 0.057 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.057 | ||
| 6 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.056 | 0.054 | ||
| 7 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.051 | ||
| 8 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.048 | ||
| 9 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.046 | ||
| 10 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.044 | ||
| 11 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.042 | ||
| 12 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.040 | ||
| 2 x 4 Single Wood Stud: R-15 Batt | ||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-15 at 3.5 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-15 in 3.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.076 | 0.071 | 0.081 | 0.075 | |
| 1 | 0.069 | 0.065 | 0.073 | 0.069 | ||
| 2 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.069 | ||
| 3 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.063 | 0.059 | ||
| 4 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.059 | 0.056 | ||
| 5 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.055 | 0.052 | ||
| 6 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.052 | 0.050 | ||
| 7 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.049 | 0.047 | ||
| 8 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.045 | ||
| 9 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.044 | 0.043 | ||
| 10 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.042 | 0.041 | ||
| 11 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.039 | ||
| 12 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.039 | 0.038 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: R-19 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-19 at 6 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-18 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.065 | 0.061 | 0.058 | |
| 1 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.055 | ||
| 2 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.051 | ||
| 3 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.049 | ||
| 4 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | ||
| 5 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.044 | ||
| 6 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.042 | ||
| 7 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| 8 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.039 | ||
| 9 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | ||
| 10 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | ||
| 11 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.035 | ||
| 12 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: R-21 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-21 at 5.5 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-21 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.060 | 0.056 | 0.053 | |
| 1 | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.048 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.050 | ||
| 2 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.047 | ||
| 3 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.045 | ||
| 4 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.043 | ||
| 5 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.041 | ||
| 6 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.039 | ||
| 7 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.037 | ||
| 8 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.036 | ||
| 9 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | ||
| 10 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.033 | ||
| 11 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| 12 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: R-22 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE: Nominal Batt R-value: R-22 at 6.75 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-20 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.059 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.054 | |
| 1 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.051 | ||
| 2 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.048 | ||
| 3 | 0.049 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | ||
| 4 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.044 | ||
| 5 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.042 | ||
| 6 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| 7 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.038 | ||
| 8 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | ||
| 9 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.035 | ||
| 10 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | ||
| 11 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 12 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| 2 x 6 Single Wood Stud: Two R-11 Batts | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-22 at 7 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-18.9 in 5.5 inch cavity |
0 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.063 | 0.059 | 0.056 | |
| 1 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.053 | ||
| 2 | 0.053 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.050 | ||
| 3 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.052 | 0.049 | 0.047 | ||
| 4 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.045 | ||
| 5 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.043 | ||
| 6 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.041 | ||
| 7 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.039 | ||
| 8 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.038 | ||
| 9 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.036 | ||
| 10 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | ||
| 11 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | ||
| 12 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 2 x 8 Single Stud: R-25 Batt | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Framing Type | ||||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||||
| R-value of Foam Board |
STD | INT | ADV | STD | INT | ADV | ||
| NOTE:
R-25 at 8 inch thickness Installed Batt R-value: R-23.6 in 7.25 inch cavity |
0 | 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.053 | 0.049 | 0.046 | |
| 1 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.046 | 0.044 | ||
| 2 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.047 | 0.044 | 0.042 | ||
| 3 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| 4 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.038 | ||
| 5 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0.037 | ||
| 6 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | ||
| 7 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.034 | ||
| 8 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | ||
| 9 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| 10 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.031 | ||
| 11 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.030 | ||
| 12 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.029 | ||
| 2 x 6: Strap Wall | ||||||
| Siding Material/Frame Type | ||||||
| Lapped Wood | T1-11 | |||||
| STD | ADV | STD | ADV | |||
| R-19 + R-11 Batts | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.036 | ||
| R-19 + R-8 Batts | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.040 | ||
| Siding Material/Frame Type | ||||||
| Batt Configuration | Lapped Wood | T1-11 | ||||
| Exterior | Middle | Interior | STD | ADV | STD | ADV |
| R-19 | ------- | R-11 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.038 |
| R-19 | ------- | R-19 | 0.034 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.032 |
| R-19 | R-8 | R-11 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.031 | 0.029 |
| R-19 | R-11 | R-11 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.027 |
| R-19 | R-11 | R-19 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.023 |
| R-19 | R-19 | R-19 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.021 | 0.020 |
| 2 x 4 + 2 x 4: Double Wood Stud | ||||||||
| Siding Material/Frame Type | ||||||||
| Batt Configuration | Lapped Wood | T1-11 | ||||||
| Exterior | Middle | Interior | STD | ADV | STD | ADV | ||
| R-11 | -------- | R-11 | 0.050 | 0.046 | 0.052 | 0.048 | ||
| R-19 | -------- | R-11 | 0.039 | 0.037 | 0.043 | 0.039 | ||
| R-11 | R-8 | R-11 | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.036 | ||
| R-11 | R-11 | R-11 | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.032 | ||
| R-13 | R-13 | R-13 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.028 | ||
| R-11 | R-19 | R-11 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.026 | ||
Log Walls |
|||
| Average Log Diameter, Inches |
U-factor | ||
| NOTE: | |||
R-value of wood: R-1.25 per inch thickness Average wall thickness 90% average log diameter |
6 | 0.148 | |
| 8 | 0.111 | ||
| 10 | 0.089 | ||
| 12 | 0.074 | ||
| 14 | 0.063 | ||
| 16 | 0.056 | ||
Stress Skin Panel |
|||
| Panel Thickness, Inches |
U-factor | ||
| NOTE: | |||
| R-value of expanded
polystyrene: R-3.85 per
inch Framing: 6% Spline: 8% |
3 1/2 | 0.071 | |
| 5 1/2 | 0.048 | ||
| 7 1/4 | 0.037 | ||
| 9 1/4 | 0.030 | ||
| 11 1/4 | 0.025 | ||
| No thermal bridging between interior and exterior splines | |||
Metal Stud Walls: The nominal R-values in Table 10-5A
may be used for purposes of calculating metal stud wall
section U-factors in lieu of the ASHRAE zone calculation
method as provided in Chapter ((24)) 25 of Standard ((RS-27))
RS-1.
TABLE 10-5A
Default U-factors for Overall Assembly Metal Stud Walls, Effective R-values for Metal Framing and Cavity Only, and Default Metal Building U-factors
OVERALL ASSEMBLY U-FACTORS FOR METAL STUD WALLS
| (( |
|||||||
| (( |
|||||||
16" o.c. |
R-0 (none) |
U-0.14 |
U-0.13 |
U-0.12 |
U-0.10 |
U-0.097 |
U-0.091 |
24" o.c
R-0 (none)
U-0.13
U-0.12
U-0.11
U-0.091
U-0.085
U-0.079R-1U-0.11U-0.10U-0.098U-0.084U-0.078U-0.073R-2U-0.10U-0.091U-0.089U-0.077U-0.073U-0.068R-3U-0.092U-0.083U-0.082U-0.072U-0.068U-0.064R-4U-0.084U-0.077U-0.076U-0.067U-0.063U-0.060R-5U-0.078U-0.071U-0.070U-0.063U-0.060U-0.057R-6U-0.072U-0.067U-0.066U-0.059U-0.056U-0.054R-7U-0.067U-0.063U-0.062U-0.056U-0.053U-0.051R-8U-0.063U-0.059U-0.058U-0.053U-0.051U-0.048R-9U-0.059U-0.056U-0.055U-0.050U-0.048U-0.046R-10U-0.056U-0.053U-0.052U-0.048U-0.046U-0.044))
| R-Value of | |||||||
| Continuous | Cavity Insulation | ||||||
| Metal | Foam Board | ||||||
| Framing | Insulation | R-0 | R-11 | R-13 | R-15 | R-19 | R-21 |
| 16" o.c. | R-0 (none) | U-0.352 | U-0.132 | U-0.124 | U-0.118 | U-0.109 | U-0.106 |
| R-1 | U-0.260 | U-0.117 | U-0.111 | U-0.106 | U-0.099 | U-0.096 | |
| R-2 | U-0.207 | U-0.105 | U-0.100 | U-0.096 | U-0.090 | U-0.087 | |
| R-3 | U-0.171 | U-0.095 | U-0.091 | U-0.087 | U-0.082 | U-0.080 | |
| R-4 | U-0.146 | U-0.087 | U-0.083 | U-0.080 | U-0.076 | U-0.074 | |
| R-5 | U-0.128 | U-0.080 | U-0.077 | U-0.074 | U-0.071 | U-0.069 | |
| R-6 | U-0.113 | U-0.074 | U-0.071 | U-0.069 | U-0.066 | U-0.065 | |
| R-7 | U-0.102 | U-0.069 | U-0.066 | U-0.065 | U-0.062 | U-0.061 | |
| R-8 | U-0.092 | U-0.064 | U-0.062 | U-0.061 | U-0.058 | U-0.057 | |
| R-9 | U-0.084 | U-0.060 | U-0.059 | U-0.057 | U-0.055 | U-0.054 | |
| R-10 | U-0.078 | U-0.057 | U-0.055 | U-0.054 | U-0.052 | U-0.051 | |
24" o.c
R-0 (none)
U-0.338
U-0.116
U-0.108
U-0.102
U-0.094
U-0.090
R-1
U-0.253
U-0.104
U-0.098
U-0.092
U-0.086
U-0.083
R-2
U-0.202
U-0.094
U-0.089
U-0.084
U-0.079
U-0.077
R-3
U-0.168
U-0.086
U-0.082
U-0.078
U-0.073
U-0.071
R-4
U-0.144
U-0.079
U-0.075
U-0.072
U-0.068
U-0.066
R-5
U-0.126
U-0.073
U-0.070
U-0.067
U-0.064
U-0.062
R-6
U-0.112
U-0.068
U-0.066
U-0.063
U-0.060
U-0.059
R-7
U-0.100
U-0.064
U-0.062
U-0.059
U-0.057
U-0.055
R-8
U-0.091
U-0.060
U-0.058
U-0.056
U-0.054
U-0.052
R-9
U-0.084
U-0.057
U-0.055
U-0.053
U-0.051
U-0.050
R-10
U-0.077
U-0.054
U-0.052
U-0.050
U-0.048
U-0.048
EFFECTIVE R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY
| Cavity | Insulation | ||||
| Nominal Depth, Inches |
Actual Depth, Inches |
Nominal R-Value |
Effective R-Value | ||
| 16" O.C. | 24" O.C. | ||||
| Air Cavity | any | any | R-0.91 (air) | 0.79 | 0.91 |
| 4 | 3-1/2 | R-11 | 5.5 | 6.6 | |
| 4 | 3-1/2 | R-13 | 6.0 | 7.2 | |
| Wall | 4 | 3-1/2 | R-15 | 6.4 | 7.8 |
| 6 | 5-1/2 | R-19 | 7.1 | 8.6 | |
| 6 | 5-1/2 | R-21 | 7.4 | 9.0 | |
| 8 | 7-1/4 | R-25 | 7.8 | 9.6 | |
| Roof | Insulation is uncompressed | R-11 | 5.5 | 6.1 | |
| R-19 | 7.0 | 9.1 | |||
| R-30 | 9.3 | 11.4 | |||
DEFAULT METAL BUILDING U-FACTORS
| R-10 | R-11 | R-13 | R-19 | R-24 | R-30 | |
| Faced fiber glass blanket insulation rolled over and perpendicular to structural frame. Metal covering sheets fastened to the frame, holding insulation in place. | 0.133 | 0.127 | 0.114 | 0.091 | na | na |
| Faced fiber glass batt insulation suspended between structural frame. Metal covering sheets fastened directly to frame. | 0.131 | 0.123 | 0.107 | 0.079 | 0.065 | 0.057 |
| Faced fiber glass blanket insulation rolled over and perpendicular to structural frame. Rigid insulation blocks placed over insulation to align with structural frame. | 0.102 | 0.096 | 0.084 | 0.065 | na | na |
| Faced fiber glass batt insulation suspended between structural frame. Rigid insulation blocks placed over insulation to align with structural frame. | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.080 | 0.059 | 0.048 | 0.041 |
TABLE 10-5B
Default U-Factors for Concrete and Masonry Walls
| 8" CONCRETE MASONRY | ||||
| WALL DESCRIPTION | CORE TREATMENT | |||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Block, Both Sides | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
| R-9.5 Rigid Polystyrene Integral Insulation, Two Webbed Block | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| 12" CONCRETE MASONRY | ||||
| CORE TREATMENT | ||||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Block, Both Sides | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.33 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| R-9.5 Rigid Polystyrene Integral Insulation, Two Webbed Block | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| 8" CLAY BRICK | ||||
| WALL DESCRIPTION | CORE TREATMENT | |||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Block, Both Sides | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.56 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.16 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| 6" CONCRETE POURED OR PRECAST | ||||
| WALL DESCRIPTION | CORE TREATMENT | |||
| Partial Grout with Ungrouted Cores | Solid Grout | |||
| Empty | Loose-fill insulated | |||
| Perlite | Vermiculite | |||
| Exposed Concrete, Both Sides | NA | NA | NA | 0.61 |
| R-5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | NA | NA | NA | 0.16 |
| R-6 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | NA | NA | NA | 0.15 |
| R-10.5 Interior Insulation, Wood Furring | NA | NA | NA | 0.12 |
| R-8 Interior Insulation, Metal Clips | NA | NA | NA | 0.12 |
| R-6 Exterior Insulation | NA | NA | NA | 0.13 |
| R-10 Exterior Insulation | NA | NA | NA | 0.09 |
| Notes for Default Table 10-5B |
| 1. | Grouted cores at 40" x 48" on center vertically and horizontally in partial grouted walls. |
| 2. | Interior insulation values include 1/2" gypsum board on the inner surface. |
| 3. | Furring and stud spacing is 16" on center. Insulation is assumed to fill furring space and is not compressed. |
| 4. | Intermediate values may be interpolated using this table. Values not contained in this table may be computed using the
procedures listed in Standard (( |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1005, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1005, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1005, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1006.1 Glazing and Doors without NFRC Certification:
Glazing and doors that do not have NFRC certification shall be
assigned the following U-factors:
TABLE 10-6
Other than Group R Occupancy: DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR
VERTICAL GLAZING, OVERHEAD GLAZING AND OPAQUE
DOORS
| Vertical Glazing | |||
| U-Factor | |||
| Any Frame | Aluminum W/Thermal Break | Vinyl/Wood Frame |
|
| Single | 1.45 | 1.45 | 1.45 |
| Double | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.75 |
| 1/2 Inch Air, Fixed | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.60 |
| 1/2 Inch Air, Low-e(0.40), Fixed |
0.60 | 0.55 | 0.50 |
| 1/2 Inch Air, Low-e(0.10), Fixed |
0.55 | 0.50 | 0.45 |
| 1/2 Inch Argon, Low-e(0.10), Fixed |
0.50 | 0.45 | 0.40 |
The category for aluminum frame with a thermal break is as defined in footnote 7 to Table 10-6A.
| (( |
||
Frame |
||
| Overhead Glazing: Sloped Glazing (Including Frame) | |||
| U-Factor | |||
| Any Frame | Aluminum W/Thermal Break | Vinyl/Wood Frame |
|
| Single | 1.74 | 1.74 | 1.74 |
| Double | 1.08 | 1.02 | 0.90 |
| 1/2 Inch Air, Fixed | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.72 |
| 1/2 Inch Air, Low-e(0.40), Fixed |
0.72 | 0.66 | 0.60 |
| 1/2 Inch Air, Low-e(0.10), Fixed |
0.66 | 0.60 | 0.54 |
| 1/2 Inch Argon, Low-e(0.10), Fixed |
0.60 | 0.54 | 0.48 |
| Opaque Doors | |
| U-Factor | |
| Uninsulated Metal | 1.20 |
| Insulated Metal (Including Fire Door and Smoke Vent) | 0.60 |
| Wood | 0.50 |
Where a gap width is listed (i.e.: 1/2 inch), that is the minimum allowed.
Where a low-emissivity emittance is listed (i.e.: 0.40, 0.20, 0.10), that is the maximum allowed.
Where a gas other than air is listed (i.e.: Argon), the gas fill shall be a minimum of 90%.
Where an operator type is listed (i.e.: Fixed), the default is only allowed for that operator type.
Where a frame type is listed (i.e.: Wood/vinyl), the default is only allowed for that frame type. Wood/vinyl frame includes reinforced vinyl and aluminum-clad wood.
| Description1,2,3,4 | Frame Type5,6 | ||||
| Aluminum | Aluminum Thermal Break7 |
Wood/Vinyl | |||
| Windows | Single | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | |
| Double, < 1/2" | Clear | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.63 | |
| Clear + Argon | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.60 | ||
| Low-e | 0.85 | 0.69 | 0.58 | ||
| Low-e + Argon | 0.79 | 0.62 | 0.53 | ||
| Double, > 1/2" | Clear | 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.58 | |
| Clear + Argon | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.55 | ||
| Low-e | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.51 | ||
| Low-e + Argon | 0.75 | 0.58 | 0.48 | ||
| Triple, | Clear | 0.70 | 0.53 | 0.43 | |
| Clear + Argon | 0.69 | 0.52 | 0.41 | ||
| Low-e | 0.67 | 0.49 | 0.40 | ||
| Low-e + Argon | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.37 | ||
| Garden | Single | 2.60 | n.a. | 2.31 | |
| Windows | Double | Clear | 1.81 | n.a. | 1.61 |
| Clear + Argon | 1.76 | n.a. | 1.56 | ||
| Low-e | 1.73 | n.a. | 1.54 | ||
| Low-e + Argon | 1.64 | n.a. | 1.47 | ||
| 1 | <1/2" = a minimum dead air space of less than 0.5 inches between the panes of glass. | |
| > 1/2" = a minimum dead air space of 0.5 inches or greater between the panes of glass. | ||
| Where no gap width is listed, the minimum gap width is 1/4". | ||
| 2 | Any low-e (emissivity) coating (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4). | |
| 3 | U-factors listed for argon shall consist of sealed, gas-filled insulated units for argon, C02, SF6, argon/SF6 mixtures and Krypton. | |
| 4 | "Glass block” assemblies may use a U-factor of 0.51. | |
| 5 | Insulated fiberglass framed products shall use wood/vinyl U-factors. | |
| 6 | Aluminum clad wood windows shall use the U-factors listed for wood/vinyl windows. | |
| 7 | Aluminum Thermal Break = An aluminum thermal break framed window shall incorporate the following minimum design characteristics: | |
| a) | The thermal conductivity of the thermal break material shall be not more than 3.6 Btu-in/h/ft2/°F; | |
| b) | The thermal break material must produces a gap in the frame material of not less than 0.210 inches; and, | |
| c) | All metal framing members of the products exposed to interior and exterior air shall incorporate a thermal break meeting the criteria in a) and b) above. | |
| FRAME TYPE7,8 | ||||
| DESCRIPTION2,3,4,6 | ALUMINUM | ALUM. THERMAL BREAK9 |
WOOD/VINYL | ALUM. CLAD WOOD/REINFORCED VINYL10 |
| Double, Clear 1/4" | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.59 |
| Double, Clear 1/4" + argon | 0.77 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.56 |
| Double, Low-e4 1/4" | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.54 |
| Double, Low-e2 1/4" | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.51 |
| Double, Low-e1 1/4" | 0.70 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.49 |
| Double, Low-e4 1/4" + argon | 0.70 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.49 |
| Double, Low-e2 1/4" + argon | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.46 |
| Double, Low-e1 1/4" + argon | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.41 | 0.43 |
| Double, Clear 3/8" | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.57 |
| Double, Clear 3/8" + argon | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
| Double, Low-e4 3/8" | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.51 |
| Double, Low-e2 3/8" | 0.69 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.48 |
| Double, Low-e1 3/8" | 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.46 |
| Double, Low-e4 3/8" + argon | 0.68 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.47 |
| Double, Low-e2 3/8" + argon | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.44 |
| Double, Low-e1 3/8" + argon | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
| Double, Clear 1/2" | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.54 |
| Double, Clear 1/2" + argon | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.51 |
| Double, Low-e4 1/2" | 0.68 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.47 |
| Double, Low-e2 1/2" | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.44 |
| Double, Low-e1 1/2" | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.42 |
| Double, Low-e4 1/2" + argon | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.44 |
| Double, Low-e2 1/2" + argon | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
| Double, Low-e1 1/2" + argon | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.38 |
| Triple, Clear 1/4" | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.44 |
| Triple, Clear 1/4" + argon | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.42 |
| Triple, Low-e4 1/4" | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| Triple, Low-e2 1/4" | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
| Triple, Low-e1 1/4" | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
| Triple, Low-e4 1/4" + argon | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.39 |
| Triple, Low-e2 1/4" + argon | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.37 |
| Triple, Low-el 1/4" + argon | 0.57 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.36 |
| Triple, Clear 1/2" | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
| Triple, Clear 1/2" + argon | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
| Triple, Low-e4 1/2" | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.37 |
| Triple, Low-e2 1/2" | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
| Triple, Low-e1 1/2" | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
| Triple, Low-e4 1/2" + argon | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
| Triple, Low-e2 1/2" + argon | 0.52 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.32 |
| Triple, Low-e1 1/2" + argon | 0.51 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.31 |
Footnotes to Table 10-6B
| 1 | Subtract 0.02 from the listed default U-factor for nonaluminum spacer. Acceptable spacer materials may
include but is not limited to fiberglass, wood and butyl or other material with an equivalent thermal
performance. |
| 2 | 1/4" = a minimum dead air space of 0.25 inches between the panes of glass. 3/8" = a minimum dead air space of 0.375 inches between the panes of glass. 1/2" = a minimum dead air space of 0.5 inches between the panes of glass. Product with air spaces different than those listed above shall use the value for the next smaller air space;
i.e. 3/4 inch = 1/2 inch U-factors, 7/16 inch = 3/8 inch U-factors, 5/16 inch = 1/4 inch U-factors. |
| 3 | Low-e4 (emissivity) shall be 0.4 or less. Low-e2 (emissivity) shall be 0.2 or less. Low-e1 (emissivity) shall be 0.1 or less. |
| 4 | U-factors listed for argon shall consist of sealed, gas-filled insulated units for argon, CO2, SF6, and
argon/SF6 mixtures. The following conversion factor shall apply to Krypton gas-filled units: 1/4" or
greater with krypton is equivalent to 1/2" argon. |
| 5 | Reserved. |
| 6 | "Glass block” assemblies may use a U-factor of 0.51. |
| 7 | Insulated fiberglass framed products shall use wood/vinyl U-factors. |
| 8 | Subtract 0.02 from the listed default values for solariums. |
| 9 | Aluminum Thermal Break = An aluminum thermal break framed window shall incorporate the following
minimum design characteristics: |
| a) | The thermal conductivity of the thermal break material shall be not more than 3.6 Btu-in/h/ft2/F°; |
| b) | The thermal break material must produce a gap in the frame material of not less than 0.210 inches; and, |
| c) | All metal framing members of the products exposed to interior and exterior air shall incorporate a thermal break meeting the criteria in a) and b) above. |
| 10 | Aluminum clad wood windows shall use the U-factors listed for Aluminum Clad Wood/Reinforced Vinyl windows. Vinyl clad wood window shall use the U-factors listed for Wood/Vinyl windows. Any vinyl frame window with metal reinforcement in more than one rail shall use the U-factors listed for Aluminum Clad Wood/Reinforced Vinyl window. |
TABLE 10-6C
Group R Occupancy: DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR DOORS
| Door Type | No Glazing |
Single Glazing |
Double Glazing with 1/4 in. Airspace |
Double Glazing with 1/2 in. Airspace |
Double Glazing with e = 0.10, 1/2 in. Argon |
| SWINGING DOORS (Rough opening - 38 in. x 82 in.) | |||||
| Slab Doors | |||||
| Wood slab in wood framea | 0.46 | ||||
| 6% glazing (22 in. x 8 in. lite) | - | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.44 |
| 25% glazing (22 in. x 36 in. lite) | - | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.42 |
| 45% glazing (22 in. x 64 in. lite) | - | 0.69 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.39 |
| More than 50% glazing | Use Table 10-6A | ||||
| Insulated steel slab with wood edge in wood framea | 0.16 | ||||
| 6% glazing (22 in. x 8 in. lite) | - | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
| 25% glazing (22 in. x 36 in. lite) | - | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.23 |
| 45% glazing (22 in. x 64 in. lite) | - | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.26 |
| More than 50% glazing | Use Table 10-6A | ||||
| Foam insulated steel slab with metal edge in steel frameb | 0.37 | ||||
| 6% glazing (22 in. x 8 in. lite) | - | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.39 |
| 25% glazing (22 in. x 36 in. lite) | - | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.44 |
| 45% glazing (22 in. x 64 in. lite) | - | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.48 |
| More than 50% glazing | Use Table 10-6A | ||||
| Cardboard honeycomb slab with metal edge in steel frameb | 0.61 | ||||
| Style and Rail Doors | |||||
| Sliding glass doors/French doors | Use Table 10-6A | ||||
| Site-Assembled Style and Rail Doors | |||||
| Aluminum in aluminum frame | - | 1.32 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.79 |
| Aluminum in aluminum frame with thermal break | - | 1.13 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.63 |
| REVOLVING DOORS (Rough opening - 82 in. x 84 in.) | |||||
| Aluminum in aluminum frame | |||||
| Open | - | 1.32 | - | - | - |
| Closed | - | 0.65 | - | - | - |
| SECTIONAL OVERHEAD DOORS (Nominal - 10 ft x 10 ft) | |||||
| Uninsulated steel (nominal U = 1.15)c | 1.15 | - | - | - | - |
| Insulated steel (nominal U = 0.11)c | 0.24 | - | - | - | - |
| Insulated steel with thermal break (nominal U = 0.08)c | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
| a. | Thermally broken sill (add 0.03 for nonthermally broken sill) |
| b. | Nonthermally broken sill |
| c. | Nominal U-factors are through the center of the insulated panel before consideration of thermal bridges around the edges of the door sections and due to the frame. |
Group R Occupancy: DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR GLAZED DOORS
See Table 10-6C
| Frame Type | ||||
| Aluminum | Aluminum | Reinforced | Wood or Vinyl- | |
| Glazing Type | without | with | Vinyl/ | Clad Wood/ |
| Thermal | Thermal | Aluminum-Clad | Vinyl without | |
| Break | Break | Wood or Vinyl | Reinforcing | |
| Single Glazing | ||||
| glass | U-1.58 | U-1.51 | U-1.40 | U-1.18 |
| acrylic/polycarb | U-1.52 | U-1.45 | U-1.34 | U-1.11 |
| Double Glazing | ||||
| air | U-1.05 | U-0.89 | U-0.84 | U-0.67 |
| argon | U-1.02 | U-0.86 | U-0.80 | U-0.64 |
| Double Glazing, e = 0.20 | ||||
| air | U-0.96 | U-0.80 | U-0.75 | U-0.59 |
| argon | U-0.91 | U-0.75 | U-0.70 | U-0.54 |
| Double Glazing, e = 0.10 | ||||
| air | U-0.94 | U-0.79 | U-0.74 | U-0.58 |
| argon | U-0.89 | U-0.73 | U-0.68 | U-0.52 |
| Double Glazing, e = 0.05 | ||||
| air | U-0.93 | U-0.78 | U-0.73 | U-0.56 |
| argon | U-0.87 | U-0.71 | U-0.66 | U-0.50 |
| Triple Glazing | ||||
| air | U-0.90 | U-0.70 | U-0.67 | U-0.51 |
| argon | U-0.87 | U-0.69 | U-0.64 | U-0.48 |
| Triple Glazing, e = 0.20 | ||||
| air | U-0.86 | U-0.68 | U-0.63 | U-0.47 |
| argon | U-0.82 | U-0.63 | U-0.59 | U-0.43 |
| Triple Glazing, e = 0.20 on 2 surfaces | ||||
| air | U-0.82 | U-0.64 | U-0.60 | U-0.44 |
| argon | U-0.79 | U-0.60 | U-0.56 | U-0.40 |
| Triple Glazing, e = 0.10 on 2 surfaces | ||||
| air | U-0.81 | U-0.62 | U-0.58 | U-0.42 |
| argon | U-0.77 | U-0.58 | U-0.54 | U-0.38 |
| Quadruple Glazing, e = 0.10 on 2 surfaces | ||||
| air | U-0.78 | U-0.59 | U-0.55 | U-0.39 |
| argon | U-0.74 | U-0.56 | U-0.52 | U-0.36 |
| krypton | U-0.70 | U-0.52 | U-0.48 | U-0.32 |
| 1. | U-factors are applicable to both glass and plastic, flat and domed units, all spacers and gaps. |
| 2. | Emissivities shall be less than or equal to the value specified. |
| 3. | Gap fill shall be assumed to be air unless there is a minimum of 90% argon or krypton. |
| 4. | Aluminum frame with thermal break is as defined in footnote 9 to Table 10-6B. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1006, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1006, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1006, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27, 19.27A and 34.05 RCW. 94-05-059, § 51-11-1006, filed 2/10/94, effective 4/1/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1006, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1007.1 General: Table 10-7 lists heat-loss coefficients for the opaque portion of exterior ceilings below vented attics, vaulted ceilings, and roof decks in units of Btu/h•ft2•°F of ceiling.
They are derived from procedures listed in Standard
((RS-27)) RS-1, listed in Chapter 7. Ceiling U-factors are
modified for the buffering effect of the attic, assuming an
indoor temperature of 65° F and an outdoor temperature of
45°F.
Metal Framed Ceilings: The nominal R-values in Table
10-5A - EFFECTIVE R-VALUES FOR METAL FRAMING AND CAVITY ONLY may be used for
purposes of calculating metal framed ceiling section U-factors
in lieu of the ASHRAE zone calculation method as provided in
Chapter ((24)) 25 of Standard ((RS-27)) RS-1.
1007.2 Component Description: The four types of ceilings are characterized as follows:
Ceilings Below a Vented Attic: Attic insulation is assumed to be blown-in, loose-fill fiberglass with a K-value of 2.6 hr•ft2•°F/Btu per inch. Full bag count for specified R-value is assumed in all cases. Ceiling dimensions for flat ceiling calculations are forty-five by thirty feet, with a gabled roof having a 4/12 pitch. The attic is assumed to vent naturally at the rate of three air changes per hour through soffit and ridge vents. A void fraction of 0.002 is assumed for all attics with insulation baffles. Standard-framed, unbaffled attics assume a void fraction of 0.008.
Attic framing is either standard or advanced. Standard framing assumes tapering of insulation depth around the perimeter with resultant decrease in thermal resistance. An increased R-value is assumed in the center of the ceiling due to the effect of piling leftover insulation. Advanced framing assumes full and even depth of insulation extending to the outside edge of exterior walls. Advanced framing does not change from the default value.
U-factors for flat ceilings below vented attics with standard framing may be modified with the following table:
| U-Factor for Standard Framing |
|||
| Roof Pitch | R-30 | R-38 | |
| 4/12 | .036 | .031 | |
| 5/12 | .035 | .030 | |
| 6/12 | .034 | .029 | |
| 7/12 | .034 | .029 | |
| 8/12 | .034 | .028 | |
| 9/12 | .034 | .028 | |
| 10/12 | .033 | .028 | |
| 11/12 | .033 | .027 | |
| 12/12 | .033 | .027 | |
Vaulted Ceilings: Insulation is assumed to be fiberglass batts installed in roof joist cavities. In the vented case, at least 1.5-inches between the top of the batts and the underside of the roof sheathing is left open for ventilation in each cavity. A ventilation rate of 3.0 air changes per hour is assumed. In the unvented or dense pack case, the ceiling cavity is assumed to be fully packed with insulation, leaving no space for ventilation.
Roof Decks: Rigid insulation is applied to the top of roof decking with no space left for ventilation. Roofing materials are attached directly on top of the insulation. Framing members are often left exposed on the interior side.
Metal Truss Framing: Overall system tested values for the roof/ceiling Uo for metal framed truss assemblies from approved laboratories shall be used, when such data is acceptable to the building official.
Alternatively, the Uo for roof/ceiling assemblies using metal truss framing may be obtained from Tables 10-7A, 10-7B, 10-7C, 10-7D and 10-7E.
TABLE 10-7
DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR CEILINGS
| Standard Frame | Advanced Frame | ||||
| Flat Ceiling | Baffled | ||||
| R-19 | 0.049 | 0.047 | |||
| R-30 | 0.036 | 0.032 | |||
| R-38 | 0.031 | 0.026 | |||
| R-49 | 0.027 | 0.020 | |||
| R-60 | 0.025 | 0.017 | |||
| Scissors Truss | |||||
| R-30 (4/12 roof pitch) | 0.043 | 0.031 | |||
| R-38 (4/12 roof pitch) | 0.040 | 0.025 | |||
| R-49 (4/12 roof pitch) | 0.038 | 0.020 | |||
| R-30 (5/12 roof pitch) | 0.039 | 0.032 | |||
| R-38 (5/12 roof pitch) | 0.035 | 0.026 | |||
| R-49 (5/12 roof pitch) | 0.032 | 0.020 | |||
| Vaulted Ceilings | |||||
| 16" O.C. | 24" O.C. | ||||
| Vented | |||||
| R-19 2x10 joist | 0.049 | 0.048 | |||
| R-30 2x12 joist | 0.034 | 0.033 | |||
| R-38 2x14 joist | 0.027 | 0.027 | |||
| Unvented | |||||
| R-30 2x10 joist | 0.034 | 0.033 | |||
| R-38 2x12 joist | 0.029 | 0.027 | |||
| R-21 + R-21 2x12 joist | 0.026 | 0.025 | |||
| Roof Deck | |||||
| 4x Beams, 48" O.C. | |||||
| R-12.5 | 2" | Rigid insulation | 0.064 | ||
| R-21.9 | 3.5" | Rigid insulation | 0.040 | ||
| R-37.5 | 6" | Rigid insulation | 0.025 | ||
| R-50 | 8" | Rigid insulation | 0.019 | ||
DEFAULT U-FACTORS FOR ROOFS WITH INSULATION ENTIRELY ABOVE DECK
(Other than 4x Wood Beams)
| Rated R-Value of Insulation Alone | Overall U-Factor for Entire Assembly |
| R-0 | U-1.282 |
| R-1 | U-0.562 |
| R-2 | U-0.360 |
| R-3 | U-0.265 |
| R-4 | U-0.209 |
| R-5 | U-0.173 |
| R-6 | U-0.147 |
| R-7 | U-0.129 |
| R-8 | U-0.114 |
| R-9 | U-0.102 |
| R-10 | U-0.093 |
| R-11 | U-0.085 |
| R-12 | U-0.078 |
| R-13 | U-0.073 |
| R-14 | U-0.068 |
| R-15 | U-0.063 |
| R-16 | U-0.060 |
| R-17 | U-0.056 |
| R-18 | U-0.053 |
| R-19 | U-0.051 |
| R-20 | U-0.048 |
| R-21 | U-0.046 |
| R-22 | U-0.044 |
| R-23 | U-0.042 |
| R-24 | U-0.040 |
| R-25 | U-0.039 |
| R-26 | U-0.037 |
| R-27 | U-0.036 |
| R-28 | U-0.035 |
| R-29 | U-0.034 |
| R-30 | U-0.032 |
| R-35 | U-0.028 |
| R-40 | U-0.025 |
| R-45 | U-0.020 |
| R-50 | U-0.020 |
| R-55 | U-0.018 |
| Table 10-7A Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.1075 | 0.0991 | 0.0928 | 0.0878 | 0.0839 | 0.0807 | 0.0780 | 0.0757 | 0.0737 | 0.0720 | 0.0706 | 0.0693 | 0.0681 |
| 30 | 0.0907 | 0.0823 | 0.0760 | 0.0710 | 0.0671 | 0.0638 | 0.0612 | 0.0589 | 0.0569 | 0.0552 | 0.0538 | 0.0525 | 0.0513 |
| 38 | 0.0844 | 0.0759 | 0.0696 | 0.0647 | 0.0607 | 0.0575 | 0.0548 | 0.0525 | 0.0506 | 0.0489 | 0.0474 | 0.0461 | 0.0449 |
| 49 | 0.0789 | 0.0704 | 0.0641 | 0.0592 | 0.0552 | 0.0520 | 0.0493 | 0.0470 | 0.0451 | 0.0434 | 0.0419 | 0.0406 | 0.0395 |
| Table 10-7B Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-3 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0809 | 0.0763 | 0.0728 | 0.0701 | 0.0679 | 0.0661 | 0.0647 | 0.0634 | 0.0623 | 0.0614 | 0.0606 | 0.0599 | 0.0592 |
| 30 | 0.0641 | 0.0595 | 0.0560 | 0.0533 | 0.0511 | 0.0493 | 0.0478 | 0.0466 | 0.0455 | 0.0446 | 0.0438 | 0.0431 | 0.0424 |
| 38 | 0.0577 | 0.0531 | 0.0496 | 0.0469 | 0.0447 | 0.0430 | 0.0415 | 0.0402 | 0.0392 | 0.0382 | 0.0374 | 0.0367 | 0.0361 |
| 49 | 0.0523 | 0.0476 | 0.0441 | 0.0414 | 0.0393 | 0.0375 | 0.0360 | 0.0348 | 0.0337 | 0.0328 | 0.0319 | 0.0312 | 0.0306 |
| Table 10-7C Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-5 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0732 | 0.0697 | 0.0670 | 0.0649 | 0.0633 | 0.0619 | 0.0608 | 0.0598 | 0.0590 | 0.0583 | 0.0577 | 0.0571 | 0.0567 |
| 30 | 0.0564 | 0.0529 | 0.0502 | 0.0481 | 0.0465 | 0.0451 | 0.0440 | 0.0430 | 0.0422 | 0.0415 | 0.0409 | 0.0403 | 0.0399 |
| 38 | 0.0501 | 0.0465 | 0.0438 | 0.0418 | 0.0401 | 0.0388 | 0.0376 | 0.0367 | 0.0359 | 0.0351 | 0.0345 | 0.0340 | 0.0335 |
| 49 | 0.0446 | 0.0410 | 0.0384 | 0.0363 | 0.0346 | 0.0333 | 0.0322 | 0.0312 | 0.0304 | 0.0297 | 0.0291 | 0.0285 | 0.0280 |
| Table 10-7D Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-10 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0626 | 0.0606 | 0.0590 | 0.0578 | 0.0569 | 0.0561 | 0.0555 | 0.0549 | 0.0545 | 0.0541 | 0.0537 | 0.0534 | 0.0531 |
| 30 | 0.0458 | 0.0437 | 0.0422 | 0.0410 | 0.0401 | 0.0393 | 0.0387 | 0.0381 | 0.0377 | 0.0373 | 0.0369 | 0.0366 | 0.0363 |
| 38 | 0.0394 | 0.0374 | 0.0359 | 0.0347 | 0.0337 | 0.0330 | 0.0323 | 0.0318 | 0.0313 | 0.0309 | 0.0305 | 0.0302 | 0.0299 |
| 49 | 0.0339 | 0.0319 | 0.0304 | 0.0292 | 0.0283 | 0.0275 | 0.0268 | 0.0263 | 0.0258 | 0.0254 | 0.0251 | 0.0247 | 0.0245 |
| Table 10-7E Steel Truss1 Framed Ceiling UO with R-15 Sheathing2 |
|||||||||||||
| Cavity | Truss Span (ft) | ||||||||||||
| R-value | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 36 |
| 19 | 0.0561 | 0.0550 | 0.0541 | 0.0535 | 0.0530 | 0.0526 | 0.0522 | 0.0519 | 0.0517 | 0.0515 | 0.0513 | 0.0511 | 0.0509 |
| 30 | 0.0393 | 0.0382 | 0.0373 | 0.0367 | 0.0362 | 0.0358 | 0.0354 | 0.0351 | 0.0349 | 0.0347 | 0.0345 | 0.0343 | 0.0341 |
| 38 | 0.0329 | 0.0318 | 0.0310 | 0.0303 | 0.0298 | 0.0294 | 0.0291 | 0.0288 | 0.0285 | 0.0283 | 0.0281 | 0.0279 | 0.0278 |
| 49 | 0.0274 | 0.0263 | 0.0255 | 0.0249 | 0.0244 | 0.0239 | 0.0236 | 0.0233 | 0.0230 | 0.0228 | 0.0226 | 0.0225 | 0.0223 |
| 1 - Assembly values based on 24 inch on center truss spacing; 11 Truss member connections penetrating insulation (4 at the eaves, 7 in the interior space); 1/2 inch drywall ceiling; all truss members are 2x4 "C" channels with a solid web. | |
| 2 - Ceiling sheathing installed between bottom chord and drywall. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1007, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1007, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1007, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1009.1 General: Tables 10-9 and 10-10 list default mass
values for concrete masonry construction. Calculations are
based on standard ASHRAE values for heat-storage capacity as
listed in Standard ((RS-27)) RS-1, Chapter ((24)) 25.
Thermal capacity of furniture is ignored, as is heat
storage beyond the first four inches of mass thickness. All
mass is assumed to be in direct contact with the conditioned
space. Concrete separated from the heated volume by other
materials must multiply the listed concrete mass value by the
result of the following formula:
Ln(R-value) x (-.221) + 0.5
Where:
Ln = Natural log
R-value = R-value of material covering concrete
| Note: | All default values for covered concrete slabs have been adjusted according to this procedure. |
Structural Mass: Includes heat-storage capacity of all standard building components of a typical residential structure, including floors, ceilings, and interior and exterior walls in Btu/ft2•°F of floor area. It also assumes exterior wall, interior wall and ceiling surface area approximately equals three times the floor area.
Additional Mass: Includes any additional building
material not part of the normal structure, which is added
specifically to increase the building's thermal-storage
capability. This category includes masonry fireplaces, water
or trombe walls, and extra layers of sheetrock. Coefficients
are in Btu/ft2•°F of surface area of material exposed to
conditioned space. The coefficient for water is
Btu/°F•gallon.
1009.3 Component Description: Light frame assumes one
inch thick wood flooring with five-eighths inch sheetrock on
ceilings and interior walls, and walls consisting of either
five-eighths inch sheetrock or solid logs. Slab assumes a
four-inch concrete slab on or below grade, with five-eighths
inch sheetrock on exterior and interior walls and ceiling, and
with separate values for interior or exterior wall insulation.
Adjustments for slab covering is based on R-value of
material. Additional mass values are based on the density
multiplied by the specific heat of the material adjusted for
listed thickness.
TABLE 10-9
HEAT CAPACITY
| Partial Grout | Solid Grout | |
| 8" CMU | 9.65 | 15.0 |
| 12" CMU | 14.5 | 23.6 |
| 8" Brick | 10.9 | 16.4 |
| 6" Concrete | NA | 14.4 |
TABLE 10-10
DEFAULT MASS VALUES
| Structural Mass M-value | Btu/ft2•°F floor area | |||
| Light Frame: | ||||
| Joisted/post & beam floor, sheetrock | ||||
| walls and ceilings | 3.0 | |||
| Joisted/post & beam floor, log walls, | ||||
| sheetrock ceilings | 4.0 | |||
| Slab With Interior Wall Insulation: | ||||
| Slab, no covering or tile, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 10.0 | |||
| Slab, hardwood floor covering, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 7.0 | |||
| Slab, carpet and pad, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 5.0 | |||
| Slab With Exterior Wall Insulation: | ||||
| Slab, no covering or tile, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 12.0 | |||
| Slab, hardwood floor covering, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 9.0 | |||
| Slab, carpet and pad, sheetrock walls and ceilings | 7.0 | |||
| Additional Mass M-Value: | Btu/ft2•°F surface area | |||
| Gypsum wallboard, 1/2 inch thickness | 0.54 | |||
| Gypsum wallboard, 5/8 inch thickness | 0.68 | |||
| Hardwood floor | 1.40 | |||
| Concrete/Brick, 4 inch-thickness | 10.30 | |||
| Concrete/Brick, 6 inch-thickness | 15.40 | |||
| Btu/°F•gallon | ||||
| Water, 1 gallon | 8.0 | |||
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1009, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1009, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.020 and 1990 c 2. 91-01-112, § 51-11-1009, filed 12/19/90, effective 7/1/91.]
1132.1 Building Envelope: Alterations or repairs shall comply
with nominal R-values and glazing requirements in Table 13-1
or 13-2.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Storm windows installed over existing glazing.
2. Glass replaced in existing sash and frame provided that glazing is of equal or lower U-factor.
3. For solar heat gain coefficient compliance, glazing with a solar heat gain coefficient equal to or lower than that
of the other existing glazing.
4. Existing roof/ceiling, wall or floor cavities exposed during construction provided that these cavities are
insulated to full depth with insulation having a minimum nominal value of R-3.0 per inch installed per Sections
1311 and 1313.
5. Existing walls and floors without framing cavities, provided that any new cavities added to existing walls and
floors comply with Exception 4.
6. Existing roofs where the roof membrane is being replaced and
a. The roof sheathing or roof insulation is not exposed; or
b. If there is existing roof insulation below the deck.
In no case shall the energy efficiency of the building be decreased.
1132.2 Building Mechanical Systems: Those parts of systems
which are altered or replaced shall comply with Chapter 14 of
this Code.
1132.3 Lighting and Motors: Where the use in a space changes
from one use in Table 15-1 to another use in Table 15-1, the
installed lighting wattage shall comply with Section 1521 or
1531.
Other tenant improvements, alterations or repairs where
60 percent or more of the fixtures ((in a use)) in a space
enclosed by walls or ceiling-height partitions (as defined in
Table 15-1) within a tenant space or in an entire floor
(((whichever is smaller))) are new shall comply with Sections
1531 and 1532. Where less than 60 percent of the fixtures in
a space enclosed by walls or ceiling-height partitions are
new, the installed lighting wattage shall be maintained or
reduced. Where 60 percent or more of the lighting fixtures in
a suspended ceiling are new, and the existing insulation is on
the suspended ceiling, the roof/ceiling assembly shall be
insulated according to the provisions of Chapter 13 Section
1311.2.
Where new wiring is being installed to serve added
fixtures and/or fixtures are being relocated to a new circuit,
controls shall comply with Sections 1513.1 through 1513.5 and,
as applicable, 1513.7. In addition, office areas less than
300 ft2 enclosed by walls or ceiling-height partitions, and all
meeting and conference rooms, and all school classrooms, shall
be equipped with occupancy sensors that comply with Sections
1513.6 and 1513.7. Where a new lighting panel (or a moved
lighting panel) with all new raceway and conductor wiring from
the panel to the fixtures is being installed, controls ((shall
comply with)) also comply with the other requirements in
Sections 1513.6 and 1513.7.
Where new walls or ceiling-height partitions are added to
an existing space and create a new enclosed space, but the
lighting fixtures are not being changed, other than being
relocated, the new enclosed space shall have controls that
comply with Sections 1513.1 through 1513.2, 1513.4, and 1513.6
through 1513.7.
Those motors which are altered or replaced shall comply
with Section 1511.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1132, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1132, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1132, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1143.1 General: All construction or work for which a permit
is required shall be subject to inspection by the building
official and all such construction or work shall remain
accessible and exposed for inspection purposes until approved
by the building official. No work shall be done on any part
of the building or structure beyond the point indicated in
each inspection without first obtaining the approval of the
building official.
1143.2 Required Inspections: The building official, upon
notification, shall make the inspection required in this
Section, in addition to or as part of those inspections
required in Section ((108.5 of the Uniform)) 109.3 of the
International Building Code. Inspections may be conducted by
special inspection pursuant to Section ((1701 of the Uniform))
1704 of the International Building Code. Where applicable,
inspections shall include at least:
1143.2.1 Envelope
a. Wall Insulation Inspection: To be made after all wall insulation and air vapor retarder sheet or film materials are in place, but before any wall covering is placed.
b. Glazing Inspection: To be made after glazing materials are installed in the building.
c. Exterior Roofing Insulation: To be made after the installation of the roof insulation, but before concealment.
d. Slab/Floor Insulation: To be made after the installation of the slab/floor insulation, but before concealment.
1143.2.2 Mechanical
a. Mechanical Equipment Efficiency and Economizer: To be made after all equipment and controls required by this Code are installed and prior to the concealment of such equipment or controls.
b. Mechanical Pipe and Duct Insulation: To be made after all pipe and duct insulation is in place, but before concealment.
1143.2.3 Lighting and Motors
a. Lighting Equipment and Controls: To be made after the installation of all lighting equipment and controls required by this Code, but before concealment of the lighting equipment.
b. Motor Inspections: To be made after installation of all equipment covered by this Code, but before concealment.
1143.3 Reinspection: The building official may require a
structure to be reinspected. A reinspection fee may be
assessed for each inspection or reinspection when such portion
of work for which inspection is called is not complete or when
corrections called for are not made.
[Statutory Authority: Chapters 19.27 and 19.27A RCW and 1994 c 226. 95-01-126, § 51-11-1143, filed 12/21/94, effective 6/30/95. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1143, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Where, in any specific case, different sections of this Code specify different materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1150, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
((1310.1 Conditioned Spaces:)) The building envelope for
conditioned spaces shall also comply with one of the following
paths:
a. Prescriptive Building Envelope Option Sections 1320
through 1323.
b. Component Performance Building Envelope Option Sections 1330 through 1334.
c. Systems Analysis. See Section 1141.4.
((1310.2 Semi-Heated Spaces: All spaces shall be considered
conditioned spaces, and shall comply with the requirements in
Section 1310.1 unless they meet the following criteria for
semi-heated spaces. The installed heating equipment output,
in Climate Zone 1, shall be 3 Btu/(h•ft2) or greater but not
greater than 8 Btu/(h•ft2) and in Climate Zone 2, shall be 5
Btu/(h•ft2) or greater but not greater than 12 Btu/(h•ft2). Heating shall be controlled by a thermostat mounted not lower
than the heating unit and capable of preventing heating above
44 degrees space temperature. For semi-heated spaces, the
only prescriptive, component performance, or systems analysis
building envelope requirement shall be that:
((Climate Zone 1))
| (( |
|
| (( |
|
| (( |
|
| (( |
| (( |
|
| (( |
|
| (( |
|
| (( |
| EXCEPTION: | Wall insulation for those walls that separate semi-heated spaces (see definition in Section 201.1) from the exterior provided that the space is heated solely by a heating system controlled by a thermostat with a maximum setpoint capacity of 45°F, mounted no lower than the heating unit. |
Figure 13A
Building Envelope Compliance Options
Section Number |
Subject |
Prescriptive Option |
Component Performance Option |
Systems Analysis Option |
| 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 |
General Requirements Insulation Glazing and Doors Moisture Control Air Leakage |
X X X X X |
X X X X X |
X X X X X |
| 1320
1321 1322 1323 |
Prescriptive Building Envelope Option General Opaque Envelope Glazing |
X X X X |
||
| 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 |
Component Performance Building Envelope Option General Component U-Factors UA Calculations Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Rate Calculations |
X X X X X |
||
| RS-29 | Systems Analysis | X |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1310, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1312.1 Standard Procedure for Determination of Glazing and
Door U-Factors: U-Factors for glazing and doors shall be
determined, certified and labeled in accordance with Standard
RS-31 by a certified independent agency licensed by the
National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). Compliance shall
be based on the Residential or the Nonresidential Model Size. Product samples used for U-factor determinations shall be
production line units or representative of units as purchased
by the consumer or contractor. Unlabeled glazing and doors
shall be assigned the default U-factor in Table 10-6.
1312.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient ((and Shading
Coefficient)): Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), shall be
determined, certified and labelled in accordance with the
National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) Standard by a
certified, independent agency, licensed by the NFRC.
| EXCEPTION: | Shading coefficients (SC) or Solar Heat Gain Coefficient for the center of glass shall be an acceptable alternate for
compliance with solar heat gain coefficient requirements. Shading coefficients for the center of glass for glazing
shall be taken from Chapter (( |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1312, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1312, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1312, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1313.1 Vapor Retarders: Vapor retarders shall be installed on
the warm side (in winter) of insulation as required by this
section.
EXCEPTION:
Vapor retarder installed with not more than 1/3 of the nominal R-value between it and the conditioned space.
1313.2 Roof/Ceiling Assemblies: Roof/ceiling assemblies where
the ventilation space above the insulation is less than an
average of twelve inches shall be provided with a vapor
retarder. (For enclosed attics and enclosed rafter spaces see
Section ((1505.3)) 1203.2 of the Washington State Building
Code.) Roof/ceiling assemblies without a vented airspace,
allowed only where neither the roof deck nor the roof
structure are made of wood, shall provide a continuous vapor
retarder with taped seams.
EXCEPTION:
Vapor retarders need not be provided where all of the insulation is installed between the roof membrane and the
structural roof deck.
1313.3 Walls: Walls separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall be provided with a vapor retarder.
1313.4 Floors: Floors separating conditioned space from
unconditioned space shall be provided with a vapor retarder.
1313.5 Crawl Spaces: A ground cover of six mil (0.006 inch
thick) black polyethylene or approved equal shall be laid over
the ground within crawl spaces. The ground cover shall be
overlapped twelve inches minimum at the joints and shall
extend to the foundation wall.
EXCEPTION:
The ground cover may be omitted in crawl spaces if the crawl space has a concrete slab floor with a minimum
thickness of three and one-half inches.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1313, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1313, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
For metal frame assemblies used in spaces with electric
resistance space heat, compliance shall be demonstrated with
the component U-factor for the overall assembly based on the
assemblies in Chapter 10.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Opaque smoke vents are not required to meet insulation requirements.
2. ((
The perimeter edge of an above grade floor slab which penetrates the exterior wall may be left uninsulated
provided that the wall insulation is increased by R-2 above)) For prescriptive compliance only,
a. For glazing areas that are 30% and less of the gross wall area, the insulation of the perimeter edge of an above
grade floor slab which penetrates the exterior wall may be reduced to R-5 provided the glazing U-factor is reduced
by U-0.05 below that required in Tables 13-1 and 13-2.
b. For glazing areas that exceed 30% of the gross wall area, the perimeter edge of an above grade floor slab which
penetrates the exterior wall may be left uninsulated provided that the glazing U-factor is reduced by U-0.10 below
that required in Tables 13-1 and 13-2.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1322, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1322, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Vertical glazing located on the display side of the street level story of a retail occupancy provided the glazing
a. is double-glazed with a minimum 1/2 inch airspace and with a low-e coating having a maximum emittance of
e-0.40 or has an area weighted U-factor of 0.60 or less. (When this exception is used, there are no SHGC
requirements) and,
b. does not exceed 75 percent of the gross exterior wall area of the display side of the street level story. However, if the display side of the street level story exceeds 20 feet in height, then this exception may only be
used for the first 20 feet of that story.
When this exception is utilized, separate calculations shall be performed for these sections of the building
envelope and these values shall not be averaged with any others for compliance purposes. The 75 percent area
may be exceeded on the street level, if the additional glass area is provided from allowances from other areas of
the building.
2. Single glazing for ornamental, security, or architectural purposes shall be included in the percentage of the total
glazing area, U-factor calculation and SHGC as allowed in the Tables 13-1 or 13-2. The maximum area allowed
for the total of all single glazing is one percent of the gross exterior wall floor area.
1323.1 Area: The percentage of total glazing (vertical and
overhead) area relative to the gross exterior wall area shall
not be greater than the appropriate value from Tables 13-1 or
13-2 for the vertical glazing U-factor, overhead glazing
U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient selected.
1323.2 U-Factor: The area-weighted average U-factor of
vertical glazing shall not be greater than that specified in
Tables 13-1 or 13-2 for the appropriate area and solar heat
gain coefficient. The area-weighted average U-factor of
overhead glazing shall not be greater than that specified in
Tables 13-1 or 13-2 for the appropriate area and solar heat
gain coefficient. U-factors for glazing shall be determined
in accordance with Section 1312.
1323.3 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient: The area-weighted average
solar heat gain coefficient of all glazing shall not be
greater than that specified in Tables 13-1 or 13-2 for the
appropriate area and U-factor.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Glazing separating conditioned space from semi-heated space or unconditioned space. |
| 2. Vertical glazing which is oriented within 45° of north shall be allowed to have a maximum solar heat gain coefficient SHGC-0.10 above that required in Tables 13-1 and 13-2. | |
| 3. For demonstrating compliance for vertical glazing only, the SHGC in the proposed building shall be allowed to be reduced by using the multipliers in the table below for each glazing product shaded by permanent projections that will last as long as the building itself. |
Projection Factor |
SHGC Multiplier (all orientations except north) | SHGC Multiplier (north-oriented) | |||
| 0 - 0.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| <0.10 - 0.20 | 0.91 | 0.95 | |||
| <0.20 - 0.30 | 0.82 | 0.91 | |||
| <0.30 - 0.40 | 0.74 | 0.87 | |||
| <0.40 - 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.84 | |||
| <0.50 - 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.81 | |||
| <0.60 - 0.70 | 0.56 | 0.78 | |||
| <0.70 - 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.76 | |||
| <0.80 - 0.90 | 0.47 | 0.75 | |||
| <0.90 - 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.73 | |||
| Place illustration here. |
| Exhibit 1323.3 |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1323, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1323, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1323, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
((
EXCEPTION:For buildings or structures utilizing the other space heat type (including heat pumps and VAV) compliance path,
for the gross opaque wall, opaque door and glazing (vertical and overhead) area only, compliance may also be
shown using the ENVSTD diskette version 2.1 of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1989, or an approved
alternative, with the following additional requirements:))
1. Only the Exterior Wall Requirements portion of the ENVSTD computer program may be used under this
exception.
2. Overhead glazing shall be added to vertical glazing, and shall be input as 1/4 north, 1/4 east, 1/4 south and 1/4
west facing.
3. Lighting loads shall be determined according to Table 15-1.
4. Equipment loads shall be determined from Table 3-1 of Standard RS-29.))
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1331, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1331, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1331, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
| 1. | Results of laboratory measurements according to acceptable methods of test. |
| 2. | Standard (( |
| 3. | The zone method as provided in Chapter (( |
| 4. | Effective framing/cavity R-values as provided in
Table (( |
| a. | For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly; and |
| b. | For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper plenum surface. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1332, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Equation 13-1:
Target UA[t]
| UAt | = | UratArat + UogratAograt + UortAort + UogortAogort + UwtAwt + UvgtAvgt + UdtAdt + UftAft + FstPst + UbgwtAbgwt |
| UAt | = | The target combined specific heat transfer of the gross roof/ceiling assembly, exterior wall and
floor area. |
| Where: |
||
| Urat | = | The thermal transmittance value for roofs over attics found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Uograt | = | The thermal transmittance for overhead glazing found in Table 13-1 or 13-2 which corresponds to
the proposed total glazing area as a percent of gross exterior wall area. |
| Uort | = | The thermal transmittance value for other roofs found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Uogort | = | The thermal transmittance for overhead glazing found in Table 13-1 or 13-2 which corresponds to
the proposed total glazing area as a percent of gross exterior wall area. |
| Uwt | = | The thermal transmittance value for opaque walls found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Uvgt | = | The thermal transmittance value for vertical glazing found in Table 13-1 or 13-2 which
corresponds to the proposed total glazing area as a percent of gross exterior wall area. |
| Udt | = | The thermal transmittance value for opaque doors found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Uft | = | The thermal transmittance value for floors over unconditioned space found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Fst | = | The F-factor for slab-on-grade and radiant slab floors found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Ubgwt | = | The thermal transmittance value for opaque walls found in Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Adt | = | The proposed opaque door area, Ad. |
| Aft | = | The proposed floor over unconditioned space area, Af. |
| Pst | = | The proposed lineal feet of slab-on-grade and radiant slab floor perimeter, Ps. |
| Abgwt | = | The proposed below grade wall area, Abgw. |
| and; | ||
| if the total amount of glazing area as a percent of gross exterior wall area does not exceed the maximum allowed in
Table 13-1 or 13-2: |
||
| Arat | = | The proposed roof over attic area, Ara. |
| Aograt | = | The proposed overhead glazing area in roofs over attics, Aogra. |
| Aort | = | The proposed other roof area, Aor. |
| Aogort | = | The proposed overhead glazing area in other roofs, Aogor. |
| Awt | = | The proposed opaque above grade wall area, Aw. |
| Avgt | = | The proposed vertical glazing area, Avg. |
| or; |
||
| if the total amount of glazing area as a percent of gross exterior wall area exceeds the maximum allowed in Table
13-1 or 13-2: |
||
| Arat | = | The greater of: the proposed roof over attic area, and the gross roof over attic area minus Aograt. |
| Aograt | = | The lesser of: proposed overhead glazing area in roofs over attics, and the maximum allowed glazing area from Table 13-1 or 13-2. |
| Aort | = | The greater of: the proposed other roof area, and the gross other roof area minus Aogort. |
| Aogort | = | The lesser of: the proposed overhead glazing area in other roofs, and the maximum allowed glazing area from Table 13-1 or 13-2 minus Aograt. |
| Awt | = | The greater of: proposed opaque above grade wall area, and the gross exterior above grade wall area minus Adt minus Avgt. |
| Avgt | = | The lesser of: the proposed vertical glazing area, and the maximum allowed glazing area from Table 13-1 or 13-2 minus Aograt minus Aogort. |
EQUATION 13-2
Proposed UAp
| UAp | = | UraAra+UorAor+UogAog+UwAw+UdAd+UvgAvg+UfAf+FsPs+UbgwAbgw |
||
| Where: |
||||
| UAp | = | The combined proposed specific heat transfer of the gross exterior wall, floor and
roof/ceiling assembly area. |
||
| Ura | = | The thermal transmittance of the roof over attic area. | ||
| Ara | = | Opaque roof over attic area. |
||
| Uor | = | The thermal transmittance of the other roof area. | ||
| Aor | = | Opaque other roof area. |
||
| Uog | = | The thermal transmittance for the overhead glazing | ||
| Aog | = | Overhead glazing area. |
||
| Uw | = | The thermal transmittance of the opaque wall area. | ||
| Aw | = | Opaque above grade wall area (not including opaque doors). |
||
| Uvg | = | The thermal transmittance of the vertical glazing area. | ||
| Avg | = | Vertical glazing area. |
||
| Ud | = | The thermal transmittance value of the opaque door area. | ||
| Ad | = | Opaque door area. |
||
| Uf | = | The thermal transmittance of the floor over unconditioned space area. | ||
| Af | = | Floor area over unconditioned space. |
||
| Fs | = | Slab-on-grade or radiant floor component F-factor. | ||
| Ps | = | Lineal feet of slab-on-grade or radiant floor perimeter. |
||
| Ubgw | = | The thermal transmittance value of the below grade wall area. | ||
| Abgw | = | Below grade wall area as defined in Tables 13-1 or 13-2. |
||
| NOTE: Where more than one type of wall, window, roof/ceiling, door and skylight is used, the U and A terms for
those items shall be expanded into sub-elements as: |
||||
| Uw1Aw1+Uw2Aw2+Uw3Aw3+...etc. | ||||
EQUATION 13-3
Target SHGCAt
| SHGCAt | = | SHGCt (Aograt + Aogort + Avgt) |
||
| Where: | ||||
| SHGCAt | = | The target combined specific heat gain of the target glazing area. |
||
| SHGCt | = | The solar heat gain coefficient for glazing found in Table 13-1 or 13-2 which corresponds to the
proposed total glazing area as a percent of gross exterior wall area, and |
||
| Aograt, Aogort, and Avgt are defined under Equation 13-1. | ||||
EQUATION 13-4
Proposed SHGCAp
| SHGCAp | = | SHGCogAog + SHGCvgAvg |
| Where: |
||
| SHGCAt | = | The combined proposed specific heat gain of the proposed glazing area. |
| SHGCog | = | The solar heat gain coefficient of the overhead glazing. |
| Aog | = | The overhead glazing area. |
| SHGCvg | = | The solar heat gain coefficient of the vertical glazing. |
| Avg | = | The vertical glazing area. |
BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 1
MINIMUM INSULATION R-VALUES OR
MAXIMUM COMPONENT U-FACTORS FOR ZONE 1
| Space Heat Type | Components | |||||
| Roofs Over Attic |
All Other Roofs | Opaque Walls1,2 | Opaque Doors | Floor Over Uncond Space |
Slab On Grade5 | |
| 1. Electric resistance heat** | R-38 or U = 0.031 | R-30 or U = 0.034 | R-19 or U = 0.062 | U = 0.60 | R-30 or U = 0.029 | R-10 or F = 0.54 |
| 2. All others including Heat pumps and VAV | R-30 or U = 0.036 |
R-21 or (( |
(( U= 0.14)) (a) Metal framing: R-19 or U = 0.109 |
U = 0.60 | R-19 or U = 0.056 | R-10 or F = 0.54 |
| (b) Wood framing and framing other than metal: R-19 or U = 0.062 | ||||||
| ** | Compliance with nominal prescriptive R-values requires wood framing. |
MAXIMUM GLAZING SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENTS
FOR ZONE 1
| (( Area as % of Wall |
||||||||||||
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
|||||||||
| Maximum Glazing Area as % of Wall |
0% to 30% | >30% to 45% | ||||
| Maximum U-Factor |
Max. SHGC4 | Maximum U-Factor |
Max. SHGC4 | |||
| VG | OG | VG | OG | |||
| 1. Electric resistance heat | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.40 | PRESCRIPTIVE PATH NOT ALLOWED | ||
| 2. All others including heat pumps and VAV | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.40 |
| Footnotes | |
| 1. | Below Grade Walls: |
| When complying by the prescriptive approach, Section 1322: |
| a) | walls insulated on the interior shall use opaque wall values, |
| b) | walls insulated on the exterior shall use a minimum of R-10 insulation, |
| c) | walls shall be insulated for the first 10 feet below grade. (There shall be no credit for those portions of below
grade walls and footings that are more than 10 feet below grade, and (( |
| When complying by the component performance approach, Section 1331: |
| a) | walls insulated on the interior shall use the opaque wall values when determining Ubgwt, |
| b) | walls insulated on the exterior shall use a target = 0.070 for Ubgwt, |
| c) | the calculations shall include the first 10 feet of walls below grade. (Those portions of below grade walls and
footings that are more than 10 feet below grade(( |
| 2. | Concrete Masonry Walls: If the area weighted heat capacity of the total opaque above grade wall is a minimum of 9.0
Btu/ft2 • °F, then (( |
| a. the U-factor may be increased to U-0.15 maximum, or minimum additional R-5.7 continuous insulation uninterrupted by framing; or | |
| b. the wall may be ASTM C90 concrete block walls, ungrouted or partially grouted at 32 in. or less on center vertically and 48 in. or less on center horizontally, with ungrouted cores filled with material having a maximum thermal conductivity of 0.44 Btu/ft2 • °F. |
Individual walls with heat capacities less than 9.0 Btu/ft2 • °F and below grade walls shall meet opaque wall requirements listed above. Glazing shall comply with the glazing requirements listed above.
| (( Area as % of Wall |
||||||||||||
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
|||||||||
| 3. | (( |
| 4. | SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient per Section 1312.2): May substitute Maximum Shading Coefficient (SC) for SHGC (See Chapter 2 for definition of Shading Coefficient). |
| 5. | Radiant Floors: Where insulation is required under the entire slab, radiant floors shall use a minimum of R-10 insulation or F = 0.55 maximum. Where insulation is not required under the entire slab, radiant floors shall use R-10 perimeter insulation according to Section 1311.6 or F=0.78 maximum. |
BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS
FOR CLIMATE ZONE 2
MINIMUM INSULATION R-VALUES OR
MAXIMUM COMPONENT U-FACTORS FOR ZONE 2
| Space Heat Type | Components | |||||
| Roofs Over Attic |
All Other Roofs | Opaque Walls1,2 | Opaque Doors | Floor Over Uncond Space |
Slab On Grade | |
| 1. Electric resistance heat** | R-38 or U = 0.031 |
R-30 or U = 0.034 |
R-24 or U = 0.044 |
U = 0.60 | R-30 or U = 0.029 |
R-10 or F = 0.54 |
| 2. All others including Heat pumps and VAV | R-38 or U = 0.031 |
R-25 or (( |
R-19 or
U = 0.11 (a) Metal framing: R-13 cavity insul. + R-3.8 continuous insul. or U = 0.084 (b) Wood framing and framing other than metal: R-19 or U = 0.062 |
U = 0.60 | R-21 or U = 0.047 |
R-10 or F = 0.54 |
| ** | Compliance with nominal prescriptive R-values requires wood framing. |
MAXIMUM GLAZING SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENTS
FOR ZONE 2
| (( Area as % of Wall |
||||||||||||
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
|||||||||
| Maximum Glazing Area as % of Wall |
0% to 30% | >30% to 45% | ||||
| Maximum U-Factor |
Max. SHGC4 | Maximum U-Factor |
Max. SHGC4 | |||
| VG | OG | VG | OG | |||
| 1. Electric resistance heat | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.40 | PRESCRIPTIVE PATH NOT ALLOWED | ||
| 2. All others including heat pumps and VAV | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.40 |
| Footnotes | |
| 1. | Below Grade Walls: |
| When complying by the prescriptive approach, Section 1322: |
| a) | walls insulated on the interior shall use opaque wall values, |
| b) | walls insulated on the exterior shall use a minimum of R-12 insulation, |
| c) | walls shall be insulated for the first 10 feet below grade. (There shall be no credit for insulating those portions of
below grade walls and footings that are more than 10 feet below grade, and (( |
| When complying by the component performance approach, Section 1331: |
| a) | walls insulated on the interior shall use the opaque wall values when determining Ubgwt, |
| b) | walls insulated on the exterior shall use a target U-factor of U= 0.061 for Ubgwt, |
| c) | the calculations shall include the first 10 feet of walls below grade. (Those portions of below grade walls and
footings that are more than 10 feet below grade(( |
| 2. | Concrete Masonry Walls: If the area weighted heat capacity of the total opaque above grade wall is a minimum of 9.0
Btu/ft2 • °F, then the U-factor may be increased to (( |
| (( Area as % of Wall |
||||||||||||
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
U-Factor |
|||||||||
| 3. | (( |
| 4. | SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient per Section 1312.2): May substitute Maximum Shading Coefficient (SC) for SHGC (See Chapter 2 for definition of Shading Coefficient). |
| 5. | Radiant Floors: Where insulation is required under the entire slab, radiant floors shall use a minimum of R-10 insulation or F = 0.55 maximum. Where insulation is not required under the entire slab, radiant floors shall use R-10 perimeter insulation according to Section 1311.6 or F = 0.78 maximum. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1334, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1334, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1334, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1411.1 General: Equipment shall have a minimum performance at
the specified rating conditions not less than the values shown
in Tables 14-1A through 14-1G. If a nationally recognized
certification program exists for a product covered in Tables
14-1A through 14-1G, and it includes provisions for
verification and challenge of equipment efficiency ratings,
then the product shall be listed in the certification program.
Gas-fired and oil-fired forced air furnaces with input ratings
≥ 225,000 Btu/h (65 kW) shall also have an intermittent
ignition or interrupted device (IID), and have either
mechanical draft (including power venting) or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper
for furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the
conditioned space. All furnaces with input ratings ≥ 225,000
Btu/h (65 kW), including electric furnaces, that are not
located within the conditioned space shall have jacket losses
not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.
| EXCEPTION: | Water-cooled water-chilling packages that are not designed for operation at ARI standard 550/590 test conditions of 44şF leaving chilled water temperature and 85şF entering condenser water temperature shall have a minimum NPLV rating as shown in Tables 14-1K, 14-1L, and 14-1M. The table values are only applicable over the following full load design ranges: |
| Leaving Chiller Water Temp. 40 to 48şF | |
| Entering Condenser Water Temp. 75 to 85şF | |
| Condenser Water Temp. Rise 5 to 15şF |
Cooling towers serving chilled water systems with airside
economizer complying with Section 1433 without using the
exceptions shall be selected to be able to maintain a return
condenser water temperature to the tower or 86şF or less at
peak design conditions.
| EXCEPTION: | Cooling towers which are replacing existing equipment can be selected to provide return condenser water temperature to the tower no warmer than the original design temperature. |
1411.2 Rating Conditions: Cooling equipment shall be rated at
ARI test conditions and procedures when available. Where no
applicable procedures exist, data shall be furnished by the
equipment manufacturer.
1411.3 Combination Space and Service Water Heating: For
combination space and service water heaters with a principal
function of providing space heat, the Combined Annual
Efficiency (CAE) may be calculated by using ASHRAE Standard
124-1991. Storage water heaters used in combination space
heat and water heat applications shall have either an Energy
Factor (EF) or a Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) of not less
than the following:
| Energy Factor (EF) |
Combined Annual Efficiency (CAE) | |
| < 50 gallon storage | 0.58 | 0.71 |
| 50 to 70 gallon storage | 0.57 | 0.71 |
| > 70 gallon storage | 0.55 | 0.70 |
EXCEPTION:
Unstaffed equipment shelters or cabinets used solely for personal wireless service facilities.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1411, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1411, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1411, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1411, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1412.1 Temperature Controls: Each system shall be provided
with at least one temperature control device. Each zone shall
be controlled by individual thermostatic controls responding
to temperature within the zone. At a minimum, each floor of a
building shall be considered as a separate zone.
1412.2 Deadband Controls: When used to control both comfort
heating and cooling, zone thermostatic controls shall be
capable of a deadband of at least 5 degrees F within which the
supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off
or reduced to a minimum.
1412.3 Humidity Controls: If a system is equipped with a
means for adding moisture, a humidistat shall be provided.EXCEPTIONS:
1. Special occupancy, special usage, or code requirements where deadband controls are not appropriate.
2. Buildings complying with Section 1141.4, if in the proposed building energy analysis, heating and cooling
thermostat setpoints are set to the same temperature between 70 degrees F and 75 degrees F inclusive, and
assumed to be constant throughout the year.
3. Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and cooling modes.
1412.4 Setback and Shutoff: HVAC systems shall be equipped
with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction
of energy use through control setback or equipment shutdown
during periods of nonuse or alternate use of the spaces served
by the system. The automatic controls shall ((have a minimum
seven-day clock and be capable of being set for seven
different day types per week)):
a. Have a minimum seven-day clock and be capable of being set for seven different day types per week;
b. Be capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss of power for a period of at least ten hours; and
c. Include an accessible manual override, or equivalent function (e.g., telephone interface), that allows temporary operation of the system for up to two hours.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Systems serving areas which require continuous operation at the same temperature setpoint.
2. Equipment with full load demands of 2 Kw (6,826 Btu/h) or less may be controlled by readily accessible manual
off-hour controls.
3. Systems controlled by an occupant sensor that is capable of shutting the system off when no occupant is sensed
for a period of up to 30 minutes.
4. Systems controlled solely by a manually operated timer capable of operating the system for no more than two
hours.
1412.4.1 Dampers: Outside air intakes, exhaust outlets and
relief outlets serving conditioned spaces shall be equipped
with motorized dampers which close automatically when the
system is off or upon power failure.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Systems serving areas which require continuous operation.
2. Combustion air intakes.
3. Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers are acceptable in buildings less than 3 stories in height.
4. Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers are acceptable in exhaust and relief outlets in the first story and levels below
the first story of buildings three or more stories in height.
5. Type 1 grease hoods exhaust.
Dampers installed to comply with this section, including
dampers integral to HVAC equipment, shall have a maximum
leakage rate when tested in accordance with AMCA Standard 500
of:
(a) Motorized dampers: 10 cfm/ft2 of damper area at 1.0 in w.g.
(b) Nonmotorized dampers: 20 cfm/ft2 of damper area at 1.0 in w.g., except that for nonmotorized dampers smaller than 24 inches in either dimension: 40 cfm/ft2 of damper area at 1.0 in w.g.
Drawings shall indicate compliance with this section.
1412.4.2 Optimum Start Controls: Heating and cooling systems
with design supply air capacities exceeding 10,000 cfm shall
have optimum start controls. Optimum start controls shall be
designed to automatically adjust the start time of an HVAC
system each day to bring the space to desired occupied
temperature levels immediately before scheduled occupancy. The control algorithm shall, as a minimum, be a function of
the difference between space temperature and occupied setpoint
and the amount of time prior to scheduled occupancy.
1412.5 Heat Pump Controls: Unitary air cooled heat pumps
shall include microprocessor controls that minimize
supplemental heat usage during start up, set-up, and defrost
conditions. These controls shall anticipate need for heat and
use compression heating as the first stage of heat. Controls
shall indicate when supplemental heating is being used through
visual means (e.g., LED indicators).
1412.6 Combustion Heating Equipment Controls: Combustion
heating equipment with a capacity over 225,000 Btu/h shall
have modulating or staged combustion control.
1412.7 Balancing: Each air supply outlet or air or water
terminal device shall have a means for balancing, including
but not limited to, dampers, temperature and pressure test
connections and balancing valves.EXCEPTIONS:
Boilers.
Radiant heaters.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1412, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1412, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1412, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1412, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1413.1 Operation: Air economizers shall be capable of
automatically modulating outside and return air dampers to
provide 100 percent of the design supply air as outside air to
reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling. Air
economizers shall be used for RS-29 analysis base case for all
systems without exceptions in Sections 1413, 1423, or 1433.
Water economizers shall be capable of providing the total
concurrent cooling load served by the connected terminal
equipment lacking airside economizer, at outside air
temperatures of 45°F dry-bulb/40°F wet-bulb and below. For
this calculation, all factors including solar and internal
load shall be the same as those used for peak load
calculations, except for the outside temperatures.
| EXCEPTION: | Water economizers using air-cooled heat rejection equipment may use a 35°F dry-bulb outside air temperature for this calculation. This exception is limited to a maximum of 20 tons per building. |
1413.2 Documentation: Water economizer plans submitted for
approval shall include the following information:
1. Maximum outside air conditions for which economizer is
sized to provide full cooling.
2. Design cooling load to be provided by economizer at this outside air condition.
3. Heat rejection and terminal equipment performance data including model number, flow rate, capacity, entering and leaving temperature in full economizer cooling mode.
1413.3 Integrated Operation: The HVAC system and its controls
shall allow economizer operation when mechanical cooling is
required simultaneously. Air and water economizers shall be
capable of providing partial cooling even when additional
mechanical cooling is required to meet the remainder of the
cooling load.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Individual, direct expansion units that have a rated capacity less than 65,000 Btu/h and use nonintegrated
economizer controls that preclude simultaneous operation of the economizer and mechanical cooling.
2. Water-cooled water chillers with waterside economizer.
1413.4 Humidification: If an air economizer is required on a
cooling system for which humidification equipment is to be
provided to maintain minimum indoor humidity levels, then the
humidifier shall be of the adiabatic type (direct evaporative
media or fog atomization type) that cools return air while
humidifying outside air while in economizer. If a water
economizer or no economizer is provided, the isothermal type
of humidifier may be used (steam injection, gas, electric
resistance or infrared generator type that uses new energy to
boil moisture to be added).
| EXCEPTION: | Health care facilities where WAC 246-320-525 allows only steam injection humidifiers in ductwork downstream of final filters. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1413, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1413, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1414.1 Sealing: Duct work ((which is designed to operate at
pressures above 1/2 inch water column static pressure)) shall
be sealed ((in accordance with Standard RS-18. Extent of
sealing required is)) as follows:
| 1. | Static pressure: (( |
| (( |
|
| (( 2. |
Static pressure: Above 3 inches; seal all transverse joints, longitudinal seams and duct wall penetrations. |
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Fibrous glass duct systems installed in accordance with standard UL 181A and flexible duct systems installed in accordance with standard UL 181B may use tapes listed for those systems. |
| 2. Tapes installed in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions, providing detailed information specific to application on ducts including approved duct materials and require duct surface cleaning, may be used for static pressures under 1 inch. | |
| 3. Spiral lock seams in round and flat oval ductwork do not require sealing; however, other seams shall be sealed. |
| Note that longitudinal seams are joints oriented in the direction of airflow. Transverse joints are connections of two duct sections oriented perpendicular to airflow. Duct wall penetrations are openings made by any screw fastener, pipe, rod or wire. All other connections are considered transverse joints, including, but not limited to, spin-ins, taps and other branch connections, access door frames and jambs, and duct connections to equipment. |
1414.2 Insulation: Ducts and plenums that are constructed and
function as part of the building envelope, by separating
interior space from exterior space, shall meet all applicable
requirements of Chapter 13. These requirements include
insulation installation, moisture control, air leakage, and
building envelope insulation levels. Unheated equipment rooms
with combustion air louvers must be isolated from the
conditioned space by insulating interior surfaces to a minimum
of R-11 and any exterior envelope surfaces per Chapter 13. Outside air ducts serving individual supply air units with
less than 2,800 cfm of total supply air capacity shall be
insulated to a minimum of R-7 and are not considered building
envelope. Other outside air duct runs are considered building
envelope until they,
1. Connect to the heating or cooling equipment, or
2. Are isolated from the exterior with an automatic shutoff damper complying with Section 1412.4.1.
Once outside air ducts meet the above listed requirements, any runs within conditioned space shall comply with Table 14-5 requirements.
Other ducts and plenums shall be thermally insulated per Table 14-5.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Within the HVAC equipment. |
| 2. Exhaust air ducts not subject to condensation. |
| 3. Exposed ductwork within a zone that serves that zone. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1414, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1414, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1414, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1415.1 Insulation: Piping shall be thermally insulated in
accordance with Table 14-6.
| EXCEPTION: | Piping installed within unitary HVAC equipment. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1415, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1415, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
((1416.1 Drawings: Construction documents shall require that
within 90 days after the date of system acceptance, record
drawings of the actual installation be provided to the
building owner. Record drawings shall include as a minimum
the location and performance data on each piece of equipment,
general configuration of duct and pipe distribution system,
including sizes, and the terminal air and water design flow
rates.
1416.2 Manuals: Construction documents shall require an
operating manual and maintenance manual be provided to the
building owner. The manual shall be in accordance with
industry accepted standards and shall include, at a minimum,
the following:
1. Submittal data stating equipment size and selected
options for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance.
2. Operation and maintenance manuals for each piece of
equipment requiring maintenance, except equipment not
furnished as part of the project. Required routine
maintenance actions shall be clearly identified.
3. Names and addresses of at least one service agency.
4. HVAC controls system maintenance and calibration
information, including wiring diagrams, schematics, and
control sequence descriptions. Desired or field determined
set points shall be permanently recorded on control drawings
at control devices, or, for digital control systems, in
programming comments.
5. A complete narrative of how each system is intended to
operate including suggested set points.
1416.3 System Balancing
1416.3.1 General: Construction documents shall require that
all HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with generally
accepted engineering standards. Air and water flow rates
shall be measured and adjusted to deliver final flow rates
within 10% of design rates, except variable flow distribution
systems need not be balanced upstream of the controlling
device (for example, VAV box or control valve). Construction
documents shall require a written balance report be provided
to the owner.
1416.3.2 Air System Balancing: Air systems shall be balanced
in a manner to first minimize throttling losses then, for fans
with system power of greater than 1 hp, fan speed shall be
adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
1416.3.3 Hydronic System Balancing: Hydronic systems shall be
proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize
throttling losses, then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or
pump speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions. Each hydronic system shall have either the ability to measure
pressure across the pump, or test ports at each side of each
pump.
| (( |
|
| (( |
1416.4.1 Simple Systems: For simple systems, as defined in
Section 1421, and for warehouses and semi-heated spaces, HVAC
control systems shall be tested to ensure that control
devices, components, equipment and systems are calibrated,
adjusted and operate in accordance with approved plans and
specifications. Sequences of operation shall be functionally
tested to ensure they operate in accordance with approved
plans and specifications. A complete report of test
procedures and results shall be prepared and filed with the
owner. Drawing notes shall require commissioning in
accordance with this paragraph.
1416.4.2 Other Systems: All other HVAC control systems, and
other automatically controlled systems for which energy
consumption, performance, or mode of operation are regulated
by this code, shall be tested to ensure that control devices,
equipment and systems are calibrated, adjusted and operate in
accordance with approved plans and specifications. Sequences
of operation shall be functionally tested to ensure they
operate in accordance with approved plans and specifications.
1416.4.2.1 Documentation: Drawing notes shall require
commissioning in accordance with this section. Drawing notes
may refer to specifications for further commissioning
requirements. Plans and specifications shall require tests
mandated by this section be performed and the results
recorded. Plans and specifications shall require preparation
of preliminary and final reports of test procedures and
results as described in Section 1416.4.2.2. Plans and
specifications shall identify the following for each test:
1. Equipment and systems to be tested, including the
extent of sampling tests,
2. Functions to be tested (for example calibration,
economizer control, etc.),
3. Conditions under which the test shall be performed
(for example winter design conditions, full outside air,
etc.),
4. Measurable criteria for acceptable performance.
1416.4.2.2 Commissioning Reports
1416.4.2.2.1 Preliminary Commissioning Report: A preliminary
commissioning report of test procedures and results shall be
prepared. The preliminary report shall identify:
1. Deficiencies found during testing required by this
section which have not been corrected at the time of report
preparation and the anticipated date of correction.
2. Deferred tests which cannot be performed at the time
of report preparation due to climatic conditions.
3. Climatic conditions required for performance of the
deferred tests, and the anticipated date of each deferred
test.
1416.4.2.2.2 Final Commissioning Report: A complete report of
test procedures and results shall be prepared and filed with
the owner.
1416.4.2.3 Acceptance: Buildings or portions thereof,
required by this code to comply with this section, shall not
be issued a final certificate of occupancy until such time
that the building official determines that the preliminary
commissioning report required by this section has been
completed.))
1416.1 General: Commissioning is a systematic process of verification and documentation that ensures that the selected building systems have been designed, installed, and function properly, efficiently, and can be maintained in accordance with the contract documents in order to satisfy the building owner's design intent and operational requirements. Drawing notes shall require commissioning and completion requirements in accordance with this section. Drawing notes may refer to specifications for further requirements.
1416.1.1 Simple Mechanical Systems: For simple mechanical
systems, as defined in Section 1421, and for warehouse and
semi-heated spaces, commissioning shall include, as a minimum:
a. A commissioning plan;
b. System testing and balancing;
c. Controls functional performance testing;
d. A preliminary commissioning report;
e. O&M and record drawing review documentation as described in Sections 1416.2.5.2 and 1416.2.5.3; and
f. A final commissioning report.
1416.1.2 All Other Mechanical Systems: For all other
mechanical systems, commissioning shall include, as a minimum:
a. A commissioning plan;
b. System testing and balancing;
c. Equipment functional performance testing;
d. Controls functional performance testing;
e. A preliminary commissioning report;
f. Post construction documentation per Section 1416.2.5; and
g. A final commissioning report.
1416.2 Commissioning Requirements.
1416.2.1 General: Drawing notes shall require commissioning
in accordance with this section. Drawing notes may refer to
specifications for further commissioning requirements.
1416.2.2 Commissioning Plan: The plan shall require tests
mandated by this section be performed and the results
recorded. The plan shall require preparation of preliminary
and final reports of test procedures and results as described
herein. At a minimum, the plan shall identify the following
for each test:
a. A detailed explanation of the original design intent;
b. Equipment and systems to be tested, including the extent of tests;
c. Functions to be tested (e.g., calibration, economizer control, etc.);
d. Conditions under which the test shall be performed (e.g., winter and summer design conditions, full outside air, etc.); and
e. Measurable criteria for acceptable performance.
1416.2.3 System Balancing.
1416.2.3.1 General: Construction documents shall require that
all HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with generally
accepted engineering standards. Air and water flow rates
shall be measured and adjusted to deliver final flow rates
within 10% of design rates, except variable flow distribution
systems need not be balanced upstream of the controlling
device (e.g., VAV box or control valve). Construction
documents shall require a written balance report be provided
to the owner.
1416.2.3.2 Air System Balancing: Air systems shall be
balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses then,
for fans with system power of greater than 1 hp, fan speed
shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
1416.2.3.3 Hydronic System Balancing: Hydronic systems shall
be proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize
throttling losses, then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or
pump speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
Each hydronic system shall have either the ability to measure
pressure across the pump, or test ports at each side of each
pump.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Pumps with pump motors of 10 hp or less. |
| 2. When throttling results in no greater than 5% of the nameplate horsepower draw above that required if the impeller were trimmed. |
1416.2.4.1 General: Drawing notes shall require commissioning
in accordance with this section. Drawing notes may refer to
specifications for further commissioning requirements.
1416.2.4.2 Equipment/Systems Testing: Functional performance
testing shall demonstrate the correct installation and
operation of each component, system, and system-to-system
intertie relationship in accordance with approved plans and
specifications. This demonstration is to prove the operation,
function, and maintenance serviceability for each of the
commissioned systems. Testing shall include all modes of
operation, including:
a. All modes as described in the sequence of operation;
b. Redundant or automatic back-up mode;
c. Performance of alarms; and
d. Mode of operation upon a loss of power and restored power.
1416.2.4.3 Controls Testing: HVAC control systems shall be
tested to ensure that control devices, components, equipment
and systems are calibrated, adjusted and operate in accordance
with approved plans and specifications. Sequences of
operation shall be functionally tested to ensure they operate
in accordance with approved plans and specifications.
1416.2.5 Postconstruction Commissioning.
1416.2.5.1 General: Construction documents shall require
postconstruction commissioning to be provided to the building
owner prior to date of final acceptance. Drawing notes may
refer to specifications for further commissioning
requirements. Postconstruction commissioning shall include,
as a minimum, review and approval of operation and maintenance
materials, record drawings, and systems operational training.
1416.2.5.2 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Materials: The O&M
materials shall be in accordance with industry accepted
standards and shall include, at a minimum, the following:
a. Submittal data stating equipment size and selected options for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance.
b. Operation and maintenance manuals for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance, except equipment not furnished as part of the project. Required routine maintenance actions shall be clearly identified.
c. Names and addresses of at least one service agency.
d. HVAC controls system maintenance and calibration information, including wiring diagrams, schematics and control sequence descriptions. Desired or field determined set points shall be permanently recorded on control drawings at control devices, or, for digital controls systems, in programming comments.
e. A complete written narrative of how each system and piece of equipment is intended to operate including:
i. A detailed explanation of the original design intent.
ii. The basis of design (how the design was selected to meet the design intent).
iii. A detailed explanation of how new equipment is to interface with existing equipment or systems (where applicable).
iv. Suggested control set points.
| Note: | Sequence of operation is not acceptable as a narrative for this requirement. |
1416.2.5.4 Systems Operational Training: The training of the
appropriate maintenance staff for each equipment type and/or
system shall include, as a minimum, the following:
a. System/equipment overview (what it is, what it does and which other systems and/or equipment does it interface with).
b. Review of the available O&M materials.
c. Review of the record drawings on the subject system/equipment.
d. Hands-on demonstration of all normal maintenance procedures, normal operating modes, and all emergency shutdown and start-up procedures.
1416.2.6 Commissioning Reports.
1416.2.6.1 General: Drawing notes shall require commissioning
in accordance with this section. Drawing notes may refer to
specifications for further commissioning requirements.
1416.2.6.2 Preliminary Commissioning Report: A preliminary
report of commissioning test procedures and results shall be
completed and provided to the owner. The preliminary
commissioning report shall identify:
a. Deficiencies found during testing required by this section which have not been corrected at the time of report preparation and the anticipated date of correction.
b. Deferred tests which cannot be performed at the time of report preparation due to climatic conditions.
c. Climatic conditions required for performance of the deferred tests, and the anticipated date of each deferred test.
1416.2.6.3 Final Commissioning Report: A complete report of
test procedures and results shall be prepared and filed with
the owner. The final commissioning report shall identify:
a. Results of all functional performance tests.
b. Disposition of all deficiencies found during testing, including details of corrective measures used or proposed.
c. All functional performance test procedures used during
the commissioning process including measurable criteria for
test acceptance, provided herein for repeatability.
| EXCEPTION: | Deferred tests which cannot be performed at the time of report preparation due to climatic conditions. |
1416.3.1 General: Drawing notes shall require commissioning
in accordance with this section. Drawing notes may refer to
specifications for further commissioning requirements.
1416.3.2 Acceptance: Buildings or portions thereof, required
by this code to comply with this section, shall not be issued
a final certificate of occupancy until such time that the
building official determines that the preliminary
commissioning report required by this section Section
1416.2.6.2 has been completed.
1416.4 Reserved.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1416, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01.]
a. Cooling units installed outdoors or in a mechanical
room adjacent to outdoors having a ((supply capacity of
greater than 1,900 cfm or a total)) cooling capacity greater
than ((54,000)) 20,000 Btu/h including those serving computer
server rooms, electronic equipment, radio equipment, telephone
switchgear; and
b. Other cooling units with a total cooling capacity greater than 54,000 Btu/h, including those serving computer server rooms, electronic equipment, radio equipment, and telephone switchgear.
The total capacity of all units without economizers
(i.e., those units with a total cooling capacity less than a.
and b. above) shall not exceed 240,000 Btu/h per building, or
10% of its aggregate cooling (economizer) capacity, whichever
is greater. That portion of the equipment serving Group R
Occupancy is not included in determining the total capacity of
all units without economizers in a building.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1423, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1423, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1423, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1423, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1432.1 Setback and Shutoff: Systems that serve zones with
different uses, as defined in Table 15-1
1. Shall be served by separate systems, or
2. Shall include isolation devices and controls to shut off or set back the supply of heating and cooling to each zone independently.
| EXCEPTION: | Isolation or separate systems are not required for zones expected to operate continuously or expected to be inoperative only when all other zones are inoperative. |
1432.2.1 Air Systems for Multiple Zones: Systems supplying
heated or cooled air to multiple zones shall include controls
which automatically reset supply air temperatures by
representative building loads or by outside air temperature. Temperature shall be reset by at least 25 percent of the
design supply-air-to-room-air temperature difference.
| EXCEPTION: | Where specified humidity levels are required to satisfy process needs, such as computer rooms or museums. |
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Hydronic systems that use variable flow devices complying with Section 1438 to reduce pumping energy.
2. Steam boilers.
3. Systems that provide heating with 100şF or lower supply temperature (e.g., water source heat pump loops).
To limit the heat loss from the heat rejection device
(cooling tower), for hydronic heat pumps connected to a common
heat pump water loop with central devices for heat rejection
(e.g., cooling tower):
a. If a closed-circuit tower (fluid cooler) is used,
either an automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all but
a minimal flow of water around the tower (for freeze
protection), or low leakage positive closure dampers shall be
provided.
b. If an open-circuit tower is used directly in the heat pump loop, an automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all heat pump water flow around the tower.
c. If an open-circuit tower is used in conjunction with a separate heat exchanger to isolate the tower from the heat pump loop, the heat loss shall be controlled by shutting down the circulation pump on the cooling tower loop.
For hydronic heat pumps connected to a common heat pump
water loop with central devices for heat rejection (e.g.,
cooling tower) and having a total pump system power exceeding
10 hp, each hydronic heat pump shall have:
a. A two position two-way (but not three-way) valve; or
b. A variable head pressure two-way (water regulating) control valve or pump.
For the purposes of this section, pump system power is
the sum of the nominal power demand (i.e., nameplate
horsepower at nominal motor efficiency) of motors of all pumps
that are required to operate at design conditions to supply
fluid from the heating or cooling source to all heat transfer
devices (e.g., coils, heat exchanger) and return it to the
source. This converts the system into a variable flow system
and, as such, the primary circulation pumps shall comply with
the variable flow requirements in Section 1438.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1432, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. (( |
| 2. Water-cooled refrigeration equipment provided with a water economizer meeting the requirements of Section 1413. Water economizer capacity per building shall not exceed 500 tons. This exception shall not be used for RS-29 analysis. | |
| 3. Systems for which at least 75% of the annual energy used for mechanical cooling is provided from site-recovery or site-solar energy source. | |
| 4. Systems where special outside air filtration and treatment, for the reduction and treatment of unusual outdoor contaminants, makes an air economizer infeasible. | |
| 5. Systems that affect other systems (such as dehumidification and supermarket refrigeration systems) so as to increase the overall building energy consumption. New humidification equipment shall comply with Section 1413.4. | |
| 6. Systems complying with all of the following criteria: | |
| a. Consist of multiple water source heat pumps connected to a common water loop; | |
| b. Have a minimum of 60% air economizer; | |
| c. Have water source heat pumps with an EER at least 15% higher for cooling and a COP at least 15% higher for heating than that specified in Section 1411; | |
| d. Where provided, have a central boiler or furnace efficiency of: | |
| i. 90% minimum for units up to 199,000 Btu/h; and | |
| ii. 85% minimum for units above 199,000 Btu/h input; and | |
| e. Provide heat recovery with a minimum 50% heat recovery effectiveness as defined in Section 1436 to preheat the outside air supply. | |
| 7. For Group R Occupancy, cooling units installed outdoors or in a mechanical room adjacent to outdoors with a total cooling capacity less than 20,000 Btu/h and other cooling units with a total cooling capacity less than 54,000 Btu/h. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1433, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1433, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1433, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1433, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
1436.1 Fan Systems: Fan systems which have both a capacity of 5,000 cfm or greater and which have a minimum outside air supply of 70 percent or greater of the total air circulation shall have a heat recovery system with at least 50 percent recovery effectiveness. Fifty percent heat recovery effectiveness shall mean an increase in the outside air supply temperature at design heating conditions of one half the difference between the outdoor design air temperature and 65 degrees F. Provision shall be made to bypass or control the heat recovery system to permit air economizer operation as required by Section 1433. Heat recovery energy may be provided from any site-recovered or site-solar source.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Laboratory systems equipped with both variable air volume supply and variable air volume or two-speed
exhaust fume hoods.
2. Systems serving spaces heated to less than 60 degrees F.
3. Systems which can be shown to use as much energy with the addition of heat recovery equipment as without it.
4. Systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint exhaust or corrosive fumes making the installation of heat
recovery equipment impractical.
5. Type I commercial kitchen hoods.
1436.2 Condensate Systems: On-site steam heating systems
shall have condensate recovery.
1436.3 Heat Recovery for Service Water Heating: Condenser
heat recovery systems shall be installed for heating or
preheating of service hot water provided all of the following
are true:
a. The facility operates 24 hours a day.
b. The total installed heat rejection capacity of the water-cooled systems exceeds 6,000,000 Btu/h of heat rejection.
c. The capacity of service water heating equipment exceeds 1,000,000 Btu/h.
The required heat recovery system shall have the capacity
to provide the smaller of:
i. 60% of the peak heat rejection load at design
conditions; or
ii. Preheat of the peak service hot water draw to 82şF.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Facilities that employ condenser heat recovery for space heating with a heat recovery design exceeding 30% of the peak water-cooled condenser load at design conditions. |
| 2. Facilities that provide 60% of their service water heating from site solar or site recovered energy or from other sources. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1436, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Fan motors less than 1 hp in series terminal units shall:EXCEPTIONS:
1. Motors used in systems designed to use more than one speed of a multispeed motor.
2. Motors used as a component of the equipment meeting the minimum equipment efficiency requirements of
Section 1411 and Tables 14-1A through 14-1G provided that the motor input is included when determining the
equipment efficiency.
3. Motors that are an integral part of specialized process equipment.
4. Where the motor is integral to a listed piece of equipment for which no complying motor has been approved.
a. Be electronically-commutated motors; or
b. Have a minimum motor efficiency of 65% when rated in accordance with NEMA Standard MG-1 at full load rating conditions.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1437, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1437, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Commercial clothes washers shall have a minimum modified
energy factor (MEF) of 1.26. The MEF definition and test
procedure set forth at 10 CFR, Part 430 (Energy Conservation
Program for Consumer Products), as amended, is incorporated
into this section by reference. Commercial clothes washers
are defined as all clothes washers:
a. Installed for use on a fee basis, e.g., coin- or
card-operated;
b. Not covered by federal residential clothes washer efficiency standards; and
c. Having a capacity of 20 lbs. or less.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1440, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units, Electrically Operated, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
| Equipment Type | Size Category | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb | Test Procedurea |
| Air Conditioners, Air Cooled | < 65,000 Btu/hd | Split System | 10.0 SEER | ARI 210/240 |
| Single Package | 9.7 SEER | |||
| ≥ 65,000 Btu/h and < 135,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
10.3 EERc | ||
| ≥ 135,000 Btu/h and < 240,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
9.7 EERc | ARI 340/360 | |
| ≥ 240,000 Btu/h and < 760,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
9.5 EERc 9.7 IPLVc |
||
| ≥ 760,000 Btu/h | Split System and Single Package |
9.2 EERc 9.4 IPLVc |
||
| Air Conditioners, Water and Evaporatively Cooled | < 65,000 Btu/h | Split System and Single Package |
12.1 EER | ARI 210/240 |
| ≥ 65,000 Btu/h and < 135,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
11.5 EERc | ||
| ≥ 135,000 Btu/h and ≤ 240,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
11.0 EERc | ARI 340/360 | |
| > 240,000 Btu/h | Split System and Single Package |
11.0 EERc 10.3 IPLVc |
||
| Condensing Units, Air Cooled | ≥ 135,000 Btu/h | 10.1 EER 11.2 IPLV |
ARI 365 | |
| Condensing Units, Water or Evaporatively Cooled | ≥ 135,000 Btu/h | 13.1 EER 13.1 IPLV |
||
| a Reserved. b IPLVs are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation. c Deduct 0.2 from the required EERs and IPLVs for units with a heating section other than electric resistance heat. d Single-phase air-cooled air-conditioners < 65,000 Btu/h are regulated by NAECA. SEER values are those set by NAECA. |
||||
Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps, Electrically Operated, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
| Equipment Type | Size Category | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb | Test Procedurea |
| Air Cooled, (Cooling Mode) | < 65,000 Btu/hd | Split System | 10.0 SEER | ARI 210/240 |
| Single Package | 9.7 SEER | |||
| ≥ 65,000 Btu/h and < 135,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
10.1 EERc | ||
| ≥ 135,000 Btu/h and < 240,000 Btu/h |
Split System and Single Package |
9.3 EERc | ARI 340/360
|
|
| ≥ 240,000 Btu/h | Split System and Single Package |
9.0 EERc 9.2 IPLVc |
||
| Water-Source (Cooling Mode) |
< 17,000 Btu/h | 86°F Entering Water | 11.2 EER | ARI/ISO-13256-1 |
| ≥ 17,000 Btu/h and < 65,000 Btu/h |
86°F Entering Water | 12.0 EER | ARI/ISO-13256-1 | |
| ≥ 65,000 Btu/h and < 135,000 Btu/h |
86°F Entering Water | 12.0 EER | ARI/ISO-13256-1 | |
| Groundwater-Source (Cooling Mode) | < 135,000 Btu/h | 59°F Entering Water | 16.2 EER | ARI/ISO-13256-1 |
| Ground Source (Cooling Mode) |
< 135,000 Btu/h | 77°F Entering Water | 13.4 EER | ARI/ISO-13256-1 |
| Air Cooled (Heating Mode) |
< 65,000 Btu/hd (Cooling Capacity) |
Split System | 6.8 HSPF | ARI 210/240 |
| Single Package | 6.6 HSPF | |||
| ≥ 65,000 Btu/h and < 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) |
47°F db/43°F wb
Outdoor Air 17°F db/15°F wb Outdoor Air |
3.2 COP
|
||
| ≥ 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) |
47°F db/43°F wb
Outdoor Air 17°F db/15°F wb Outdoor Air |
3.1 COP
|
ARI 340/360
|
|
| Water-Source (Heating Mode) |
< 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) |
68°F Entering Water | 4.2 COP | ARI/ISO-13256-1 |
| Groundwater-Source (Heating Mode) |
< 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) |
50°F Entering Water | 3.6 COP | ARI/ISO-13256-1 |
| Ground Source (Heating Mode) |
< 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) |
32°F Entering Water | 3.1 COP | ARI/ISO-13256-1 |
| a Reserved. b IPLVs and part load rating conditions are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation. c Deduct 0.2 from the required EERs and IPLVs for units with a heating section other than electric resistance heat. d Single-phase air-cooled heat pumps < 65,000 Btu/h are regulated by NAECA. SEER and HSPF values are those set by NAECA. |
||||
Water Chilling Packages, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
| Equipment Type | Size Category | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb |
Test Procedurea |
| Air Cooled, With Condenser, Electrically Operated |
All Capacities | 2.80 COP 3.05 IPLV |
ARI 550/590 | |
| Air Cooled, Without Condenser, Electrically Operated |
All Capacities | 3.10 COP 3.45 IPLV |
||
| Water Cooled, Electrically
Operated, Positive
Displacement (Reciprocating) |
All Capacities | 4.20 COP 5.05 IPLV |
ARI 550/590 | |
| Water Cooled, Electrically Operated, Positive Displacement (Rotary Screw and Scroll) |
< 150 Tons | 4.45 COP 5.20 IPLV |
ARI 550/590 | |
| ≥ 150 Tons and < 300 Tons |
4.90 COP 5.60 IPLV |
|||
| ≥ 300 Tons | 5.50 COP 6.15 IPLV |
|||
| Water Cooled, Electrically Operated, Centrifugal | < 150 Tons | 5.00 COP 5.25 IPLV |
ARI 550/590 | |
| ≥ 150 Tons and < 300 Tons |
5.55 COP 5.90 IPLV |
|||
| ≥ 300 Tons | 6.10 COP 6.40 IPLV |
|||
| Air Cooled Absorption Single Effect |
All Capacities | 0.60 COP |
|
|
| Water Cooled Absorption Single Effect |
All Capacities | 0.70 COP | ||
| Absorption Double Effect, Indirect-Fired |
All Capacities | 1.00 COP 1.05 IPLV |
ARI 560 | |
| Absorption Double Effect, Direct-Fired |
All Capacities | 1.00 COP 1.00 IPLV |
||
| a Reserved. b The chiller equipment requirements do not apply for chillers used in low temperature applications where the design leaving fluid temperature is less than or equal to 40°F. |
||||
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners, Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps, Room Air Conditioners, and Room Air Conditioner Heat Pumps, Electrically Operated, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
| Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb |
Test Procedurea |
| PTAC (Cooling Mode) New Construction |
All Capacities | 95°F db Outdoor Air | 12.5 - (0.213 x Cap/1000)b EER |
|
| PTAC (Cooling Mode) Replacementsc | All Capacities | 95°F db Outdoor Air | 10.9 - (0.213 x Cap/1000)b EER | ARI 310/380 |
| PTHP (Cooling Mode) New Construction |
All Capacities | 95°F db Outdoor Air | 12.3 - (0.213 x Cap/1000)b EER | |
| PTHP (Cooling Mode) Replacementsc |
All Capacities | 95°F db Outdoor Air | 10.8 - (0.213 x Cap/1000)b EER | |
| PTHP (Heating Mode) New Construction |
All Capacities |
|
3.2 - (0.026 x Cap/1000)b COP | |
| PTHP (Heating Mode) Replacementsc |
All Capacities | 2.9 - (0.026 x Cap/1000)b COP |
|
|
| Room Air Conditioners, with Louvered Sides | < 6,000 Btu/h | 9.7 EER | ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 | |
| ≥ 6,000 Btu/h and < 8,000 Btu/h |
9.7 EER | |||
| ≥ 8,000 Btu/h and < 14,000 Btu/h |
9.8 EER | |||
| ≥ 14,000 Btu/h
and < 20,000 Btu/h |
9.7 EER | |||
| ≥ 20,000 Btu/h | 8.5 EER | |||
| Room Air Conditioners, without Louvered Sides | < 8,000 Btu/h | 9.0 EER | ||
| ≥ 8,000 Btu/h and < 20,000 Btu/h |
8.5 EER | |||
| ≥ 20,000 Btu/h | 8.5 EER | |||
| Room Air Conditioner Heat Pumps with Louvered Sides | < 20,000 Btu/h | 9.0 EER | ||
| ≥ 20,000 Btu/h | 8.5 EER | |||
| Room Air Conditioner Heat Pumps without Louvered Sides | < 14,000 Btu/h | 8.5 EER | ||
| ≥ 14,000 Btu/h | 8.0 EER | |||
| Room Air Conditioner, Casement Only | All Capacities | 8.7 EER | ||
| Room Air Conditioner, Casement –Slider | All Capacities | 9.5 EER | ||
| a Reserved. b Cap means the rated cooling capacity of the product in Btu/h. If the unit's capacity is less than 7000 Btu/h, use 7000 Btu/h in the calculation. If the unit's capacity is greater than 15,000 Btu/h, use 15,000 Btu/h in the calculation. c Replacement units must be factory labeled as follows: "MANUFACTURED FOR REPLACEMENT APPLICATIONS ONLY; NOT TO BE INSTALLED IN NEW CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." Replacement efficiencies apply only to units with existing sleeves less than 16-in. high and less than 42-in. wide. d Casement room air conditioners are not separate product classes under current minimum efficiency column. e New room air conditioner standards, covered by NAECA became effective October 1, 2000. |
||||
Warm Air Furnaces and Combination Warm Air Furnaces/Air-Conditioning Units, Warm Air Duct Furnaces and Unit Heaters, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
| Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb | Test Procedurea |
| Warm Air Furnace, Gas-Fired |
< 225,000 Btu/h (66 kW) |
78% AFUE or 80% Etc |
DOE 10 CFR Part 430 or ANSI Z21.47 |
|
| ≥ 225,000 Btu/h (66 kW) |
Maximum Capacityc
|
80% Ecf | ANSI Z21.47 | |
| Warm Air Furnace, Oil-Fired |
< 225,000 Btu/h (66 kW) |
78% AFUE or
|
DOE 10 CFR Part
430 or UL 727 |
|
| ≥ 225,000 Btu/h (66 kW) |
Maximum Capacityb
|
81% Etg ____
|
UL 727 | |
| Warm Air Duct Furnaces, Gas-Fired |
All Capacities | Maximum Capacityb
|
80% Ece ____
|
ANSI Z83.9 |
| Warm Air Unit Heaters, Gas-Fired |
All Capacities | Maximum Capacityb
|
80% Ece ____
|
ANSI Z83.8
|
| Warm Air Unit Heaters, Oil-Fired |
All Capacities | Maximum Capacityb
|
80% Ece ____
|
UL 731 |
| a Reserved. b Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit's controls. c Combination units not covered by NAECA (3-phase power or cooling capacity greater than or equal to 65,000 Btu/h [19 kW]) may comply with either rating. d Et = Thermal efficiency. See test procedure for detailed discussion. e Ec = Combustion efficiency (100% less flue losses). See test procedure for detailed discussion. f Ec = Combustion efficiency. Units must also include an IID, have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space. g Et = Thermal efficiency. Units must also include an IID, have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space. |
||||
Boilers, Gas- and Oil-Fired, Minimum Efficiency Requirements
| Equipment Typef | Size Category | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb | Test Procedure |
| Boilers, Gas-Fired | < 300,000 Btu/h | Hot Water | 80% AFUE | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| Steam | 75% AFUE | |||
| ≥ 300,000 Btu/h and ≤ 2,500,000 Btu/h | Maximum Capacityb | 75% Et | H.I. Htg Boiler Std |
|
| > 2,500,000 Btu/hf | Hot Water | 80% Ec | ||
| > 2,500,000 Btu/hf | Steam | 80% Ec | ||
| Boilers, Oil-Fired | < 300,000 Btu/h | 80% AFUE | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
|
| ≥ 300,000 Btu/h and ≤ 2,500,000 Btu/h | Maximum Capacityb | 78% Et | H.I. Htg Boiler Std |
|
| > 2,500,000 Btu/hf | Hot Water | 83% Ec | ||
| > 2,500,000 Btu/hf | Steam | 83% Ec | ||
| Oil-Fired (Residual) | ≥ 300,000 Btu/h
and ≤ 2,500,000 Btu/h |
Maximum Capacityb | 78% Et | H.I. Htg Boiler Std |
| > 2,500,000 Btu/hf | Hot Water | 83% Ec | ||
| > 2,500,000 Btu/hf | Steam | 83% Ec | ||
| a Reserved. b Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit's controls. c Ec = Combustion efficiency (100% less flue losses). See reference document for detailed information. d Et = Thermal efficiency. See reference document for detailed information. e Alternate test procedures used at the manufacturer's option are ASME PTC-4.1 for units over 5,000,000 Btu/h input, or ANSI Z21.13 for units greater than or equal to 300,000 Btu/h and less than or equal to 2,500,000 Btu/h input. f These requirements apply to boilers with rated input of 8,000,000 Btu/h or less that are not packaged boilers, and to all packaged boilers. Minimum efficiency requirements for boilers cover all capacities of packaged boilers. |
||||
Performance Requirements for Heat Rejection Equipment
| Equipment Type | Total System Heat Rejection Capacity at Rated Conditions | Sub-Category or Rating Condition | Minimum Efficiencyb | Test Procedurec |
| (( |
85°F (29°C) Leaving Water 75°F (24°C) wb Outdoor Air |
and CTI STD-201 |
||
85°F (29°C) Leaving Water 75°F (24°C) wb Outdoor Air |
and CTI STD-201)) |
|||
| Air Cooled Condensers | All | 125°F (52°C) Condensing
Temperature R22 Test Fluid 190°F (88°C) Entering Gas Temperature 15°F (8°C) Subcooling 95°F (35°C) Entering Drybulb |
≥176,000 Btu/h•hp | ARI 460 |
| a For purposes of this table, cooling tower performance is defined as the maximum flow rating of the tower divided
by the fan nameplate rated motor power. b For purposes of this table air-cooled condenser performance is defined as the heat rejected from the refrigerant divided by the fan nameplate rated motor power. c Reserved. |
||||
IPLV/NPLV for Water Cooled Chillers < 150 Tons
| IPLVstd = 5.25 | ||||||||
| Condenser Flow Rate | ||||||||
| 2 gpm/tond | 2.5 gpm/ton | 3 gpm/ton | 4 gpm/ton | 5 gpm/ton | 6 gpm/ton |
|||
| Leaving Chilled Water Temp. (°F) | Entering Condenser Water Temp. (°F) | LIFTa (°F) |
Required IPLV/NPLV | |||||
| 46 | 75 | 29 | 5.84 | 6.10 | 6.30 | 6.61 | 6.84 | 7.00 |
| 45 | 75 | 30 | 5.75 | 6.00 | 6.19 | 6.47 | 6.68 | 6.83 |
| 44 | 75 | 31 | 5.67 | 5.91 | 6.08 | 6.34 | 6.53 | 6.67 |
| 43 | 75 | 32 | 5.59 | 5.82 | 5.99 | 6.23 | 6.39 | 6.52 |
| 42 | 75 | 33 | 5.51 | 5.74 | 5.90 | 6.12 | 6.27 | 6.39 |
| 41 | 75 | 34 | 5.43 | 5.66 | 5.81 | 6.02 | 6.16 | 6.26 |
| 46 | 80 | 34 | 5.43 | 5.66 | 5.81 | 6.02 | 6.16 | 6.26 |
| 40 | 75 | 35 | 5.35 | 5.58 | 5.73 | 5.93 | 6.06 | 6.15 |
| 45 | 80 | 35 | 5.35 | 5.58 | 5.73 | 5.93 | 6.06 | 6.15 |
| 44 | 80 | 36 | 5.26 | 5.50 | 5.65 | 5.84 | 5.96 | 6.06 |
| 43 | 80 | 37 | 5.16 | 5.42 | 5.57 | 5.76 | 5.87 | 5.96 |
| 42 | 80 | 38 | 5.06 | 5.33 | 5.49 | 5.67 | 5.79 | 5.87 |
| 41 | 80 | 39 | 4.95 | 5.24 | 5.41 | 5.60 | 5.71 | 5.78 |
| 46 | 85 | 39 | 4.95 | 5.24 | 5.41 | 5.60 | 5.71 | 5.78 |
| 40 | 80 | 40 | 4.83 | 5.14 | 5.32 | 5.52 | 5.63 | 5.70 |
| 45 | 85 | 40 | 4.83 | 5.14 | 5.32 | 5.52 | 5.63 | 5.70 |
| 44 | 85 | 41 | 4.69 | 5.04 | 5.25c | 5.43 | 5.55 | 5.62 |
| 43 | 85 | 42 | 4.55 | 4.93 | 5.13 | 5.35 | 5.47 | 5.54 |
| 42 | 85 | 43 | 4.38 | 4.80 | 5.03 | 5.26 | 5.38 | 5.46 |
| 41 | 85 | 44 | 4.21 | 4.67 | 4.91 | 5.17 | 5.30 | 5.38 |
| 40 | 85 | 45 | 4.01 | 4.52 | 4.79 | 5.06 | 5.20 | 5.29 |
| Condenser DTb | 14.04 | 11.23 | 9.36 | 7.02 | 5.62 | 4.68 | ||
| a LIFT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature -- Leaving Chilled Water Temperature. | ||||||||
| b Condenser DT = Leaving Condenser Water Temp. (°F ) -- Leaving Chilled Water Temp. (°F). | ||||||||
| c All values shown are NPLV except at conditions of 3 gpm/ton and 41şF LIFT which is IPLV. | ||||||||
| Kadj = 6.1507 -- 0.30244(X) + 0.0062692(X)2 - 0.000045595(X)3 where X = Condenser DT + LIFT |
||||||||
| COPadj = Kadj * COPstd | ||||||||
| d Retrofit only. | ||||||||
IPLV/NPLV for Water Cooled Chillers ≥ 150 Tons, < 300 Tons
| IPLVstd = 5.90 | ||||||||
| Condenser Flow Rate | ||||||||
| 2 gpm/tond | 2.5 gpm/ton | 3 gpm/ton | 4 gpm/ton | 5 gpm/ton | 6 gpm/ton |
|||
| Leaving Chilled Water Temp. (°F) | Entering Condenser Water Temp. (°F) | LIFTa (°F) |
Required IPLV/NPLV | |||||
| 46 | 75 | 29 | 6.58 | 6.87 | 7.11 | 7.46 | 7.71 | 7.90 |
| 45 | 75 | 30 | 6.49 | 6.76 | 6.98 | 7.30 | 7.53 | 7.70 |
| 44 | 75 | 31 | 6.40 | 6.66 | 6.86 | 7.15 | 7.36 | 7.52 |
| 43 | 75 | 32 | 6.31 | 6.56 | 6.75 | 7.02 | 7.21 | 7.35 |
| 42 | 75 | 33 | 6.22 | 6.47 | 6.65 | 6.90 | 7.07 | 7.20 |
| 41 | 75 | 34 | 6.13 | 6.38 | 6.55 | 6.79 | 6.95 | 7.06 |
| 46 | 80 | 34 | 6.13 | 6.38 | 6.55 | 6.79 | 6.95 | 7.06 |
| 40 | 75 | 35 | 6.03 | 6.29 | 6.46 | 6.68 | 6.83 | 6.94 |
| 45 | 80 | 35 | 6.03 | 6.29 | 6.46 | 6.68 | 6.83 | 6.94 |
| 44 | 80 | 36 | 5.93 | 6.20 | 6.37 | 6.58 | 6.72 | 6.82 |
| 43 | 80 | 37 | 5.82 | 6.11 | 6.28 | 6.49 | 6.62 | 6.72 |
| 42 | 80 | 38 | 5.71 | 6.01 | 6.19 | 6.40 | 6.53 | 6.62 |
| 41 | 80 | 39 | 5.58 | 5.91 | 6.10 | 6.31 | 6.44 | 6.52 |
| 46 | 85 | 39 | 5.58 | 5.91 | 6.10 | 6.31 | 6.44 | 6.52 |
| 40 | 80 | 40 | 5.44 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 6.22 | 6.35 | 6.43 |
| 45 | 85 | 40 | 5.44 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 6.22 | 6.35 | 6.43 |
| 44 | 85 | 41 | 5.29 | 5.68 | 5.90c | 6.13 | 6.26 | 6.34 |
| 43 | 85 | 42 | 5.13 | 5.55 | 5.79 | 6.03 | 6.16 | 6.25 |
| 42 | 85 | 43 | 4.94 | 5.41 | 5.67 | 5.93 | 6.07 | 6.16 |
| 41 | 85 | 44 | 4.74 | 5.26 | 5.54 | 5.82 | 5.97 | 6.07 |
| 40 | 85 | 45 | 4.52 | 5.09 | 5.40 | 5.71 | 5.87 | 5.97 |
| Condenser DTb | 14.04 | 11.23 | 9.36 | 7.02 | 5.62 | 4.68 | ||
| a LIFT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature -- Leaving Chilled Water Temperature. | ||||||||
| b Condenser DT = Leaving Condenser Water Temp. (°F ) -- Leaving Chilled Water Temp. (°F). | ||||||||
| c All values shown are NPLV except at conditions of 3 gpm/ton and 41şF LIFT which is IPLV. | ||||||||
| Kadj = 6.1507 -- 0.30244(X) + 0.0062692(X)2 -- 0.000045595(X)3 | ||||||||
| where X = Condenser DT + LIFT | ||||||||
| COPadj = Kadj * COPstd | ||||||||
| d Retrofit only. | ||||||||
IPLV/NPLV for Water Cooled Chillers ≥ 300 Tons
| IPLVstd = 6.40 | ||||||||
| Condenser Flow Rate | ||||||||
| 2 gpm/tond | 2.5 gpm/ton | 3 gpm/ton | 4 gpm/ton | 5 gpm/ton | 6 gpm/ton | |||
| Leaving Chilled Water Temp. (°F) | Entering Condenser Water Temp. (°F) |
LIFTa (°F) |
Required IPLV/NPLV | |||||
| 46 | 75 | 29 | 7.15 | 7.47 | 7.72 | 8.10 | 8.37 | 8.58 |
| 45 | 75 | 30 | 7.05 | 7.35 | 7.58 | 7.93 | 8.18 | 8.36 |
| 44 | 75 | 31 | 6.95 | 7.23 | 7.45 | 7.77 | 8.00 | 8.16 |
| 43 | 75 | 32 | 6.85 | 7.13 | 7.33 | 7.63 | 7.83 | 7.98 |
| 42 | 75 | 33 | 6.75 | 7.03 | 7.22 | 7.49 | 7.68 | 7.82 |
| 41 | 75 | 34 | 6.65 | 6.93 | 7.12 | 7.37 | 7.55 | 7.67 |
| 46 | 80 | 34 | 6.65 | 6.93 | 7.12 | 7.37 | 7.55 | 7.67 |
| 40 | 75 | 35 | 6.55 | 6.83 | 7.01 | 7.26 | 7.42 | 7.54 |
| 45 | 80 | 35 | 6.55 | 6.83 | 7.01 | 7.26 | 7.42 | 7.54 |
| 44 | 80 | 36 | 6.44 | 6.73 | 6.92 | 7.15 | 7.30 | 7.41 |
| 43 | 80 | 37 | 6.32 | 6.63 | 6.82 | 7.05 | 7.19 | 7.30 |
| 42 | 80 | 38 | 6.20 | 6.53 | 6.72 | 6.95 | 7.09 | 7.19 |
| 41 | 80 | 39 | 6.06 | 6.42 | 6.62 | 6.85 | 6.99 | 7.08 |
| 46 | 85 | 39 | 6.06 | 6.42 | 6.62 | 6.85 | 6.99 | 7.08 |
| 40 | 80 | 40 | 5.91 | 6.30 | 6.52 | 6.76 | 6.89 | 6.98 |
| 45 | 85 | 40 | 5.91 | 6.30 | 6.52 | 6.76 | 6.89 | 6.98 |
| 44 | 85 | 41 | 5.75 | 6.17 | 6.40c | 6.66 | 6.79 | 6.89 |
| 43 | 85 | 42 | 5.57 | 6.03 | 6.28 | 6.55 | 6.70 | 6.79 |
| 42 | 85 | 43 | 5.37 | 5.88 | 6.16 | 6.44 | 6.59 | 6.69 |
| 41 | 85 | 44 | 5.15 | 5.71 | 6.01 | 6.33 | 6.49 | 6.59 |
| 40 | 85 | 45 | 4.91 | 5.53 | 5.86 | 6.20 | 6.37 | 6.48 |
| Condenser DTb | 14.04 | 11.23 | 9.36 | 7.02 | 5.62 | 4.68 | ||
| a LIFT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature -- Leaving Chilled Water Temperature. | ||||||||
| b Condenser DT = Leaving Condenser Water Temp. (°F ) -- Leaving Chilled Water Temp. (°F). | ||||||||
| c All values shown are NPLV except at conditions of 3 gpm/ton and 41°F LIFT which is IPLV. | ||||||||
| Kadj = 6.1507 -0.30244(X) + 0.0062692(X)2 -- 0.000045595(X)3 | ||||||||
| where X = Condenser DT + LIFT | ||||||||
| COPadj = Kadj * COPstd | ||||||||
| d Retrofit only. | ||||||||
TABLE 14-4
Energy Efficient Electric Motors
Minimum Nominal Full-Load Efficiency
| Open Motors | Closed Motors | |||||
| Synchronous Speed (RPM) |
3,600 | 1,800 | 1,200 | 3,600 | 1,800 | 1,200 |
| HP | Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 1.0 | - | 82.5 | 80.0 | 75.5 | 82.5 | 80.0 |
| 1.5 | 82.5 | 84.0 | 84.0 | 82.5 | 84.0 | 85.5 |
| 2.0 | 84.0 | 84.0 | 85.5 | 84.0 | 84.0 | 86.5 |
| 3.0 | 84.0 | 86.5 | 86.5 | 85.5 | 87.5 | 87.5 |
| 5.0 | 85.5 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 87.5 |
| 7.5 | 87.5 | 88.5 | 88.5 | 88.5 | 89.5 | 89.5 |
| 10.0 | 88.5 | 89.5 | 90.2 | 89.5 | 89.5 | 89.5 |
| 15.0 | 89.5 | 91.0 | 90.2 | 90.2 | 91.0 | 90.2 |
| 20.0 | 90.2 | 91.0 | 91.0 | 90.2 | 91.0 | 90.2 |
| 25.0 | 91.0 | 91.7 | 91.7 | 91.0 | 92.4 | 91.7 |
| 30.0 | 91.0 | 92.4 | 92.4 | 91.0 | 92.4 | 91.7 |
| 40.0 | 91.7 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 91.7 | 93.0 | 93.0 |
| 50.0 | 92.4 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 92.4 | 93.0 | 93.0 |
| 60.0 | 93.0 | 93.6 | 93.6 | 93.0 | 93.6 | 93.6 |
| 75.0 | 93.0 | 94.1 | 93.6 | 93.0 | 94.1 | 93.6 |
| 100.0 | 93.0 | 94.1 | 94.1 | 93.6 | 94.5 | 94.1 |
| 125.0 | 93.6 | 94.5 | 94.1 | 94.5 | 94.5 | 94.1 |
| 150.0 | 93.6 | 95.0 | 94.5 | 94.5 | 95.0 | 95.0 |
| 200.0 | 94.5 | 95.0 | 94.5 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 |
TABLE 14-5
Duct Insulation
| Duct Type | Duct Location | Insulation R-Value |
Other Requirements |
| Supply, Return | Not within conditioned space: On exterior of building, on roof, in attic, in enclosed ceiling space, in walls, in garage, in crawl spaces | R-7 | Approved weather proof barrier |
| Outside air intake | Within conditioned space | R-7 | See Section 1414.2 |
| Supply, Return, Outside air intake | Not within conditioned space: in concrete, in ground | R-5.3 | |
| Supply with
supply air
temperature
< 55°F or > 105°F |
Within conditioned space | R-3.3 |
| Note: | Requirements apply to the duct type listed, whether heated or mechanically cooled. Mechanically cooled ducts requiring insulation shall have a vapor retarder, with a perm rating not greater than 0.5 and all joints sealed. |
TABLE 14-6
Minimum Pipe Insulation (inches)1
| Fluid Design Operating Temp. Range, °F |
Insulation Conductivity | Nominal Pipe Diameter (in.) | ||||||
| Conductivity Range Btu • in. / (h • ft2 • °F) |
Mean Rating Temp. °F |
Runouts2 up to 2 |
1
and less |
> 1 to 2 | > 2 to 4 | > 4 to 6 | > 6 | |
| Heating systems (Steam, Steam Condensate[,] and Hot water) | Nominal Insulation Thickness | |||||||
| Above 350 251-350 201-250 141-200 105-140 |
0.32-0.34 0.29-0.31 0.27-0.30 0.25-0.29 0.24-0.28 |
250 200 150 125 100 |
1.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 |
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 |
2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 |
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 |
3.5 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 |
3.5 3.5 3.5 1.5 1.5 |
| Domestic and Service Hot Water Systems | ||||||||
| 105 and Greater | 0.24-0.28 | 100 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Cooling Systems (Chilled Water, Brine[,] and Refrigerant) | ||||||||
| 40-55 Below 40 |
0.23-0.27 0.23-0.27 |
75 75 |
0.5 1.0 |
0.5 1.0 |
0.75 1.5 |
1.0 1.5 |
1.0 1.5 |
1.0 1.5 |
| 1. | Alternative Insulation Types. Insulation thicknesses in Table 14-6 are based on insulation with thermal conductivities within the range listed in Table14-6 for each fluid operating temperature range, rated in accordance with ASTM C 335-84 at the mean temperature listed in the table. For insulation that has a conductivity outside the range shown in Table 14-6 for the applicable fluid operating temperature range at the mean rating temperature shown (when rounded to the nearest 0.01 Btu • in./(h•ft2•°F)), the minimum thickness shall be determined in accordance with the following equation: |
| T = PR[[(]1+ t/PR)K/k - 1] |
| Where |
| T = | Minimum insulation thickness for material with conductivity K, inches. |
| PR = | Pipe actual outside radius, inches[.] |
| t = | Insulation thickness from Table 14-6, inches |
| K = | conductivity of alternate material at the mean rating temperature indicated in Table 14-6 for the applicable fluid temperature range, Btu • in[.]/(h•ft2 •°F) |
| k = | the lower value of the conductivity range listed in Table 14-6 for the applicable fluid temperature range, Btu • in[.]/(h • ft2 • °F) |
| 2. | Runouts to individual terminal units not exceeding 12 ft. in length. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 02-01-112, § 51-11-1454, filed 12/18/01, effective 7/1/02; 01-03-010, § 51-11-1454, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01; 98-03-003, § 51-11-1454, filed 1/8/98, effective 7/1/98. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1454, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
Reviser's note: The brackets and enclosed material in the text of the above section occurred in the copy filed by the agency and appear in the Register pursuant to the requirements of RCW 34.08.040.
AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 01-03-010, filed 1/5/01,
effective 7/1/01)
WAC 51-11-1513
Lighting controls.
Lighting, including
exempt lighting in Section 1512, shall comply with this
section. Where occupancy sensors are cited, they shall have
the features listed in Section 1513.6.1. Where automatic time
switches are cited, they shall have the features listed in
Section 1513.6.2.
1513.1 Local Control and Accessibility: Each space, enclosed
by walls or ceiling-height partitions, shall be provided with
lighting controls located within that space. The lighting
controls, whether one or more, shall be capable of turning off
all lights within the space. The controls shall be readily
accessible, at the point of entry/exit, to personnel occupying
or using the space.
| EXCEPTIONS: | The following lighting controls may be centralized in remote locations: |
| 1. Lighting controls for spaces which must be used as a whole. | |
| 2. Automatic controls. | |
| 3. Controls requiring trained operators. | |
| 4. Controls for safety hazards and security. |
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Industrial or manufacturing process areas, as may be required for production.
2. Areas less than five percent of footprint for footprints over 100,000 square feet.
1513.3 Daylight Zone Control: All daylighted zones, as
defined in Chapter 2, both under overhead glazing and adjacent
to vertical glazing, shall be provided with individual
controls, or daylight-or occupant-sensing automatic controls,
which control the lights independent of general area lighting.
Contiguous daylight zones adjacent to vertical glazing are allowed to be controlled by a single controlling device provided that they do not include zones facing more than two adjacent cardinal orientations (i.e. north, east, south, west). Daylight zones under overhead glazing more than 15 feet from the perimeter shall be controlled separately from daylight zones adjacent to vertical glazing.
| EXCEPTION: | Daylight spaces enclosed by walls or ceiling height partitions and containing 2 or fewer light fixtures are not required to have a separate switch for general area lighting. |
1513.5 Automatic Shut-Off Controls, Exterior: Exterior
lighting not intended for 24-hour continuous use shall be
automatically switched by timer, photocell, or a combination
of timer and photocell. Automatic time switches must also
have program back-up capabilities, which prevent the loss of
program and time settings for at least 10 hours, if power is
interrupted.
1513.6 Automatic Shut-Off Controls, Interior: ((Office))
Buildings greater than 5,000 sq. ft. and all school classrooms
shall be equipped with separate automatic controls to shut off
the lighting during unoccupied hours. Within these buildings,
all office areas less than 300 ft2 enclosed by walls or
ceiling-height partitions, and all meeting and conference
rooms, and all school classrooms, shall be equipped with
occupancy sensors that comply with Section 1513.6.1. For
other spaces, automatic controls may be an occupancy sensor,
time switch, or other device capable of automatically shutting
off lighting.
| EXCEPTIONS: | 1. Areas that must be continuously illuminated (e.g., 24-hour convenience stores), or illuminated in a manner requiring manual operation of the lighting. |
| 2. Emergency lighting systems. | |
| 3. Switching for industrial or manufacturing process facilities as may be required for production. | |
| 4. Hospitals and laboratory spaces. | |
| 5. Areas in which medical or dental tasks are performed are exempt from the occupancy sensor requirement. |
1513.6.2 Automatic Time Switches: Automatic time switches
shall have a minimum 7 day clock and be capable of being set
for 7 different day types per week and incorporate an
automatic holiday "shut-off" feature, which turns off all
loads for at least 24 hours and then resumes normally
scheduled operations. Automatic time switches shall also have
program back-up capabilities, which prevent the loss of
program and time settings for at least 10 hours, if power is
interrupted.
Automatic time switches shall incorporate an over-ride switching device which:
| a. | is readily accessible; |
| b. | is located so that a person using the device can see the lights or the areas controlled by the switch, or so that the area being illuminated is annunciated; and |
| c. | is manually operated; |
| d. | allows the lighting to remain on for no more than two hours when an over-ride is initiated; and |
| e. | controls an area not exceeding 5,000 square feet or 5 percent of footprint for footprints over 100,000 square feet, whichever is greater. |
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1513, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1513, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
a. one- or two-lamp (but not three- or more lamp);
b. ((nonlensed, fluorescent fixtures;)) luminaires have a
reflector or louver assembly to direct the light (bare lamp
strip or industrial fixtures do not comply with this section);
c. fitted with type T-1, T-2, T-4, T-5, ((T-6,)) T-8 or
compact fluorescent lamps from 5 to ((50)) 60 watts (but not
T-10 or T-12 lamps); and
d. hard-wired fluorescent electronic dimming ballasts
((()) with photocell or programmable dimming control for all
lamps in all zones (nondimming electronic ballasts and
electronic ballasts that screw into medium base sockets do not
comply with this section(())).
Track lighting is not allowed under this path.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Up to a total of 5 percent of installed lighting fixtures ((
need not be ballasted and)) may use any type of
((lamp)) ballasted lamp and do not require dimming controls.
2. Clear safety lenses are allowed in food prep and serving areas and patient care areas in otherwise compliant
fixtures.
3. Exit lights are not included in the count of fixtures provided that they do not exceed 5 watts per fixture and
are light emitting diode (LED) type or T-1 fluorescent type only. (See the Uniform Fire Code for face
illumination footcandle requirements and other requirements.)
4. LED lights other than exit lights addressed by exception 3.
5. Metal halide lighting which complies with all three of the following criteria:
i. luminaires or lamps which have a reflector or louver assembly to direct the light;
ii. fixtures are fitted with ceramic metal halide lamps not exceeding 150 watts; and
iii. electronic ballasts.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1521, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1521, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Group U Occupancy accessory to Group R-3 or R-4 Occupancy.
2. For covered parking, 0.30 w/sf may be used for the lighting provided that the ceilings and walls are painted or
stained with a reflectance value of 0.70 or higher.
TABLE 15-1
Unit Lighting Power Allowance (LPA)
| Use1 | LPA2 (watts/sq. ft.) |
| Painting, welding, carpentry, machine shops | 2.3 |
| Barber shops, beauty shops | 2.0 |
| Hotel banquet/conference/exhibition hall3,4 | 2.0 |
| Laboratories (See also office and other appropriate categories) | (( |
| Aircraft repair hangars | 1.5 |
| Cafeterias, fast food establishments5 | 1.5 |
| Factories, workshops, handling areas | 1.5 |
| Gas stations, auto repair shops6 | 1.5 |
| Institutions | 1.5 |
| Libraries5 | 1.5 |
| Nursing homes and hotel/motel guest rooms | 1.5 |
| Retail10, retail banking | 1.5 |
| Wholesale stores (pallet rack shelving) | 1.5 |
| Mall concourses | 1.4 |
| Schools buildings (Group E Occupancy only), school classrooms, day care centers | (( |
| Laundries | (( |
| Medical offices, clinics12 | 1.20 |
| Office buildings, office/administrative areas in facilities of other use types (including but not limited to schools, hospitals, institutions, museums, banks, churches)5,7,11 | (( |
| Police and fire stations8 | (( |
| Atria (atriums) | 1.0 |
| Assembly spaces9, auditoriums, gymnasia9, theaters | 1.0 |
| Group R-1 and R-2 common areas | 1.0 |
| Process plants | 1.0 |
| Restaurants/bars5 | 1.0 |
| Locker and/or shower facilities | 0.8 |
| Warehouses11, storage areas | 0.5 |
| Aircraft storage hangars | 0.4 |
| Parking garages | See Section 1532 |
| Plans Submitted for Common Areas Only7 | |
| Main floor building lobbies3 (except mall concourses) | 1.2 |
| Common areas, corridors, toilet facilities and washrooms, elevator lobbies | 0.8 |
2. The watts per square foot may be increased, by two percent per foot of ceiling height above twenty feet, unless specifically directed otherwise by subsequent footnotes.
3. Watts per square foot of room may be increased by two percent per foot of ceiling height above twelve feet.
4. For all other spaces, such as seating and common areas, use the Unit Light Power Allowance for assembly.
5. Watts per square foot of room may be increased by two percent per foot of ceiling height above nine feet.
6. ((Includes pump area under canopy.)) See Section 1532 for
exterior lighting.
7. ((In cases in which a lighting plan is submitted for only
a portion of a floor, a Unit Lighting Power Allowance of
1.35 may be used for usable office floor area and 0.80
watts per square foot shall be used for the common areas,
which may include elevator space, lobby area and rest
rooms. Common areas, as herein defined do not include
mall concourses.)) For conference rooms and offices less
than 150 ft2 with full-height partitions, a Unit Lighting
Power Allowance of 1.20 W/ft2 may be used.
8. For the fire engine room, the Unit Lighting Power Allowance is 1.0 watts per square foot.
9. For indoor sport tournament courts with adjacent spectator seating, the Unit Lighting Power Allowance for the court area is 2.6 watts per square foot.
10. Display window illumination installed within 2 feet of
the window, provided that the display window is separated
from the retail space by walls or at least
three-quarter-height partitions (transparent or opaque)
and lighting for free-standing display where the lighting
moves with the display((, and building showcase
illumination where the lighting is enclosed within the
showcase)) are exempt.
An additional 1.5 w/ft2 of merchandise display luminaires are exempt provided that they comply with all three of the following:
(a) located on ceiling-mounted track or directly on or
recessed into the ceiling itself (not on the wall).
(b) adjustable in both the horizontal and vertical axes
(vertical axis only is acceptable for fluorescent and
other fixtures with two points of track attachment).
(c) fitted with LED, tungsten halogen, fluorescent, or
high intensity discharge lamps.
This additional lighting power is allowed only if the
lighting is actually installed.
11. Provided that a floor plan, indicating rack location and height, is submitted, the square footage for a warehouse may be defined, for computing the interior Unit Lighting Power Allowance, as the floor area not covered by racks plus the vertical face area (access side only) of the racks. The height allowance defined in footnote 2 applies only to the floor area not covered by racks.
12. Medical and clinical offices include those facilities
which, although not providing overnight patient care, do
provide medical, dental, or psychological examination and
treatment. These spaces include, but are not limited to,
laboratories and treatment centers.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-1532, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-1532, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]
2.1 Energy Analysis: Compliance with this Standard will
require an analysis of the annual energy usage, hereinafter
called an annual energy analysis.
A building designed in accordance with this Standard will
be deemed as complying with this Code, if
a. The calculated annual energy consumption is not
greater than that of a corresponding "standard design," as
defined below and in Section 3,
and;
b. Whose enclosure elements and energy-consuming systems
comply with Sections 1310 through 1314, 1410 through 1416,
1440 through 1443, 1450 through 1454 and 1510 through 1513. Buildings shall only vary from those requirements in Sections
1330 through 1334, 1432 through 1439 and 1530 through 1532
where those variations have been accurately and completely
modeled. Where variations are not specifically analyzed, the
building shall comply with these requirements.
For a proposed building design to be considered similar to a "standard design," it shall utilize the same energy source(s) for the same functions and have equal floor area and the same ratio of envelope area to floor area, environmental requirements, occupancy, climate data and usage operational schedule. Inputs to the energy analysis relating to occupancy and usage shall correspond to the expected occupancy and usage of the building.
Except as noted below, the systems identified, and, to
the extent possible, the assumptions made in assigning energy
inputs to each system, shall be the same for the standard
design and the proposed design. When electrically driven heat
pumps, other than multiple units connected to a common water
loop, are employed to provide all or part of the heat for the
proposed design, the standard design shall also, for the
purposes of the analysis, assume that electrically driven heat
pump, in conformance with Chapter 14 of the Code and having
capacity at least as great as those used in the proposed
design are employed.
2.2 Design: The standard design and the proposed design shall
be designed on a common basis as specified herein:
a. The comparison shall be expressed as kBtu input per square foot of conditioned floor area per year at the building site. Buildings which use electricity as the only fuel source, comparisons may be expressed in kWh. When converting electricity in kWh to kBtu a multiplier of 3.413 kWh/kBtu shall be used.
b. If the proposed design results in an increase in consumption of one energy source and a decrease in another energy source, even though similar sources are used for similar purposes, the difference in each energy source shall be converted to equivalent energy units for purposes of comparing the total energy used.
2.3 Analysis Procedure: The analysis of the annual energy
usage of the standard and the proposed building and system
design shall meet the following criteria:
a. The building heating/cooling load calculation procedure used for annual energy consumption analysis shall be detailed to permit the evaluation of effect of factors specified in Section 2.4.
b. The calculation procedure used to simulate the
operation of the building and its service systems through a
full-year operating period shall be detailed to permit the
evaluation of the effect of system design, climatic factors,
operational characteristics and mechanical equipment on annual
energy usage. Manufacturer's data or comparable field test
data shall be used when available in the simulation of systems
and equipment. The calculation procedure shall be based upon
8,760 hours of operation of the building and its service
systems and shall utilize the design methods, specified in
Standard((s RS-27, -11, -12 and -13)) RS-1 listed in Chapter 7
of the Code or in other programs approved by the building
official.
2.4 Calculation Procedure: The calculation procedure shall
cover the following items:
a. Design requirements--Design heating conditions and design cooling conditions as defined in Chapter 2 of the Code.
b. Climatic data--Coincident hourly data for temperatures, solar radiation, wind and humidity of typical days in the year representing seasonal variation.
c. Building data--Orientation, size, shape, mass, air and heat transfer characteristics.
d. Operational characteristics--Temperature, humidity, ventilation, illumination and control mode for occupied and unoccupied hours.
e. Mechanical equipment--Design capacity and part load profile.
f. Building loads--Internal heat generation, lighting, equipment and number of people during occupied and unoccupied periods.
2.5 Documentation: All analyses submitted shall be
accompanied by an energy analysis comparison report. The
report shall provide technical detail on the two building and
system designs and on the data used in and resulting from the
comparative analysis to verify that both the analysis and the
designs meet the criteria of Section 1.
The calculation procedure for the standard design and the
proposed design shall separately identify the calculated
annual energy consumption for each different occupancy type,
if possible, for each of the following end uses:
a. Interior lighting;
b. Parking lighting;
c. Exterior lighting;
d. Space heating;
e. Space cooling;
f. Interior ventilation/fans;
g. Parking ventilation/fans;
h. Exhaust fans;
i. Service water heating;
j. Elevators;
k. Appliances.
Energy consumption of the following items shall be
included but is not required to be separated out by each
individual item.
a. Office equipment;
b. Refrigeration other than comfort cooling;
c. Cooking; and
d. Any other energy-consuming equipment.
The specifications of the proposed building project used
in the analysis shall be as similar as is reasonably practical
to those in the plans submitted for a building permit.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025, 19.27A.045. 01-03-010, § 51-11-99902, filed 1/5/01, effective 7/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 19.27A.025. 93-21-052, § 51-11-99902, filed 10/18/93, effective 4/1/94.]